Power (social and political)

1704:'s definition of power, he realizes that the term power has to be split into "instructive power" and "destructive power". More precisely, instructive power means the chance to determine the actions and thoughts of another person, whereas destructive power means the chance to diminish the opportunities of another person. How significant this distinction really is, becomes evident by looking at the possibilities of rejecting power attempts: Rejecting instructive power is possible; rejecting destructive power is not. By using this distinction, proportions of power can be analyzed in a more sophisticated way, helping to sufficiently reflect on matters of responsibility. This perspective permits people to get over an "either-or-position" (either there is power or there is not), which is common, especially in epistemological discourses about power theories, and to introduce the possibility of an "as well as-position". 45: 74: 177: 1206:

charismatic appeal of the sports star supposedly leads to an acceptance of the endorsement, although the individual may have little real credibility outside the sports arena. Abuse is possible when someone who is likable yet lacks integrity and honesty rises to power, placing them in a situation to gain personal advantage at the cost of the group's position. Referent power is unstable alone and is not enough for a leader who wants longevity and respect. When combined with other sources of power, however, it can help a person achieve great success.

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also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or be reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'. If others expect to be rewarded for doing what someone wants, there is a high probability that they will do it. The problem with this basis of power is that the rewarder may not have as much control over rewards as may be required. Supervisors rarely have complete control over salary increases, and managers often cannot control all actions in isolation; even a company

54: 1966:, along with several coauthors, found that when those who are reminded of their powerlessness are instructed to draw Es on their forehead, they are 3 times more likely to draw them such that they are legible to others than those who are reminded of their power. Powerful people are also more likely to take action. In one example, powerful people turned off an irritatingly close fan twice as much as less powerful people. Researchers have documented the 1532:, the real power will always rely on the ignorance of its agents. No single human, group, or actor runs the dispositif (machine or apparatus), but power is dispersed through the apparatus as efficiently and silently as possible, ensuring its agents do whatever is necessary. It is because of this action that power is unlikely to be detected and remains elusive to 'rational' investigation. Foucault quotes a text reputedly written by political economist 65: 973: 1324:: The person with less to lose has greater power in the relationship. Dependence power indicates that those who are dependent on their relationship or partner are less powerful, especially if they know their partner is uncommitted and might leave them. According to interdependence theory, the quality of alternatives refers to the types of relationships and opportunities people could have if they were not in their current relationship. The 1906: 1489:, consisting of two halves. The back end, the beast, represented the more classic material image of power: power through coercion, through brute force, be it physical or economic. But the capitalist hegemony, he argued, depended even more strongly on the front end, the human face, which projected power through 'consent'. In Russia, this power was lacking, allowing for a revolution. However, in Western Europe, specifically in 1366:, break relational rules, and manage interactions without as much penalty as powerless people. These actions may reinforce the powerful person's dependence on power. In addition, the more powerful person has the prerogative to manage both verbal and nonverbal interactions. They can initiate conversations, change topics, interrupt others, initiate touch, and end discussions more easily than less powerful people. (See 1558:

natural milieu. This milieu (both artificial and natural) appears as a target of intervention for power, according to Foucault, which is radically different from the previous notions on sovereignty, territory, and disciplinary space interwoven into social and political relations that function as a species (biological species). Foucault originated and developed the concept of "docile bodies" in his book

3872:, v. 21, n. 1, pp. 148–153, 2011 - "Power seems to be best understood as what counts as a means of determining a subject's position in a given competition, or, in other words, what we use to rank the competitors. This approach is widely applicable, because whenever we think of a competition, we use something to rank the competitors as either being superior or inferior in relation to each other ." 1318:: Power usually represents a struggle over resources. The more scarce and valued resources are, the more intense and protracted the power struggles. The scarcity hypothesis indicates that people have the most power when the resources they possess are hard to come by or are in high demand. However, scarce resources lead to power only if they are valued within a relationship. 1224:

have knowledge and skills that enable them to understand a situation, suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and generally outperform others, then people tend to listen to them. When individuals demonstrate expertise, people tend to trust them and respect what they say. As subject-matter experts, their ideas will have more value, and others will look to them for

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collection of social institutions set in opposition to the state and capital: from self-governing communities to radical labor unions to popular militias'. Graeber also notes that counter-power can also be referred to as 'anti-power' and 'when institutions maintain themselves in the face of the state, this is usually referred to as a 'dual power' situation'.

2638:, a subgroup formed within a larger group that seeks to disrupt and oppose the group's authority structure. Group members are more likely to form a revolutionary coalition and resist an authority when authority lacks referent power, uses coercive methods, and asks group members to carry out unpleasant assignments. It is because these conditions create 1760:. As visible but unnoticed and unremarkable, membership in the unmarked category can be an index of power. For example, whiteness forms an unmarked category not commonly noticeable to the powerful, as they often fall within this category. Social groups can hold this view of power in terms of a variety of social distinctions, such as race, 2614:

depression, fear, and anger, while soft tactics are often reciprocated with cooperation. Coercive and reward power can also lead group members to lose interest in their work, while instilling a feeling of autonomy in one's subordinates can sustain their interest in work and maintain high productivity even in the absence of monitoring.

2371:: Soft tactics take advantage of the relationship between the influencer and the target. They are more indirect and interpersonal (e.g., collaboration, socializing). Conversely, hard tactics are harsh, forceful, direct, and rely on concrete outcomes. However, they are not more powerful than soft tactics. In many circumstances, fear of 1258:, the mass ostracization used to reconcile unchecked injustice and abuse of power is an "upward power." Policies for policing the internet against these processes as a pathway for creating due process for handling conflicts, abuses, and harm that is done through established processes are known as "downward power." 1306:: Power is a perception in the sense that some people can have objective power but still have trouble influencing others. People who use power cues and act powerfully and proactively tend to be perceived as powerful by others. Some people become influential even though they do not overtly use powerful behavior. 1720:. As opposed to looking at social difference by focusing on what or whom is perceived to be different, theorists who use the idea of unmarked categories insist that one must also look at how whatever is "normal" comes to be perceived as unremarkable and what effects this has on social relations. Attending the 2613:

A number of studies demonstrate that harsh power tactics (e.g. punishment (both personal and impersonal), rule-based sanctions, and non-personal rewards) are less effective than soft tactics (expert power, referent power, and personal rewards). It is probably because harsh tactics generate hostility,

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Later, research proposed that differences in power lead to strategic considerations. Being strategic can also mean to defend when one is opposed or to hurt the decision-maker. It was concluded that facing one with more power leads to strategic consideration whereas facing one with less power leads to

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According to French and Raven, power must be distinguished from influence in the following way: power is that state of affairs that holds in a given relationship, A-B, such that a given influence attempt by A over B makes A's desired change in B more likely. Conceived this way, power is fundamentally

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Coercive influence creates conflict that can disrupt entire group functioning. When disobedient group members are severely reprimanded, the rest of the group may become more disruptive and uninterested in their work, leading to negative and inappropriate activities spreading from one troubled member

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People tend to vary in their use of power tactics, with different types of people opting for different tactics. For instance, interpersonally oriented people tend to use soft and rational tactics. Moreover, extroverts use a greater variety of power tactics than do introverts. People will also choose

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are common tools of coercion. Implying or threatening that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments – these are characteristics of using coercive power. Extensive use of coercive power is rarely appropriate in an organizational setting, and relying on these

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power is the application of negative influences. It includes the ability to defer or withhold other rewards. The desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld can ensure the obedience of those under power. Coercive power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power,

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According to the idea of unmarked categories, when the cultural practices of people who occupy positions of relative power or can more easily exercise power seem obvious, they tend not to be explicitly articulated and therefore are perceived as default or baseline practices against which others are

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proposes another three-dimensional model with his "circuits of power" theory. This model likens the production and organization of power to an electric circuit board consisting of three distinct interacting circuits: episodic, dispositional, and facilitative. These circuits operate at three levels:

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In rational choice theory, human individuals or groups can be modelled as 'actors' who choose from a 'choice set' of possible actions in order to try to achieve desired outcomes. An actor's 'incentive structure' comprises (its beliefs about) the costs associated with different actions in the choice

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power is an individual's power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified. When they

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Eugen Tarnow considers what power hijackers have over air plane passengers and draws similarities with power in the military. He shows that power over an individual can be amplified by the presence of a group. If the group conforms to the leader's commands, the leader's power over an individual is

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This framework can be used to model a wide range of social interactions where actors have the ability to exert power over others. For example, a 'powerful' actor can take options away from another's choice set; can change the relative costs of actions; can change the likelihood that a given action

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needs permission from the board of directors for some actions. When an individual uses up available rewards or the rewards do not have enough perceived value for others, their power weakens. One of the frustrations of using rewards is that they often need to be bigger each time if they are to have

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power depends on the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards; it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind, such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions, or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious, but it is

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regimes, political power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group of leaders who exercise almost complete control over the government and its institutions. Because some authoritarian leaders are not elected by a majority, their main threat is that posed by the masses. They

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The term 'counter-power' (sometimes written 'counterpower') is used in a range of situations to describe the countervailing force that can be utilised by the oppressed to counterbalance or erode the power of elites. A general definition has been provided by the anthropologist David Graeber as 'a

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Sharp's key theme is that power is not monolithic; that is, it does not derive from some intrinsic quality of those who are in power. For Sharp, political power, the power of any state – regardless of its particular structural organization – ultimately derives from the subjects of the state. His

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as a plural adjective and sees into the milieu as an expression as nothing more than water, air, and light confirming the genus within the milieu, in this case the human species, relates to a function of the population and its social and political interaction in which both form an artificial and

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it depends on the specific understandings A and B each apply to their relationship and requires B's recognition of a quality in A that would motivate B to change in the way A intends. A must draw on the 'base' or combination of bases of power appropriate to the relationship to effect the desired

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occurs, individual adopts the induced behaviour because it is congruent with his/her value system. At this stage, group members no longer carry out authority orders but perform actions that are congruent with their personal beliefs and opinions. Extreme obedience often requires internalization.

