328:
45:
159:
818:
291:. It was mainly preoccupied with intelligence and sabotage, as well as military training of its members and the acquisition of arms from various armies fighting on Polish soil. The PMO members were seen as the core of the future Polish Army after Poland had regained its independence.
830:
836:
294:
After most of Poland was occupied by the
Central Powers in 1915, the PMO became semilegal and unofficially supported by the German army, which saw it as a useful source of information on Russia and a useful reservoir of skilled officers. However, in July 1917, after the
350:
The main tasks of the PMO was then to disarm the withdrawing soldiers and to escort them to
Germany. The campaign was successful and gave the newly born Polish state a large quantity of arms and military equipment. By mid-November, most of garrisons in
355:
surrendered to the PMO members, and the region became controlled by Poland. The PMO members continued the disarming actions in the former
Congress Kingdom as well. Finally, the PMO was the core of Polish defences of the city of
824:
231:
The Polish
Military Organization (PMO) can be traced to formations of August 1914 or even earlier, but it was officially founded in November 1914 as a merger of two previously existing youth para-military organisations: the
799:
342:
during the final stages of the war, the PMO command decided to take an active part in the war and went out into the open. In
October and November 1918, the revolutions in Germany and Austria-Hungary made the
755:
777:
449:. The coup was planned for August 1919, but it was uncovered by the Lithuanian State Security Department. Mass arrests followed and eliminated the possibility of a
681:
787:
597:
418:. After the uprising had succeeded, the PMO members were also drafted into the Polish Army, together with other military units fighting in the uprising.
414:, and its main aims were to liberate the region and to attach it to Poland. The members of the PMO became the core of the Greater Polish Army during the
916:
868:
950:
299:
in the Polish
Legions and the arrest of Piłsudski, the PMO returned to the underground and started covert operations against German and Austrian
960:
782:
422:
368:(roughly 400 members in the initial phase of the struggle). In December 1918, all members of the PMO were conscripted into the newly reborn
975:
327:
17:
674:
889:
491:
from 1936 to 1938 and as early as 1933, many people of Polish nationality were charged with membership in it, which was illegal. See
380:
Contrary to the rest of units, the PMO in
Ukraine (most notably, the areas controlled by the Western Ukrainian government and or the
347:
army collapse. The German units were struck by mass desertions of soldiers, who simply left their posts and headed for their homes.
717:
693:
415:
955:
926:
722:
667:
256:
arm of Piłsudski's Polish
Legions. In fact, many members of the illegal and secret PMO were at the same time soldiers of the
853:
249:
965:
365:
475:
region, which was controlled by
Lithuanian forces, and led to Polish forces gaining control of that disputed territory.
899:
793:
272:
76:
736:
260:-backed Polish Legions. The PMO was commanded militarily by Piłsudski himself, and the political command was a secret
980:
650:
629:
605:
572:
750:
512:
125:
970:
407:. It was modelled after the original PMO and maintained contacts with its predecessor. It assumed the name of
805:
707:
429:
of 1919–1921. The members of the PMO members were then demobilised or integrated into the Polish Army or the
207:
858:
492:
430:
461:
863:
271:
Initially active only in
Central Poland, the PMO units in time were formed in all parts of the former
921:
446:
760:
425:
was also formed. It had similar tasks to its Greater Polish counterpart and became the core of the
352:
361:
911:
442:
312:
819:
Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″
894:
385:
233:
744:
519:
464:
393:
130:
97:
237:
496:
410:
331:
191:
8:
265:
593:
526:
426:
134:
812:
646:
643:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939
625:
601:
568:
316:
206:
supporters, and it became an important, if somewhat lesser known, counterpart to the
198:
in November 1914 and aimed to gather intelligence and to sabotage the enemies of the
450:
731:
400:
257:
203:
712:
562:
389:
245:
241:
175:
66:
659:
468:
404:
339:
211:
467:, it is clear that the plot had been directed by Piłsudski himself. A PMO-led
218:
later. Its membership rose from a few hundred in 1914 to over 30,000 in 1918.
