1188:. These scholars argue that the abstraction of the West that is used in postcolonial studies understates the central role of capitalism in the world system and the centrality of capitalism in colonialism. They emphasize the forced integration of colonized societies into a hegemonic, capitalist world system, and the destruction of existing ways of life as being central to the story of colonialism. Postcolonial critics problematize the tendency to view capitalism as a historical inevitability, and to equate capitalist development with progress that begins in Europe. When colonialism and transatlantic slavery are acknowledged in the literature, these processes are often placed in the distant past rather than as foundations of our current economic system. The colonization of the Americas by Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries created a new Atlantic economic system which rested on the violent capture and transport of over 13 million Africans. This slave-based production fueled the development of industry for Western Europe and directly structured the capitalist present. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the dispossession of indigenous people from their land and the extraction of their resources was foundational for the economic development of Europe. The development of capitalism was dependent on the simultaneous colonial dispossession in North America and the systematic trade of human beings from Africa. These processes continued beyond the postwar period, with the emergence of
1870:, Nkrumah describes imperialist nations as deliberately perpetuating African poverty and structural economic backwards, whilst Western nations enrich themselves at the expense of the African economies and peoples. Since the 'dangers of Communist subversion' became a growing concern in affecting former colonized nations, Nkrumah describes the West's realization of this occurring as 'two-edged', as it brought notice to the possibility of a change in regime to socialism. Nkrumah intended to fend off imperialist influence through a 'scientific socialist' form of unity, acting as a further reaction along with postcolonialism IR against global capitalism's dominance of economic modernity. Whilst Nkrumah's vision of a united African society was 'explicitly consonant with MarxistâLeninist theory', Nkrumah still contributed to postcolonialism IR on capitalism through extended the concept of class to a global scale beyond economics; identifying a global class of oppressed peoples, rather than focusing on the traditional class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Therefore, the acting up of the West, through means such as
1206:
1736:. Radical Black Peace Activism encompassed the interconnection between the cessation of global conflict, disarmament, non-proliferation, racial equality. Du Bois harnessed the shared principles and was well known for speaking to these points. Du Bois saw a link between the mistreatment of black people through the colonial systems of power and sought a change. Du Bois "argued for the necessity of anti-racism and anti-imperialism alongside antiwar activism." Du Bois helped in pioneering the connection between racism, colonial imperial and a just end to the war. All three of the concepts interworked into the work as a united form of oppression. Du Bois sought to work through colonialism through the means of Radical Black Peace Activism. Du Bois's activism and literature was focused around the effect of antiwar politics enframed the material and political realities of dispossessed persons.
2014:, Al-e Ahmad claims that national liberation movements and the nationalization of resources have forced Western countries to shift their tactics. Now, the Western emissaries arrive in more "acceptable garb" as consultants and advisors for organizations like UNESCO. This change also saw the West desire more than just the raw materials they had been extracting and importing â they began also gathering and studying the "abundant spiritual goods" of the East. The myths, religions, cultures, and anthropologies of the Eastern world became the object of interest of Western academics and intellectuals. Despite this, Al-e Ahmad contends that occidentosis has caused many Iranians to ignore and minimize their own art, music, traditions, and histories. "Why shouldn't the nations of the East wake up to see what treasures they hold?", he asks.
1098:"That widespread human proclivity creates a fundamental political problem: the mutual accommodation and orderly coexistence of those assorted political groups that share the finite territory of the planet and cannot usually retreat into splendid isolation. How can their relations be arranged and managed so that they can live side by side in an orderly and peaceful way and enjoy an opportunity to flourish domestically in their own distinctive ways? The international society of locally sovereign states based on the principles of equal sovereignty, territorial integrity, and nonâintervention can be understood as a practical institutional response to that problem. Understood in that way, international society is an arrangement to uphold human equality and human freedom around the world."
1363:
1597:. According to Said, we begin to read texts "with a simultaneous awareness both of the metropolitan history that is narrated and of those other histories against which the dominating discourse acts." A contrapuntal reading of mainstream IR makes visible the erasures and silences that IR has rendered possible. Academics like Geeta Chowdhry see contrapuntality as a means to "engender the articulation of exiled voices into IR." While mainstream IR is preoccupied with "the state as the unit of analysis" and the absence of "considerations of gender and ethnicity," "a contrapuntal story about IR narrates a different international relations into existence." Thus, the voices of the colonized emerge as primary agents rather than as passive actors within the colonial story.
914:. Postcolonial studies are traditionally situated in the humanities, which has had two main consequences in the context of their connection to international relations. Firstly, they have been marginalized in the disciplines of political science and international relations due to their unscientific character. This has made the utilization of a postcolonial lens on International Relations more difficult, since there is barely any practical academic overlap between the two disciplines at universities. Secondly, postcolonial thought is frequently understood to not be political enough. This is a critique often echoed in relation to postmodernist thought, for example
1014:
relation to the larger discipline. A middle-ground approach to the question suggests to keep an intellectual distance without completely disengaging from critique of international relations. Proponents of this approach argue that a marginal disciplinary position for postcolonial thought provides advantages to pointing out academic and cultural erasure in knowledge production and the field of international relations. They further insist that there is a need for a continued postcolonial critique of international relations, since the field plays a significant role in the understanding and management of international affairs on the political stage. A
1663:
1719:". Racial segregation led to many debates between African American leaders regarding the best course of action for the uplifting of the race. The "colour line" can be described as the division of people according to racial classifications and was rooted in America. Du Bois concluded that one of the ways to combat the oppressive nature of the racial hierarchy was through higher education. Education was crucial for matching the Negro's genius to that of Whites, according to Du Bois. He became a pioneer and advocate for ensuring black people received the highest forms of education. Du Bois's early works such as
1998:, Al-e Ahmad likens occidentosis to a disease, an "accident from without, spreading in an environment rendered susceptible to it." He delineates two camps: the Occident â the industrialized nations of Europe and North America â and the "hungry nations" of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East that provide the raw materials that the Occident transforms into purchasable goods. Occidentosis describes the era in which the East â the hungry nations of the world â have not yet "developed the machine", and instead are subservient to the Western nations that sell their refined products back to them.
1169:, Joseph Inikori, argues that there is a direct relationship between slave-based economies and economic development in Britain. Central to Inikori's argument is how the origins of finance, a defining feature of the global capitalism we recognize today, are found in transatlantic slave-based trade. The major role of financial institutions in global capitalism can be traced to this period, where the development of banking, the stock exchange, insurance companies, and some of the first joint stock companies were created in the context of the transatlantic economy.
1965:. The fall of the nationalists from power saw Al-e Ahmad lose interest in organized politics and return to literature, poetry, and anthropology. He would eventually discover a renewed interest in Islam and its role in Iranian culture and history â completing his ideological journey. These political transformations reflected the complexity of Iranian politics at the time and led to him being referred to as "a socialist, an anticolonial nationalist, and a towering Muslim intellectual." It was during this time that he wrote his most seminal work:
1319:
dependency on White society for some sense of validation. Fanon expands by asserting that for educated Black people, education and, by extension, assimilation, are tools of escaping their "inferior" status under White colonial regimes. In other words, under colonial regimes, Black people have been severed from their origins and rendered inferior. As a means of upward mobility in White colonial regimes, Black people will attempt to imitate the culture of their White colonisers as a means of being perceived as less inferior.
1924:
974:
31:
880:, who is said to have been influenced by Mazrui through a close professional adversarial relationship.âŻShortly after, however, international relations scholars turned away from this development. In the 1970s and 1980s, international relations became more westernized, dubbed the "American Social Science", and excluded postcolonial scholars like Mazrui that would challenge some of the foundational theories of international relations. This time period also gave rise to
5533:
564:
876:", a stance that reflected a general political interest of the West in the decolonization movements of the former European colonies. Through scholars like Mazrui, whose origins and perspective situated them outside the western mainstream of the discipline, for a few years, scholars within mainstream international relations were influenced to ask questions about the "Third World" in a more postcolonial context. One example of this is Australian scholar
852:
1054:, etc. A lens of postcolonialism challenges what Sanjay Seth calls a "centrality accorded to Europe as the historical source and origin of the international order". The postcolonial critique requires scholars to investigate and confront the IR scientific knowledge structures that reflect and replicate the power dynamics that characterize the colonial experience. The critiques calls into question the
961:" has been depicted by Western society as being underdeveloped and inferior. Postcolonial IR compares global colonial power dynamics to critique the subjectivity of the cultural and ideological "Other" of international relations, which is embodied by the portrayal of colonized countries and their people as subordinate to European nations. Spivak uses the concept of the
1581:
in IR, where the universalizing claims of 'general theory' are called into question." Mainstream IR, with its emphasis on the "universal, rational and global," assumes theoretical applicability within any time and space. But traveling theory contends that IR's
Western-centric theoretical frameworks may not possess the same analytical power within other regions.
1332:(1961) is a psychiatric analysis of the dehumanization of colonial subject peoples under colonialism and is often most well known for its defense of the use of violence by colonized peoples against their colonizers in the struggle to achieve liberation. Presented as an analysis of the impacts of colonialism on personal and societal mental health,
1293:, Fanon was dispatched to the North African theatre war and later Metropolitan France itself. His period of military service led to experience even greater racism, which only further disgusted him. Upon his return to Martinique at the end of the war in 1945, Fanon assisted his former mentor, CĂ©saire, in his bid as a parliamentary delegate of the
1650:, Mudimbe states that "Western interpreters have been using categories and conceptual systems which depend on a Western epistemological order." Power dynamics in mainstream IR depend heavily on the state's preferences and capabilities. Mudimbe, like Said, asserts that power is instead situated within knowledge; the latter derives from
1824:
upon applying an
Afrocentric perspective of history in order to revive an African national consciousness subverted by imperialism. Founding pan-Africanism ideology in the unity and oneness of the African people, Nkrumah believed that the only way to overcome false consciousness of the oppressed was to unite against neocolonialism.
828:. The work of these scholars can be considered postcolonial because they stressed global solidarity of liberation movements, questioned racial hierarchies that placed Black people at the bottom, and explored the relationship of race and empire in shaping global power dynamics.âŻInfluential in postcolonial IR theory, scholars like
1282:, and likewise was the founder of the NĂ©gritude movement, as a young man, Fanon's early intellectual ideas were in large part shaped by those of his mentor. In addition to the intellectual ideas of his mentor, Fanon's work was also in large part shaped by his personal experiences with white European racism under colonialism.
1903:'s analysis of capitalism a stage further, as Nkrumah only contributes to this through attempting to carry Lenin's analysis of imperialism a level higher. From here, Mazuri proclaims that this new "phenomenon" of neocolonialism lacked the inner constraint accountability; it was the most irresponsible form of imperialism.
1289:, Fanon's native Martinique fell under the occupation of the Vichy French navy. Fanon grew disgusted with the oppressive regime of the occupation, describing the soldiers of the Vichy French occupiers as having shed their masks and behaving like proper, "authentic racists." Upon successfully joining the army of
2058:
represented a turning point in
Iranian political thought, particularly in regards to Iran's understanding of itself as a postcolonial entity. While many anticolonial and anti-imperial critiques had been written, they were often still created as a product relative to and derivative of Western thought.