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rather than of power. In this context, "power" has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of "power", and its meaning would be lost. Given that power is not innate and can be granted to others, to acquire power one must possess or

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and expressive, composed behavior tend to be successful in achieving their goals and maintaining good relationships. Power can be disabling when it leads to destructive patterns of communication. This can lead to the chilling effect, where the less powerful person often hesitates to communicate

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forms of power alone will result in a very cold, impoverished style of leadership. This is a type of power commonly seen in the fashion industry by coupling with legitimate power; it is referred to in the industry-specific literature as "glamorization of structural domination and exploitation".

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Earlier, research proposed that increased power relates to increased rewards and leads one to approach things more frequently. In contrast, decreased power relates to more constraint, threat and punishment which leads to inhibitions. It was concluded that being powerful leads one to successful

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count towards an intangible sort of referent power. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second-least obvious power but the most effective. Advertisers have long used the referent power of sports figures for product endorsements, for example. The

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power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of

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Also called "positional power", legitimate power is the power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate power is formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various

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of the powerholder. A person may be admired because of a specific personal trait, and this admiration creates the opportunity for interpersonal influence. Here, the person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower.

1745:; if no disability is indicated, it will be assumed the protagonist is able-bodied. These assumptions do not, however, mean the unmarked category is superior, preferable, or more "natural," nor that the practices associated with the unmarked category require less social effort to enact. 1991:

The use of power has evolved over centuries. Power also relates with empathy gaps because it limits the interpersonal relationship and compares the power differences. Having power or not having power can cause a number of psychological consequences. It leads to strategic versus social

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Krause D. E. (2006) Power and influence in the context of organizational innovation. In Schriesheim C. A., Neider L. L. (Eds.), Power and influence in organizations: new empirical and theoretical perspectives (A volume in research in management). Hartford, CT: Information Age. Pp.

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occurs when the target of the influence admires and therefore imitates the authority, mimics authority's actions, values, characteristics, and takes on behaviours of the person with power. If prolonged and continuous, identification can lead to the final stage – internalization.

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is constituted of macro level technology, environmental contingencies, job design, and networks, which empower or disempower and thus punish or reward agency in the episodic circuit. All three independent circuits interact at "obligatory passage points", which are channels for

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As with other models of power, this framework is neutral as to the use of 'coercion'. For example, a threat of violence can change the likely costs and benefits of different actions; so can a financial penalty in a 'voluntarily agreed' contract, or indeed a friendly offer.

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Developed by D. Keltner and colleagues, approach/inhibition theory assumes that having power and using power alters psychological states of individuals. The theory is based on the notion that most organisms react to environmental events in two common ways. The reaction of

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While Gramsci stresses the significance of ideology in power structures, Marxist-feminist writers such as Michele Barrett stress the role of ideologies in extolling the virtues of family life. The classic argument to illustrate this point of view is the use of women as a

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Coercive influence can be tolerated when the group is successful, the leader is trusted, and the use of coercive tactics is justified by group norms. Furthermore, coercive methods are more effective when applied frequently and consistently to punish prohibited actions.

1505:'. In wartime, it is accepted that women perform masculine tasks, while after the war, the roles are easily reversed. Therefore, according to Barrett, the destruction of capitalist economic relations is necessary but not sufficient for the liberation of women. 1328:

suggests that if a difference exists in the intensity of positive feelings between partners, the partner who feels the most positive is at a power disadvantage. There's an inverse relationship between interest in a relationship and the degree of relational

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The dictator game gives no power to the recipient whereas the ultimatum game gives some power to the recipient. The behavior observed was that the person offering the proposal would act less strategically than would the one offering in the ultimatum game.

1039:, a householder and their relatives, an employer and their employees, a parent and a child, a political representative and their voters, etc.), and discursive forms, as categories and language may lend legitimacy to some behaviors and groups over others. 2700:

notes that "we don't like to talk about power" as "we find it scary" and "somehow evil" with it having a "negative moral valence" and states that the pervasiveness of power illiteracy causes a concentration of knowledge, understanding and clout.

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Handgraaf, Michel J. J.; Van Dijk, Eric; Vermunt, Riël C.; Wilke, Henk A. M.; De Dreu, Carsten K. W. (1 January 2008). "Less power or powerless? Egocentric empathy gaps and the irony of having little versus no power in social decision making".

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is at the micro level and is constituted of irregular exercise of power as agents address feelings, communication, conflict, and resistance in day-to-day interrelations. The outcomes of the episodic circuit are both positive and negative. The

2415:, involve reciprocity on the part of both the person influencing and their target. Unilateral tactics, on the other hand, develop without any participation on the part of the target. These tactics include disengagement and the deployment of 1312:: Power exists in relationships. The issue here is often how much relative power a person has in comparison to one's partner. Partners in close and satisfying relationships often influence each other at different times in various arenas. 1654:, an American professor of political science, believes that power ultimately depends on its bases. Thus, a political regime maintains power because people accept and obey its dictates, laws, and policies. Sharp cites the insight of 5019:

Emler, N. & Cook, T. (2001). Moral integrity in leadership: Why it matters and why it may be difficult to achieve. In Roberts, B. & Hogan, R. (Eds.). Personality psychology in the workplace. Washington, DC: APA Press (pp.

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dissatisfaction, and the demand withdrawal pattern, which is when one person makes demands and the other becomes defensive and withdraws (Mawasha, 2006). Both effects have negative consequences for relational satisfaction.

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A study involving over 50 college students suggested that those primed to feel powerful through stating 'power words' were less susceptible to external pressure, more willing to give honest feedback, and more creative.

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People with power tend to use more coercive tactics, increase social distance between themselves and subordinates, believe that non-powerful individuals are untrustworthy, and devalue work and ability of less powerful

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and the construction and transmission of meaning, being more about engaging knowledge than "mastering" information, and a "cyber-power literacy" that is focused on transformative knowledge production and new modes of

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Berdahl, J. L., & Martorana, P. (2006). Effects of power on emotion and expression during a controversial discussion. European Journal of Social Psychology: Special Issue on Social Power and Group Processes, 36,

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Power literacy refers to how one perceives power, how it is formed and accumulates, and the structures that support it and who is in control of it. Education can be helpful for heightening power literacy. In a 2014

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People with more power tend to carry out executive cognitive functions more rapidly and successfully, including internal control mechanisms that coordinate attention, decision-making, planning, and goal-selection

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In everyday situations people use a variety of power tactics to push or prompt other people into particular actions. Many examples exist of common power tactics employed every day. Some of these tactics include

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When the counterpart recipient is completely powerless, lack of strategy, social responsibility and moral consideration is often observed from the behavior of the proposal given (the one with the power).

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marked category is thought to be a way to analyze linguistic and cultural practices to provide insight into how social differences, including power, are produced and articulated in everyday occurrences.

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Controlling abusers may use multiple tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The tactics themselves are psychologically and sometimes physically abusive. Control may be helped through

5410:, economic equality narrowed, except among Black Americans... But by the nineteen-eighties the Great Compression was over. As the rich grew richer than ever, they sought to turn their money into 4330: 3074: 1114:

French and Raven argue that there are five significant categories of such qualities, while not excluding other minor categories. Further bases have since been adduced, in particular by

7966: 5414:; spending on politics soared." (p. 22.) "o democracy can function well if people are unwilling to lose power – if a generation of leaders... becomes so entrenched that it ages into 5103:

Fiske, S. T., & Berdahl, J. L. (2007). Social power. In A. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

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evaluated as different, deviant, or aberrant. The unmarked category becomes the standard against which to measure everything else. For example, it is posited that if a protagonist's

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However, in some cases, group members chose to resist the authority's influence. When low-power group members have a feeling of shared identity, they are more likely to form a

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is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors. Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force (

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French, J.R.P., & Raven, B. (1959). 'The bases of social power,' in D. Cartwright (ed.) Studies in Social Power. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 259–269.

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different tactics based on the group situation, and based on whom they wish to influence. People also tend to shift from soft to hard tactics when they face resistance.

3806: 3699: 2020:, the person in given power offers an ultimatum and the recipient would have to accept that offer or else both the proposer and the recipient will receive no reward. 4308: 3254:

there are also numerous combinations of the sources of power and the related instruments. Personality, property, and organization are combined in various strengths.

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Because of preference falsification- distinguishing between an individual's private preference and public preference- sometimes repression in itself is not enough.

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fundamental belief is that any power structure relies upon the subjects' obedience to the orders of the ruler(s). If subjects do not obey, leaders have no power.

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Abusive power and control (or controlling behaviour or coercive control) involve the ways in which abusers gain and maintain power and control over victims for

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Raven, Bertram H.; Schwarzwald, Joseph; Koslowsky, Meni (February 1998). "Conceptualizing and measuring a power/interaction model of interpersonal influence".

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group members comply with authority's demands, but personally do not agree with them. If authority does not monitor the members, they will probably not obey.

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Keltner, D., Van Kleef, G. A., Chen, S., & Kraus, M. W. (2008). A reciprocal influence model of social power: Emerging principles and lines of inquiry.

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Recent experimental psychology suggests that the more power one has, the less one takes on the perspective of others, implying that the powerful have less

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or disabling. Research has shown that people are more likely to have an enduring influence on others when they engage in dominant behavior that reflects

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Carson, Paula P.; Carson, Kerry D.; Roe, C. William (July 1993). "Social power bases: A meta-analytic examination of interrelationships and outcomes".

2540:, on the contrary, is associated with self-protection, avoiding threats or danger, vigilance, loss of motivation and an overall reduction in activity. 3565: 2595:

Powerful people also spend less time collecting and processing information about their subordinates and often perceive them in a stereotypical fashion

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Power is associated with optimism about the future because more powerful individuals focus their attention on more positive aspects of the environment

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Although several regimes follow these general forms of control, different authoritarian sub-regime types rely on different political control tactics.

