484:, the best-known of the agreement's detractors, maintains that the Second Amending Protocol, like any other international convention, only obligates its implementation in each country if it is ratified by all signatories, something that has not yet occurred. In other words, only after all countries ratify the treaty are they obligated to implement the changes domestically after ratification by three members. The rationality of a legal treaty that obliges a country to adopt another treaty if approved by third countries is disputed. This argument of the 2004 ratification's purported illegality was questioned by lawyer and European Parliament member Vital Moreira.
247:, a wide orthographic reform was adopted – the Orthographic Reform of 1911 – which completely modified the face of the written language, bringing it closer to contemporary pronunciation. However, this reform was made without any agreement with Brazil, leaving both countries with two entirely different orthographies: Portugal with its reformed orthography, Brazil with its traditional orthography (called
1095:(including East Timor), São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the agreement, and a modification was made to the text, allowing the reform to go forward in those countries which had already ratified it, and accepting the official orthographies in the other countries as legitimate in the meantime; however, this was to happen after a transition period which was not defined.
314:– the Luso-African and the Brazilian – impedes the trans-Atlantic unity of Portuguese and diminishes its prestige in the world – was expressed by the "Preliminary Basis for Unified Portuguese Orthography" in 1988, addressing criticisms directed toward at the proposal of 1986 and leading to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990.
135:
The
Orthographic Agreement of 1990 intends to establish a single official orthography for the Portuguese language and thus to improve its international status, putting an end to the existence of two official orthographic norms: one in Brazil and another in the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries.
507:
According to the vocabulary developed in 2008 by the
Institute of Theoretical and Computational Linguistics (Lisbon) from the database language MorDebe with 135,000 words, the percentage of words affected (simple words that are not inflected entries in dictionary or vocabulary) amounts to nearly 4%
439:
In
Article III, the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 scheduled its taking effect for 1 January 1994, following the ratification of all members. However, as only Portugal (on 23 August 1991), Brazil (on 18 April 1995), and Cape Verde have ratified the document, its complete implementation is pending.
274:
A new agreement between
Portugal and Brazil – effective in 1971 in Brazil and in 1973 in Portugal – brought the orthographies slightly closer, removing the written accents responsible for 70% of the divergences between the two official systems and those that marked the unstressed syllable in words
503:
The adoption of the new orthography will cause changes in the spelling of about 1.6% of the words in the
European norm (official also in Africa, Asia and Oceania) and about 0.5% in the Brazilian norm. The table below illustrates typical differences between the two orthographies currently in use.
262:
led successive attempts to establish a common spelling between both countries. In 1931, the first agreement was reached; however, as vocabularies published in 1940 (in
Portugal) and in 1943 (in Brazil) continued to contain some divergences, a new meeting was held that created the Orthographic
447:, Cape Verde, an "Amending Protocol for the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement" was signed that retracted the deadline from the original text, although it remained necessary for all signatories to ratify the agreement before it took effect. Once again, only the dignitaries of
551:, both will be considered legitimate, according to the dialect of the author or person being transcribed. The agreement also establishes some common guidelines for the use of hyphens and capitalization, the former still to be developed and fixed in a common vocabulary.
1184:
487:
Brazil ratified the Second
Amending Protocol in October 2004, as did Cape Verde in April 2005. On 17 November 2006, São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the treaty and its amending protocols, fulfilling the provisions of this protocol.
1122:. The transition period ended on 12 May 2015. As of January 2016, transitions have also ended in Cape Verde and Brazil, making the reformed Portuguese orthography obligatory in three of the nine lusophone countries.
410:
In addition to these, in the
Preliminary Basis for Unified Portuguese Orthography of 1988, and in the Convention of the Orthographic Unification of Portuguese, formed in the Brazilian Academy of Letters in
123:, the agreement does not have complete adoption from the Portuguese-speaking countries, still without reaching its objectives of unification of the orthography and compilation of a vocabulary common to the
1088:
was meant to go into effect after all signatory countries had ratified it, but at the end of the decade only Brazil, Cape Verde, and
Portugal had done so, so the agreement could not go into effect.
523:
from the
European/African spelling whenever they are silent, the elimination of the diaeresis mark (ü) from the Brazilian spelling, and the elimination of the acute accent from the diphthongs
1192:
1116:
allowing for a six-year transitional period, during which both orthographies co-existed. On 1 January 2012 the government adopted the spelling reform in official documents and in the
263:
Agreement of 1945. This agreement became law in Portugal, by Decree 35.288/45. In Brazil, the Agreement of 1945 was approved by Decree-Law 8.286/45, but it was never ratified by the
179:
and figures of the arts, politics and business of the Brazilian and Portuguese societies. Therefore, its application has been the object of disagreements for linguistic, political,
1391:
1215:
1098:
The old orthographies continue to predominate in their respective countries until ratification of the 1990 agreement. Brazil changed on 1 January 2009.