44:
944:
215:
199:
307:. In place of Piłsudski, who was sent to a German prison in the fortress in
158:
484:
304:
86:
831:
6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″
488:
369:
296:
187:
308:
276:
344:
300:
253:
904:
457:
284:
280:
837:
Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»"
456:
From the documents that were stolen in its headquarters safe in
357:
334:
with the Supreme Command of Polish Military Organisation in 1917
690:
288:
854:
Ministry of Public Security - Department of Security (MBP-UB)
567:. Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. p. 263.
472:
186:) was a secret military organization that was formed during
487:
authorities claimed that it continued to exist. During the
399:
In February 1918, a similar organisation was formed in the
381:
202:. Piłsudski used it to act independently from his cautious
443:
secret plot to overthrow the legal government of Lithuania
162:
The Supreme Command of Polish Military Organisation, 1917
727:
Bureau of Criminal Intelligence and Information (BWiIK)
560:
194:
founded the group in August 1914. It adopted the name
825:
2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment
590:
Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose 1918–1920
548:
P.O.W. : (Polska Organizacja Wojskowa) Lietuvoje
917:Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
737:Central Investigations Bureau of the Police (CBŚP)
756:General Inspector of Financial Information (GIIF)
743:Operations and Investigations Directorate of the
445:and to replace it with one more friendly towards
942:
689:
800:National Centre for Cyberspace Security (NCBC)
598:Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija
675:
423:Polish Military Organization of Upper Silesia
409:Polish Military Organisation of the Prussian
311:, the commander of the PMO became his friend
478:
226:
564:Mykolas Sleževičius: advokatas ir politikas
561:Julius, Būtėnas; Mečys Mackevičius (1995).
783:Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW)
682:
668:
322:
146:Emblem of the Polish Military Organisation
890:Second Department of Polish General Staff
483:Although the PMO was disbanded in 1921,
326:
157:
587:
441:In Lithuania, the PMO was organizing a
14:
951:1914 establishments in Austria-Hungary
943:
550:. Kaunas: Spaudos fondas. p. 184.
545:
214:in the early phase of the war and the
663:
961:Defunct Polish intelligence agencies
931:National Centre for Cryptology (NCK)
416:Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–1919
364:against the attacking forces of the
927:Military Information Services (WSI)
778:Military Intelligence Service (SWW)
708:Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA)
392:) remained active after the Polish
24:
976:Polish revolutionary organisations
900:Polish Agency of Trade Information
885:Polish Military Organisation (POW)
794:12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base
723:National Police Headquarters (KGP)
581:
375:
49:Supreme command of the PMO in 1914
25:
992:
864:Office for State Protection (UOP)
806:Military Gendarmerie Headquarters
730:Corresponding departments of the
645:(Cornell University Press, 2001:
622:Katyn: A Crime Without Punishment
713:Foreign Intelligence Agency (AW)
508:from August 1914 K. Rybasiewicz,
366:West Ukrainian People's Republic
43:
922:Internal Military Service (WSW)
436:
718:Internal Security Agency (ABW)
635:
624:(Yale University Press, 2007:
614:
554:
539:
273:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
956:1914 establishments in Poland
869:Internal Revenue Intelligence
751:Tax and Customs Service (SCS)
532:
502:
149:Logo of Związek Peowiaków.JPG
107:
804:Criminal Directorate of the
493:Polish Operation of the NKVD
431:Polish Intelligence Services
168:Polish Military Organisation
77:Polish Independence Movement
30:Polish Military Organisation
7:
732:Voivodeship Police Commands
462:Prime Minister of Lithuania
210:. Its targets included the
180:Polska Organizacja Wojskowa
96:Armed struggle against the
36:Polska Organizacja Wojskowa
18:Polska Organizacja Wojskowa
10:
997:
966:Military history of Poland
745:Border Guard Headquarters
588:Lesčius, Vytautas (2004).
495:for the circumstances and
221:
877:
846:
770:
700:
479:Influence in Soviet Union
338:With the collapse of the
227:Intelligence and training
145:
140:
119:
114:
103:
92:
82:
72:
62:
54:
42:
34:
29:
981:Special forces of Poland
811:Reconnaissance Group of
761:State Protection Service
511:from October 1914 ppor.
315:, who was also a future
275:, including what is now
248:, the PMO served as the
912:Border Protection Corps
546:Juozas, Rainys (1936).