7441: 2027:, the person in given power offers a proposal and the recipient would have to accept that offer. The recipient has no choice of rejecting the offer. 7976: 7910: 3051: 5135:

Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Supervisors' beliefs and subordinates' intrinsic motivation: A behavioral confirmation analysis.

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the same motivational impact. Even then, if rewards are given frequently, people can become so satiated by the reward it loses its effectiveness.

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Georgesen, J. C., & Harris, M. J. (1998). Why's my boss always holding me down? A meta-analysis of power effects on performance evaluation.

4429:"Stability of genetic and environmental effects from adolescence to young adulthood: Results of Croatian longitudinal twin study of personality" 3066: 8238: 5595: 5042:

Fodor, E.M., & Riordan, J.M. (1995). Leader power motive and group conflict as influences on leader behavior and group member self-affect.

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Magee, J. C., Galinsky, A. D., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2007). "Power, propensity to negotiate, and moving first in competitive interactions".

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Powerful people are more focused on the goals appropriate in a given situation and tend to plan more task-related activities in a work setting

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Overall, approach/inhibition theory holds that power promotes approach tendencies, while a reduction in power promotes inhibition tendencies.

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power, convincing the working classes that their interests were the same as those of capitalists. In this way, a revolution had been avoided.

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Powerful people tend to experience more positive emotions, such as happiness and satisfaction, and they smile more than low-power individuals

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Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro suggests understanding power as "what counts as a means of determining a subject's position in a given competition".

1700:). Instead of focusing on the valuation and distribution of power, he asks first and foremost what the term can describe at all. Coming from 1585:

is constituted of macro level rules of practice and socially constructed meanings that inform member relations and legitimate authority. The

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Competition, imbalance, and friction are not merely continuous phenomena in society, but in fact are evidences of vitality and 'normality.'

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and it is strongly manifested when reprimanded member has a high status within a group, and authority's requests are vague and ambiguous.

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are other strategies that are often used. The victim may be plied with alcohol or drugs or deprived of sleep to help disorientate them.

8178: 7722: 6385: 6026: 1390:, is increasingly used in various disciplines to help analyze power relationships. One rational-choice definition of power is given by 3730: 2477:

Autocrats repress actors they perceive as having irreconcilable interests, and cooperate with those they think have reconcilable ones.

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Smith, P.K., N.B. Jostmann, A.D. Galinsky, W.W. van Dijk. 2008. Lacking power impairs executive functions. Psychol. Sci. 19: 441–447.

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The examples given (self-governing communities, radical labour unions, popular militias) reflect the Idea/Economics/Physical taxonomy

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The state distributes welfare and resources to keep people dependent while offering benefits to people they know they can manipulate.

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Counterpower is the shadow realm of alternatives, a hall of mirrors held up to the dominant logic of capitalism – and it is growing.

3517: 8308: 6570: 3325: 2146:, thus limiting the victim's actions as they may then lack the necessary resources to resist the abuse. Abusers aim to control and 44: 8048: 7701: 7178: 6480: 3785: 4507:

Tepper, Bennett J.; Uhl-Bien, Mary; Kohut, Gary F.; Rogelberg, Steven G.; Lockhart, Daniel E.; Ensley, Michael D. (April 2006).

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When individuals gain power, their self-evaluation become more positive, while their evaluations of others become more negative

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debate about power revolves around the issue of its means to enable – in other words, power as a means to make

1362:: The prerogative principle states that the partner with more power can make and break the rules. Powerful people can violate 1102:

developed a schema of sources of power by which to analyse how power plays work (or fail to work) in a specific relationship.

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They tend to generate negative emotional reactions in their subordinates, particularly when there is a conflict in the group

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perspective on power regarding the question of the possibilities of interpersonal influence by developing a special form of

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Erkennen und Entscheiden. Grundlagen und Konsequenzen eines erkenntnistheoretischen Konstruktivismus für die Soziale Arbeit

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Bargaining games were explored in 2003 and 2004. These studies compared behavior done in different power given situations.

127: 2642:, individuals strive to reassert their sense of freedom by affirming their agency for their own choices and consequences. 73: 7905: 7879: 7288: 7198: 5094:

Kipnis. D. (1974). The powerholders. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.). Perspectives on social power (pp. 82–122). Chicago; Aldine.

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An imbalance of power may be obvious or subtle. An imbalance may stem from the dynamics of the personal relationship ....

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Guinote, A. (2008). Power and affordances: When the situation has more power over powerful than powerless individuals.

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Power may also take structural forms, as it orders actors in relation to one another (such as distinguishing between a

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Power tends to weaken one's social attentiveness, which leads to difficulty understanding other people's point of view

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Herbert Kelman identified three basic, step-like reactions that people display in response to coercive influence:

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Lawler, E. J. (1975a). An experimental study of factors affecting the mobilization of revolutionary coalitions.

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A one standard deviation increase in pro-regime propaganda reduces the odds of protest the following day by 15%.

7415: 7268: 6154: 3303: 1927: 5068:

Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken.

3131: 2252:

of the victim are exploited, with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.

1418:– the ability of an actor to change the incentive structures of other actors in order to bring about outcomes. 1111:

outcome. Drawing on the wrong power base can have unintended effects, including a reduction in A's own power.

8063: 7691: 7455: 7328: 6550: 5581: 2295: 1970:: they found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a "stranger in distress". 957: 611: 2511:

The state assigns people to go into grassroot level to sway the public in favor of the authoritarian regime.

1859:", which he saw as the domination of other humans as much as the exercise of control over one's environment. 8012: 7810: 7686: 7474: 7353: 7348: 7042: 6080: 3543: 2659: 2277: 2132: 1830:'s 1949 book 'Paths in Utopia' includes the line 'Power abdicates only under the stress of counter-power'. 242: 2080:

between two entities and the environment. The use of power need not involve force or the threat of force (

8100: 7853: 7749: 7696: 7368: 7363: 7148: 4264: 3424:

Macht in der Sozialen Arbeit – Interaktionsverhältnisse zwischen Kontrolle, Partizipation und Freisetzung

2655: 1884:(1886–1965) saw law as structuring/expressing power and developing through "sacramental" (community) and 1823: 1693: 1325: 920: 246: 196: 2580:

Powerful people are prone to take risky, inappropriate, or unethical decisions and often overstep their

1423:

will lead to a given outcome; or might simply change the other's beliefs about its incentive structure.

8142: 7739: 6033: 5693: 5568: 2355: 2157: 1036: 937: 435: 6350: 2558:

Powerful people are more proactive, more likely to speak up, make the first move, and lead negotiation

2490:

The state controls public education and uses propaganda to diffuse its views and values into society.

7946: 7727: 7610: 6397: 6340: 5925: 3484:Ökologie des Geistes: anthropologische, psychologische, biologische und epistemologische Perspektiven 2794: 2285: 2269: 2143: 2053: 1697: 1655: 1514:

greatly enhanced, while if the group does not conform, the leader's power over an individual is nil.

927: 496: 366: 232: 5112:

Pierro, A., Cicero, L., & Raven, B. H. (2008). Motivated compliance with bases of social power.

4863:

Carter, Erin Baggott; Carter, Brett L. (10 December 2020). "Propaganda and Protest in Autocracies".

3944: 763: 8318: 8313: 8152: 7874: 7789: 7238: 2754: 2128: 2077: 1367: 486: 321: 87: 5382:, 29 January 2024, pp. 18–23. "In the nineteen-twenties... American elites, some of whom feared a 5161:

Michener, H. A., & Lawler, E. J. (1975). Endorsement of formal leaders: An integrative model.

2893: 8293: 8173: 8058: 7769: 7218: 7138: 6555: 6144: 6055: 5556: 3883: 2774: 2651: 2206: 1916: 1844: 1799:, put forward the theory that those disempowered by governments' and elite groups' power can use 1666: 1283: 1247: 996: 736: 726: 696: 576: 561: 526: 446: 441: 341: 95: 6952: 5459:

Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications

5406:.'... Between the nineteen-thirties and the nineteen-seventies, a period that scholars call the 5174:

Michener, H. A., & Burt, M.R. (1975) Components of authority as determinants of compliance.

4213: 1855:(1844–1900) underlies much 20th-century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the " 6545: 6525: 6375: 6045: 5673: 5550: 3921: 3416: 3286: 3221: 3201: 3067:"Chanel shoes, but no salary: How one woman exposed the scandal of the French fashion industry" 2639: 2198: 2164: 1822:

Although the term has come to prominence through its use by participants in the global justice/

1602: 1502: 1387: 1383: 1120: 1049: 721: 651: 641: 621: 606: 536: 506: 426: 331: 33: 6412: 4215: 3963: 3760: 3189: 2994: 2662:. This theory explains how groups convert hesitant recruits into zealous followers over time. 1464: 8243: 8147: 7829: 6699: 6654: 6465: 6060: 5387: 4513: 4258: 4168: 4060: 2439: 2068:; however, power can also be seen as good and as something inherited or given for exercising 1992:

responsibilities. Research experiments were done as early as 1968 to explore power conflict.

1674: 1560: 1550: 1060:; however, power can also be seen as good and as something inherited or given for exercising 1044: 952: 777: 706: 681: 586: 511: 471: 431: 416: 381: 354: 281: 103: 6515: 5272: 4359:

Falbo, Toni; Peplau, Letitia A. (April 1980). "Power strategies in intimate relationships".

4217:

Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, the Law and Forensic Science

1162:'s superiors influence subordinates to attain organizational goals. When a company exhibits 8228: 7620: 7208: 7088: 6857: 6664: 6505: 6432: 6124: 6085: 6070: 5604: 5383: 3722: 3205: 2769: 2729: 2706: 2536:

is associated with action, self-promotion, seeking rewards, increased energy and movement.