508:
in the European standard. However, this figure includes both words that have changes in spelling, such as variants that are to be legally valid across
1406:
394:: Américo da Costa Ramalho, Aníbal Pinto de Castro, Fernando Cristóvão, Fernando Roldão Dias Agudo, João Malaca Casteleiro, José Tiago de Oliveira,
1092:
509:
463:
60:
1319:
145:
415:
from 6 to 12 May 1986, the following were also present: Maria Luísa Dolbeth e Costa (Angola); Abgar Renault, Adriano da Gama Kury,
1371:
327:
For the development of the agreement, from 6 to 12 October 1990, the following delegations met at the Science Academy of Lisbon:
1293:
112:
is not a party to the agreement and retains the old orthography. The agreement's objectives of unifying the orthography in all
1348:
474:, provided that, instead of ratification by all countries, ratification by three members would suffice for it to take effect.
492:
1218:[Angola defers adoption of Orthographic Agreement] (in Portuguese). Luanda, Angola: Jornal de Angola. Archived from
1421:
300:
116:
countries and compiling a common vocabulary for the entire Portuguese language have not been fully achieved and failed.
1411:
81:
and Portuguese as different languages. However, an unofficial commission formed by Galician linguists who support the
1131:
268:
1151:
470:, approved a "Second Amending Protocol for the Orthographic Agreement" that, apart from permitting the addition of
428:
1219:
1416:
1401:
1396:
108:
still use the old orthography and have not completed the adoption of the reform. The former Portuguese colony of
303:(PREC) – and in 1986 – due to the reaction elicited in both countries by the suppression of written accents in
1381:
299:, "alone"). Other attempts failed in 1975 – in part due to the period of political upheaval in Portugal, the
259:
467:
402:
1366:
56:
1386:
264:
52:
416:
310:
However, according to proponents of reform, the fact that the persistence of two orthographies in the
1376:
255:
244:
144:, both in pronunciation and in vocabulary, but it is under the same spelling norm, regulated by the
1118:
559:
67:, which was under Indonesian occupation at the time, but later adhered to the Agreement, in 2004.
423:, Francisco de Assis Balthar Peixoto de Vasconcellos and José Olympio Rache de Almeida (Brazil);
88:
As of 2023, the agreement has been ratified and implemented by the Portuguese-speaking countries
398:, Manuel Jacinto Nunes, Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira, Leonel Gonçalves, and Vasconcelos Marques
566:
Comparison between the two orthographies currently in use and the former Brazilian orthography
200:
395:
1113:
32:
477:
8:
555:
481:
311:
124:
40:
24:
495:
countries to support it in discussions on various points of that accord with Portugal.
184:
348:
1172:
1102:
352:
78:
44:
420:
164:
141:
137:
82:
1085:
366:
70:
1241:
187:
of the treaty. Some others claim that the Orthographic Agreement serves chiefly
427:(Cape Verde); Paulo Pereira (Guinea-Bissau); Luís Filipe Pereira (Mozambique);
424:
412:
218:
51:, on 16 December 1990, at the end of a negotiation, begun in 1980, between the
1360:
1105:, which adopted Portuguese as one of its official languages on 13 July 2007.
374:
267:
and was repealed by Law 2.623/55, leaving Brazilians with the rules of the
1159:
214:
188:
176:
156:
36:
515:
The 1990 orthographic agreement proposes the elimination of the letters
140:
as a motivating example: Spanish has many variations, between Spain and
1187:[PALOP countries meet at the 20th summit of the UA executive].
532:
471:
456:
382:
358:
337:
304:
172:
168:
105:
97:
64:
225:
160:
59:. The signatories included official representatives from all of the
1109:
452:
390:
206:
89:
1268:
180:
43:, to be used by all the countries that have Portuguese as their
1185:"PALOP reunem-se à margem da 20ª Cimeira do Conselho Executivo"
448:
343:
332:
210:
101:
93:
77:
government ignored the invitation, since it officially regards
48:
1294:"Acordo Ortográfico a partir de hoje nos documentos oficiais"
444:
222:
120:
109:
74:
491:
Angola has not yet signed the agreement and has asked other
406:: Albertino dos Santos Bragança and João Hermínio Pontífice
113:
370:(observers): António Gil Hernández and José Luís Fontenla
152:
1320:"Acordo Ortográfico obrigatório nos documentos oficiais"
155:
value of the treaty have not achieved a consensus among
462:
In June 2004, the heads of state and government of the
1349:
OA: Portuguese spelling reform takes effect – Portugal
1112:
the change was signed into law on 21 July 2008 by the
1177:
378:: António Soares Lopes Júnior and João Wilson Barbosa
183:
and legal reasons. There are even some who claim the
1207:
554:
It will also add three letters (K, W, and Y) to the
434:
21:Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990
1358:
1191:(in Portuguese). 28 January 2012. Archived from
73:was invited to take part in the reform but the
29:Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990
1216:"Angola protela adopção do Acordo Ortográfico"
787:Dizem que é uma sensação incrível saltar de
776:Dizem que é uma sensação incrível saltar de
765:Dizem que é uma sensação incrível saltar de
205:Until the beginning of the 20th century, in
1392:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
1152:"Acordos ortográficos da língua portuguesa"
362:: Gabriel Moacyr Rodrigues and Manuel Veiga
1093:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
535:words. As for divergent spellings such as
464:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
317:
146:Association of Spanish Language Academies
1266:
245:establishment of the Portuguese republic
1213:
386:: João Pontífice and Maria Eugénia Cruz
1359:
35:whose purpose is to create a unified
136:Proposers of the Agreement give the
85:attended the meetings as observers.