2053:
where he writes about the solidarity between the "hungry" Eastern nations. Mimicking the language used by the West, he writes, "... we â the
Iranians â fall into the category of the backward and developing nations: we have more points in common with them than points of difference." In summarizing his
1795:
international politics', but rather 'parochially celebrate and defend or promote the West as the proactive subject of 'world politics'. This imbalanced power dynamics, as a result, has left an implicit Euro-centrism in theoretical and empirical literature which postcolonialism critically aims to rid.
1773:
emphasizing the continuation of Neo-colonialism as the 'Last Stage of
Imperialism' where the economies of independent states remain directed and exploited by former colonizers. In turn, Nkrumah's prime ministry and presidency saw a commitment to forming a united independent African continent, as seen
1221:
and the globalization of the processes of production. This transnationalization of power has resulted in processes both of fragmentation and unity of nations under global capitalism. Despite Europe and the United States experiencing declining power in the world economy as nation-states, they continue
1914:
and Kinou A. Gaching'a depicted Mazuri's critique as an "excellent illustration" of the misdirected brilliance of
African scholarship. They discredit Mazuri's representation of Nkrumah as a puppet of Lenin, as he dismisses non-congruent facts in order to preserve his elegant model. More credit, they
1865:
Developed during the Cold War environment, Nkrumah believed that the major political weapon of the capitalist-imperialist was the false consciousness, his work reflected the ongoing transformations to the traditional structures of imperialism and territorial colonialization in the West. In following
1819:
interrupted the expression of the shared heritage of the
African people, resulting in a generated cultural confusion which could only be resolved through the 'ethical imposition of the African conscience'. Here, it is clear that such notions contributes to postcolonial IR as it dives deeper into the
1645:
writes that
Mudimbe's central thesis is about the invention of Africa whereas Said's is about the invention of the Orient. Despite arising from distinct origins, both scholars challenge the benevolence of Western epistemology while applying it to different global contexts. To Said, Orientalism is "a
1580:
Said's traveling theory asserts that "theories sometimes 'travel' to other times and situations." Along the way, these theories lose their original power and rebelliousness the farther they travel from the place of their inception. Mark Salter writes that traveling theory "has a particular resonance
965:
to describe those that are excluded from cultural hegemonic discourse, and have very little or no agency to speak on their oppression. Said argues that taking a political stance of those experiencing ongoing victimization from colonial, capitalist, and patriarchal world order is essential to disrupt
1877:
Ultimately for
Nkrumah, the developed countries in the Global North succeeded through 'exporting their internal problems and transferring the conflict between rich and power from the national to the international stage'. Therefore, postcolonialism and his vision of Pan-Africanism aligned in viewing
1714:
Du Bois experienced the dawn of the 20th century, the first century in
American history to outlaw slavery. America was still hostile to the idea of respect for the dignity of Black humanity. Black people around America may have been free from the shackles of slavery; nonetheless, the battle was far
1823:
With postcolonialism emerging as a theoretical approach that aimed to provide a discourse for those who had been 'stripped of their authority, culture, and history', its lens on overcoming relations of domination is also evident in Nkrumah's vision of pan-Africanism. In particular, Nkrumah focused
1555:
of military security and strategic issues. But as Ashcroft and Ahluwalia write, Said articulates that power operates within knowledge: "the processes by which the West 'knows' the Orient have been a way of exerting power on it." Mark Salter claims that mainstream IR theory will benefit from Said's
1453:
Said's postcolonial discourse exhibited characteristic pertinent to international relations. According to Said, Orientalism is "a considerable dimension of modern political-intellectual culture, and as such has less to do with the Orient than it does with 'our' world." The international dynamic to
1318:
is a historical critique of the construction of Blackness and its origins in the colonisation process. Using psychoanalysis, Fanon dismantles colonial psychological construction of Blackness, giving explanation to the sentiments of inadequacy Black people feel in a White-dominated society or, even
1004:
Although a postcolonial lens of international relations is becoming increasingly established, it is still marginalized in the wider field of international relations, and there is no consensus among scholars on how to combine postcolonial studies with international relations. Some scholars advocate
2076:
of metanarratives and their negative impacts on the most marginalised actors in IR. In defence, postpositivists argue that metanarratives have proven unworkable. Approaches such as postcolonial IR theories, although limited in scope, provide for much greater possibilities in the normative work of
2045:
is another parallel that has been drawn with the work of Al-e Ahmad. Du Bois describes this phenomenon as a "sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others." Al-e Ahmad claimed that Iranians faced a similar dilemma; their minds were occupied by thoughts of being witnessed by the
1013:
thinking and considers how non-Western thought might transform international relations theory. Some others argue for an alternative outside of the field of international relations because an integration of the two disciplines might limit postcolonial studies and reduce its challenging position in
1313:
Initially composed as Fanon's would-be doctoral dissertation concerning negative psychological effects of colonial subjugation on Black people and in large part inspired by Fanon's own personal experiences with racism in France, Fanon's original manuscript was rejected before being published the
889:
is among the Black female scholars who wrote on race and foreign and military policy in the 1980s and 1990s but have gotten little recognition within postcolonial IR. Notably, since the 1990s, there have been a number of scholars publishing on the relationship between International Relations and
665:
approach, rather than connecting colonialism to political and economic structures of the modern world. Many scholars have attempted to bridge the studies of postcolonialism and international relations, and have often taken interdisciplinary approaches that consider various social aspects such as
1526:
themes pertained to postcolonial IR, its effects on IR discourses were largely silent until the 1990s. It was not until scholars like Phillip Darby, A.J. Paolini, and Sankaran Krishna explicitly bridged postcolonialism with IR that Said's work formally crossed disciplines. In their 1994 article
791:
The study of postcolonial international relations has emerged only recently as a subfield in the discipline of international relations, but there have been previous postcolonial approaches to international relations that were not systematically recognized as such, or were excluded from dominant
2077:
developing an emancipatory politics, formulating foreign policy, understanding conflict, and making peace, which takes into account gender, ethnicity, other identity issues, culture, methodology and other common issues that have emerged from problem-solving, rationalist, reductive accounts IR.
1890:
criticized the persona of Nkrumah in 'Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar', as he criticized Nkrumah's efforts to present himself as the 'African Lenin', seen with his belief in the organization of the colonial masses. For Mazuri, the theory of neocolonialism proposed is nothing more than an attempt to
1861:
Postcolonial IR scholars intertwine capitalism and colonialism as serving each other, since colonialism is defined as having the "capitalist economic system" which is 'based on the desire for profit through using raw materials and human labor in the colonized countries'. The understandings of
1798:
Nkrumah's pan-Africanism aimed to explore the theoretical and practical tensions between the non-Western conceptions of citizenship and nation with the dominance of Western modernity. Political pan-Africanism, for Nkrumah, became means to exploring its interactions with the globally pervasive
1037:
arguing that the structures of power have produced systems and hierarchical orders that have outlived formal colonialism. Cultures have been subsumed into these structures ofâŻpower structure, making it critical for postcolonialism inâŻinternational relations to consider theories that have been
1794:
Postcolonialism centralizes colonial and imperial structures in the formation of academic knowledge and practices, including the dominant theoretical framework of political ideals, such as the liberal nation-state and citizenship. International Relations, as a result, is seen to not 'explain
1123:
gaining importance as a field at the height of transatlantic slavery, there is an absence of its importance in economic theory. The omission of colonial processes in the history that is told by IPE is reflective of the Western, liberal-modern worldview in which this scholarship is oriented.
1061:
Postcolonialism re-reads colonization as part of an essentially transnational and transcultural "global" process â and it produces a de-centered, diasporic, or "global" rewriting of earlier, nation-centered imperial grand narratives. Postcolonialism can bridges subject areas that are deemed
1192:
across Europe and in the US. While welfare states were touted as projects for equality under capitalism, the very possibility of them was based on the transfer of resources extracted from colonies. The colonial drain of former colonies resulted in them lagging behind their colonizers, with
811:
among others, considered race, empire, and decolonization in the context of global colonial dynamics. These scholars, active in the first half of the 20th century, challenged dominant theoretical assumptions about global racial hierarchies that informed the early mainstream developments of
1339:
Fanon essentializes the indigenous population into three groups: the laborer, valued by the settler for his labor, the "colonized intellectual," valued by the settler for his assimilation into the settler's culture and having become a spokesperson for the settler's culture, and the
1936:, an Iranian writer, social critic, and ethnographer, was one of the most prominent critics of Western modernization and cultural influence in the country's history. Though never formally colonized, Iran was a constant target for the imperial British and Russian empires during the
1827:
This vision of a "United States of Africa", which required that each African nation forfeited their national autonomy, aimed to combine their economic and industrial development with all of Africa and follow the principle of positive neutralism. Ultimately, the likes of President
628:, scholars of postcolonial IR argue that the legacies of colonialism are ongoing, and that critiquing international relations with this lens allows scholars to contextualize global events. By bridging postcolonialism and international relations, scholars point to the process of
1745:
987:
heard in the discipline. In mainstream IR, efforts to naturalize historical discourses and accounts of knowledge further emboldens the discipline's Eurocentric roots and in turn, accounts of history. It is through Europe's 18th century international scientific exploration and
1128:, was conceived of based on a national economy, which ignored the colonial processes taking place at the time. The social sciences in general have based explanations of capitalism in a historical context that does not consider colonialism as central to the development of the
1852:
in April 1961, all signed a charter which formally established a tripartite Union of African States. This charter envisioned a common diplomatic representation and the creation of committees to draw up arrangements for harmonising economic policies for their countries.
2067:
Mainstream IR stories are purposefully limited in scope in terms of statecentric modelling, cataloguing and predicting in formal terms; and like other postpositivist theories, they do not attempt to form an overarching theory as after all, postpositivism is defined as
1144:
in the historical development of Europe and of modern capitalism. Unfortunately, this work is sidelined from the mainstream international political economy literature, and is most often relegated to history departments or slavery studies. In 1938, Trinidadian scholar
884:
in international relations, which centers empiricist observation and a more scientific approach, as many academic contributions to the discussion are overlooked when they are not explicitly labeled IR by their authors or other academics later on. Political scientist
1623:
built upon his criticism of Said to assert that cultures are not discrete phenomena; instead, they are always changing and in contact with one another. David Huddart writes that hybridity goes beyond the postcolonial and exhibits implications for discourses of
632:
as a crucial point in both fields, due to the increases in global interactions and integration. Postcolonial IR focuses on the re-narrativization of global politics to create a balanced transnational understanding of colonial histories, and attempts to tie
660:
into the study of International Relations, often in attempts to disturb dominant models of theorization to relocate IR temporally and spatially. Some scholars of postcolonial IR critique postcolonialism as well for taking too much of a cultural and
1915:
argue, needs to be given to the work that Nkrumah has done for the African continent, whilst concluding that Mazuri either did not understand the implications of the centrality of neo-colonialism for Nkrumah's political and action actions.