2264:

and punishment fosters powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change, as well as a

1842:(1588–1679) defined power as a man's "present means, to obtain some future apparent good" ( 1607: 1193: 947: 749: 716: 686: 521: 491: 481: 411: 396: 191: 186: 6679: 5376:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", 4935:

Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D.H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition.

4762: 4745: 2645: 2472:

The state targets actors who challenge their beliefs. Can be done directly or indirectly.

801: 8: 8223: 7900: 7784: 7779: 7398: 7278: 7248: 7168: 6694: 6634: 5955: 5875: 5481: 4785:

Reny, Marie-Eve (January 2021). "Autocracies and the Control of Societal Organizations".

3509: 2581: 2226: 2108: 1852: 1623:), "compensatory" (through the use of various resources) or "conditioned" (the result of 821: 566: 466: 304: 291: 7962:

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

6442: 4001: 3351: 3317: 7410: 7405: 7388: 7383: 6852: 6360: 6297: 4880: 4833: 4825: 4767: 4530: 4493: 4460: 4413: 3608: 3045: 2862: 2854: 2744: 1028:) by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as 989: 631: 626: 546: 501: 451: 421: 401: 261: 238: 6842: 2523:

Power changes those in the position of power and those who are targets of that power.

1564:. He writes, "A body is docile that may be subjected, used, transformed and improved. 1282:

as it builds resentment and resistance from the people who experience it. Threats and

897: 8007: 7774: 7734: 7527: 7373: 7318: 7158: 6947: 6609: 6535: 6510: 6312: 6114: 5514: 5498: 5467: 5442: 5407: 5339: 5278: 5239: 4903: 4884: 4837: 4771: 4717: 4677: 4650: 4610: 4567: 4452: 4268: 4225: 4194: 4173: 4147: 4122: 4097: 4072: 4020: 3967: 3838: 3837:. Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Philosophy. London: Routledge. p. 162. 3796: 3764: 3670: 3641: 3612: 3372: 3276: 3231: 3166: 3031: 3008: 2998: 2928: 2897: 2846: 2253: 2172: 1452: 1363: 1095: 1017: 849: 793: 773: 731: 711: 541: 531: 461: 311: 256: 111: 8027: 6427: 5187:

Molm, L. D. (1994) Is Punishment Effective? Coercive Strategies in Social Exchange.

5081:

Fiske, S.T. (1993a). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping.

4534: 4464: 3589:""Speaking as a Heterosexual": (How) Does Sexuality Matter for Talk-in-Interaction?" 3588: 813: 7764: 7717: 7643: 7466: 7378: 7308: 7078: 6997: 6992: 6917: 6892: 6837: 6827: 6817: 6787: 6767: 6757: 6624: 6619: 6577: 6520: 6317: 6000: 5995: 5970: 5915: 5890: 5434: 4872: 4817: 4757: 4522: 4489: 4442: 4409: 4370: 4012: 3600: 3555: 2889: 2866: 2836: 2705:

describes a "cyber-literacy of power" that is concerned with the forces that shape

2702: 2402: 2372: 2334: 2289: 2214: 2151: 1967: 1348: 1273: 1133: 1053: 901: 861: 805: 661: 616: 571: 516: 456: 371: 336: 286: 176: 90:, the central state building used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the 6982: 5510:

Social Ontology: Recasting Political Philosophy Through a Phenomenology of Whoness

2001:

outcomes, to develop negotiation strategies and to make more self-serving offers.

1826:

of the 1990s onwards, the word has been used for at least 60 years; for instance,

1184:

Referent power is the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build

7744: 7670: 7658: 7435: 7108: 7027: 6987: 6957: 6942: 6907: 6902: 6872: 6847: 6832: 6807: 6792: 6727: 6704: 6689: 6674: 6659: 6530: 6485: 6470: 6460: 6282: 6277: 6134: 6129: 6109: 6097: 5529:

Charles V and the Fury at the Prado Museum: The Power of the King's Body as Image

5490: 5463: 5457: 5411: 5333: 5233: 4671: 4604: 4561: 4509:"Subordinates' resistance and managers' evaluations of subordinates' performance" 4386: 4067: 4046: 3832: 3225: 2759: 2327: 2319: 2265: 2241: 2120: 1875: 1773: 1765: 1529: 1444: 1352: 909: 905: 889: 869: 797: 785: 674: 646: 591: 551: 316: 266: 5525:

Charles V and the Furyat the Prado Museum: The Power of the King's Body as Image

4016: 3604: 3373:"Introducing a Model for Analyzing the Possibilities of Power, Help and Control" 8259: 8198: 8183: 8079: 8022: 8017: 7663: 7605: 7600: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7522: 7425: 7333: 7323: 7052: 6927: 6912: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6822: 6797: 6752: 6732: 6594: 6565: 6540: 6495: 6475: 6437: 6392: 6272: 6262: 6119: 5950: 5763: 5378: 4374: 4221: 4214:

Monique Mattei Ferraro; Eoghan Casey; Michael McGrath; Michael McGrath (2005).

2789: 2779: 2734: 2711: 2555:

Makes individuals more responsive to changes within a group and its environment

2394: 2354:, complaining, criticizing, demanding, disengaging, evading, humor, inspiring, 2311: 2257: 2112: 2097: 2059: 1737:; if a sexual identity is not indicated, it will be assumed the protagonist is 1478: 1267: 1255: 1179: 977: 893: 885: 881: 877: 829: 789: 376: 222: 143: 5562: 5438: 5222:

Kelman, H.C. Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 25, 57–78.

4563:

Mediation in the Workplace: A Guide for Training, Practice, and Administration

3028:

Power and organization development : mobilizing power to implement change

2841: 2824: 1870:(1870–1937), place power dynamics at the core of their theory (where orthodox 1685: 1402:

set and the likelihoods that different actions will lead to desired outcomes.

8282: 7848: 7653: 7647: 7358: 7188: 7098: 7047: 7017: 7007: 6937: 6932: 6922: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6737: 6604: 6582: 6500: 6407: 6380: 6365: 6307: 5990: 5399: 4997:

Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A.D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking.

4876: 4805: 4526: 3012: 2850: 2461: 2417: 2351: 2261: 2124: 1963: 1856: 1839: 1572: 1391: 1242: 1099: 865: 853: 837: 833: 759: 271: 217: 131: 53: 7595: 7338: 7022: 7012: 7002: 6867: 6862: 6802: 6777: 6747: 6742: 6649: 6644: 6490: 6370: 6104: 6040: 5910: 5900: 5895: 5814: 5804: 5748: 5638: 5415: 5403: 5395: 4456: 4024: 3149:

Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78: Security, Territory, Population

2764: 2724: 2435: 2390: 2323: 2237: 2222: 2184: 2180: 2116: 2037: 1881: 1867: 1827: 1761: 1738: 1734: 1689: 1640: 1460: 1344: 1340: 1237: 1215: 857: 809: 139: 4447: 4428: 4144:

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How to Deal with Manipulative People

2966:(Ph.D. dissertation), Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee, p. 22, 2160:

and abusers may control their victims with a range of tactics, including:

1616: 8218: 8213: 7967:

Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)

7869: 7635: 7615: 7590: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7037: 7032: 6967: 6962: 6812: 6684: 6639: 6629: 6422: 6417: 6355: 6292: 6075: 6050: 5975: 5935: 5905: 5880: 5860: 5839: 5819: 5799: 5789: 5758: 5623: 5508: 5391: 5235:

Literacy for All Students: An Instructional Framework for Closing the Gap

2784: 2412: 2299: 2073: 1670: 1632: 1620: 1591: 1379: 1198: 1029: 873: 845: 817: 701: 656: 386: 361: 4094:

Who's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation

4061:

When Love Hurts: A Woman's Guide to Understanding Abuse in Relationships

3560: 8188: 7625: 7574: 7537: 7532: 7420: 7228: 7128: 6977: 6897: 6669: 6560: 6402: 6345: 6322: 6287: 6236: 6226: 6194: 6139: 5965: 5945: 5870: 5834: 5738: 5723: 5648: 5573: 5494: 5373: 4829: 4119:

In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People

3275:(4th U.S. ed.). East Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution. 2858: 2749: 2646:

Kelman's compliance-identification-internalization theory of conversion

2398: 2375:

can be a much stronger motivator than some kind of physical punishment.

2367: 2363: 2315: 2303: 2273: 2230: 2154:

them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.

2147: 2123:. Such abuse can have various causes – such as personal gain, personal 2089: 2085: 1930: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1863: 1785: 1769: 1651: 1624: 1469: 1456: 1225: 1202: 1072: 1068: 406: 326: 251: 123: 115: 4331:"Family and Domestic Violence – Healthy Work Healthy Living Tip Sheet" 1733:

is not indicated, most Western readers will assume the protagonist is

1412:– the ability of an actor to bring about or help bring about outcomes; 7118: 7057: 6614: 6257: 6184: 6169: 6090: 6010: 6005: 5930: 5885: 5865: 5844: 5829: 5809: 5794: 5658: 5618: 5528: 3759:(Reprint ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 3269:

From dictatorship to democracy: A conceptual framework for liberation

2382: 2218: 2093: 2065: 1885: 1701: 1547: 1474: 1057: 825: 781: 168: 147: 5148:

Kounin, J., & Gump, P. (1958). The ripple effect in discipline.

4821: 4647:

Reflect & Relate: An introduction to interpersonal communication

4560:

Weinstein, Rebecca Jane (2001). "Threats to the Mediation Process".

3030:(Repr. with corrections. ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. 2993:(4th ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. p. 1905: 1351:

by others and/or situational stress. People who communicate through

64: 7915: 7393: 6972: 6709: 6302: 6267: 6241: 6221: 6174: 5985: 5940: 5824: 5728: 5718: 5683: 5653: 3130:(Course pack), Sikkim: Eiilm University, p. 27, archived from 2697: 2694: 2465:

often maintain their power through political control tactics like:

2347: 2176: 2081: 2069: 1871: 1717: 1636: 1523: 1448: 1336: 1278: 1189: 1061: 1025: 5431:

Collectivity and Power on the Internet. A Sociological Perspective

5029:

Clark, R.D., & Sechrest, L.B. (1976). The mandate phenomenon.

