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Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990

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484:, the best-known of the agreement's detractors, maintains that the Second Amending Protocol, like any other international convention, only obligates its implementation in each country if it is ratified by all signatories, something that has not yet occurred. In other words, only after all countries ratify the treaty are they obligated to implement the changes domestically after ratification by three members. The rationality of a legal treaty that obliges a country to adopt another treaty if approved by third countries is disputed. This argument of the 2004 ratification's purported illegality was questioned by lawyer and European Parliament member Vital Moreira. 247:, a wide orthographic reform was adopted – the Orthographic Reform of 1911 – which completely modified the face of the written language, bringing it closer to contemporary pronunciation. However, this reform was made without any agreement with Brazil, leaving both countries with two entirely different orthographies: Portugal with its reformed orthography, Brazil with its traditional orthography (called 1095:(including East Timor), São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the agreement, and a modification was made to the text, allowing the reform to go forward in those countries which had already ratified it, and accepting the official orthographies in the other countries as legitimate in the meantime; however, this was to happen after a transition period which was not defined. 314:– the Luso-African and the Brazilian – impedes the trans-Atlantic unity of Portuguese and diminishes its prestige in the world – was expressed by the "Preliminary Basis for Unified Portuguese Orthography" in 1988, addressing criticisms directed toward at the proposal of 1986 and leading to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990. 135:
The Orthographic Agreement of 1990 intends to establish a single official orthography for the Portuguese language and thus to improve its international status, putting an end to the existence of two official orthographic norms: one in Brazil and another in the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries.
507:
According to the vocabulary developed in 2008 by the Institute of Theoretical and Computational Linguistics (Lisbon) from the database language MorDebe with 135,000 words, the percentage of words affected (simple words that are not inflected entries in dictionary or vocabulary) amounts to nearly 4%
439:
In Article III, the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 scheduled its taking effect for 1 January 1994, following the ratification of all members. However, as only Portugal (on 23 August 1991), Brazil (on 18 April 1995), and Cape Verde have ratified the document, its complete implementation is pending.
274:
A new agreement between Portugal and Brazil – effective in 1971 in Brazil and in 1973 in Portugal – brought the orthographies slightly closer, removing the written accents responsible for 70% of the divergences between the two official systems and those that marked the unstressed syllable in words
503:
The adoption of the new orthography will cause changes in the spelling of about 1.6% of the words in the European norm (official also in Africa, Asia and Oceania) and about 0.5% in the Brazilian norm. The table below illustrates typical differences between the two orthographies currently in use.
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led successive attempts to establish a common spelling between both countries. In 1931, the first agreement was reached; however, as vocabularies published in 1940 (in Portugal) and in 1943 (in Brazil) continued to contain some divergences, a new meeting was held that created the Orthographic
447:, Cape Verde, an "Amending Protocol for the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement" was signed that retracted the deadline from the original text, although it remained necessary for all signatories to ratify the agreement before it took effect. Once again, only the dignitaries of 551:, both will be considered legitimate, according to the dialect of the author or person being transcribed. The agreement also establishes some common guidelines for the use of hyphens and capitalization, the former still to be developed and fixed in a common vocabulary. 1184: 487:
Brazil ratified the Second Amending Protocol in October 2004, as did Cape Verde in April 2005. On 17 November 2006, São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the treaty and its amending protocols, fulfilling the provisions of this protocol.
1122:. The transition period ended on 12 May 2015. As of January 2016, transitions have also ended in Cape Verde and Brazil, making the reformed Portuguese orthography obligatory in three of the nine lusophone countries. 410:
In addition to these, in the Preliminary Basis for Unified Portuguese Orthography of 1988, and in the Convention of the Orthographic Unification of Portuguese, formed in the Brazilian Academy of Letters in
123:, the agreement does not have complete adoption from the Portuguese-speaking countries, still without reaching its objectives of unification of the orthography and compilation of a vocabulary common to the 1088:
was meant to go into effect after all signatory countries had ratified it, but at the end of the decade only Brazil, Cape Verde, and Portugal had done so, so the agreement could not go into effect.
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from the European/African spelling whenever they are silent, the elimination of the diaeresis mark (ü) from the Brazilian spelling, and the elimination of the acute accent from the diphthongs
1192: 1116:
allowing for a six-year transitional period, during which both orthographies co-existed. On 1 January 2012 the government adopted the spelling reform in official documents and in the
263:
Agreement of 1945. This agreement became law in Portugal, by Decree 35.288/45. In Brazil, the Agreement of 1945 was approved by Decree-Law 8.286/45, but it was never ratified by the
179:
and figures of the arts, politics and business of the Brazilian and Portuguese societies. Therefore, its application has been the object of disagreements for linguistic, political,
1391: 1215: 1098:
The old orthographies continue to predominate in their respective countries until ratification of the 1990 agreement. Brazil changed on 1 January 2009.