2036:
Scholars have compared Al-e Ahmad's work to many key figures in the field of postcolonialism and postcolonial international relations. His criticisms of modernization theory have been compared to the maintenance of the "colour line" that
1388:. To Said, literature is neither canonical nor secular; instead, the literary text "is something which has connections with many other aspects of the world â political, social, cultural." Said's writings and ideas laid the foundation for
1862:
capitalism in postcolonialism particularly relies upon Nkrumah's conceptualization of neocolonialism, which demonstrated the ongoing imperialist conditions that former colonized remain subject to, exploitation of their foreign capital.
1255:
has created a tension between globalization and postcolonialism. Postcolonial critics have labelled the multiculturalism espoused by global capitalism as illusionary, arguing that it is in fact Western cultural hegemony in disguise.
861:
It can be argued that the discipline of international relations has become less open over the years, becoming less receptive to cultural perspectives other than the dominant Western narrative. In 1968, postcolonial African scholar
1111:
in the making of the modern world. Postcolonial IR scholars argue that colonialism and its processes were necessary to the historic development of global capitalism, which largely defines our economic and political world today.
1350:. While the lumpenproletariat are characterized in Marxist theory as belonging to the lowest, most degraded stratum of the proletariat, those who have so little that they are outside of the system, the population that lacks
1715:
from over. Black segregation reigned through the United States and brought forth different institutional forms of oppression. As white supremacy persisted, Du Bois's literature and scholarship were centered around the "
2046:
West. He also saw strains of Western racial dominance reflected in the modernization and reform programs initiated by the Pahlavi regime, particularly in their emphasis on Aryan purity and untainted Persian history.
2009:
as tools of the West. The days of old were characterized by colonial and imperial contact being made and the first Western emissaries holding great influence over the East through their goods. At the time of writing
1994:, and refers to what Al-e Ahmad saw as the malignant influence of Western systems of economics, education, and culture and the transformation of Iran into a dependent consumer of Western goods. Published in 1962 as
1952:
introduced Al-e Ahmad to notable anticolonial thinkers and influenced his later works. Disillusioned by the Party's Soviet allegiances, he turned towards the anticolonial, secular nationalists led by Prime Minister
1116:
1230:
can be attributed to capitalism, as it was the foundation of Europe's power and the motivating force for their exploits in globalization. On the other hand, fragmentation can be observed in the creation of
4170:
1516:
1000:
has been justified, locking in its political interests and obstructing the space for an understanding of past international political systems and the possibility of non-Eurocentric knowledge structures.
1519:
IR theories limit Said's impact on the field. To Sheila Nair, Said's "marginalization in the IR 'canon' parallels the disenfranchisement, exile, marginality, and oppression he addressed in his work."
1205:
933:
that overlap with postcolonial IR. This proliferation of specialized subfields, combined with its own uncertainty about its identity and positionality, complicates engagement with postcolonial IR.
1354:
and thus is unable to participate in revolution, Fanon takes a departure from Marxist theory and instead asserts that it is the lumpenproletariat that will first exercise violence on the settler.
1635:
Other scholars arrived at their theories irrespective of Said. Nevertheless, some postcolonialists argue that his work combines with other scholars to fill the gaps in postcolonial IR discourse.
1565:
4350:
1532:
1487:
write, Said himself was obsessed with location and fascinated with cultural diversity and heterogeneity. In borrowing from architectural studies, Said located himself within what he called an
1172:
Critical scholars of postcolonial IR argue that even within the field, insufficient attention has been paid to how colonialism is part of the global proliferation of capitalism. For instance,
1488:
5510:
1213:
Modern global relations are built on the structure of capitalism, which continues patterns of colonialism through domination socially, politically, and culturally. In global capitalism,
1194:
541:
1119:, in studying the relationship between politics and the global economy, has largely excluded the significance of colonialism, slavery, and race in explaining global capitalism. Despite
1944:
dynasties. After growing up in a devoutly religious family in Tehran, Al-e Ahmad initially rejected the clerical path his family had determined for him and instead joined the Marxist
4140:
1557:
1552:
1465:
1757:(21 September 1909 â 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and a revolutionary. Serving as Ghana's first Prime Minister (1957â1960) and President (1960â1966), Nkrumah led the
771:
can be viewed from a postcolonial IR perspective to embody racialized and colonial meanings instead. For instance, some scholars of Postcolonial IR argue that the institution of
1272:, also known as Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, was a Martinican-born French West Indian political philosopher and psychiatrist. Having studied under fellow Martinican intellectual,
1140:
Despite insufficient attention in the social sciences, there is a body of critical scholarship written by African American, Caribbean, and African scholars, who center the
1120:
820:. This school of thought developed parallel to and in response to early mainstream international relations in North America that evolved based on perceived threats to the
1018:
approach to international relations has historically been met with resistance because it would mean a confrontation with the Eurocentric understanding of the discipline.
1962:
1531:
not only failed to "dent the casings of international relations, it received only occasional mention in the literature." Said's emphasis on the "counter-history of the
1483:, Said's questions of "power, domination, culture, imperialism, identity and territory" are central to IR and its subsequent criticisms. Moreover, as Bill Ashcroft and
743:" to bring Western ideologies in order to enlighten morally "primitive" colonized peoples. Postcolonial IR traces the global economy to exploitation in the forms of
17:
1389:
5020:
592:
5303:
1732:
Du Bois was a part of a select group of scholars that author Charisse Burden-Stelly would say are embracing "Radical Black Peace Activism" during the era of the
328:
1025:"assumes the priority of the first term and conceives the second in relation to it, as a complication, a negation, a manifestation, a disruption of the first."
1165:
would later build on Williams' argument in an analysis that considers the central role of Africa in world history. Contemporary historian and professor at the
1500:
1628:. Bhabha uses hybridity to "complicate divisions between Western and non-Western identities." While mainstream IR adheres to the common definition of the
1874:
which Nkrumah denounces, meant imperialist nations could maintain their influence and monopolise to dominate African nations and seize their materials.
1625:
1551:
In mainstream IR theories such as realism, power derives from the state and its tangible forces. For example, in realism, power relates directly to the
996:
has been exported from Europe to the rest of the planet, one has to look to Europe and its history to understand modern state politics. Therefore, IR's
1491:. This "space in between a Palestinian colonial past and an American imperial present" implicitly bridged his ideas within the international context.
1820:
cultural and psychological effects of colonialism in the mis-shaping of a nation-state identity, left in the hands of former colonisers to complete.
4969:
2059:
Jalal Al-e Ahmad's references to Iranian culture, heritage, politics, and history represented a more authentic critique of the international order.
1285:
Following the surrender of France to Germany in 1940 during the Second World War and the subsequent establishment of the collaborationist regime of
5200:
3090:
2827:
1083:
223:
1615:
interview, Bhabha noted that Said was the writer who most influenced his work. But despite his praise, Bhabha considered Said's interpretation of
2026:
4855:
4004:
3745:
3606:
2781:
1082:. In mainstream IR, variables like culture are argued have little to do with how states govern and interact. There are schools in IR like the
1841:
1593:, contrapuntal reading refers to the re-reading of literature from the perspective of the colonized to highlight the submerged voices within
1377:
5013:
585:
5235:
5134:
1958:
1021:
Through IR's discourse on the proliferation of an international society, the discipline does not depart from its logocentric tendencies.
258:
155:
4660:
van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".
4468:
van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".
4449:
van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".
4396:
van den Boogard, Vanessa (2017). "Modern post-colonial approaches to citizenship: Kwame Nkrumah's political thought on Pan-Africanism".
2017:
While critics have accused Jalal Al-e Ahmad of being against modernity, some scholars contend that his criticism was instead focused on
2029:
intellectuals who desired sovereignty and self-determination over imposed "modernization." Al-e Ahmad opposed not all production, but
1691:. Du Bois's scholarship encapsulated how colonial forces work to undermine the black community. Du Bois co-founded a group called the
872:, one of the leading journals of international relations. In the 1960s and 1970s, the discipline was more engaged with the so-called "
5265:
4871:"An Explaining of the Components of Occidentosis: A Plague by the West and Returning to Self-identity in Jalal Al-e-Ahmad's Thoughts"
1770:
1673:
1445:
built upon previous scholarship to codify Said's central tenets and help contribute to the emergence of the postcolonial discipline.
288:
1878:
class struggle as the foundations of imperialism, seeing class alliance amongst Africans as the necessary revolution to solve this.
5281:
5037:
1047:
926:
796:
306:
53:
5556:
5297:
5250:
5240:
5195:
5006:
3105:
2931:
1807:, ultimately contributing to postcolonialism IR through attempting to deorientalize and deparochialize IR's liberal conceptions.
1543:
Despite the neglect by mainstream IR, scholars argue that Said's central themes implicitly challenge conventional IR discourses.
735:, and emphasizes the European colonial empire's desire to "civilize" pre-colonial societies. This concept is also highlighted by
578:
322:
273:
263:
218:
941:
Much of initial postcolonial IR critiqued mainstream international relations as overlooking European imperialism as to create a
5093:
1086:, that do find cultural theory important international relations theory. Robert H. Jackson, Canadian author and academic, is a
113:
1605:
Edward Said influenced various postcolonial scholars who were later informed by his works to further criticize mainstream IR.
5286:
4987:
4831:
4279:
3848:
3721:
3500:
3408:
3177:
3123:
2949:
2909:
2673:
2343:
1217:
have de-centered the nation-state as the bearers of economic power (Dirlik, 350). Central to global capitalism as well is an
311:
4171:"IN BATTLE FOR PEACE DURING 'SCOUNDREL TIME': W. E. B. Du Bois and United States Repression of Radical Black Peace Activism"
5144:
5055:
1218:
1075:
165:
73:
5220:
5063:
1680:. Du Bois was a black American man born February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, just after the end of the
1433:
to illustrate the power of European culture through its management and production of the Orient. Likewise, Said grounded
1240:
1043:
775:
has reinforced these inferiority narratives by creating systems in which Western countries, through agencies such as the
243:
80:
2538:"The Revolution Will Not Be Theorised: Du Bois, Locke, and the Howard School's Challenge to White Supremacist IR Theory"
2001:
However, Al-e Ahmad's analysis goes beyond material concerns, as he also views international organizations such as the
983:
Postcolonialism in international relations provides the opportunity to give agency to the Third World, pluralizing the
825:
5126:
4789:
3980:
3890:
3582:
3460:
3274:
3066:
3031:
2757:
2520:
2474:
2423:
2386:
2198:
1512:
1071:
812:
International Relations. They were focused on systemic factors that disadvantaged Black people globally, such as the
148:
1840:
in 1958. This pledge included creating a union of West African states and solidify their pan-African efforts in the
5517:
2021:. As one academic stated, Al-e Ahmad "was critical of colonial modernity; he was not antimodern." His critiques of
1696:
1087:
548:
5215:
5111:
732:
238:
130:
1070:
Postcolonialism is important to international relations because largely absent from strands of scholarship like
1038:
undervalued as a result of the systematization and prioritization of particular knowledge. In the discipline of
616:. This critique of IR theory suggests that mainstream IR scholarship does not adequately address the impacts of
5029:
2086:
1499:
Said's postcolonial discourse has been largely neglected in canonical IR. Mainstream IR scholarship emphasizes
1426:
760:
44:
992:
that modern Eurocentrism has found itself at the core of mainstream knowledge production. If the concept of a
1783:
1632:, Bhabha built upon Said to reject "the well-defined and stable identity associated with the national form."