3403:

Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie

972: 7430: 7343: 6231: 6199: 6189: 5960: 5920: 5753: 5678: 5663: 5643: 4566:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. 3640:(2nd pr. ed.). Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. p. 24. 2256:

can occur between the abuser and victim as the result of ongoing

2210: 2188: 2104: 1959: 1792: 1665:

His work is thought to have been influential in the overthrow of

1486: 1436: 1185: 1159: 1140: 212: 151: 2084:). An example of using power without oppression is the concept " 1741:; if the gender of a body is not indicated, it is assumed to be 126:

of prisoners serving their sentences under the authority of the

6179: 5980: 5768: 5743: 5733: 5703: 5688: 5544:

Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology II

4712:

Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Nadenichek, Sona (2019).

3099:, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2011. Print. pp. 267–261 2281: 2168: 1554: 1482: 1220: 1167: 5312:"Transcript of "Why ordinary people need to understand power"" 4049:. Women's Domestic Abuse Helpline. Retrieved 13 December 2016. 2389:, and sound judgment, whereas nonrational tactics may rely on 2076:

others as well. In general, power derives from the factors of

1643:" (from sitting higher in an organisational power structure). 1347:. Personal power is protective against pressure and excessive 8234:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

8203: 8168: 8137: 7956: 6209: 5698: 5633: 4744:

Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (2022).

4603:

Tannenbaum, Frank (1969). "The Balance of Power in Society".

2386: 2040:

also occurred and a lot of pro-social behavior was observed.

1490: 1440: 1064:

objectives that will help, move, and empower others as well.

107: 5536:

Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology

4506: 2139:

or because some abusers enjoy exercising power and control.

1290: 8233: 8138:

Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)

8084: 7920: 6204: 5628: 4778: 3544:"Straight talking: the sociolinguistics of heterosexuality" 2799: 2455: 2434:

Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally,

2192: 2136: 1742: 1539:

Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France

110:

had the most visa-free access of any country through their

3318:"Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook" 8208: 7875:

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

5773: 5668: 4609:. Arkville Press. London: Simon and Schuster. p. 9. 4397: 2307: 1988:"Power is defined as a possibility to influence others." 7977:

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

7911:

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

5274:

Students as Researchers: Creating Classrooms that Matter

4716:(1st ed.). California: CQ Press. pp. 174–194. 1295:

According to Laura K. Guerrero and Peter A. Andersen in

8193: 5232:

Powell, Rebecca; Rightmyer, Elizabeth (27 April 2012).

7828: 4856: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 2927:. Springer nature. Cham (Suisse): Palgrave Macmillan. 2100:

possible as much as it may constrain or prevent them.

82:

Social and political power as a multifaceted concept.

5271:

Kincheloe, Joe; Steinberg, Shirley (4 January 2002).

4743: 4711: 2438:

speak of the "balance of power" between parties to a

2337:

feel particularly compelled to control other people.

1542:(1778), but turns out to be written by his secretary 8239:

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)

7496: 4256: 3723:"Ideas about power: Representation and counterpower" 3471:

Systemische Theorie und Therapie: ein Handwörterbuch

3163:

Discipline and punish : the birth of the prison

2925:

The palgrave encyclopedia of global security studies

1322:

The principle of least interest and dependence power

1094:

In a now-classic study (1959), social psychologists

1067:

Scholars have distinguished the differences between

5483:

Understanding Power. A 'Law and Economics' Approach

4976:

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95:2,

3980: 3884:"Power Hour: Psychology test at the Time 100 party" 3777: 2886:

Back to Basics: State Power in a Contemporary World

2625: 1756:and often goes overlooked, it is still necessarily 1455:, which becomes a means of bolstering the power of 8003:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 5270: 3692:"Counterpower: Making Change Happen (book review)" 3358:. VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden/Germany 2011. pp. 506–519 . 2879: 5390:... the U.S. raised taxes, took steps to protect 5163:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 5137:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 5031:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 4606:The Balance of Power in Society: And Other Essays 4354: 4352: 4260:Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse 3230:(reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 7. 1146:In simple terms, power can be expressed as being 8280: 5564:Forbes: World's Most Powerful Women Define Power 5335:Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy: An Introduction 5176:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31 4649:. Boston/NY: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 291. 3631: 3629: 3160: 3097:Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships 2618:to the rest of the group. This effect is called 1639:" (power-wielders' material resources), and/or " 1297:Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships 1166:, subordinates influence the decisions of their 8224:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) 5231: 4477: 4182: 2989:Montana, Patrick J.; Charnov, Bruce H. (2008). 2411:: Bilateral tactics, such as collaboration and 1888:stages before reaching a secular rational mode. 1473:and trying to understand why there had been no 1405:In this setting, we can differentiate between: 8169:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) 8049:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 7957:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 4950:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40 4427:Bratko, Denis; Butkovic, Ana (February 2007). 4426: 4349: 3537: 3535: 3026:Schein, Larry E. Greiner, Virginia E. (1988). 2988: 2922: 114:agreements to 193 destinations; an example of 7482: 5589: 5527:, Eikón / Imago: Vol. 6 No. 2 (2017). 49–66. 5428: 4900:Authoritarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know 4707: 4705: 4188: 3626: 3580: 3422:. In Kraus, Björn; Krieger, Wolfgang (eds.). 2880:Finnemore, Martha; Goldstein, Judith (2013), 2822: 2526: 1048:is often used for power that is perceived as 997: 6095: 5057:Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 4862: 4362:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4005:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3452: 3450: 3448: 3366: 3364: 3050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2381:: Rational tactics of influence make use of 2047: 1537: 1485:, Gramsci conceptualised this hegemony as a 1374: 92:government of the People's Republic of China 6031: 5429:Dolata, Ulrich; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2018). 4902:. Oxford University Press. pp. Ch. 5. 4358: 3866:"Competition-trapping the Concept of Power" 3593:Research on Language and Social Interaction 3532: 3499:. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main/Germany 1996. 3486:. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main/Germany 1996. 3095:Guerrero, Laura K., and Peter A. Andersen. 2260:in which the intermittent reinforcement of 1481:while it was claimed there had been one in 1143:, a title, or an imposing physical office. 29:Ability to influence the behavior of others 8179:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries 7906:Central American Integration System (SICA) 7489: 7475: 5596: 5582: 4999:European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 4963:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4702: 4602: 4087: 4085: 4052: 4031: 3960:Gender and Rural Development: Introduction 3426:. Lage, Germany: Jacobs. pp. 95–118. 2923:Romaniuk, Scott N.; Marton, Péter (2023). 2823:Barnett, Michael; Duvall, Raymond (2005). 1004: 990: 175: 8117:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 8085:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 7921:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 7880:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 5338:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5331: 5114:Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 4761: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4644: 4559: 4446: 4160: 3943:. Northwestern University. Archived from 3920:. Northwestern University. Archived from 3830: 3667:Counter power : making change happen 3586: 3559: 3497:Wissen und Gewissen. Versuch einer Brücke 3445: 3361: 3220: 3200: 3165:(2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 2894:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.003.0001 2840: 1946:Learn how and when to remove this message 1895: 1493:, capitalism had succeeded in exercising 1291:Principles in interpersonal relationships 8133:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 8044:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 7987:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) 7952:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 7931:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) 5603: 4301:"Sleep Deprivation Used as Abuse Tactic" 4121:. Parkhurst Brothers, Inc., Publishers. 3934: 3720: 2456:Political power in authoritarian regimes 2442:: all parties to all relationships have 8054:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 7982:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 7972:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 7179:Reflections on the Revolution in France 5044:Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 4207: 4169:Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse 4091: 4082: 3881: 3635: 3541: 3112:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008, p. 93. 2956: 14: 8281: 7806:Composite Index of National Capability 4897: 4891: 4730: 4172:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2008. 4141: 4135: 3914:"Academics and Faculty: Adam Galinsky" 3834:Karl Jaspers: Politics and Metaphysics 3689: 3660: 3658: 3638:Fragments of an anarchist anthropology 3025: 2740:Control of time in power relationships 1707: 1534:Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon 1090:French and Raven's five bases of power 1083: 7926:Organization of American States (OAS) 7896:Association of Caribbean States (ACS) 7827: 7470: 5577: 5552:Power failures in management circuits 5455: 4803: 4797: 4763:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321 4191:Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect 4116: 4110: 3831:Thornhill, Chris (31 October 2013) . 3812:from the original on 17 November 2015 3754: 3568:from the original on 17 November 2021 3460:. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim/Basel 2013. 3414: 3370: 3328:from the original on 21 February 2011 3315: 3265: 3064: 2620:Disruptive contagion or ripple effect 2203:intermittent or partial reinforcement 2072:objectives that will help, move, and 1752:category is typically not explicitly 5402:writes, 'were borne by the American 5352:from the original on 23 October 2023 5291:from the original on 23 October 2023 5252:from the original on 23 October 2023 4784: 4690:from the original on 23 October 2023 4669: 4623:from the original on 23 October 2023 4580:from the original on 23 October 2023 4541:from the original on 19 January 2021 4481:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 4401:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 4281:from the original on 21 January 2023 4238:from the original on 21 January 2023 3957: 3702:from the original on 7 February 2023 3520:from the original on 3 February 2022 3433:from the original on 4 November 2013 3185: 3065:Marsh, Stefanie (2 September 2018). 2970:from the original on 22 October 2021 2818: 2816: 1928:adding citations to reliable sources 1899: 1576:two are macro and one is micro. The 1430: 128:Texas Department of Criminal Justice 7702:International relations (1814–1919) 7289:The End of History and the Last Man 7199:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5309: 4714:Foundations of Comparative Politics 3937:"How power shapes executive choice" 3870:European Journal of Social Sciences 3783: 3721:Chesters, Graeme (September 2003). 3664: 3655: 3473:. Asanger, Heidelberg/Germany 1994. 3405:. Mohr, Tübingen/Germany 1972. S.28 3356:Schlüsselwerke des Konstruktivismus 3316:Arrow, Ruaridh (21 February 2011). 2552:Power prompts people to take action 2429: 2008: 1127: 24: 8013:European Political Community (EPC) 5367: 5332:Kincheloe, Joe L. (19 June 2008). 4926:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 4898:Frantz, Erica (12 November 2020). 4844:from the original on 17 April 2023 4750:Annual Review of Political Science 4645:McCornack, Steven (15 July 2009). 4494:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x 4414:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01708.x 4193:. Allyn & Bacon. p. 208. 4058:Jill Cory; Karen McAndless-Davis. 3793:Counter Power Making Change Happen 3733:from the original on 22 April 2023 3244:from the original on 11 April 2023 3077:from the original on 28 March 2023 2452:control a form of power currency. 1797:Counterpower: Making Change Happen 25: 8335: 5422: 4311:from the original on 2 April 2023 3894:from the original on 26 June 2014 3690:Newton, Mark (17 November 2011). 2957:de Moll, Kelly E. (August 2010), 2825:"Power in International Politics" 2813: 2687: 1833: 1803:to counter this. In Gee's model, 1261: 1173: 8304:Concepts in political philosophy 8143:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) 7498:Power in international relations 7259:The Open Society and Its Enemies 5189:Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 4434:Twin Research and Human Genetics 3795:. Oxford: New Internationalist. 2626:Resistance to coercive influence 2064:One can regard power as evil or 1995: 1904: 1866:, notably those associated with 1807:is split into three categories: 1546:(1745–1794), and by emphasizing 971: 72: 63: 52: 43: 7947:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) 6066:Family as a model for the state 5386:, consented to reform... Under 5325: 5303: 5264: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5194: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5142: 5129: 5119: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5075: 5062: 5049: 5036: 5023: 5013: 5004: 4991: 4981: 4968: 4955: 4942: 4929: 4916: 4663: 4638: 4595: 4553: 4500: 4471: 4420: 4391: 4323: 4293: 4250: 4189:Crosson-Tower, Cynthia (2005). 3951: 3935:Henretty, Aubrey (7 May 2008). 3928: 3906: 3882:Collins, Lauren (26 May 2008). 3875: 3858: 3824: 3748: 3714: 3683: 3502: 3489: 3476: 3469:Reimund Böse, Günter Schiepek: 3463: 3408: 3395: 3348:Vom Erweitern der Möglichkeiten 3340: 3309: 3259: 3214: 3194: 3179: 3154: 3141: 3115: 3102: 2802:, the power to forbid an action 1984:Empathy gap (social psychology) 1915:needs additional citations for 1779: 1231: 1209: 1139:attributes of power, such as a 1056:. Power can be seen as evil or 557:Peace, war, and social conflict 154:; an example of cultural power. 32:For other uses of "Power", see 8153:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) 8059:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) 7416:Separation of church and state 7314:Collectivism and individualism 7269:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5150:Elementary School Journal, 59, 4865:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3962:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 3587:Kitzinger, Celia (July 2005). 3089: 3058: 3019: 2982: 2950: 2941: 2916: 2873: 1977: 1680: 1382:, with its foundations in the 1333:Power as enabling or disabling 13: 1: 8064:Organization of Turkic States 7901:Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 7692:List of medieval great powers 7456:Category:Political philosophy 7329:Critique of political economy 4804:Kuran, Timur (October 1991). 4676:. Rand-Smith Publishing LLC. 4257:Christiane Sanderson (2006). 2960:Everyday Experiences of Power 2807: 2288:the abusive behaviour, or to 2030: 1646: 1310:Power as a relational concept 1037:master and an enslaved person 8289:Power (social and political) 7811:Comprehensive National Power 7687:List of ancient great powers 7354:Institutional discrimination 7349:History of political thought 6081:Negative and positive rights 5310:Liu, Eric (14 August 2014). 4096:. McGraw Hill Professional. 4092:Braiker, Harriet B. (2004). 3941:Kellogg School of Management 3918:Kellogg School of Management 2608: 2603: 2405:and put-downs, respectively. 2268:. An attempt may be made to 1597: 1052:or socially approved by the 7: 8309:Majority–minority relations 8148:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) 8101:Union for the Mediterranean 7854:Union for the Mediterranean 7697:List of modern great powers 7364:Justification for the state 7149:Two Treatises of Government 4265:Jessica Kingsley Publishers 4017:10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1136 3864:Cerbaro, Rodolfo Henrique. 