1242:"Reform Spells Change for Portugal"
737:Não há nada melhor do que sair sem
711:Não há nada melhor do que sair sem
685:Não há nada melhor do que sair sem
431:and Mário Quarin Graça (Portugal).
13:
1214:Fragoso, Garrido (29 March 2012).
680:internacional de qualquer língua.
662:internacional de qualquer língua.
644:internacional de qualquer língua.
480:, writer and former member of the
217:was used that, by rule, relied on
191:and economic interests of Brazil.
14:
1433:
1407:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
1342:
1132:Reforms of Portuguese orthography
577:New orthography (1990 Agreement)
435:Agreement and amendment protocols
301:Revolutionary Process in Progress
429:Maria de Lourdes Belchior Pontes
1326:(in Portuguese). 1 January 2012
1300:(in Portuguese). 1 January 2012
1091:At the July 2004 summit of the
322:
1372:Portuguese orthography reforms
1312:
1286:
1267:Monteiro, Luciano O. (n.d.) .
1260:
1234:
1166:
1144:
240:("dictionary"), among others.
1:
1351:- Portuguese American Journal
1137:
1101:The changes were accepted by
574:Former Brazilian orthography
194:
130:
61:Portuguese-language countries
571:Former European orthography
260:Brazilian Academy of Letters
57:Brazilian Academy of Letters
7:
1125:
1079:
791:pela primeira vez em pleno
780:pela primeira vez em pleno
769:pela primeira vez em pleno
10:
1438:
1422:Treaties concluded in 1990
1269:"This Could Spell Trouble"
498:
251:, "pseudo-etymological").
198:
53:Sciences Academy of Lisbon
1412:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
994:
919:
828:
815:
812:
809:
806:
558:, making it equal to the
256:Science Academy of Lisbon
829:Different pronunciation
560:ISO basic Latin alphabet
459:approved this protocol.
275:derived with the suffix
1052:non-geographical names
417:Austregésilo de Athayde
243:In 1911, following the
1417:Treaties of East Timor
1402:Treaties of Cape Verde
1397:Treaties of Mozambique
624:mais falada do mundo.
609:mais falada do mundo.
594:mais falada do mundo.
318:History of the process
201:Portuguese orthography
28:
468:São Tomé and Príncipe
403:São Tomé and Príncipe
151:The contents and the
83:unity of the language
1382:Treaties of Portugal
1273:Deletra Translations
466:(CPLP), gathered in
443:On 17 July 1998, in
254:As time passed, the
228:to form words, e.g.
33:international treaty
16:International treaty
1367:Portuguese language
1119:Diário da República
803:
674:económico/econômico
567:
556:Portuguese alphabet
482:European Parliament
396:Luís Lindley Cintra
312:Portuguese language
185:unconstitutionality
47:. It was signed in
41:Portuguese language
1387:Treaties of Brazil
920:Silent consonants
886:Both forms remain
868:Both forms remain
846:Both forms remain
802:Written varieties
801:
665:Não é preciso ser
647:Não é preciso ser
629:Não é preciso ser
620:a terceira língua
605:a terceira língua
590:a terceira língua
565:
279:or beginning with
249:pseudo-etimológica
1103:Equatorial Guinea
1077:
1076:
799:
798:
749:, para passar um
723:, para passar um
697:, para passar um
669:para saber que o
651:para saber que o
633:para saber que o
478:Vasco Graça Moura
265:National Congress
100:. Countries like
45:official language
1429:
1377:1990 in Portugal
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1222:on 29 March 2012
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1200:
1181:
1175:
1173:Decree 35.288/45
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1164:
1163:
1158:. Archived from
1148:
1050:Non-personal and
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616:, o português é
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601:, o português é
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586:, o português é
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421:Eduardo Portella
142:Hispanic America
138:Spanish language
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1086:spelling reform
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134:
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