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in the European standard. However, this figure includes both words that have changes in spelling, such as variants that are to be legally valid across
1406: 394:: Américo da Costa Ramalho, Aníbal Pinto de Castro, Fernando Cristóvão, Fernando Roldão Dias Agudo, João Malaca Casteleiro, José Tiago de Oliveira, 1092: 509: 463: 60: 1319: 145: 415:
from 6 to 12 May 1986, the following were also present: Maria Luísa Dolbeth e Costa (Angola); Abgar Renault, Adriano da Gama Kury,
1371: 327:
For the development of the agreement, from 6 to 12 October 1990, the following delegations met at the Science Academy of Lisbon:
1293: 112:
is not a party to the agreement and retains the old orthography. The agreement's objectives of unifying the orthography in all
1348: 474:, provided that, instead of ratification by all countries, ratification by three members would suffice for it to take effect. 492: 1218:[Angola defers adoption of Orthographic Agreement] (in Portuguese). Luanda, Angola: Jornal de Angola. Archived from 1421: 300: 116:
countries and compiling a common vocabulary for the entire Portuguese language have not been fully achieved and failed.
1411: 81:
and Portuguese as different languages. However, an unofficial commission formed by Galician linguists who support the
1131: 268: 1151: 470:, approved a "Second Amending Protocol for the Orthographic Agreement" that, apart from permitting the addition of 428: 1219: 1416: 1401: 1396: 108:
still use the old orthography and have not completed the adoption of the reform. The former Portuguese colony of
303:(PREC) – and in 1986 – due to the reaction elicited in both countries by the suppression of written accents in 1381: 299:, "alone"). Other attempts failed in 1975 – in part due to the period of political upheaval in Portugal, the 259: 467: 402: 1366: 56: 1386: 264: 52: 416: 310:
However, according to proponents of reform, the fact that the persistence of two orthographies in the
1376: 255: 244: 144:, both in pronunciation and in vocabulary, but it is under the same spelling norm, regulated by the 1118: 559: 67:, which was under Indonesian occupation at the time, but later adhered to the Agreement, in 2004. 423:, Francisco de Assis Balthar Peixoto de Vasconcellos and José Olympio Rache de Almeida (Brazil); 88:
As of 2023, the agreement has been ratified and implemented by the Portuguese-speaking countries
398:, Manuel Jacinto Nunes, Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira, Leonel Gonçalves, and Vasconcelos Marques 566:
Comparison between the two orthographies currently in use and the former Brazilian orthography
200: 395: 1113: 32: 477: 8: 555: 481: 311: 124: 40: 24: 495:
countries to support it in discussions on various points of that accord with Portugal.
184: 348: 1172: 1102: 352: 78: 44: 420: 164: 141: 137: 82: 1085: 366: 70: 1241: 187:
of the treaty. Some others claim that the Orthographic Agreement serves chiefly
427:(Cape Verde); Paulo Pereira (Guinea-Bissau); Luís Filipe Pereira (Mozambique); 424: 412: 218: 51:, on 16 December 1990, at the end of a negotiation, begun in 1980, between the 1360: 1105:, which adopted Portuguese as one of its official languages on 13 July 2007. 374: 267:
and was repealed by Law 2.623/55, leaving Brazilians with the rules of the
1159: 214: 188: 176: 156: 36: 515:
The 1990 orthographic agreement proposes the elimination of the letters
140:
as a motivating example: Spanish has many variations, between Spain and
1187:[PALOP countries meet at the 20th summit of the UA executive]. 532: 471: 456: 382: 358: 337: 304: 172: 168: 105: 97: 64: 225: 160: 59:. The signatories included official representatives from all of the 1109: 452: 390: 206: 89: 1268: 180: 43:, to be used by all the countries that have Portuguese as their 1185:"PALOP reunem-se à margem da 20ª Cimeira do Conselho Executivo" 448: 343: 332: 210: 101: 93: 77:
government ignored the invitation, since it officially regards
48: 1294:"Acordo Ortográfico a partir de hoje nos documentos oficiais" 444: 222: 120: 109: 74: 491:
Angola has not yet signed the agreement and has asked other