911:
4311:
1476:, demonstrated a means to convey the global anti-imperialist struggle and the post-imperial reconstruction.
640:
Postcolonial IR developed through the study of postcolonialism as a rejection of colonialism, and parallels
5209:
1362:
1042:, there are several critiques on the limits of international relations theory made from different lenses â
232:
3768:"Edward Said and Contrapuntal Reading: Implications for Critical Interventions in International Relations"
1153:, studied the centrality of the transatlantic slave system to Europe's economy. His work would influence
910:
and structures of power between (post-) colonial states and colonized regions, sometimes described as the
4738:
Onoge, Omufume F.; Gaching'a, Kinou A. (1967). "Mazuri's 'Nkrumah': A Case of Neo-colonial Scholarship".
1896:
1804:
1758:
1236:
984:
962:
776:
667:
1961:
in 1951 remains a notable instance of Iranian anticolonial resistance, Mosaddegh was later deposed in a
906:
Postcolonial IR is an evolving academic approach that has diverse methodologies, usually addressing the
763:, in order to create conditions suitable for European colonial expansion. As such, the labeling of the "
5230:
977:
946:
703:
253:
949:
to the contributions of non-Western perspectives. Eurocentrism is often also accompanied by the term "
5190:
1328:
1214:
740:
213:
4540:
Kam Kah, Henry (2016). "Kwame Nkrumah and the Pan-African Vision: Between Acceptance and Rebuttal".
3813:
2054:
view of international relations, he says, "I speak of solidarity with progressive human societies."
1662:
1619:
overly unifying; thus, he amended the concept to be "ruptured and hybrid." Bhabha's central idea of
1384:. Said was a vocal public intellectual who sought to critique the prevailing representations of the
1062:
unscientific, subjective, and historically do not meet the standard of this Eurocentric discipline.
5561:
5159:
5083:
4216:
1590:
756:
723:
180:
100:
4979:
4263:
Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War
709:
Postcolonial IR's critique of mainstream IR studies of capitalism claims that the legacies of the
5164:
5106:
5068:
5045:
2073:
1725:
showcased his thought process of having a small group of educated, middle-class individuals, the
1456:
1393:
1197:
offering no reparations for these processes which built European countries and settler colonies.
1177:
1166:
1039:
989:
609:
185:
125:
85:
60:
2404:"Postcolonial Studies and Atlantic Studies: Interdisciplinary Reflections on Slavery and Empire"
2224:"The Importance of Being Ironic: A Postcolonial View on Critical International Relations Theory"
2179:"Dangerous Relations? Lessons from the Interface of Postcolonialism and International Relations"
1058:
privileges granted to specific understandings of knowledge and the standards created from them.
3767:
3664:
3522:
1837:
1829:
1721:
1569:
1298:
1294:
1158:
1015:
817:
710:
1094:, he established a way to organize international politics that appreciates cultural diversity:
5078:
4487:
Darby, Phillip; Paolini, A.J (1994). "Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism".
2335:
2117:
1949:
1707:
along with other notable African Americans. Du Bois's ideology left an everlasting legacy on
1479:
Scholars today argue that Said and his central themes transcend international discourses. To
1374:
752:
95:
3400:
Forms of Fanonism : Frantz Fanon's critical theory and the dialectics of decolonization
2323:
2279:
5470:
5420:
5405:
5324:
5319:
5205:
5139:
5116:
2966:
2022:
2018:
1651:
1141:
1034:
780:
744:
499:
449:
434:
351:
346:
228:
160:
135:
1836:
agreed to this vision, leading to the two nations sharing an informal agreement after the
1646:
discipline representing institutionalized Western knowledge of the Orient." Meanwhile, in
678:. Additionally, scholars of postcolonial IR have also critically analyzed systems such as
8:
5360:
5334:
4067:"W.E.B. Du Bois's Southern Front: Georgia "Race Men" and the Niagara Movement, 1905-1907"
1945:
1800:
1716:
1438:
1381:
1351:
1232:
1010:
925:
Postcolonial approaches in political science are also present in other subfields such as
836:
on modern war and international affairs. They have also formulated cultural theses about
389:
361:
5435:
5355:
4950:
4900:
4849:
4624:
4590:
4504:
4413:
4378:
4293:
4198:
4116:
4086:
4047:
3998:
3951:
3943:
3795:
3739:
3692:
3600:
3550:
3333:
3236:
3084:
3037:
2994:
2870:
2821:
2775:
2731:
2619:
2565:
2299:
2251:
2145:
1954:
1815:
Furthermore, Nkrumah's pan-Africanism noted that the common history of colonialism and
1726:
1681:
1572:" as problematic concepts that Said's discourse on power-knowledge can better examine.
1412:
1347:
1150:
954:
841:
748:
645:
464:
384:
2967:"The Big Bangs of IR: The Myths That Your Teachers Still Tell You about 1648 and 1919"
1899:
in 1966. This theory is seen as a recycling of the works of Lenin's attempts to carry
713:
of labour through colonization and imperialism are not acknowledged enough as current
5154:
5149:
5101:
4983:
4954:
4942:
4904:
4892:
4837:
4827:
4795:
4785:
4508:
4433:
The Eurocentric conception of world politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010
4417:
4382:
4370:
4297:
4285:
4275:
4236:
4202:
4190:
4078:
4051:
4039:
3986:
3976:
3955:
3935:
3896:
3886:
3854:
3844:
3799:
3787:
3727:
3717:
3696:
3684:
3588:
3578:
3554:
3542:
3496:
3456:
3414:
3404:
3372:
3337:
3325:
3270:
3240:
3228:
3173:
3119:
3072:
3062:
3041:
3027:
2998:
2986:
2945:
2905:
2874:
2862:
2809:
2763:
2753:
2718:
2669:
2623:
2611:
2569:
2557:
2516:
2470:
2419:
2382:
2339:
2303:
2255:
2243:
2194:
2149:
2137:
2049:
Al-e Ahmad's contributions to anticolonialism are also displayed through portions of
1527:"Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism", Darby and Paolini write that
1508:
1473:
1342:
1273:
804:
718:
694:. Some prominent scholars that have informed the approach of postcolonialism include
175:
170:
120:
4524:
Kwame Nkrumah's Quest for Pan Africanism: From Independence Leader to Deposed Despot
3482:
1892:
1616:
922:
for the lack of space for materialist thinking and active resistance in his works.
690:
as modes in which colonization has impacted political issues such as governance and
5440:
5395:
5380:
5260:
5244:
5185:
5073:
4975:
4934:
4882:
4496:
4405:
4362:
4267:
4182:
4031:
3927:
3779:
3676:
3534:
3488:
3448:
3364:
3317:
3262:
3218:
3207:"Colonial global economy: towards a theoretical reorientation of political economy"
3111:
3019:
2978:
2937:
2897:
2854:
2726:
2710:
2661:
2603:
2549:
2508:
2462:
2454:
2411:
2374:
2331:
2291:
2235:
2186:
2129:
2038:
1933:
1927:
1692:
1677:
1666:
1252:
1244:
1162:
1005:
for the establishment of a postcolonial international relations study that employs
829:
469:
424:
409:
283:
267:
208:
90:
4938:
4610:"Reviewed Work(s): Neocolonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism by Kwame Nkrumah"
4576:"Reviewed Work(s): Neocolonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism by Kwame Nkrumah"
4409:
3223:
3206:
2889:
1222:
to maintain domination through the hegemonic capitalist culture which is based on
5537:
5485:
5455:
5445:
5430:
4998:
4112:
The Sociology of W. E. B. Du Bois: Racialized Modernity and the Global Color Line
3783:
3680:
3538:
2901:
2653:
1941:
1769:, Nkrumah's works and principles substantially contributed to the development of
1708:
1448:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1248:
930:
919:
845:
821:
772:
736:
613:
568:
514:
484:
474:
459:
4922:
4609:
4575:
3352:
3169:'Slavery, Finance and International Political Economy: Postcolonial reflections'
3115:
2699:"Race and racism in international relations: retrieving a scholarly inheritance"
2665:
2223:
1845:
1301:
in Paris. Thereafter, Fanon left for France to study psychiatry and medicine in
1107:
The postcolonial approach to international relations advances the centrality of
5465:
5425:
5410:
5375:
4500:
3368:
3254:
3167:
2714:
2403:
2239:
2133:
2002:
1867:
1762:
1608:
1504:
1480:
1146:
1079:
993:
868:
494:
454:
439:
404:
4841:
4526:. Acadia University: Graduate School of Wichita State University. p. 121.
4366:
4289:
4186:
3731:
3306:"The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism"
3266:
2537:
2415:
2178:
5550:
5480:
5460:
5415:
5400:
5385:
5329:
4946:
4896:
4870:
4374:
4194:
4082:
4043:
3972:
The invention of Africa : gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge
3939:
3931:
3858:
3791:
3688:
3546:
3418:
3376:
3329:
3232:
2990:
2982:
2866:
2813:
2722:
2698:
2615:
2561:
2553:
2295:
2247:
2190:
2141:
2041:
spoke of. The "double consciousness" outlined by the American sociologist in
1937:
1911:
1754:
1748:
1700:
1638:
1594:
1561:
1484:
1469:
1437:
in Gramsci by drawing attention to the overlap between colonial ideology and
1417:. In articulating the text's pivotal ideas, he relied upon the influences of
1189:
1154:
1051:
973:
958:
895:
891:
826:
increased spatial concentration of Black people, culture, and intellectualism
813:
714:
657:
653:
641:
634:
629:
509:
489:
444:
429:
414:
356:
35:
4887:
4799:
4120:
4110:
3990:
3900:
3592:
3076:
2767:
1538:
5475:
5390:
5291:
5225:
4823:
The last Muslim intellectual : the life and legacy of Jalal Al-e Ahmad
4821:
4019:
3711:
3442:
3013:
2502:
2448:
2368:
1975:
1629:
1286:
1269:
1227:
1223:
1055:
1022:
1006:
997:
942:
800:
699:
675:
662:
504:
419:
316:
248:
30:
5514:
4271:
4035:
3838:
3492:
3452:
3398:
3023:
2941:
2512:
2458:
2378:
1399:
1278:
945:
narrative of global politics, with postcolonial scholars aiming to expand
866:
published an article on issues of the Global North and South relations in
608:(postcolonial IR) is a branch of scholarship that approaches the study of
545:
5490:
5365:
5339:
5169:
4779:
3970:
3880:
3572:
2842:
2747:
2592:"Ali A. Mazrui, postcolonialism and the study of international relations"
2591:
1967:
1923:
1871:
1844:. Later on, following a meeting with President Sékou Touré and President
1816:
1729:
to be the leaders to lift black people towards success in a White world.
