1337:). However, the Parliament's Constitutional Law Committee reviews any doubtful bills and recommends changes, if needed. In practice, the Constitutional Law Committee fulfils the duties of a constitutional court. A Finnish peculiarity is the possibility of making exceptions to the constitution in ordinary laws that are enacted in the same procedure as constitutional amendments. An example of such a law is the State of Preparedness Act, which gives the Government certain exceptional powers in cases of national emergency. As these powers, which correspond to US executive orders, affect constitutional basic rights, the law was enacted in the same manner as a constitutional amendment. However, it can be repealed in the same manner as an ordinary law. In addition to preview by the Constitutional Law Committee, all Finnish courts are obligated to give precedence to the constitution when there is an obvious conflict between the constitution and a regular law. Such a case is, however, very rare.
2170:
1234:
1629:
2059:). Regional state administrative agencies have mostly law enforcement, rescue and judicial duties: police, fire and rescue, emergency readiness, basic services, environmental permits and enforcement and occupational health and safety protection. The Centres implement labor and industrial policy, provide employment and immigration services, and promote culture; maintain highways, other transport networks and infrastructure; and protect, monitor and manage the environment, land use and water resources.
343:
64:
1092:
1757:
example, the law on primary education lists the subjects to be taught, and the regulation specifies the required number of teaching hours. Most of regulations are given by the
Cabinet, but the President may give regulations concerning national security. Before 2000, the President had the right to enact regulations on matters not governed by parliamentary law, but this power was removed, and existing regulations were converted into regular statutes by the Parliament.
2295:
2003:
2281:
843:
1950:, the maximum period of pre-trial detention has been reduced to four days. For further detention, a court must order the imprisonment. One does not have the right for one phonecall: the police officer leading the investigation may inform relatives or similar if the investigation permits. However, a lawyer can be invited. Search warrants are not strictly needed, and are usually issued by a police officer. Wiretapping does need a court order.
2147:. There are 21 Wellbeing services counties, and the county structure is mainly based on the region structure. Wellbeing services districts are self-governing. They do not have the right to levy taxes. Their funding is based on central government funding. Central government allocates different amounts of funding to the different Wellbeing services counties depending on the structure of their population.
3079:
2357:
2251:, which Finland considers illegal. Together with the rest of the European Union, Finland enforces sanctions against Russia that followed. Still, economic relations have not entirely deteriorated: 11.2% of imports to Finland are from Russia, and 5.7% of exports from Finland are to Russia, and cooperation between Finnish and Russian authorities continues.
1392:. Responsibility for forming the cabinet out of several political parties and negotiating its platform is granted to the leader of the party gaining largest support in the elections for the parliament. This person also becomes prime minister of the cabinet. Any minister and the cabinet as a whole, however, must have continuing trust of the
1787:
2213:. The Finnish-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance (and the restrictions included therein) was annulled but Finland recognised the Russian Federation as the successor of the USSR and was quick to draft bilateral treaties of goodwill as well as reallocating Soviet debts.
1115:
with its own legislative powers. However, all bills had to be signed into law by the
Russian Emperor who was the Grand Duke of Finland. Also, military power was firmly in Russian hands. Previously Finland had been a part of Sweden and did not have any political institutions of its own, rather people
2038:
A municipality in
Finland can choose to call itself either a "city" or "municipality". A municipality is governed by a municipal council (or a city council) elected by proportional representation once every four years. Democratic decision-making takes place on either the municipal or national level
1322:
According to the constitution, the legislative powers are exercised by the
Parliament, the governmental powers are exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government, and the judicial powers are exercised by government-independent courts of law. The Supreme Court may request legislation
1965:
principle, courts of law are independent of other administration. They base their decisions solely on the law in force. Criminal cases, civil cases and petitionary matters are dealt in 27 district courts, and then, if the decision is not satisfactory to the involved parties, can be applied in six
2154:
is the highest decision-making body in the county and is responsible for operations, administration and finance. The delegates and deputy commissioners of the County
Council are elected in county elections for a term of four years. The number of delegates varies from 59 to 89. It depends on the
1666:
multi-member districts. Persons 18 or older, except military personnel on active duty and a few high judicial officials, are eligible for election. The regular parliamentary term is four years; however, the president may dissolve the eduskunta and order new elections at the request of the prime
1511:
The
Government produces most of the material that the Parliament deals with, such as proposals for new laws or legislative reforms, and the annual budget. The ministers each direct their ministries with relative independence. The current cabinet has 19 ministers in 12 ministries. The number of
1756:
to the government. Regulations must be based on existing law, and they can clarify and specify, but not contradict the statute. Furthermore, the rights of an individual must always be based on a statute, not a regulation. Often the statute and the regulation come in similarly named pairs. For
1548:
New laws are drafted in ministries. There is a tradition of substantial ministerial independence in law drafting. The drafts are then reviewed by government and parliament before enactment. The final legislative power is vested in
Parliament, in conjunction with the President of the Republic,
1330:
and its place in the judicial system are unusual in that there is no constitutional court and the
Supreme Court does not have the explicit right to declare a law unconstitutional. In principle, the constitutionality of laws in Finland is verified by a simple vote by Parliament (see
2109:
Indirect public administration supplements and supports the authorities in managing the tasks of the welfare society. It comprises organisations which are not authorities, but which carry out public tasks or execute public powers. Examples of this are issuing
1318:
The current version of the constitution of
Finland was written on 1 March 2000. The first iteration of the constitution was adopted on 17 July 1919. The original comprised four constitutional laws and several amendments, which the latter replaced.