323:Sabotage and open fight
525:from October 1915 mjr
421:In February 1919, the
335:
179:
163:
971:Poland in World War I
859:Security Service (SB)
694:intelligence agencies
518:from August 1915 mjr
465:Augustinas Voldemaras
330:
161:
98:Imperial Russian Army
497:NKVD Order No. 00485
394:withdrawal from Kiev
788:Polish IMINT Centre
620:Wojciech Materski,
266:Jędrzej Moraczewski
234:Drużyny Strzeleckie
594:Vilnius University
527:Tadeusz Kasprzycki
427:Silesian Uprisings
336:
313:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
238:Związek Strzelecki
164:
135:Tadeusz Kasprzycki
938:
937:
813:3rd Ship Flotilla
317:Marshal of Poland
246:Kingdom of Poland
153:
152:
16:(Redirected from
988:
878:Defunct military
684:
677:
670:
661:
660:
654:
639:
633:
618:
612:
611:
585:
579:
578:
558:
552:
551:
543:
520:Michał Żymierski
513:Tadeusz Żuliński
471:occurred in the
258:Austro-Hungarian
240:. Active in the
204:Austro-Hungarian
131:Michał Żymierski
126:Tadeusz Żuliński
109:
47:
27:
26:
21:
996:
995:
991:
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987:
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619:
615:
608:
600:. p. 269.
586:
582:
575:
559:
555:
544:
540:
535:
505:
499:in particular.
481:
439:
378:
376:Later struggles
332:Józef Piłsudski
325:
229:
224:
192:Józef Piłsudski
156:
133:
129:
128:
121:
67:Congress Poland
50:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
994:
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978:
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664:
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641:Terry Martin,
634:
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534:
531:
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509:
504:
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480:
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438:
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405:Greater Poland
396:in July 1920.
377:
374:
362:Battle of Lwów
340:Central Powers
324:
321:
228:
225:
223:
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212:Russian Empire
208:Polish Legions
154:
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895:Cipher Bureau
893:
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847:Defunct civil
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651:0-8014-8677-7
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630:0-300-10851-6
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607:9955-423-23-4
603:
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574:9986-413-31-1
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460:and given to
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239:
235:
219:
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216:German Empire
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Polish people
197:
193:
190:(1914–1918).
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
160:
155:Military unit
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
127:
124:
118:
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110:30,000 (1918)
106:
102:
99:
95:
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88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
28:
19:
884:
642:
637:
621:
616:
589:
583:
563:
556:
547:
541:
482:
455:
440:
437:In Lithuania
420:
408:
398:
379:
349:
337:
305:supply lines
293:
270:
264:, headed by
261:
250:intelligence
230:
195:
183:
171:
167:
165:
87:Paramilitary
35:
592:. Vilnius:
489:Great Purge
451:coup d'état
386:Directorate
370:Polish Army
297:Oath Crisis
262:"A" Convent
188:World War I
945:Categories
815:(gOR 3.FO)
747:(ZOŚ KGSG)
653:), p. 328.
632:), p. 417.
533:References
503:Commanders
122:commanders
115:Commanders
73:Allegiance
821:(CRiWWRE)
808:(ZK KGŻW)
796:(12.BBSP)
411:Partition
390:Hetmanate
309:Magdeburg
301:garrisons
277:Lithuania
58:1914–1921
839:(JW NIL)
833:(6.ORel)
827:(2.ORel)
771:Military
469:uprising
345:Ober Ost
254:sabotage
236:and the
141:Insignia
905:Estezet
458:Vilnius
384:-based
360:in the
353:Galicia
285:Ukraine
281:Belarus
242:Russian
222:History
120:Notable
63:Country
691:Polish
649:
628:
604:
571:
485:Soviet
447:Poland
403:-held
401:German
289:Russia
244:-held
176:Polish
55:Active
790:(ORO)
763:(SOP)
701:Civil
473:Sejny
38:(POW)
647:ISBN
626:ISBN
602:ISBN
569:ISBN
388:and
382:Kiev
358:Lwów
303:and
287:and
252:and
166:The
104:Size
93:Role
83:Type
196:POW
184:POW
172:PMO
947::
596:,
453:.
433:.
372:.
319:.
283:,
279:,
268:.
182:,
178::
170:,
108:c.
683:e
676:t
669:v
610:.
577:.
522:,
515:,
174:(
20:)
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