1461:
1370:
1290:
1185:
1173:
1108:
950:
915:
886:
877:
873:
833:
764:
695:
691:
621:
617:
519:
394:
366:
190:
5532:
4628:
4594:
4261:
4090:
4066:
3523:"Traveling in Paradox: Edward Said and Critical International Relations"
2858:
2607:
1703:, black disenfranchisement, and racial violence. Du Bois co-founded the
1124:
Historically, the very idea of the economy, as advanced by the likes of
648:
in the skepticism towards and departure from the dominant ideologies of
563:
5495:
5450:
5370:
3947:
3915:
2466:
1887:
1642:
1129:
1125:
881:
863:
855:
808:
687:
683:
679:
524:
479:
399:
3636:
1761:
independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Through his devotion to
1407:
Said established his prominence as a cultural critic through his 1978
3641:
International Relations Theory and Philosophy: Interpretive Dialogues
2803:
1900:
1766:
1620:
907:
649:
3916:"The Re-Invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and beyond"
3305:
3056:
1033:
Scholars in postcolonialism address colonial and racial dynamics of
3321:
2965:
de Carvalho, Benjamin; Leira, Halvard; Hobson, John M. (May 2011).
1774:
with his successful forged alliances with African nations, such as
1733:
1612:
967:
837:
768:
1789:
1705:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
851:
3058:
The post-colonial question : common skies, divided horizons
1744:
1560:
through imagination and identity. He references terms like the "
1535:" contributed to the text being ruled out of the mainstream IR.
1494:
4923:"Gharbzadegi, colonial capitalism and the racial state in Iran"
2006:
1833:
1775:
1385:
728:
671:
1782:
in aims to create a league of united African states under the
1449:
Connection between postcolonialism and international relations
1704:
1688:
1685:
624:
on current day world politics. Despite using the language of
2654:"An American Social Science: International Relations (1977)"
4875:
International Journal of Social Science Research and Review
4542:
Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations
2639:
Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations
1849:
1779:
1302:
727:
rejects the claim that capitalism is simply the pursuit of
3635:
Salter, M. (2010), Moore, Cerwyn; Farrands, Chris (eds.),
3261:, Princeton University Press, pp. 47â71, 2008-12-31,
4141:"Postcolonial theory and the African American experience"
4020:"The Figure of W. E. B. Du Bois as a Problem for Thought"
1539:
Implicit challenges to mainstream international relations
2072:. This is replaced by a sensitivity and openness to the
1856:
1366:
Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Sevilla, 2002 (Said)
4563:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. pp. xiii.
3637:"Edward Said and Post-Colonial International Relations"
3107:
The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States
2367:
Persaud, Randolph B.; Sajed, Alina, eds. (2018-03-05).
1092:
The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States
832:
and Alain Locke have considered the impact of national
2964:
2118:"Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism"
1611:
is an Indian scholar and critical theorist. In a 1995
4683:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. p. 255.
4339:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. pp. ix.
3716:. Paul R. Viotti (Sixth ed.). Lanham, Maryland.
3521:
Duvall, Raymond; Varadarajan, Latha (December 2007).
2328:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
1866:
the theoretical framework of economic imperialism by
1336:
is a sharp criticism of imperialism and nationalism.
34:
Political cartoon titled "The White Man's Burden" by
3353:"Postcolonial Discourse in the Age of Globalization"
3166:
Gruffydd Jones, Branwen (2012), Seth, Sanjay (ed.),
2896:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 271â313,
2370:
Race, Gender, and Culture in International Relations
1460:. Said explored the lasting implications of British
4784:. R. Campbell, Hamid Algar. Berkeley: Mizan Press.
4646:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. p. 5.
4435:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
4351:"Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (Union of African States)"
3665:"FORUM: Edward W. Said and International Relations"
2660:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 212â241,
1974:Originally coined as a term by Iranian philosopher
1454:his literature persisted throughout his 1993 work,
27:
Critical theory approach to international relations
5028:
4920:
4737:
4716:Mazuri, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar".
4694:Mazuri, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar".
3484:Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations
3481:Geeta, Chowdhry; Nair, Sheila, eds. (2013-10-15).
2933:Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation
2596:Journal of International Relations and Development
1392:and would later implicitly transcend postcolonial
3520:
3440:
1641:is a Congolese French philosopher and historian.
767:" in the economic and political sense during the
5548:
1184:, rather than naming capitalism in processes of
1102:
4659:
4467:
4448:
4395:
4175:Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race
2450:Postcolonial Theory and International Relations
1790:Emphasis of colonial relations in shaping power
4968:Kohn, Margaret; McBride, Keally (2011-02-16).
4681:Neo-colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism
4644:Neo-colonialism, The Last Stage of Imperialism
4561:Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism
4337:Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism
4108:
3165:
1247:. The decline of the nation-state in place of
656:, respectively. Postcolonial IR is critically
5014:
4168:
3441:Ashcroft, Bill; Ahluwalia, Pal (2000-12-21).
1511:. The discipline's longstanding adherence to
1495:Neglect in mainstream international relations
1346:. The third of these groups is borrowed from
586:
4486:
4065:Capeci, Dominic J.; Knight, Jack C. (1999).
4064:
3772:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
3669:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
3527:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
3089:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2971:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
2826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2752:. Moustafa Bayoumi, Andrew Rubin. New York.
2542:Millennium: Journal of International Studies
2366:
2324:"Postcolonialism in International Relations"
2116:Darby, Phillip; Paolini, A. J. (July 1994).
2115:
2033:production that replaced native industries.
1881:
1322:
1297:from Martinique to the National Assembly of
1243:, as well as cultural fragmentation seen in
4967:
4921:Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, Eskandar (2021-04-03).
2408:Postcolonial Studies across the Disciplines
1403:and the groundwork for postcolonial studies
936:
5021:
5007:
4854:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4781:Occidentosis : a plague from the west
4109:Itzigsohn, José; Brown, Karida L. (2020).
4003:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3744:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3605:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2843:"Ali A. Mazrui, the Postcolonial Theorist"
2780:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2641:. Oxford University Press. pp. 65â87.
1308:
637:sources of thought into political praxis.
593:
579:
5266:Chinese school of international relations
4980:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399578.001.0001
4886:
3480:
3255:"Chapter 2. The Two Histories of Capital"
3222:
3211:Review of International Political Economy
2894:Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture
2730:
2637:Miller, J. B. (1990). "The Third World".
2535:
2185:, Routledge, pp. 42â60, 2015-08-11,
2062:
1771:Postcolonialism (international relations)
957:, which describes the ways in which the "
818:global colonial exploitation by Europeans
289:Chinese school of international relations
18:Postcolonialism (international relations)
4777:
4017:
3840:The postcolonial politics of development
3765:
3577:(1st Vintage books ed.). New York.
2696:
2651:
1922:
1743:
1661:
1380:who worked as a literature professor at
1361:
1204:
1135:
972:
850:
29:
4868:
4819:
4773:
4678:
4641:
4558:
4539:
4334:
3968:
3878:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3103:
2504:White World Order, Black Power Politics
2500:
2321:
2277:
2221:
1891:resolve the difficulty surrounding his
1810:
1584:
1090:in the English School and in his book,
14:
5549:
4916:
4914:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4733:
4731:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4693:
4655:
4653:
4535:
4533:
4521:
4489:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
4444:
4442:
4430:
4330:
4328:
4259:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4104:
4102:
4100:
3913:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3836:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3709:
3658:
3656:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3566:
3564:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3055:Lidia., Chambers, Iain. Curti (1996).
3054:
3011:
2887:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2636:
2401:
2336:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.101
2280:"What postcolonial theory doesn't say"
2228:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
2122:Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
1959:nationalization of Iran's oil industry
5002:
4607:
4573:
3172:, London: Routledge, pp. 49â69,
2929:
2692:
2690:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
1857:Capitalism shaping the colonial world
1209:President Bill Clinton at NAFTA Event
795:For instance, a group of scholars at
4971:Political Theories of Decolonization
4217:"Kwame Nkrumah at LSE | LSE History"
4138:
3662:
3570:
3205:Bhambra, Gurminder K. (2020-10-20).
3191:
2888:Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1988),
2840:
2745:
2589:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2362:
2360:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2217:
2215:
2183:What Postcolonial Theory Doesn't Say
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1996:Occidentosis: A Plague From the West
1906:
1674:postcolonial international relations
1065:
606:Postcolonial international relations
4911:
4806:
4750:
4728:
4706:
4650:
4530:
4439:
4325:
4155:
4127:
4097:
3865:
3752:
3653:
3613:
3561:
3509:
3469:
3425:
3383:
3350:
3288:
3132:
3110:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2788:
1918:
1684:. Du Bois died August 22, 1963, in
1657:
1575:
1464:and the international struggle for
1259:
1200:
24:
2801:
2687:
2576:
2536:Henderson, Errol A. (2017-04-14).
2070:incredulity towards metanarratives
1672:A notable scholar in the study of
1546:
1425:. Said was informed by Foucault's
953:", coined by Edward Said in their
25:
5573:
4018:Chandler, Nahum Dimitri. (2007).
3766:Chowdhry, Geeta (December 2007).
2936:(2 ed.). London: Routledge.
2930:Pratt, Mary Louise (2007-09-26).
2483:
2437:
2357:
2310:
2262:
2212:
2156:
2098:
1982:has been variously translated as
5531:
4169:Burden-Stelly, Charisse (2019).
4071:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
3403:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
1739:
612:(IR) using the critical lens of
562:
5216:International political economy
5112:Uneven and combined development
4961:
4862:
4687:
4672:
4635:
4601:
4567:
4552:
4515:
4480:
4461:
4424:
4389:
4343:
4304:
4253:
4229:
4209:
4058:
4011:
3962:
3920:Research in African Literatures
3907:
3830:
3806:
3703:
3344:
3247:
3097:
3048:
3012:Culler, Jonathan (2018-10-09).
3005:
2958:
2923:
2881:
2834:
2739:
2697:Shilliam, Robbie (2020-12-01).
2645:
2630:
2529:
2278:Lazarus, Neil (June 22, 2011).
2222:Krishna, Sankaran (July 1993).
1264:
1219:international division of labor
1180:, refers to the abstraction of
1117:international political economy
739:in their conceptualization of "
239:International political economy
131:Uneven and combined development
5557:International relations theory
5030:International relations theory
4145:Journal of Pan African Studies
3713:International relations theory
3663:Nair, Sheila (December 2007).
2841:Adem, Seifudein (April 2014).
2808:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2703:International Politics Reviews
2590:Adem, Seifudein (2011-07-22).
2501:Vitalis, Robert (2018-05-26).
2395:
2087:International relations theory
1654:and related modes of inquiry.
1600:
1522:Mark Salter writes that while
1357:
1241:North American Free Trade Zone
1028:
761:genocide of indigenous peoples
45:International relations theory
13:
1:
4939:10.1080/13688790.2020.1834344
4410:10.1080/13621025.2016.1213223
4312:"Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) âą"
4024:CR: The New Centennial Review
3304:Dirlik, Arif (January 1994).