1927:. The administrative process has more popularity as it is cheaper and has lower financial risk to the person making claims. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a
2042:
Until 2009, the state organization was divided into six provinces. However, the provinces were abolished altogether in 2010. Today, state local presence on mainland
Finland is provided by 6 regional state administrative agencies
1918:
with responsibility for litigation between the individuals and the administrative organs of the state and the communities. Finnish law is codified and its court system consists of local courts, regional appellate courts, and the
1902:, where judges preside, conduct finding of fact, adjudication and giving of sanctions such as sentences; no juries are used. In e.g. criminal and family-related proceedings in local courts, the panel of judges may include both
1544:
The ministries function as administrative and political experts and prepare Government decisions within their mandates. They also represent their relevant administrative sectors in domestic and international cooperation.
1133:
1906:
and professional judges, while all appeals courts and administrative courts consist only of professional judges. Precedent is not binding, with the exception of Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court decisions.
2077:
of 1951. The islands are further distinguished by the fact that they are entirely Swedish-speaking. Government is vested in the provincial council, which consists of 30 delegates elected directly by Ă…land's citizens.
1437:
Though Finland has a primarily parliamentary system, the President has some notable powers. The foreign policy is led by the President in co-operation with the government, and the same applies to matters concerning
2220:
with Sweden and Austria in 1995. It could be perhaps said that the country's policy of neutrality has been moderated to "military non-alignment" with an emphasis on maintaining a competent independent defence.
1111:
A Finnish political identity and distinctively Finnish politics first developed under the Russian rule in the country from 1809 to 1917. During the era Finland had an autonomous position within the
2323:
1050:
1266:
Following a positive vote in Parliament, Finland's application for EC membership was submitted on 18 March 1992, and membership negotiations began on 1 February 1993 at the same time as with
1552:
There are 12 ministries in Finland. As the government tends to have more ministers than ministries, some ministries, such as the Ministry of Finance, are associated with multiple ministers.
2469:
3449:
2725:
2205:
was the foreign policy doctrine which aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union. After the
992:
is independent of the executive and legislative branches. The judiciary consists of two systems: regular courts and administrative courts. The judiciary's two systems are headed by the
1718:. The relative strengths of the parties vary only slightly in the elections due to the proportional election from multi-member districts, but there are some visible long-term trends.
3474:
1396:
and may be voted out, resign or be replaced. The Government is made up of the prime minister and the ministers for the various departments of the central government as well as an
2091:
1442:. The main executive power lies in the cabinet, which is headed by the Prime Minister. Before the 2000 constitutional rewrite, the President enjoyed more governing power.
3423:
3182:
981:), and the Government has limited rights to amend or extend legislation. The Constitution of Finland vests power to both the President and Government: the President has
2258:, Finland joined the Alliance on 4 April 2023. Finland's partnership with NATO was historically based on its policy of military non-alignment, which changed following
2151:
1296:, Finland joined the Alliance on 4 April 2023. Finland's partnership with NATO was historically based on its policy of military non-alignment, which changed following
2661:
1662:
may be initiated by the Government, or one of the members of Parliament, who are elected for a four-year term on the basis of proportional representation through
2751:
1202:
as a base for 50 years. War reparations were set at USD 300 million. The terms of the ceasefire agreement were finally confirmed in the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.
2542:
2606:
1931:
for criminal charges (for an offence in office) against the President of the Republic, the justices of the supreme courts, members of the Government, the
1348:. The President is otherwise not present in the government, but decides on issues such as personal appointments and pardons on the advice of the relevant
1596:
2643:
2477:
1011:
is universal at the age of 18; Finnish women became the first in the world to have unrestricted rights both to vote and to run for public office.