406:: Albertino dos Santos Bragança and João Hermínio Pontífice 113: 370:(observers): António Gil Hernández and José Luís Fontenla 152: 1320:"Acordo Ortográfico obrigatório nos documentos oficiais" 155:
value of the treaty have not achieved a consensus among
462:
In June 2004, the heads of state and government of the
1349:
OA: Portuguese spelling reform takes effect – Portugal
1112:
the change was signed into law on 21 July 2008 by the
1177: 378:: António Soares Lopes Júnior and João Wilson Barbosa 183:
and legal reasons. There are even some who claim the
1207: 554:
It will also add three letters (K, W, and Y) to the
434: 21:Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 1358: 1191:(in Portuguese). 28 January 2012. Archived from 73:was invited to take part in the reform but the 29:Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990 1216:"Angola protela adopção do Acordo Ortográfico" 787:Dizem que é uma sensação incrível saltar de 776:Dizem que é uma sensação incrível saltar de 765:Dizem que é uma sensação incrível saltar de 205:Until the beginning of the 20th century, in 1392:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola 1152:"Acordos ortográficos da língua portuguesa" 362:: Gabriel Moacyr Rodrigues and Manuel Veiga 1093:Community of Portuguese Language Countries 535:words. As for divergent spellings such as 464:Community of Portuguese Language Countries 317: 146:Association of Spanish Language Academies 1266: 245:establishment of the Portuguese republic 1213: 386:: João Pontífice and Maria Eugénia Cruz 1359: 35:whose purpose is to create a unified 136:Proposers of the Agreement give the 85:attended the meetings as observers. 1242:"Reform Spells Change for Portugal" 737:Não há nada melhor do que sair sem 711:Não há nada melhor do que sair sem 685:Não há nada melhor do que sair sem 431:and Mário Quarin Graça (Portugal). 13: 1214:Fragoso, Garrido (29 March 2012). 680:internacional de qualquer língua. 662:internacional de qualquer língua. 644:internacional de qualquer língua. 480:, writer and former member of the 217:was used that, by rule, relied on 191:and economic interests of Brazil. 14: 1433: 1407:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe 1342: 1132:Reforms of Portuguese orthography 577:New orthography (1990 Agreement) 435:Agreement and amendment protocols 301:Revolutionary Process in Progress 429:Maria de Lourdes Belchior Pontes 1326:(in Portuguese). 1 January 2012 1300:(in Portuguese). 1 January 2012 1091:At the July 2004 summit of the 322: 1372:Portuguese orthography reforms 1312: 1286: 1267:Monteiro, Luciano O. (n.d.) . 1260: 1234: 1166: 1144: 240:("dictionary"), among others. 1: 1351:- Portuguese American Journal 1137: 1101:The changes were accepted by 574:Former Brazilian orthography 194: 130: 61:Portuguese-language countries 571:Former European orthography 260:Brazilian Academy of Letters 57:Brazilian Academy of Letters 7: 1125: 1079: 791:pela primeira vez em pleno 780:pela primeira vez em pleno 769:pela primeira vez em pleno 10: 1438: 1422:Treaties concluded in 1990 1269:"This Could Spell Trouble" 498: 251:, "pseudo-etymological"). 198: 53:Sciences Academy of Lisbon 1412:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau 994: 919: 828: 815: 812: 809: 806: 558:, making it equal to the 256:Science Academy of Lisbon 829:Different pronunciation 560:ISO basic Latin alphabet 459:approved this protocol. 275:derived with the suffix 1052:non-geographical names 417:Austregésilo de Athayde 243:In 1911, following the 1417:Treaties of East Timor 1402:Treaties of Cape Verde 1397:Treaties of Mozambique 624:mais falada do mundo. 609:mais falada do mundo. 594:mais falada do mundo. 