3224:10.1080/09692290.2020.1830831
2092:
2025:place him among the ranks of
1784:Organisation of African Unity
1103:Capitalism in postcolonial IR
5210:liberal intergovernmentalism
4522:Lawson, Autumn Anne (2004).
3784:10.1177/03058298070360010701
3681:10.1177/03058298070360010501
3539:10.1177/03058298070360010601
2902:10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_20
233:liberal intergovernmentalism
7:
4974:. Oxford University Press.
3351:Wai, Chu Yiu (2002-01-01).
3116:10.1093/0199262012.001.0001
2666:10.1007/978-1-349-23773-9_9
2447:Seth, Sanjay (2013-03-05).
2330:, Oxford University Press,
2322:Wilkens, Jan (2017-11-20),
2080:
1897:National Liberation Council
1805:national self-determination
1759:Gold Coast (British colony)
1533:European literary tradition
1237:European Economic Community
1233:supranational organizations
1121:classical political economy
901:
10:
5578:
5231:Hegemonic stability theory
4501:10.1177/030437549401900304
4355:International Organization
4237:"Kwame Nkrumah, Biography"
3369:10.3167/015597702782384200
2890:"Can the Subaltern Speak?"
2715:10.1057/s41312-020-00084-9
2652:Hoffmann, Stanley (1995),
2402:Watson, Tim (2013-01-01),
2240:10.1177/030437549301800306
2134:10.1177/030437549401900304
1215:transnational corporations
978:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
786:
783:to Third World countries.
759:, as well as conquest and
749:British East India Company
704:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
254:Hegemonic stability theory
5528:
5504:
5348:
5312:
5274:
5191:Critical security studies
5178:
5125:
5092:
5054:
5036:
4778:Äl Aáž„mad, JalÄl. (1984).
4367:10.1017/S0020818300011206
4187:10.1017/S1742058X19000213
3487:(0 ed.). Routledge.
3267:10.1515/9781400828654-005
2802:W., Said, Edward (1978).
2416:10.1163/9789401210027_002
1882:Critiques of contribution
1334:The Wretched of the Earth
1329:The Wretched of the Earth
1323:The Wretched of the Earth
1142:transatlantic slave trade
931:critical political theory
816:in the United States and
214:Critical security studies
5160:Territorial peace theory
5084:Liberal institutionalism
4139:Lake, Tim (2007-11-01).
3932:10.2979/RAL.2005.36.3.68
3710:Kauppi, Mark V. (2020).
3571:Said, Edward W. (1994).
3397:Rabaka, Reiland (2010).
3104:Jackson, Robert (2003).
2983:10.1177/0305829811401459
2746:Said, Edward W. (2000).
2554:10.1177/0305829817694246
2410:, BRILL, pp. 1â21,
2296:10.1177/0306396811406778
2191:10.4324/9780203796740-10
1799:political principles of
1314:following year in 1952.
937:Confronting Eurocentrism
757:Dutch East India Company
724:Discourse on Colonialism
181:Territorial peace theory
101:Liberal institutionalism
5518:International relations
5165:Democratic peace theory
5107:Theories of imperialism
5069:Democratic peace theory
5046:Feminist constructivism
4888:10.47814/ijssrr.v2i3.24
4869:Nezafat, Jalal (2019).
4820:Dabashi, Hamid (2021).
4724:: 12 – via JSTOR.
4679:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965).
4642:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965).
4559:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965).
4431:Hobson, John M (2012).
4335:Nkrumah, Kwame (1965).
4260:Stanek, Ćukasz (2020).
3969:Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988).
3914:Mazrui, Ali A. (2005).
3879:Huddart, David (2005).
3814:"TRANSLATOR TRANSLATED"
3574:Culture and imperialism
2074:unintended consequences
2043:The Souls of Black Folk
1648:The Invention of Africa
1591:Western classical music
1457:Culture and Imperialism
1394:international relations
1316:Black Skin, White Masks
1309:Black Skin, White Masks
1276:, who coined the term,
1178:Culture and Imperialism
1167:University of Rochester
1040:International Relations
990:planetary consciousness
706:, amongst many others.
610:international relations
549:International relations
186:Democratic peace theory
126:Theories of imperialism
86:Democratic peace theory
61:Feminist constructivism
4702:: 9 – via JSTOR.
4608:Perlo, Victor (1967).
4574:Perlo, Victor (1967).
3259:Provincializing Europe
2847:African Studies Review
2749:The Edward Said reader
2063:Criticisms and defense
1930:
1838:Independence of Guinea
1751:
1722:The Philadelphia Negro
1669:
1570:clash of civilizations
1367:
1299:French Fourth Republic
1295:French Communist Party
1210:
1159:Capitalism and Slavery
1100:
980:
858:
747:, such as through the
741:The White Man's Burden
38:
5304:Inter-paradigm debate
5079:Republican liberalism
4272:10.1515/9780691194554
4036:10.1353/ncr.2007.0014
3885:. London: Routledge.
3843:. London: Routledge.
3837:Kapoor, Ilan (2008).
3493:10.4324/9781315017181
3453:10.4324/9780203137123
3024:10.7591/9780801455926
2942:10.4324/9780203932933
2513:10.7591/9781501701887
2459:10.4324/9780203073025
2379:10.4324/9781315227542
1950:Third World socialism
1926:
1747:
1665:
1652:Western Enlightenment
1556:instance on studying
1365:
1208:
1136:Transatlantic economy
1096:
976:
854:
779:, benevolently bring
753:Royal African Company
745:transatlantic slavery
329:Inter-paradigm debate
96:Republican liberalism
33:
5471:Immanuel Wallerstein
5421:Peter J. Katzenstein
5406:Samuel P. Huntington
5325:Historical sociology
5320:International ethics
5206:Intergovernmentalism
5140:Neoclassical realism
5117:World-systems theory
4927:Postcolonial Studies
4361:(2): 443â444. 1962.
2658:International Theory
2023:modernization theory
1811:Re-claiming identity
1709:postcolonial studies
1585:Contrapuntal reading
1562:global war on terror
1390:postcolonial studies
1375:Palestinian American
1130:capitalist structure
1078:are the accounts of
947:knowledge production
500:Immanuel Wallerstein
450:Peter J. Katzenstein
435:Samuel P. Huntington
352:Historical sociology
347:International ethics
229:Intergovernmentalism
161:Neoclassical realism
136:World-systems theory
5538:Politics portal
5361:Zbigniew Brzezinski
5335:State cartel theory
4662:Citizenship Studies
4617:Science and Society
4583:Science and Society
4470:Citizenship Studies
4451:Citizenship Studies
4398:Citizenship Studies
2859:10.1017/asr.2014.10
2608:10.1057/jird.2011.5
1963:Western-backed coup
1946:Tudeh Party of Iran
1842:Conakary Agreements
1801:popular sovereignty
1468:. Literature, like
1382:Columbia University
1352:class consciousness
824:system through the
569:Politics portal
390:Zbigniew Brzezinski
362:State cartel theory
5436:Stephen D. Krasner
4631:– via JSTOR.
4597:– via JSTOR.
1955:Mohammad Mosaddegh
1948:, whose ideals of
1931:
1752:
1682:American Civil War
1670:
1589:In borrowing from
1566:anti-globalization
1489:interstitial space
1427:discourse analysis
1373:(1935-2003) was a
1368:
1211:
1151:The Black Jacobins
981:
912:NorthâSouth divide
859:
842:self-determination
465:Stephen D. Krasner
39:
5544:
5543:
5236:Copenhagen School
5155:Defensive realism
5150:Offensive realism
5135:Classical realism
5102:Dependency theory
4989:978-0-19-539957-8
4833:978-1-4744-7930-1
4281:978-0-691-19455-4
3850:978-0-415-77397-3
3723:978-1-5381-1568-8
3502:978-1-136-52737-1
3410:978-0-7391-4035-2
3179:978-0-415-58288-9
3125:978-0-19-926201-4
3015:On Deconstruction
2951:978-0-203-93293-3
2911:978-0-333-46276-8
2675:978-0-333-61761-8
2345:978-0-19-084662-6
1907:Counter-critiques
1830:Ahmed Sékou Touré
1509:national security
1474:Heart of Darkness
1343:lumpenproletariat
1066:Impact on culture
1011:interdisciplinary
822:white supremacist
797:Howard University
646:poststructuralism
603:
602:
259:Copenhagen School
176:Defensive realism
171:Offensive realism
156:Classical realism
121:Dependency theory
16:(Redirected from
5569:
5536:
5535:
5516:
5441:John Mearsheimer
5396:Martha Finnemore
5381:Michael W. Doyle
5313:Other approaches
5261:Intercommunalism
5245:neofunctionalism
5186:Neo-Gramscianism
5074:Capitalist peace
5023:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4890:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4845:
4817:
4804:
4803:
4775:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4614:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:www.ghanaweb.com
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4136:
4125:
4124:
4106:
4095:
4094:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3994:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3818:www.artforum.com
3810:
3804:
3803:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3632:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3596:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3518:
3507:
3506:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3310:Critical Inquiry
3301:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3226:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3163:
3130:
3129:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2799:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2771:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2481:
2480:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2284:Race & Class
2275:
2260:
2259:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2175:
2154:
2153:
2113:
1988:West-struck-ness
1934:Jalal Al-e Ahmad
1928:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
1919:Jalal Al-e Ahmad
1697:neoabolitionists
1693:Niagara Movement
1678:W. E. B. Du Bois
1667:W. E. B. Du Bois
1658:W. E. B. Du Bois
1576:Traveling theory
1260:Notable scholars
1253:multiculturalism
1245:multiculturalism
1201:Transnationalism
1163:W. E. B. Du Bois
985:subaltern voices
890:race, including
830:W. E. B. Du Bois
595:
588:
581:
567:
566:
547:
470:John Mearsheimer
425:Martha Finnemore
410:Michael W. Doyle
341:Other approaches
284:Intercommunalism
268:neofunctionalism
209:Neo-Gramscianism
91:Capitalist peace
41:
40:
21:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5562:Postcolonialism
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5500:
5486:Alexander Wendt
5456:Kathryn Sikkink
5446:Hans Morgenthau
5431:Henry Kissinger
5356:Michael Barnett
5344:
5308:
5275:Classifications
5270:
5256:Postcolonialism
5196:Critical theory
5174:
5121:
5088:
5050:
5032:
5027:
4997:
4990:
4966:
4962:
4919:
4912:
4867:
4863:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4818:
4807:
4792:
4776:
4751:
4736:
4729:
4714:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4677:
4673:
4658:
4651:
4640:
4636:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4557:
4553:
4538:
4531:
4520:
4516:
4485:
4481:
4466:
4462:
4447:
4440:
4429:
4425:
4394:
4390:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4282:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4167:
4156:
4137:
4128:
4107:
4098:
4063:
4059:
4016:
4012:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3975:. Bloomington.