2439:
2248:
1591:
883:
4222:
3723:
1042:
614:
609:
604:
3358:
1586:
3905:
1500:
The Government is made up of the Prime Minister and other ministers for the various ministries of the central government as well as an
1038:
521:
2971:
1252:
was elected president to succeed Kekkonen, promising to reduce the powers of the president and increase those of the prime minister.
3531:
1000:, respectively. Administrative courts process cases in which official decisions are contested. There is no constitutional court in
2507:
1725:; matters concerning constitutional rights or constitutional law are processed by the Constitutional Committee of the Parliament (
4142:
2206:
2169:
1975:
1928:
1924:
1730:
997:
516:
2232:
Finland is highly dependent on foreign trade and actively participates in international cooperation. Finland is a member of the
1658:, bring about the resignation of the Government, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review.
3894:
3427:
2132:
2127:
2090:, which are responsible for basic public services and legal permits, such as rescue services and environmental permits. The 15
1711:
1601:
1561:
1194:
According to the ceasefire agreement, in addition to the territorial losses following the Winter War, Finland had to hand over
1046:
810:
806:
790:
757:
3138:
856:
3639:
3580:
2945:
2625:
1695:
1611:
1606:
511:
3843:
2194:
2087:
1815:
1776:
1770:
1707:
1702:. Support for Communists decreased sharply in the early 1980s, while later in the same decade environmentalists formed the
1556:
669:
632:
463:
148:
2797:
4350:
3781:
3666:
1699:
1687:
1125:
1054:
692:
592:
587:
582:
366:
3113:
1014:
The country's population is ethnically homogeneous with no sizable immigrant population. Few tensions exist between the
499:
4280:
2644:"The European Economic Area (EEA), Switzerland and the North | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"
1795:
1766:
1683:
1675:
1571:
639:
568:
563:
558:
504:
420:
2679:
1022:-speaking minority, although in certain circles there is an unending debate about the status of the Swedish language.
489:
321:
3696:
3671:
3387:"Wellbeing services counties will be responsible for organising health, social and rescue services on 1 January 2023"
2898:
2845:
876:
2529:
2389:
1352:. In the ministries, matters of secondary importance are decided by individual ministers, advised by the minister's
4215:
2328:
1978:
as the court of last instance. The President appoints all professional judges for life. Municipal councils appoint
1356:. The Prime Minister and the other ministers in the government are responsible for their actions in office to the
3164:
2202:
1932:
1873:
1401:
1221:
was exceptionally elected president without elections or candidates, which today is considered by some to be the
533:
2074:
1233:
1171:, from 27 January to 16 May 1918. The Senate forces were called Whites and the People's Delegation forces Reds.
4616:
4487:
4300:
4168:
3544:
2094:(ELY Centres) are responsible for the regional implementation and development tasks of the central government.
1195:
1168:
985:
power over parliamentary decisions, although this power can be overruled by a majority vote in the Parliament.
826:
818:
1970:
serves as the court of last instance. Appeals against decisions by authorities are considered in six regional
1830:
and since about 1980 the trend has been that the same coalition rules for the whole period between elections.
4575:
4325:
4100:
3935:
1819:
1581:
1576:
1566:
674:
528:
403:
3328:
4637:
4497:
3796:
3524:
2333:
2318:
2164:
1861:
system, with multiple strong parties, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and
1838:
1450:
1081:
869:
783:
3088:
1526:. The Prime Minister designate is subject to election by the Parliament and subsequent appointment by the
4590:
4542:
4412:
4407:
4208:
3959:
3644:
2537:
2259:
1850:
1790:
Share of votes (%) of the largest parties in the Finnish parliamentary elections between 1945–2015. Key:
1297:
1140:, recognized Finland's independence on 31 December 1917, and soon after that many other states followed.