318:History of the process 201:Portuguese orthography 28: 468:São Tomé and Príncipe 403:São Tomé and Príncipe 151:The contents and the 83:unity of the language 1382:Treaties of Portugal 1273:Deletra Translations 466:(CPLP), gathered in 443:On 17 July 1998, in 254:As time passed, the 228:to form words, e.g. 33:international treaty 16:International treaty 1367:Portuguese language 1119:Diário da República 803: 674:económico/econômico 567: 556:Portuguese alphabet 482:European Parliament 396:Luís Lindley Cintra 312:Portuguese language 185:unconstitutionality 47:. It was signed in 41:Portuguese language 1387:Treaties of Brazil 920:Silent consonants 886:Both forms remain 868:Both forms remain 846:Both forms remain 802:Written varieties 801: 665:Não é preciso ser 647:Não é preciso ser 629:Não é preciso ser 620:a terceira língua 605:a terceira língua 590:a terceira língua 565: 279:or beginning with 249:pseudo-etimológica 1103:Equatorial Guinea 1077: 1076: 799: 798: 749:, para passar um 723:, para passar um 697:, para passar um 669:para saber que o 651:para saber que o 633:para saber que o 478:Vasco Graça Moura 265:National Congress 100:. Countries like 45:official language 1429: 1377:1990 in Portugal 1336: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1222:on 29 March 2012 1211: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1181: 1175: 1173:Decree 35.288/45 1170: 1164: 1163: 1158:. Archived from 1148: 1050:Non-personal and 804: 800: 794: 790: 783: 779: 772: 768: 759: 755: 752: 748: 744: 740: 733: 729: 726: 722: 718: 714: 707: 703: 700: 696: 692: 688: 679: 675: 672: 668: 661: 657: 654: 650: 643: 639: 636: 632: 623: 619: 616:, o português é 615: 608: 604: 601:, o português é 600: 593: 589: 586:, o português é 585: 568: 564: 421:Eduardo Portella 142:Hispanic America 138:Spanish language 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1357: 1356: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1162:on 17 May 2009. 1150: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1128: 1086:spelling reform 1082: 1051: 792: 788: 781: 777: 770: 766: 757: 753: 750: 746: 742: 741:, rumando para 738: 731: 727: 724: 720: 716: 715:, rumando para 712: 705: 701: 698: 694: 690: 689:, rumando para 686: 677: 673: 670: 666: 659: 655: 652: 648: 641: 637: 634: 630: 621: 617: 613: 606: 602: 598: 591: 587: 583: 501: 437: 419:, Celso Cunha, 349:Antônio Houaiss 325: 320: 203: 197: 133: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1435: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1343:External links 1341: 1338: 1337: 1311: 1285: 1259: 1233: 1206: 1195:on 16 May 2013 1176: 1165: 1156:lusografia.org 1142: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 974: 973: 970: 967: 964: 956: 955: 952: 949: 946: 938: 937: 934: 931: 928: 921: 917: 916: 913: 906: 899: 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 873: 872: 869: 866: 859: 851: 850: 847: 844: 837: 830: 826: 825: 822: 818: 817: 814: 811: 808: 797: 796: 785: 774: 762: 761: 735: 709: 682: 681: 676:pesa muito na 663: 658:pesa muito na 645: 640:pesa muito na 626: 625: 610: 595: 579: 578: 575: 572: 500: 497: 436: 433: 425:Corsino Fortes 413:Rio de Janeiro 408: 407: 399: 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 340: 324: 321: 319: 316: 269:1943 agreement 236:("lily"), and 232:("pharmacy"), 199:Main article: 196: 193: 132: 129: 121:decade of 2020 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1434: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1248:. 16 May 2008 1247: 1243: 1237: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1143: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 986: 983: 980: 976: 975: 971: 968: 965: 962: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 944: 940: 939: 935: 932: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 907: 904: 900: 897: 893: 892: 888: 885: 882: 879: 875: 874: 870: 867: 864: 860: 857: 853: 852: 848: 845: 842: 838: 835: 831: 827: 823: 821:Euro-African 820: 819: 805: 786: 775: 764: 763: 751:fim de semana 736: 725:fim-de-semana 710: 699:fim-de-semana 684: 683: 664: 646: 628: 627: 611: 596: 581: 580: 576: 573: 570: 569: 563: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 505: 496: 494: 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 405: 404: 400: 397: 393: 392: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 376: 375:Guinea-Bissau 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 345: 341: 339: 335: 334: 330: 329: 328: 315: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 272: 270: 266: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 202: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 