3967:
3963:
3912:
3908:
3893:
3877:
3866:
3851:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3764:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3708:
3704:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3614:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3569:
3562:
3519:
3510:
3503:
3479:
3470:
3463:
3439:
3426:
3411:
3395:
3384:
3357:Social Analysis
3349:
3345:
3302:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3203:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3164:
3133:
3126:
3102:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3053:
3049:
3034:
3010:
3006:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2886:
2882:
2839:
2835:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2789:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2650:
2646:
2635:
2631:
2588:
2577:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2499:
2484:
2477:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2320:
2311:
2276:
2263:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2177:
2176:
2157:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2083:
2065:
1992:Westoxification
1921:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1813:
1792:
1742:
1660:
1603:
1595:canonical texts
1587:
1578:
1549:
1547:Power-knowledge
1541:
1497:
1451:
1431:power-knowledge
1423:Antonio Gramsci
1419:Michel Foucault
1405:
1378:cultural critic
1360:
1325:
1311:
1267:
1262:
1249:cosmopolitanism
1203:
1138:
1105:
1080:cultural theory
1068:
1031:
939:
918:'s critique of
904:
846:cosmopolitanism
789:
773:development aid
737:Rudyard Kipling
614:postcolonialism
599:
561:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
544:
538:
530:
529:
515:Alexander Wendt
485:Kathryn Sikkink
475:Hans Morgenthau
460:Henry Kissinger
385:Michael Barnett
380:
372:
371:
342:
334:
333:
302:
301:Classifications
294:
293:
279:Postcolonialism
219:Critical theory
204:
196:
195:
151:
141:
140:
116:
106:
105:
76:
66:
65:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5466:J. Ann Tickner
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5426:Robert Keohane
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:John Ikenberry
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5376:Daniel Deudney
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5282:Postpositivism
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5201:English School
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5179:Other theories
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5038:Constructivism
5034:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4960:
4933:(2): 173â194.
4910:
4861:
4832:
4805:
4790:
4749:
4727:
4705:
4686:
4671:
4649:
4634:
4600:
4566:
4551:
4529:
4514:
4479:
4460:
4438:
4423:
4388:
4342:
4324:
4303:
4280:
4252:
4228:
4208:
4181:(2): 555â574.
4154:
4126:
4096:
4077:(3): 479â507.
4057:
4010:
3981:
3961:
3906:
3891:
3882:Homi K. Bhabha
3864:
3849:
3829:
3805:
3778:(1): 101â116.
3751:
3722:
3702:
3652:
3612:
3583:
3560:
3508:
3501:
3468:
3461:
3424:
3409:
3382:
3343:
3322:10.1086/448714
3316:(2): 328â356.
3287:
3275:
3246:
3217:(2): 307â322.
3190:
3178:
3131:
3124:
3096:
3067:
3047:
3032:
3004:
2977:(3): 735â758.
2957:
2950:
2922:
2910:
2880:
2853:(1): 135â152.
2833:
2787:
2758:
2738:
2709:(2): 152â195.
2686:
2674:
2644:
2629:
2602:(4): 506â535.
2575:
2548:(3): 492â510.
2528:
2521:
2482:
2475:
2436:
2424:
2394:
2387:
2356:
2344:
2309:
2261:
2234:(3): 385â417.
2211:
2199:
2155:
2128:(3): 371â397.
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2064:
2061:
2039:W.E.B. Du Bois
2003:United Nations
1940:and later the
1920:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1883:
1880:
1868:Vladimir Lenin
1858:
1855:
1812:
1809:
1791:
1788:
1763:pan-Africanism
1741:
1738:
1727:Talented Tenth
1659:
1656:
1609:Homi K. Bhabha
1602:
1599:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1558:power dynamics
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1505:power politics
1496:
1493:
1466:decolonization
1450:
1447:
1404:
1398:
1359:
1356:
1348:Marxist theory
1324:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1202:
1199:
1195:decolonization
1190:welfare states
1147:C. L. R. James
1137:
1134:
1104:
1101:
1084:English School
1067:
1064:
1048:constructivist
1030:
1027:
938:
935:
927:postpositivism
903:
900:
869:World Politics
788:
785:
715:global economy
663:civilizational
601:
600:
598:
597:
590:
583:
575:
572:
571:
558:
557:
543:
542:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
495:J. Ann Tickner
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
455:Robert Keohane
452:
447:
442:
440:John Ikenberry
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
405:Daniel Deudney
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
319:
314:
309:
307:Postpositivism
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
226:
224:English School
221:
216:
211:
205:
203:Other theories
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
57:
54:Constructivism
52:
51:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5574:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Kenneth Waltz
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Susan Strange
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Robert Jervis
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:Robert Gilpin
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:Cynthia Enloe
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Regime theory
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5298:Great Debates
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:Postmodernism
5249:
5246:
5242:
5241:Functionalism
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:. Edinburgh.
4825:
4824:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4791:0-933782-13-6
4787:
4783:
4782:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4313:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4218:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4122:
4118:
4115:. NYU Press.
4114:
4113:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:0-253-33126-9
3978:
3974:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3892:0-415-32823-3
3888:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3584:0-679-75054-1
3580:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3462:9781134538416
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3278:
3276:9781400828654
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3068:0-203-13832-5
3064:
3061:. Routledge.
3060:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3033:9780801455926
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2759:0-375-70936-3
2755:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2522:9781501701887
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2476:9780203073025
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2427:
2425:9789401210027
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2388:9781315227542
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2202:
2200:9780203796740
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1957:. Though his
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1913:
1912:Omafume Onoge
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:Kwame Nkrumah
1750:
1749:Kwame Nkrumah
1746:
1740:Kwame Nkrumah
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Jim Crow laws
1698:
1695:, a group of
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1639:V. Y. Mudimbe
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1553:high politics
1544:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:Orientalism's
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:neoliberalism
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:Pal Ahluwalia
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:Joseph Conrad
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:in his book,
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:in his book,
1156:
1155:Eric Williams
1152:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1115:The field of
1113:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:postmodernist
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
986:
979:
975:
971:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
899:
897:
896:Shirin M. Rai
893:
892:Neta Crawford
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
857:
856:Ali A. Mazrui
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Jim Crow laws
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
784:
782:
781:modernization
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
659:
658:introspective
655:
654:structuralism
651:
647:
643:
642:postmodernism
638:
636:
631:
630:globalization
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
574:
573:
570:
565:
560:
559:
550:
546:
534:
533:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Kenneth Waltz
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Susan Strange
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Robert Jervis
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Robert Gilpin
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Cynthia Enloe
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Regime theory
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
330:
327:
324:
323:Great Debates
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Postmodernism
272:
269:
265:
264:Functionalism
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
115:
110:
109:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
62:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
37:
36:Victor Gillam
32:
19:
5476:Stephen Walt
5391:James Fearon
5292:Reflectivism
5255:
5226:Green theory
4970:
4963:
4930:
4926:
4881:(3): 18â35.
4878:
4874:
4864:
4822:
4780:
4743:
4739:
4721:
4717:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4680:
4674:
4665:
4661:
4643:
4637:
4620:
4616:
4603:
4586:
4582:
4569:
4560:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4523:
4517:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4432:
4426:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4358:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4316:. Retrieved
4314:. 2009-05-14
4306:
4262:
4255:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:
4231:
4220:. Retrieved
4211:
4178:
4174:
4151:(10): 79â97.
4148:
4144:
4121:j.ctv11vcch9
4111:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4030:(3): 29â55.
4027:
4023:
4013:
3971:
3964:
3926:(3): 68â82.
3923:
3919:
3909:
3881:
3839:
3832:
3821:. Retrieved
3817:
3808:
3775:
3771:
3712:
3705:
3675:(1): 77â82.
3672:
3668:
3645:, retrieved
3640:
3573:
3533:(1): 83â99.
3530:
3526:
3483:
3443:
3399:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3313:
3309:
3280:, retrieved
3258:
3249:
3214:
3210:
3183:, retrieved
3168:
3106:
3099:
3057:
3050:
3014:
3007:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2932:
2925:
2915:, retrieved
2893:
2883:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2804:
2748:
2741:
2706:
2702:
2679:, retrieved
2657:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2599:
2595:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2503:
2449:
2429:, retrieved
2407:
2397:
2369:
2349:, retrieved
2327:
2287:
2283:
2231:
2227:
2204:, retrieved
2182:
2125:
2121:
2069:
2066:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2016:
2011:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:Occidentosis
1983:
1979:
1976:Ahmad Fardid
1973:
1966:
1932:
1910:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1846:Modibo KeĂŻta
1826:
1822:
1814:
1797:
1793:
1753:
1731:
1720:
1713:
1699:challenging
1671:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1630:nation-state
1607:
1604:
1588:
1579:
1550:
1542:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1498:
1478:
1455:
1452:
1442:
1434:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1369:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1287:Vichy France
1284:
1277:
1274:Aimé Césaire
1270:Frantz Fanon
1268:
1265:Frantz Fanon
1228:Eurocentrism
1212:
1181:
1171:
1139:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1069:
1060:
1032:
1023:Logocentrism
1020:
1007:reflectivist
1003:
998:Eurocentrism
994:modern state
982:
940:
924:
905:
867:
860:
801:Ralph Bunche
794:
792:narratives.
790:
722:
719:Aimé Césaire
711:exploitation
708:
700:Frantz Fanon
639:
625:
605:
604:
505:Stephen Walt
420:James Fearon
317:Reflectivism
278:
249:Green theory
5491:Yan Xuetong
5366:Hedley Bull
5340:Geopolitics
5287:Rationalism
5170:Realpolitik
3643:, Routledge
3444:Edward Said
2805:Orientalism
2467:10453/10436
2056:Gharbzadegi
2051:Gharbzadegi
2027:Third World
2019:coloniality
2012:Gharbzadegi
1980:gharbzadegi
1968:Gharbzadegi
1893:coup d'Ă©tat
1872:foreign aid
1817:enslavement
1626:nationalism
1617:Orientalism
1601:Beyond Said
1529:Orientalism
1481:Mark Salter
1462:imperialism
1443:Orientalism
1435:Orientalism
1414:Orientalism
1409:magnum opus
1401:Orientalism
1371:Edward Said
1358:Edward Said
1291:Free France
1224:Eurocentric
1186:imperialism
1174:Edward Said
1109:colonialism
1035:coloniality
1029:Coloniality
1016:revisionist
951:Orientalism
943:Eurocentric
916:Edward Said
908:hierarchies
887:Mae C. King
878:Hedley Bull
874:Third World
840:, cultural
834:imperialism
805:Alain Locke
765:Third World
696:Edward Said
692:sovereignty
622:imperialism
618:colonialism
520:Yan Xuetong
395:Hedley Bull
367:Geopolitics
312:Rationalism
191:Realpolitik
5551:Categories
5505:Categories
5496:Qin Yaqing
5451:Joseph Nye
5371:E. H. Carr
5145:Neorealism
5056:Liberalism
4842:1245845778
4740:Transition
4718:Transition
4696:Transition
4495:(3): 393.