1061:
286:
3023:
2997:
1411:) are the ministers including the prime minister and the Chancellor of Justice, while the "government" (
4125:
4120:
3831:
3821:
3811:
3681:
3565:
2210:
1889:
1691:
1633:
1539:
482:
439:
376:
311:
134:
1344:, the Head of State, in plenary meetings with the government, echoing the constitutional history of a
4547:
4372:
3981:
3853:
3718:
3691:
3597:
3450:"Finland's New President Alexander Stubb Says the Nordic Country Enters 'A New Era' as a NATO Member"
2726:"Finland's New President Alexander Stubb Says the Nordic Country Enters 'A New Era' as a NATO Member"
2373:
2098:
1991:
1898:
system, which is based on Swedish law, with the judiciary exercising limited powers. Proceedings are
1877:
1671:
1519:
1478:
1389:
1377:
1333:
943:
738:
416:
266:
209:
2447:
2414:
4552:
4514:
4115:
3915:
3686:
2662:"The accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union - Subject files - CVCE Website"
1967:
1954:
1920:
1895:
1799:
993:
904:
649:
494:
4472:
4066:
4051:
3986:
3806:
3786:
3612:
3602:
3517:
2020:
Finland is divided into 313 democratically independent municipalities, which are grouped into 70
1997:
1803:
1679:
1655:
1327:
1313:
1069:
664:
371:
361:
95:
68:
3235:
1752:
process. These give more specific instructions on how to apply statutes, which often explicitly
4442:
4402:
4382:
4362:
4265:
3879:
3826:
3592:
2021:
1791:
1698:, formed by Communists and others to the left of Social Democrats, was the largest party after
1353:
1260:
1159:
into Soviet Russia, including Karelia, and also Estonia. The Finnish Civil War was part of the
1004:: the constitutionality of a law can be contested only as applied to an individual court case.
950:
935:
931:
719:
654:
381:
155:
2870:
2776:
2006:
1686:. Nevertheless, none of these has held a single-party majority, with the notable exception of
1453:
in cooperation with the Cabinet, except for certain international agreements and decisions of
4580:
4377:
4001:
3920:
3838:
2820:
1846:
1753:
1643:
1623:
1505:
1393:
1357:
1065:
1026:
962:
458:
113:
3494:
3410:
4600:
4585:
4532:
4502:
4457:
4452:
4427:
4285:
4006:
3991:
3945:
3848:
3791:
3701:
3654:
2308:
1971:
1958:
1915:
1899:
1866:
1780:
1722:
1527:
1515:
The Prime Minister's Office and eleven other ministries make up the Government of Finland.
1482:
1432:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1341:
1034:
920:
901:
547:
399:
276:
236:
229:
172:
82:
4570:
3503:
2338:
8:
4492:
4482:
4432:
4392:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4310:
4305:
4290:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4081:
4023:
3971:
3930:
3900:
3755:
3560:
2032:
1654:(Swedish)) is the supreme legislative authority in Finland. The parliament may alter the
1729:). Additionally, the Constitutional Committee has the sole power to refer a case to the
1029:. Bargaining is highly centralized, and often the government participates to coordinate
4595:
4537:
4477:
4467:
4447:
4437:
4422:
4417:
4397:
4367:
4335:
4320:
4295:
4231:
4161:
4086:
4038:
4028:
3940:
3867:
3801:
3706:
3676:
3575:
3552:
3498:
2499:
2115:
1495:
1465:
1385:
1349:
1256:
1129:
954:
939:
700:
433:
246:
199:
3302:
2700:
4507:
4462:
4387:
4357:
4110:
4061:
3889:
3607:
2390:"Position and duties - The President of the Republic of Finland: Position and Duties"
2343:
2144:
1862:
1715:
1439:
1164:
1144:
1104:
3208:
3049:
2186:
1628:
4184:
4137:
4105:
4011:
3976:
3622:
2241:
2073:
by virtue of an international convention of 1921, implemented most recently by the
1911:
1184:
1148:
1096:
1037:
and often, but not always, the trade unions, employers, and the Government reach a
1015:
974:
966:
51:
35:
2229:
is the only real extra-national military responsibility which Finland undertakes.
2101:. As of 2017, there are 311 municipalities, which incorporate the entire country.
1323:
that interprets or modifies existing laws. Judges are appointed by the President.
4175:
4076:
4071:
4016:
3925:
3884:
2313:
2300:
2263:
2140:
2111:
2097:
The basic units for organising government and public services in Finland are the
2070:
1923:. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the
1827:
1530:. All the ministers shall be Finnish citizens, known to be honest and competent.
1301:
1160:
1019:
923:
467:
409:
192:
182:
144:
3386:
3252:
2752:"The Finnish System of Government: From a Mixed Constitution to Parliamentarism"
2568:
4189:
3816:
3748:
3634:
3475:"Finnish exports to Russia drop by 78%, while EU trade with Central Asia grows"
2286:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2182:
1286:
1278:
1249:
1241:
1199:
1152:
1137:
1112:
1100:
927:
847:
796:
2949:
2216:
Finland deepened her participation in the European integration by joining the
2209:
in 1991, Finland freed itself from the last restrictions imposed on it by the
1876:
every five years, and local municipal elections (held simultaneously in every
1504:
member, the Chancellor of Justice. Ministers are not obliged to be members of
4631:
4132:
3083:
2361:
2174:
2136:
1943:
1936:
1834:
1345:
1237:
1218:
1072:
Finland in was 2023 the 13th most electoral democratic country in the world.