3605:10.1207/s15327973rlsi3803_2 2888:, Oxford University Press, 2717: 2574: 2546: 2397:. Examples of each include 2236:traumatic tactics (such as 1824:anti-globalization movement 1553:, who constantly refers to 1517: 1326:principle of least interest 1078: 10: 8340: 8229:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 7740:Hegemonic stability theory 6034:Bellum omnium contra omnes 5083:American Psychologist, 48, 5070:Psychological Science, 17, 4937:Psychological Review, 110, 4787:Cambridge University Press 4375:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618 3669:. Oxford: World Changing. 2829:International Organization 2527:Approach/inhibition theory 2518: 2340: 2057: 2051: 1981: 1783: 1521: 1447:elaborated on the role of 1271: 1265: 1235: 1213: 1177: 1131: 1087: 228:Human environmental impact 31: 8252: 8161: 8125: 8109: 8093: 8072: 8036: 7995: 7939: 7888: 7862: 7841: 7837: 7823: 7798: 7710: 7679: 7634: 7583: 7508: 7504: 7451: 7301: 7070: 6718: 6451: 6331: 6250: 6162: 6153: 6019: 5853: 5782: 5611: 5439:10.1007/978-3-319-78414-4 5433:. London Cham: Springer. 4071:. WomanKind Press; 2000. 3958:Deji, Olanike F. (2011). 3542:Cameron, Deborah (2014). 3377:Social Work & Society 3161:Foucault, Michel (1995). 3110:Introducing Social Theory 2842:10.1017/S0020818305050010 2795:The Anatomy of Revolution 2054:Abusive power and control 2048:Abusive power and control 2005:a social responsibility. 1698:relational constructivism 1508: 1375:Rational choice framework 8324:Sociological terminology 7830:Organizations and groups 7790:Superpower disengagement 7239:The Revolt of the Masses 5238:. Taylor & Francis. 4877:10.1177/0022002720975090 4527:10.1177/0149206305277801 4117:Simon, George K (1996). 2409:Unilateral and bilateral 2379:Rational and nonrational 2207:psychological punishment 2129:psychological projection 1567: 1368:expressions of dominance 322:Structural functionalism 88:Great Hall of the People 8299:Harassment and bullying 8174:Commonwealth of Nations 8008:Council of Europe (CoE) 7770:Power transition theory 7219:The Communist Manifesto 6145:Tyranny of the majority 6056:Consent of the governed 5557:Harvard Business Review 4385:10 October 2017 at the 4146:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4142:Kantor, Martin (2006). 4066:21 January 2023 at the 3755:Buber, Martin (1996) . 3636:Graeber, David (2004). 3222:Galbraith, John Kenneth 3202:Galbraith, John Kenneth 2775:Speaking truth to power 2636:Revolutionary Coalition 1316:Power as resource-based 342:Symbolic interactionism 237:Industrial revolutions 96:Chinese Communist Party 6096: 6046:Clash of civilizations 6032: 5549:Kanter, R. M. (1979). 5513:Ontos, Frankfurt 2008 4922:Forsyth, D.R. (2010). 2503:Coercive distribution: 2199:negative reinforcement 2165:positive reinforcement 2092:). Much of the recent 1896:Psychological research 1611:(1983) summarizes the 1603:John Kenneth Galbraith 1538: 1503:reserve army of labour 1360:Power as a prerogative 1121:Images of Organization 332:Social constructionism 34:Power (disambiguation) 8244:Uniting for Consensus 6061:Divine right of kings 5388:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4514:Journal of Management 4448:10.1375/twin.10.1.151 4045:25 April 2016 at the 3510:"Unmarked Categories" 3415:Kraus, Björn (2011). 3371:Kraus, Björn (2014). 2882:"Puzzles about Power" 1817:physical counterpower 1813:economic counterpower 1583:dispositional circuit 1561:Discipline and Punish 1551:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1304:Power as a perception 1188:. It is based on the 707:Conversation analysis 282:Social stratification 104:Henley Passport Index 8110:Africa–South America 8073:North America–Europe 7209:Democracy in America 6588:political philosophy 6571:political philosophy 6386:political philosophy 6215:political philosophy 6125:Separation of powers 6086:Night-watchman state 6071:Monopoly on violence 5605:Political philosophy 5489:30 July 2020 at the 5456:Bitar, Amer (2020). 5394:, and established a 5384:Bolshevik revolution 4305:DomesticShelters.org 4166:Chrissie Sanderson. 4039:Economic abuse wheel 3947:on 8 September 2008. 3727:New Internationalist 3495:Heinz von Foerster: 3266:Sharp, Gene (2010). 3227:The Anatomy of Power 3207:The Anatomy of Power 2770:Separation of powers 2730:Amity-enmity complex 2707:knowledge production 2401:and persuasion, and 1924:improve this article 1656:Étienne de La Boétie 1608:The Anatomy of Power 1587:facilitative circuit 1194:interpersonal skills 8260:United Nations (UN) 8028:Visegrád Group (V4) 8018:European Union (EU) 7785:Superpower collapse 7780:Sphere of influence 7755:Philosophy of power 7399:Right-wing politics 7279:A Theory of Justice 7249:The Road to Serfdom 7169:The Social Contract 5876:Christian democracy 5480:Vatiero M. (2009), 4746:"Political Control" 4670:Lehr, Fred (2020). 3561:10.3917/ls.148.0075 2227:emotional blackmail 1853:Friedrich Nietzsche 1795:, in his 2011 book 1714:unmarked categories 1708:Unmarked categories 1594:or disempowerment. 1544:Jean-Baptise Moheau 1465:Niccolò Machiavelli 1084:Five bases of power 292:Social cycle theory 163:Part of a series on 8094:Africa–Asia–Europe 7411:Political violence 7406:Political theology 7389:Left-wing politics 7384:Political spectrum 4806:"Now out of Never" 3548:Langage et société 2745:Discourse of power 2088:" (as compared to 1667:Slobodan Milošević 1635:" (individuals), " 1118:in his 1986 book, 978:Society portal 601:History of science 582:Race and ethnicity 262:Social environment 18:Power (philosophy) 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 7819: 7818: 7775:Second Superpower 7735:Deterrence theory 7464: 7463: 7374:Philosophy of law 7319:Conflict theories 7159:The Spirit of Law 7066: 7065: 6115:Original position 5408:Great Compression 4656:978-0-312-48934-2 4488:(14): 1150–1169. 4200:978-0-205-40183-3 4178:978-1-84642-811-1 4153:978-0-275-98798-5 4128:978-1-935166-30-6 4103:978-0-07-144672-3 4077:978-0-9686016-0-0 3973:978-3-643-90103-3 3802:978-1-78026-032-7 3784:Gee, Tim (2011). 3665:Gee, Tim (2011). 3647:978-0-9728196-4-0 3482:Gregory Bateson: 3456:See Björn Kraus: 3292:on 28 August 2018 3282:978-1-880813-09-6 3151:, 2007, pp. 1–17. 3147:Michel Foucault, 2934:978-3-319-74318-9 2903:978-0-19-997008-7 2335:personality types 2254:Traumatic bonding 2173:superficial charm 2107:purposes such as 1956: 1955: 1948: 1809:idea counterpower 1453:cultural hegemony 1431:Cultural hegemony 1096:John R. P. French 1018:political science 1014: 1013: 732:Social experiment 612:Social psychology 257:Social complexity 16:(Redirected from 8331: 7839: 7838: 7825: 7824: 7765:Power projection 7750:Internationalism 7723:Balance of power 7718:American decline 7506: 7505: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7379:Political ethics 7369:Machiavellianism 7309:Authoritarianism 7294: 7284: 7274: 7264: 7254: 7244: 7234: 7224: 7214: 7204: 7194: 7184: 7174: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7134: 7124: 7114: 7104: 7094: 7084: 6160: 6159: 6101: 6037: 6027:Balance of power 6001:Social democracy 5996:Social Darwinism 5971:Multiculturalism 5916:Environmentalism 5891:Communitarianism 5598: 5591: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5565: 5507:Michael Eldred, 5477: 5452: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5198: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4741: 4728: 4727: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4395: 4389: 4378: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4333:. 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Kincheloe 2665:At the stage of 2430:Balance of power 2373:social exclusion 2290:blame the victim 2215:silent treatment 2009:Bargaining games 1968:bystander effect 1951: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1908: 1900: 1862:Some schools of 1629:sources of power 1578:episodic circuit 1541: 1274:Coercive control 1134:Legitimate power 1128:Legitimate power 1054:social structure 1006: 999: 992: 976: 975: 727:Network analysis 617:Sociocybernetics 607:Social movements 337:Social darwinism 287:Social structure 179: 160: 159: 76: 67: 56: 47: 21: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8319:Social concepts 8314:Michel Foucault 8279: 8278: 8277: 8264: 8248: 8157: 8126:Oceania–Pacific 8121: 8105: 8089: 8068: 8032: 7991: 7935: 7884: 7858: 7833: 7815: 7794: 7745:Multilateralism 7706: 7675: 7630: 7579: 7500: 7495: 7465: 7460: 7447: 7436:Totalitarianism 7297: 7292: 7282: 7272: 7262: 7252: 7242: 7232: 7222: 7212: 7202: 7192: 7182: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7142: 7132: 7122: 7112: 7109:Treatise on Law 7102: 7092: 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3155: 3146: 3142: 3137:on 17 May 2014. 3134: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3059: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3024: 3020: 3005: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2878: 2874: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2760:Power structure 2720: 2690: 2681:internalization 2660:internalization 2648: 2628: 2611: 2606: 2577: 2549: 2529: 2521: 2488:Indoctrination: 2458: 2432: 2343: 2328:divide and rule 2320:destabilisation 2266:climate of fear 2258:cycles of abuse 2250:vulnerabilities 2242:explosive anger 2121:financial abuse 2078:interdependence 2062: 2056: 2050: 2033: 2011: 1998: 1986: 1980: 1952: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1921: 1909: 1898: 1851:The thought of 1836: 1788: 1782: 1710: 1690:epistemological 1688:deals with the 1683: 1649: 1605:(1908–2006) in 1600: 1570: 1530:Michel Foucault 1526: 1520: 1511: 1445:Antonio Gramsci 1439:tradition, the 1433: 1388:rational choice 1377: 1353:self-confidence 1335:: Power can be 1293: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1240: 1234: 1218: 1212: 1182: 1176: 1136: 1130: 1092: 1086: 1081: 1010: 970: 963: 962: 923: 913: 912: 840: 766: 752: 750:Major theorists 742: 741: 677: 667: 666: 357: 347: 346: 317:Critical theory 312:Conflict theory 307: 297: 296: 267:Social equality 208: 158: 157: 156: 155: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8337: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8294:Baruch Spinoza 8291: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8080:Arctic Council 8076: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8023:Nordic Council 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7835: 7834: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7640: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7426:Social justice 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7334:Egalitarianism 7331: 7326: 7324:Contractualism 7321: 7316: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7255: 7245: 7235: 7225: 7215: 7205: 7195: 7185: 7175: 7165: 7155: 7145: 7135: 7125: 7115: 7105: 7095: 7085: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Overton window 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951:Libertarianism 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5560: 5547: 5541:Simmel, Georg 5539: 5533:Simmel, Georg 5531: 5521: 5519:978-3938793787 5505: 5503:978-3639202656 5478: 5473:978-3030573973 5472: 5453: 5448:978-3319784137 5447: 5424: 5423:External links 5421: 5420: 5419: 5379:The New Yorker 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5344: 5324: 5302: 5283: 5263: 5244: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5193: 5180: 5167: 5154: 5141: 5128: 5118: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5074: 5061: 5048: 5035: 5022: 5012: 5003: 4990: 4980: 4967: 4965:, 33, 200–212. 4954: 4941: 4928: 4924:Group Dynamics 4915: 4908: 4890: 4871:(5): 919–949. 4855: 4810:World Politics 4796: 4777: 4729: 4722: 4701: 4682: 4673:Power Currency 4662: 4655: 4637: 4615: 4594: 4572: 4552: 4521:(2): 185–209. 4499: 4470: 4441:(1): 151–157. 4419: 4408:(4): 307–332. 4390: 4369:(4): 618–628. 4348: 4337:on 19 May 2019 4322: 4292: 4274:978-1843103356 4273: 4249: 4231:978-0121631055 4230: 4222:Academic Press 4206: 4199: 4181: 4159: 4152: 4134: 4127: 4109: 4102: 4081: 4051: 4030: 3979: 3972: 3950: 3927: 3924:on 1 May 2012. 3905: 3874: 3857: 3843: 3823: 3801: 3786:"Introduction" 3776: 3770:978-0815604211 3769: 3747: 3713: 3682: 3676:978-1780260327 3675: 3654: 3646: 3625: 3599:(3): 221–265. 