128: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 1354: 1328:. Retrieved 1324:CNN Portugal 1323: 1314: 1302:. Retrieved 1297: 1288: 1276:. Retrieved 1272: 1262: 1250:. Retrieved 1245: 1236: 1224:. Retrieved 1220:the original 1209: 1197:. Retrieved 1193:the original 1188: 1179: 1168: 1160:the original 1155: 1146: 1117: 1107: 1100: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1013: 1006: 999: 978: 960: 942: 924: 909: 902: 895: 877: 862: 855: 840: 833: 816:Translation 810:Before 1990 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 528: 524: 520: 516: 514: 506: 502: 490: 486: 476: 461: 442: 438: 409: 401: 389: 381: 373: 365: 357: 353:Nélida Piñon 342: 331: 326: 323:Participants 309: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 273: 253: 248: 242: 237: 233: 229: 204: 189:geopolitical 161:philologists 150: 134: 118: 87: 69: 20: 18: 995:Diacritics 778:pára-quedas 767:pára-quedas 667:génio/gênio 588:actualmente 291:, "only"), 238:diccionario 215:orthography 177:translators 169:journalists 37:orthography 1361:Categories 1298:Jornal SOL 1138:References 954:direction 849:anonymous 824:Brazilian 813:Agreement 789:paraquedas 618:atualmente 603:atualmente 533:paroxytone 472:East Timor 457:Cape Verde 383:Mozambique 359:Cape Verde 338:Filipe Zau 305:paroxytone 195:Precedents 131:Intentions 119:As of the 106:Mozambique 98:Cape Verde 65:East Timor 25:Portuguese 1114:president 972:electric 969:elétrico 966:elétrico 756:em pleno 754:tranquilo 730:em pleno 728:tranqüilo 704:em pleno 702:tranquilo 671:aspe(c)to 656:econômico 642:projecção 638:económico 230:pharmacia 226:etymology 157:linguists 125:Lusophony 1330:3 August 1304:3 August 1278:3 August 1252:3 August 1246:BBC News 1226:29 March 1199:27 March 1126:See also 1110:Portugal 1080:Enacting 1073:January 1019:penguin 990:optimal 951:direção 948:direção 745:ou para 719:ou para 693:ou para 687:direcção 678:projeção 660:projeção 622:europeia 607:européia 592:Europeia 453:Portugal 391:Portugal 258:and the 207:Portugal 181:economic 165:scholars 90:Portugal 79:Galician 55:and the 39:for the 31:) is an 1070:aneiro 1064:aneiro 1058:aneiro 1045:flight 936:action 739:direção 713:direção 653:aspecto 635:aspecto 614:fa(c)to 541:anônimo 537:anónimo 499:Changes 367:Galicia 307:words. 297:sozinho 293:sòzinho 289:somente 285:sòmente 283:, e.g. 173:writers 75:Spanish 71:Galicia 63:except 987:ótimo 984:ótimo 963:trico 871:Venus 758:agosto 732:agosto 706:Agosto 455:, and 449:Brazil 344:Brazil 333:Angola 277:-mente 211:Brazil 209:as in 102:Angola 94:Brazil 49:Lisbon 1189:Angop 1084:This 981:timo 933:ação 930:ação 915:idea 889:fact 883:fato 843:nimo 836:nimo 807:Area 743:norte 717:norte 691:Norte 649:gênio 631:génio 584:facto 545:facto 493:PALOP 445:Praia 234:lyrio 223:Latin 219:Greek 213:, an 153:legal 110:Macau 1332:2022 1306:2022 1280:2022 1254:2022 1228:2012 1201:2012 1012:ping 1005:ping 998:ping 945:ção 941:dire 927:ção 865:nus 858:nus 599:fato 549:fato 547:and 539:and 527:and 519:and 510:CPLP 351:and 114:CPLP 104:and 96:and 19:The 1108:In 1016:im 1009:im 1002:im 959:elé 912:ia 905:ia 898:ia 880:to 793:voo 782:vôo 771:voo 747:sul 721:sul 695:Sul 612:De 597:De 582:De 531:in 281:-z- 221:or 1363:: 1322:. 1296:. 1271:. 1244:. 1154:. 1042:o 1035:o 1028:o 908:id 901:id 894:id 876:fa 839:an 832:an 795:. 784:. 773:. 760:. 734:. 708:. 562:. 543:, 529:ói 525:éi 512:. 451:, 347:: 336:: 271:. 175:, 171:, 167:, 163:, 159:, 148:. 127:. 92:, 27:: 1334:. 1308:. 1282:. 1256:. 1230:. 1203:. 1068:j 1062:j 1056:J 1040:o 1038:v 1033:ô 1031:v 1026:o 1024:v 1014:u 1007:ü 1000:u 979:p 977:ó 961:c 943:c 925:c 923:a 910:e 903:é 896:e 878:c 863:ê 861:V 856:é 854:V 841:ô 834:ó 521:p 517:c 295:( 287:( 23:(

Index

Portuguese
international treaty
orthography
Portuguese language
official language
Lisbon
Sciences Academy of Lisbon
Brazilian Academy of Letters
Portuguese-language countries
East Timor
Galicia
Spanish
Galician
unity of the language
Portugal
Brazil
Cape Verde
Angola
Mozambique
Macau
CPLP
decade of 2020
Lusophony
Spanish language
Hispanic America
Association of Spanish Language Academies
legal
linguists
philologists
scholars

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