1030:
916:
162:
124:
79:
3910:
2222:
2190:
2178:
2051:), and 15 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (
1957:(Roman law) system with an inquisitorial procedure. In accordance with the
1854:
1807:
1703:
1523:
1211:
1091:
946:
679:
659:
426:
256:
219:
3277:
1786:
1007:
The citizens of Finland enjoy many individual and political freedoms, and
342:
63:
4056:
3627:
3587:
3241:. Europe Information, Ministry for Foreign A airs of Finland. p. 13.
2590:
2367:
1858:
1842:
1811:
1659:
1188:
958:
644:
102:
2324:
List of cabinet ministers in Finland who have resigned from their office
2294:
2266:, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland’s new president.
1304:, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland’s new president.
3617:
3570:
1872:
In addition to the presidential and parliamentary elections, there are
1826:
Finland's proportional representation system encourages a multitude of
1749:
1741:
1640:
1180:
1156:
2920:
2626:"Statesman from humble background, Mauno Koivisto led Finland into EU"
2607:"Professori: Lapin sota on unohdettu, seurauksia kantavat lappilaiset"
2002:
4200:
2014:
1979:
1903:
1740:
In addition to the parliament, the Cabinet and President may produce
1663:
989:
301:
4091:
3728:
3509:
2972:"Suurimpien puolueiden kannatus eduskuntavaaleissa 1945 - 2003 (%)"
1008:
912:
85:
3711:
2062:
2010:
1845:. The president is elected for a six-year term by the people. The
1481:
selected by the Parliament, and formally appoints the rest of the
1415:) is the cabinet presided by the president. In the popular usage,
3733:
3540:
3336:
3082:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2500:"Finnish Trade Unions: Structure, purpose, and which one to join"
2360:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2028:
1271:
1001:
908:
3278:"Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment"
1690:
where Social Democrats gained 103 of the 200 seats. After 1944,
1474:
Approves laws, and may call extraordinary parliamentary sessions
4046:
2092:
Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment
2066:
1779:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
1267:
2269:
As of May 2023, Finnish exports to Russia had dropped by 78%.
1508:
and need not be formally identified with any political party.
3996:
3738:
3424:"Ulkoasiainministeriö: Maat ja alueet: Kahdenväliset suhteet"
1454:
1179:
During the Second World War, Finland fought three wars: the
1103:
was the culmination of activism of the militant wing of the
3743:
2255:
1947:
1737:) and to authorize police investigations for this purpose.
1293:
1282:
982:
1259:
began in the autumn of 1989 with the decision to join the
3165:"Tilastokeskus - Luokitukset - Sub-regional units 2013 -"
1667:
minister and after consulting the speaker of parliament.
1458:
1225:
and marked the beginning of the final era for Kekkonen.
2247:
Finland-Russia relations have been under pressure with
1116:
of Finnish ethnicity participated in Swedish politics.
2998:"Puolueiden kannatus eduskuntavaaleissa 1991-2015 (%)"
2777:"The Constitution of Finland - unofficial translation"
1694:
were a factor to consider for a few decades, and the
1147:
broke out that ended in the victory of German-backed
3381:
3379:
2276:
2081:
1086:
1910:The judicial system of Finland is divided between
1760:
1035:universal validity of collective labour agreements
3376:
2938:
2871:"Formation of the Government, Sections 60 and 61"
2104:
1914:with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and
1849:has 200 members, elected for a four-year term by
1167:, i.e. the forces led by the government, and the
4629:
2254:After almost 30 years of close partnership with
1292:After almost 30 years of close partnership with
2566:
1706:, which is now one of the largest parties. The
1134:Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
3413:(International organization participation) CIA
2522:
2249:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
2121:
1485:(Government) as proposed by the Prime Minister
4216:
3525:
2588:
2365:
1119:
877:
43:
27:
2680:"Finland and the euro - European Commission"
1512:ministers can be decided by the Government.
1445:Elected for a six-year term, the president:
1155:. In the same year the volunteers made some
3233:
2695:
2693:
2560:
2244:and in many of their member organizations.
1985:
1461:, which must be submitted to the parliament
1041:. Significant Finnish trade unions include
4223:
4209:
3532:
3518:
2065:is located near the 60th parallel between
1674:was introduced in 1906, been dominated by
1228:
1128:on 6 December 1917, after Russia's second
884:
870:
3073:
3071:
2589:Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W. (1990).