3579: 3531: 3501: 3488: 3475: 3462: 3444: 3407: 3394: 3360: 3339: 3308: 3281: 3258: 3237:978-0395344002 3236: 3213: 3193: 3178: 3172:978-0679752554 3171: 3153: 3140: 3114: 3101: 3088: 3057: 3037:978-0201121858 3036: 3018: 3004:978-0764139314 3003: 2981: 2949: 2940: 2933: 2915: 2902: 2872: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2792: 2790:State collapse 2787: 2782: 2780:Social control 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2735:Authority bias 2732: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2712:accountability 2689: 2688:Power literacy 2686: 2673:Identification 2656:identification 2647: 2644: 2627: 2624: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2457: 2454: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2418:fait accomplis 2406: 2395:misinformation 2376: 2342: 2339: 2312:disinformation 2246: 2245: 2234: 2233:, inattention) 2204: 2201: 2196: 2150:victims or to 2144:economic abuse 2098:social actions 2060:Coercive power 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 2032: 2029: 2018:ultimatum game 2010: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1982:Main article: 1979: 1976: 1954: 1953: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1879: 1860: 1849: 1835: 1834:Other theories 1832: 1784:Main article: 1781: 1778: 1716:originated in 1709: 1706: 1694:constructivism 1682: 1679: 1669:, in the 2011 1648: 1645: 1641:organizational 1613:types of power 1599: 1596: 1569: 1566: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1479:Western Europe 1477:revolution in 1451:in creating a 1432: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1357: 1330: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1292: 1289: 1268:Coercive power 1266:Main article: 1263: 1262:Coercive power 1260: 1256:cancel culture 1236:Main article: 1233: 1230: 1228:in that area. 1214:Main article: 1211: 1208: 1180:Referent power 1178:Main article: 1175: 1174:Referent power 1172: 1156:downward power 1132:Main article: 1129: 1126: 1088:Main article: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1001: 994: 986: 983: 982: 981: 980: 965: 964: 961: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 919: 918: 915: 914: 768: 767: 753: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 678: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 377:Astrosociology 374: 369: 364: 358: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 308: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 235: 230: 225: 223:Human behavior 220: 215: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 189: 181: 180: 172: 171: 165: 164: 144:Michelle Obama 102:: in the 2021 94:(PRC) and the 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8336: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7849:African Union 7847: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7359:Jurisprudence 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189:Rights of Man 7186: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7099:De re publica 7096: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719:20th and 21st 6717: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6452:18th and 19th 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Nizam al-Mulk 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:Republicanism 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 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The costs, 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5351: 5347: 5345:9781402082245 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5313: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5284:9781135714710 5280: 5277:. Routledge. 5276: 5275: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5245:9781136879692 5241: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4909:9780190880194 4905: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4723:9781506360737 4719: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4689: 4685: 4683:9781950544240 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4616:9780029324004 4612: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4573:9781567203363 4569: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3846: 3844:9781136454165 3840: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3696:The Ecologist 3693: 3686: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3346:Heiko Kleve: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2969: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2944: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2509:Infiltration: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462:authoritarian 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352:collaboration 2349: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:gratification 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:psychological 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2026: 2025:dictator game 2021: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1996:Past research 1993: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964:Adam Galinsky 1961: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1936:December 2023 1929: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1913:This section 1911: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857:will to power 1854: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1840:Thomas Hobbes 1838: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748:Although the 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1677:revolutions. 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1573:Stewart Clegg 1565: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1463:. Drawing on 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410:outcome power 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1392:Keith Dowding 1389: 1385: 1381: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1116:Gareth Morgan 1112: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1100:Bertram Raven 1097: 1091: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 968: 967: 966: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Organizations 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 922: 917: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: · 891: 888: · 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 848: · 847: 844: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: · 779: 775: 772: 765: 761: 758: 755: 754: 751: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 697:Computational 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 671: 670: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 602: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Environmental 440: 437: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Consciousness 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 356: 351: 350: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 306: 301: 300: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 272:Social equity 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Globalization 216: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 183: 182: 178: 174: 173: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132:United States 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 75: 66: 55: 46: 35: 27: 19: 8162:Non–regional 7754: 7557: 7509: 7440: 7339:Elite theory 7287: 7277: 7267: 7257: 7247: 7237: 7227: 7217: 7207: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7147: 7137: 7127: 7117: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7077: 6376:Guicciardini 6332:Early modern 6155:Philosophers 6105:Open society 6041:Body politic 5911:Distributism 5901:Conservatism 5896:Confucianism 5815:Gerontocracy 5805:Dictatorship 5759:Sovereignty‎ 5749:Ruling class 5713: 5639:Emancipation 5624:Citizenship‎ 5551: 5543: 5535: 5524: 5509: 5482: 5458: 5430: 5416:gerontocracy 5404:ruling class 5396:minimum wage 5377: 5354:. 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Retrieved 3071:The Guardian 3070: 3060: 3027: 3021: 2990: 2984: 2972:, retrieved 2959: 2952: 2943: 2924: 2918: 2907:, retrieved 2885: 2875: 2835:(1): 39–75. 2832: 2828: 2765:Power vacuum 2725:Acquiescence 2691: 2680: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2522: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2487: 2469: 2459: 2448: 2443: 2440:relationship 2436:sociologists 2433: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2391:emotionality 2378: 2362: 2356:manipulating 2344: 2332: 2324:brainwashing 2294: 2247: 2238:verbal abuse 2223:intimidation 2195:, attention) 2185:love bombing 2181:ingratiation 2158:Manipulators 2156: 2141: 2102: 2094:sociological 2063: 2042: 2038:Self-serving 2034: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1987: 1972: 1957: 1942: 1933: 1922:Please help 1917:verification 1914: 1882:Paul Tillich 1874:might place 1868:Alfred Adler 1843: 1828:Martin Buber 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805:counterpower 1804: 1801:counterpower 1800: 1796: 1789: 1780:Counterpower 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1739:heterosexual 1727: 1721: 1713: 1712:The idea of 1711: 1684: 1673:, and other 1664: 1660: 1650: 1628: 1619:" (based on 1612: 1606: 1601: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1559: 1527: 1512: 1499: 1494: 1468: 1461:nation-state 1434: 1425: 1421: 1416:social power 1415: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1394:in his book 1378: 1359: 1345:intimidation 1343:rather than 1341:social skill 1332: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1277: 1254:In terms of 1253: 1241: 1238:Reward power 1232:Reward power 1219: 1216:Expert power 1210:Expert power 1183: 1170:or leaders. 1164:upward power 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1137: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1093: 1066: 1043: 1041: 1034: 1030:institutions 1021: 1015: 928:Bibliography 842: 770: 769: 756: 722:Mathematical 702:Ethnographic 682:Quantitative 367:Architecture 305:Perspectives 277:Social power 276: 140:Barack Obama 138:: statue of 136:Bottom-right 135: 119: 99: 83: 26: 7870:Arab League 7863:Africa–Asia 7636:Geopolitics 7611:Least Great 7559:Realpolitik 7213:(1835–1840) 7093:(c. 350 BC) 7083:(c. 375 BC) 6700:Tocqueville 6665:Saint-Simon 6630:Montesquieu 6481:Bolingbroke 6413:Machiavelli 6293:Ibn Khaldun 6258:Alpharabius 6251:Middle Ages 6076:Natural law 6051:Common good 5976:Nationalism 5936:Imperialism 5906:Corporatism 5881:Colonialism 5861:Agrarianism 5840:Technocracy 5820:Meritocracy 5800:Bureaucracy 5790:Aristocracy 5374:Osnos, Evan 5356:12 February 5317:12 February 5295:12 February 5256:12 February 4793:(1): 39–58. 4756:: 155–174. 4341:23 February 3618:17 November 3572:17 November 3401:Max Weber: 3108:Pip Jones, 3081:5 September 2785:Social norm 2755:Entitlement 2667:compliance, 2599:individuals 2470:Repression: 2413:negotiation 2300:gaslighting 2278:rationalise 2231:guilt trips 2221:, threats, 2133:devaluation 1978:Empathy gap 1686:Björn Kraus 1681:Björn Kraus 1671:Arab Spring 1633:personality 1627:), and the 1592:empowerment 1536:, entitled 1459:and of the 1380:Game theory 1199:Nationalism 933:Terminology 902:Baudrillard 778:Tocqueville 692:Comparative 687:Qualitative 657:Victimology 487:Immigration 472:Generations 387:Criminology 120:Bottom-left 8283:Categories 7421:Separatism 7229:On Liberty 7129:The Prince 6858:Huntington 6361:Campanella 6288:al-Ghazali 6237:Thucydides 6195:Lactantius 6140:Statolatry 5966:Monarchism 5946:Liberalism 5871:Capitalism 5854:Ideologies 5835:Plutocracy 5783:Government 5739:Revolution 5724:Propaganda 5674:Legitimacy 5649:Government 5495:VDM Verlag 5178:, 606–614. 5116:1921–1944. 5072:1068–1074. 5033:1057–1061. 4952:, 151–192. 4315:23 October 3888:New Yorker 3816:16 October 3737:16 October 3296:16 October 3188:, p. 2991:Management 2808:References 2750:Discipline 2652:compliance 2582:boundaries 2538:Inhibition 2449:constraint 2399:bargaining 2316:propaganda 2304:mind games 2274:legitimise 2148:intimidate 2090:hard power 2086:soft power 2070:humanistic 2058:See also: 2031:Conclusion 1886:theocratic 1864:psychology 1848:, Ch. 10). 1786:Dual power 1675:nonviolent 1652:Gene Sharp 1647:Gene Sharp 1625:persuasion 1522:See also: 1495:consensual 1470:The Prince 1457:capitalism 1386:theory of 1284:punishment 1272:See also: 1226:leadership 1203:patriotism 1073:hard power 1069:soft power 1062:humanistic 1050:legitimate 958:By country 712:Historical 637:Technology 577:Punishment 562:Philosophy 537:Mathematic 527:Literature 492:Industrial 482:Historical 407:Demography 327:Positivism 252:Popularity 207:Key themes 124:chain gang 116:soft power 7832:by region 7621:Potential 7139:Leviathan 7119:Monarchia 7113:(c. 1274) 6948:Oakeshott 6893:Mansfield 6888:Luxemburg 6873:Kropotkin 6768:Bernstein 6721:centuries 6635:Nietzsche 6578:Jefferson 6506:Condorcet 6454:centuries 6433:Pufendorf 6298:Marsilius 6185:Confucius 6170:Aristotle 6163:Antiquity 6091:Noble lie 6011:Third Way 6006:Socialism 5931:Feudalism 5886:Communism 5866:Anarchism 5845:Theocracy 5830:Oligarchy 5810:Democracy 5795:Autocracy 5709:Pluralism 5694:Obedience 5659:Hierarchy 5619:Authority 5020:277–298). 4885:210169503 4838:154090678 4772:241393914 4601:Compare: 3706:8 January 3613:144035258 3524:29 August 3387:12 August 3224:(1983) . 3186:Deji 2011 3046:cite book 3013:175290009 2851:0020-8183 2640:reactance 2604:Reactions 2383:reasoning 2296:Isolation 2270:normalise 2209:(such as 2167:(such as 2152:influence 1876:sexuality 1872:Freudians 1845:Leviathan 1774:sexuality 1702:Max Weber 1598:Galbraith 1548:biologist 1475:Communist 1384:Walrasian 1349:influence 1108:relative; 1045:authority 1042:The term 774:Martineau 717:Interview 642:Terrorism 622:Sociology 567:Political 507:Knowledge 427:Education 169:Sociology 148:Moneygall 100:Top-right 7916:Mercosur 7889:Americas 7760:Polarity 7728:European 7644:American 7606:Emerging 7601:Regional 7553:Politics 7548:National 7543:Maritime 7523:Economic 7394:Centrism 7089:Politics 7079:Republic 7048:Voegelin 7028:Spengler 7013:Shariati 6988:Rothbard 6943:Nussbaum 6843:Habermas 6818:Fukuyama 6808:Foucault 6733:Ambedkar 6710:Voltaire 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