4318:2022-03-03
4290:1134854794
4246:2022-03-03
4222:2022-03-03
3823:2022-05-24
3732:1099543664
3647:2022-05-24
3282:2022-05-09
3185:2022-05-09
2917:2022-05-09
2681:2022-05-09
2431:2022-05-09
2351:2022-05-09
2206:2022-05-09
2093:References
1888:Ali Mazrui
1886:Professor
1717:color line
1643:Ali Mazrui
1126:Adam Smith
1076:neorealism
882:positivism
864:Ali Mazrui
809:Merze Tate
799:including
755:, and the
688:militarism
684:patriarchy
680:capitalism
537:Categories
525:Qin Yaqing
480:Joseph Nye
400:E. H. Carr
166:Neorealism
74:Liberalism
4955:226336798
4947:1368-8790
4905:235012073
4897:2700-2497
4850:cite book
4509:148918308
4418:218576721
4404:: 44â67.
4383:249407946
4375:1531-5088
4298:242922801
4203:214125490
4195:1742-058X
4083:0016-8297
4052:145806901
4044:1539-6630
3999:cite book
3956:162245529
3940:0034-5210
3859:170202721
3800:143582083
3792:0305-8298
3740:cite book
3697:144696122
3689:0305-8298
3601:cite book
3555:144635793
3547:0305-8298
3419:842264614
3377:0155-977X
3338:224797904
3330:0093-1896
3241:226356078
3233:0969-2290
3085:cite book
3042:240016047
2999:145744415
2991:0305-8298
2875:145211312
2867:0002-0206
2822:cite book
2814:868362748
2776:cite book
2723:2050-2990
2624:144312914
2616:1408-6980
2570:152095665
2562:0305-8298
2304:145740397
2256:148217950
2248:0304-3754
2150:148918308
2142:0304-3754
1901:Karl Marx
1767:socialism
1676:(IR) was
1621:hybridity
1279:négritude
1235:like the
1161:in 1944.
1149:'s book,
1088:pluralist
1056:epistemic
968:hegemonic
966:European
963:subaltern
955:1978 book
838:diasporas
721:'s essay
650:modernism
5349:Scholars
5221:Feminism
5064:Idealism
4800:24465652
4629:40401254
4595:40401254
4091:40584110
3991:16351635
3901:60373710
3593:29600508
3077:51934061
2768:45088104
2290:: 3â27.
2081:See also
1734:Cold War
1613:Artforum
1226:values.
1182:the West
1044:feminist
920:Foucault
902:Approach
769:Cold War
379:Scholars
244:Feminism
81:Idealism
5127:Realism
5094:Marxism
3948:3821364
2732:7695584
2031:Western
1942:Pahlavi
1895:by the
1517:liberal
1513:realist
1439:capital
1072:realism
970:power.
787:History
635:Western
149:Realism
114:Marxism
4986:
4953:
4945:
4903:
4895:
4840:
4830:
4798:
4788:
4627:
4623:: 79.
4593:
4589:: 78.
4548:: 151.
4507:
4416:
4381:
4373:
4296:
4288:
4278:
4201:
4193:
4119:
4089:
4081:
4050:
4042:
3989:
3979:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3899:
3889:
3857:
3847:
3798:
3790:
3730:
3720:
3695:
3687:
3591:
3581:
3553:
3545:
3499:
3459:
3417:
3407:
3375:
3336:
3328:
3273:
3239:
3231:
3176:
3122:
3075:
3065:
3040:
3030:
2997:
2989:
2948:
2908:
2873:
2865:
2812:
2766:
2756:
2729:
2721:
2672:
2622:
2614:
2568:
2560:
2519:
2473:
2422:
2385:
2342:
2302:
2254:
2246:
2197:
2148:
2140:
2007:UNESCO
1834:Guinea
1776:Guinea
1507:, and
1396:(IR).
1386:Orient
844:, and
807:, and
729:wealth
702:, and
686:, and
674:, and
672:gender
4951:S2CID
4901:S2CID
4746:: 25.
4668:: 57.
4625:JSTOR
4613:(PDF)
4591:JSTOR
4579:(PDF)
4505:S2CID
4476:: 52.
4457:: 46.
4414:S2CID
4379:S2CID
4294:S2CID
4199:S2CID
4117:JSTOR
4087:JSTOR
4048:S2CID
3952:S2CID
3944:JSTOR
3796:S2CID
3693:S2CID
3551:S2CID
3363:(2).
3334:S2CID
3237:S2CID
3038:S2CID
2995:S2CID
2871:S2CID
2620:S2CID
2566:S2CID
2300:S2CID
2252:S2CID
2146:S2CID
1990:, or
1938:Qajar
1689:Ghana
1686:Accra
733:power
676:class
626:post-
4984:ISBN
4943:ISSN
4893:ISSN
4856:link
4838:OCLC
4828:ISBN
4796:OCLC
4786:ISBN
4371:ISSN
4286:OCLC
4276:ISBN
4191:ISSN
4079:ISSN
4040:ISSN
4005:link
3987:OCLC
3977:ISBN
3936:ISSN
3897:OCLC
3887:ISBN
3855:OCLC
3845:ISBN
3788:ISSN
3746:link
3728:OCLC
3718:ISBN
3685:ISSN
3607:link
3589:OCLC
3579:ISBN
3543:ISSN
3497:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3415:OCLC
3405:ISBN
3373:ISSN
3326:ISSN
3271:ISBN
3229:ISSN
3174:ISBN
3120:ISBN
3091:link
3073:OCLC
3063:ISBN
3028:ISBN
2987:ISSN
2946:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2863:ISSN
2828:link
2810:OCLC
2782:link
2764:OCLC
2754:ISBN
2719:ISSN
2670:ISBN
2612:ISSN
2558:ISSN
2517:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2244:ISSN
2195:ISBN
2138:ISSN
2005:and
1850:Mali
1803:and
1780:Mali
1778:and
1765:and
1515:and
1429:and
1421:and
1303:Lyon
1251:and
1074:and
1009:and
959:East
929:and
894:and
731:and
668:race
652:and
633:non-
620:and
4976:doi
4935:doi
4883:doi
4497:doi
4406:doi
4363:doi
4268:doi
4183:doi
4032:doi
3928:doi
3780:doi
3677:doi
3535:doi
3489:doi
3449:doi
3365:doi
3318:doi
3263:doi
3219:doi
3112:doi
3020:doi
2979:doi
2938:doi
2898:doi
2855:doi
2727:PMC
2711:doi
2662:doi
2604:doi
2550:doi
2509:doi
2463:hdl
2455:doi
2412:doi
2375:doi
2332:doi
2292:doi
2236:doi
2187:doi
2130:doi
1848:of
1832:of
1568:,
1472:'s
1239:or
777:IMF
644:or
5553::
4982:.
4949:.
4941:.
4931:24
4929:.
4925:.
4913:^
4899:.
4891:.
4877:.
4873:.
4852:}}
4848:{{
4836:.
4808:^
4794:.
4752:^
4744:30
4742:.
4730:^
4722:26
4720:.
4708:^
4700:26
4698:.
4666:21
4664:.
4652:^
4621:31
4619:.
4615:.
4587:31
4585:.
4581:.
4544:.
4532:^
4503:.
4493:19
4491:.
4474:21
4472:.
4455:21
4453:.
4441:^
4412:.
4402:21
4400:.
4377:.
4369:.
4359:16
4357:.
4353:.
4327:^
4292:.
4284:.
4274:.
4266:.
4239:.
4197:.
4189:.
4179:16
4177:.
4173:.
4157:^
4147:.
4143:.
4129:^
4099:^
4085:.
4075:83
4073:.
4069:.
4046:.
4038:.
4026:.
4022:.
4001:}}
3997:{{
3985:.
3950:.
3942:.
3934:.
3924:36
3922:.
3918:.
3895:.
3867:^
3853:.
3816:.
3794:.
3786:.
3776:36
3774:.
3770:.
3754:^
3742:}}
3738:{{
3726:.
3691:.
3683:.
3673:36
3671:.
3667:.
3655:^
3639:,
3615:^
3603:}}
3599:{{
3587:.
3563:^
3549:.
3541:.
3531:36
3529:.
3525:.
3511:^
3495:.
3471:^
3455:.
3447:.
3427:^
3413:.
3385:^
3371:.
3361:46
3359:.
3355:.
3332:.
3324:.
3314:20
3312:.
3308:.
3290:^
3269:,
3257:,
3235:.
3227:.
3215:28
3213:.
3209:.
3193:^
3134:^
3118:.
3087:}}
3083:{{
3071:.
3036:.
3026:.
3018:.
2993:.
2985:.
2975:39
2973:.
2969:.
2944:.
2904:,
2892:,
2869:.
2861:.
2851:57
2849:.
2845:.
2824:}}
2820:{{
2790:^
2778:}}
2774:{{
2762:.
2725:.
2717:.
2705:.
2701:.
2689:^
2668:,
2656:,
2618:.
2610:.
2600:14
2598:.
2594:.
2578:^
2564:.
2556:.
2546:45
2544:.
2540:.
2515:.
2507:.
2485:^
2469:.
2461:.
2453:.
2439:^
2418:,
2406:,
2381:.
2373:.
2359:^
2338:,
2326:,
2312:^
2298:.
2288:53
2286:.
2282:.
2264:^
2250:.
2242:.
2232:18
2230:.
2226:.
2214:^
2193:,
2181:,
2158:^
2144:.
2136:.
2126:19
2124:.
2120:.
2100:^
1986:,
1978:,
1971:.
1786:.
1711:.
1564:,
1503:,
1441:.
1411:,
1305:.
1132:.
1050:,
1046:,
898:.
848:.
803:,
751:,
717:.
698:,
682:,
670:,
5300:"
5296:"
5247:)
5243:(
5212:)
5208:(
5022:e
5015:t
5008:v
4992:.
4978::
4957:.
4937::
4907:.
4885::
4879:2
4858:)
4844:.
4802:.
4546:5
4511:.
4499::
4420:.
4408::
4385:.
4365::
4321:.
4300:.
4270::
4249:.
4225:.
4205:.
4185::
4149:1
4123:.
4093:.
4054:.
4034::
4028:6
4007:)
3993:.
3958:.
3930::
3903:.
3861:.
3826:.
3802:.
3782::
3748:)
3734:.
3699:.
3679::
3609:)
3595:.
3557:.
3537::
3505:.
3491::
3465:.
3451::
3421:.
3379:.
3367::
3340:.
3320::
3265::
3243:.
3221::
3128:.
3114::
3093:)
3079:.
3044:.
3022::
3001:.
2981::
2954:.
2940::
2900::
2877:.
2857::
2830:)
2816:.
2784:)
2770:.
2735:.
2713::
2707:8
2664::
2626:.
2606::
2572:.
2552::
2525:.
2511::
2479:.
2465::
2457::
2414::
2391:.
2377::
2334::
2306:.
2294::
2258:.
2238::
2189::
2152:.
2132::
594:e
587:t
580:v
325:"
321:"
270:)
266:(
235:)
231:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.