2366:Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W. (1990).
3253:"Regional State Administrative Agencies"
2690:
2623:
2595:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
2474:The President of the Republic of Finland
2168:
2053:elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus
2001:
1785:
1680:the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union)
1627:
1597:Ministry of Transport and Communications
1232:
1090:
1025:Finland's labor agreements are based on
2260:Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine
1976:Supreme Administrative Court of Finland
1754:delegate regulation of specific details
1549:according to the Finnish Constitution.
1419:(with the president) may also refer to
1298:Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine
1205:
4630:
4230:
3068:
2749:
2128:Wellbeing services counties of Finland
2088:Regional State Administrative Agencies
1602:Ministry of Employment and the Economy
1407:In the official usage, the "cabinet" (
1095:The assassination of General Governor
4204:
3513:
3391:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
2818:
2786:. The Ministry of Justice. 1999–2011.
2530:Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict
1607:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
1471:Has some decree and appointive powers
900:take place within the framework of a
3539:
3024:"450-year-old judicial instructions"
2948:. Finnish Government. Archived from
2158:
1777:List of political parties in Finland
1771:Finnish parliamentary election, 2019
1592:Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
2812:
2262:in February 2022. On 1 March 2024,
1833:Finland elects on national level a
1380:. Most executive power lies in the
1363:
1300:in February 2022. On 1 March 2024,
1255:The convergence of Finland and the
1174:
22:Politics of the Republic of Finland
13:
3175:
3131:
2582:
2510:from the original on 22 March 2018
1865:must work with each other to form
1796:Social Democratic Party of Finland
1767:2018 Finnish presidential election
1696:Finnish People's Democratic League
14:
4649:
3488:
3215:(in Finnish). Ministry of Justice
3139:"Kaupunkien ja kuntien lukumäärä"
2082:Regional and local administration
1816:Swedish People's Party of Finland
1775:For other political parties, see
1587:Ministry of Education and Culture
1210:After the wars, Finland became a
1163:. The war was fought between the
1087:Autonomous but under Russian rule
3359:"Indirect public administration"
3234:Silverström, Sören, ed. (2005).
3077:
2548:from the original on 9 June 2024
2355:
2329:National income policy agreement
2293:
2279:
2195:2018 Russia–United States summit
2135:are responsible for organising
1340:Some matters are decided by the
1289:as Finland's official currency.
1039:national income policy agreement
841:
341:
62:
3467:
3442:
3416:
3404:
3351:
3321:
3295:
3270:
3245:
3227:
3201:
3157:
3106:
3042:
3016:
2990:
2964:
2913:
2891:
2863:
2838:
2790:
2769:
2743:
2718:
2672:
2654:
2636:
2617:
2173:From left to right: First Lady
2086:Finland is divided between six
2027:As the highest-level division,
1761:Political parties and elections
1307:
3640:History of independent Finland
2624:Raiskila, Erja (24 May 2017).
2599:
2492:
2462:
2432:
2407:
2382:
2105:Indirect public administration
1518:The head of government is the
827:Politics of the European Union
650:National Coalition Party (KOK)
522:Regional Administrative Courts
1:
3236:"Ă…land in the European Union"
2798:"Judicial Appointments Board"
2349:
2069:and Finland. It enjoys local
1942:Although there is no writ of
1874:European Parliament elections
1617:
1533:
1489:
640:Social Democratic Party (SDP)
3335:(in Finnish). Archived from
3183:"Regions and municipalities"
3145:(in Finnish). 1 January 2016
2821:"Parliamentarism in Finland"
2684:economy-finance.ec.europa.eu
2415:"Role of the Prime Minister"
2334:Political parties in Finland
2319:Foreign relations of Finland
2211:Paris peace treaties of 1947
2207:collapse of the Soviet Union
2201:After the second world war,
2165:Foreign relations of Finland
2075:Act on Ă…land Self-Government
1925:Supreme Administrative Court
1883:
1562:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
1426:
1376:is formally responsible for
1124:The Finnish Senate issued a
1082:Political history of Finland
1068:" in 2022. According to the
998:Supreme Administrative Court
670:Swedish People's Party (RKP)
517:Supreme Administrative Court
7:
3411:The World Factbook: Finland
3030:. Ministry of Justice. 2013
2538:Economist Intelligence Unit
2272:
2203:Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
2133:Wellbeing services counties
2122:Wellbeing services counties
1851:proportional representation
1612:Ministry of the Environment
1169:Finnish People's Delegation
1126:declaration of independence
1062:Economist Intelligence Unit
1018:-speaking majority and the
791:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
758:Wellbeing services counties
367:Declaration of Independence
10:
4654:
3895:Government-owned companies
3566:Finland under Swedish rule
3504:Finland - Political System
3089:"State and municipalities"
2225:under the auspices of the
2162:
2155:population of the county.
2125:
1995:
1989:
1890:Judicial system of Finland
1887:
1774:
1764:
1670:The parliament has, since
1621:
1540:List of Finnish ministries
1537:
1493:
1430:
1311:
1223:nadir of Finnish democracy
1217:At the beginning of 1973,
1120:Independence and civil war
1079:
1075:
312:Judicial system of Finland
4609:
4561:
4523:
4238:
4155:
4037:
3967:
3958:
3906:National income agreement
3875:
3866:
3777:
3768:
3662:
3653:
3598:Golden Age of Finnish Art
3551:
2374:Federal Research Division
1992:Municipalities of Finland
1929:High Court of Impeachment
1731:High Court of Impeachment
1672:equal and common suffrage
1479:Prime Minister of Finland
1451:Finland's foreign affairs
1423:(without the president).
1334:parliamentary sovereignty
1151:against Bolshevik-backed
949:, who leads the nation's
926:, who leads the nation's
317:
307:
300:
292:
282:
272:
262:
252:
242:
235:
225:
215:
205:
198:
188:
178:
168:
161:
154:
149:Speaker of the Parliament
140:
130:
120:
108:
101:
91:
75:
61:
20:
3782:Administrative divisions
2901:. Finnish State Treasury
2701:"Relations with Finland"
2592:Finland: a country study
2567:V-Dem Institute (2023).
2369:Finland: A Country Study
2009:, the parliament of the
1986:Administrative divisions
1968:Supreme Court of Finland
1800:National Coalition Party
1572:Ministry of the Interior
905:representative democracy
693:Administrative divisions
675:Christian Democrats (KD)
3613:Finland in World War II
3603:Independence of Finland
1998:Subdivisions of Finland
1656:Constitution of Finland
1557:Prime Minister's Office
1328:constitution of Finland
1314:Constitution of Finland
1229:Integration to the West
1070:V-Dem Democracy indices
96:Constitution of Finland
69:Coat of arms of Finland
4281:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2648:www.europarl.europa.eu
2198:
2114:or carrying out motor
2017:
1966:Courts of Appeal. The
1823:
1727:perustuslakivaliokunta
1708:Swedish People's Party
1636:
1477:Formally appoints the
1281:in 1995. In 2002, the
1261:European Economic Area
1245:
1143:On 28 January 1918, a
1108:
978:
970:
936:Finnish Defence Forces
807:Diplomatic missions of
44:
28:
3056:. Ministry of Justice
2819:Laine, Jarmo (2015).
2800:. Ministry of Justice
2757:. Ministry of Justice
2444:Parliament of Finland
2172:
2039:with few exceptions.
2005:
1972:administrative courts
1933:Chancellor of Justice
1916:administrative courts
1867:coalition governments
1789:
1676:secular Conservatives
1644:Parliament of Finland
1631:
1624:Parliament of Finland
1402:Chancellor of Justice
1236:
1130:revolution in October
1094:
1027:collective bargaining
963:Parliament of Finland
534:Chancellor of Justice
512:Administrative Courts
4143:World Heritage Sites
3209:"Kuntalaki 4 §, 15§"
3169:www.tilastokeskus.fi
2750:Nousiainen, Jaakko.
2650:. 30 September 2023.
2309:Elections in Finland
1982:to district courts.
1959:separation of powers
1880:) every four years.
1781:Elections in Finland
1723:constitutional court
1632:Session hall at the
1528:President of Finland
1468:of the armed forces;
1433:President of Finland
1374:President of Finland
1370:parliamentary system
1342:President of Finland
1212:Nordic welfare state
1206:Urho Kekkonen's rule
4638:Politics of Finland
4524:States with limited
4232:Politics of Europe
3430:on 25 November 2008
3339:on 23 December 2017
3329:"Kuntien lukumäärä"
2569:"The V-Dem Dataset"
2045:aluehallintovirasto
2031:is divided into 19
1820:Christian Democrats
1582:Ministry of Finance
1577:Ministry of Defence
1567:Ministry of Justice
1277:Finland joined the
953:branch, called the
898:politics of Finland
730:Ekonomiska regioner
680:Movement Now (LIIK)
665:Left Alliance (VAS)
660:Green League (VIHR)
655:Centre Party (KESK)
334:Politics of Finland
114:Eduskunta/Riksdagen
3936:Telecommunications
3576:Great Northern War
3499:The World Factbook
3303:"Kuntarakennelaki"
2440:"About Parliament"
2199:
2145:emergency services
2116:vehicle inspection
2018:
1824:
1637:
1496:Finnish Government
1466:Commander-in-Chief
1386:Finnish Government
1257:European Community
1246:
1109:
955:Finnish Government
940:head of government
848:Finland portal
529:Prosecutor General
247:Finnish Government
200:Head of government
103:Legislative branch
4625:
4624:
4198:
4197:
4151:
4150:
3954:
3953:
3862:
3861:
3844:Political parties
3797:Foreign relations
3764:
3763:
2344:Senate of Finland
2339:Politics of Ă…land
2159:Foreign relations
1828:political parties
1735:valtakunnanoikeus
1716:language politics
1440:national security
1157:armed expeditions
1064:rated Finland a "
961:is vested in the
959:Legislative power
932:supreme commander
894:
893:
784:Foreign relations
764:Hyvinvointialueet
633:Political parties
327:
326:
287:Government Palace
141:Presiding officer
29:Suomen politiikka
4645:
4562:Dependencies and
4498:Northern Ireland
4239:Sovereign states
4225:
4218:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4126:Independence Day
4116:National symbols
3965:
3964:
3873:
3872:
3775:
3774:
3667:Cities and towns
3660:
3659:
3645:Military history
3623:Continuation War
3534:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3483:
3482:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3426:. Archived from
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3189:. 1 January 2016
3179:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3050:"Finnish courts"
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2976:tilastokeskus.fi
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2541:(Report). 2024.
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2480:on 22 March 2018
2476:. Archived from
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2450:on 3 August 2018
2446:. Archived from
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2386:
2377:
2359:
2358:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2242:World Bank Group
2185:, and President
2112:hunting licences
1857:. Finland has a
1714:, especially in
1684:Social Democrats
1634:Parliament House
1388:) headed by the
1364:Executive branch
1224:
1185:Continuation War
1175:Second World War
1097:Nikolay Bobrikov
979:Finlands riksdag
971:Suomen eduskunta
886:
879:
872:
850:
846:
845:
844:
771:
752:
733:
714:
645:Finns Party (PS)
500:Courts of Appeal
345:
329:
328:
156:Executive branch
135:Parliament House
66:
56:
55:
47:
45:Finlands politik
40:
39:
31:
18:
17:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4605:
4563:
4557:
4543:Northern Cyprus
4525:
4519:
4413:North Macedonia
4234:
4229:
4199:
4194:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4147:
4121:Public holidays
4033:
3950:
3858:
3822:Law enforcement
3760:
3649:
3581:The Great Wrath
3547:
3538:
3491:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3114:"Courts of law"
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2952:on 10 June 2011
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2825:This Is Finland
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2356:
2352:
2314:Flag of Finland
2301:Politics portal
2299:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2264:Alexander Stubb
2177:with President
2167:
2161:
2130:
2124:
2107:
2084:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1939:of Parliament.
1892:
1886:
1784:
1773:
1765:Main articles:
1763:
1710:represents the
1639:The 200-member
1626:
1620:
1542:
1536:
1498:
1492:
1435:
1429:
1366:
1354:State Secretary
1316:
1310:
1302:Alexander Stubb
1231:
1222:
1208:
1177:
1161:First World War
1122:
1089:
1084:
1078:
924:Alexander Stubb
890:
861:
857:Other countries
842:
840:
839:
832:
831:
823:
815:
803:
786:
776:
775:
772:
761:
760:
753:
742:
741:
734:
723:
722:
715:
704:
703:
695:
685:
684:
635:
625:
624:
621:
597:
573:
550:
539:
538:
505:District Courts
485:
475:
474:
468:Jussi Halla-aho
454:
446:
445:
410:Alexander Stubb
395:
387:
386:
377:Law enforcement
357:
336:
302:Judicial branch
253:Current cabinet
183:Alexander Stubb
145:Jussi Halla-aho
71:
57:
49:
42:
41:
33:
26:
24:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4617:European Union
4613:
4611:
4610:Other entities
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4564:other entities
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4488:United Kingdom
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Czech Republic
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4029:Welfare system
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Climate change
3979:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Stock exchange
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3854:Prime Minister
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
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4176:Bibliography
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3593:Grand Duchy
3588:Finnish War
3396:7 September
3219:3 September
3060:3 September
3034:3 September
2830:3 September
2804:3 September
2761:3 September
2666:www.cvce.eu
2193:during the
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3802:Government
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3561:Prehistory
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2350:References
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2470:"Duties"
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3868:Economy
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