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makes it easier for the legislature to carry out its work — this despite the fact that the new
Constitution's provisions on the organization and procedures of Parliament contain no fundamental changes in terms of content, and the legal provisions on Parliament and Representatives remain largely unchanged. Importantly, under the new Constitution, the Parliament elects and appoints a new Prime Minister and the President appoints the other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister; under the old system, appointing the entire cabinet was a power vested in the President. While the decision to dissolve the Parliament and call an unscheduled election is still made by the President as head of state, the President may no longer do so at their own discretion but instead only on the advice of the Prime Minister.
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and during 1998, the bill was considered by the
Constitutional Law Committee, which finally produced its unanimous report on the bill in January 1999. On 12 February, Parliament gave its approval for the Committee's proposal for the new Constitution to be left in abeyance until after the parliamentary elections. The new Parliament elected in March 1999 approved the new Constitution in June that year and it was ratified by the President of the Republic.
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most important questions of constitutional law to be addressed in the reform were the reduction of the scope of constitutional regulation, the development of relations between the highest organs of government, the clarification of questions of power and responsibility in international affairs, and constitutional recognition of
European Union membership. The Working Group also drew up a proposal for the structure of the new Constitution.
80:
1065:
1043:§ 80 provides that an issue can be governed by a Decree only if this re-delegation is explicitly allowed in an Act. However, the principles governing the rights and obligations of private individuals and the other matters that under the Constitution are of a legislative nature shall be governed by Acts. § 80, in essence, sets up the boundaries on how the Parliament may give up its legislative power.
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matters within their purview. The new
Constitution extends Parliament's right to be informed by giving individual Members of Parliament the right to receive information from authorities which they need to carry out their functions, provided the information concerned is not classed as secret and is not related to the preparation of the Government's budget proposal.
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constitutionality. The old constitutional acts also directed the
Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court to request, if needed, the explication or amendment of an Act or a Decree, but this provision has been repealed and the responsibility for maintaining the constitutionality of the laws now rests completely with the Parliament.
830:
were added to the
Constitution. The indirect form of electing the President of the Republic via an Electoral College was replaced by a system which combined the Electoral College with direct election, and the provisions governing the postponement of ordinary legislation were amended by shortening the
1030:
and the formation of the
Government. Regulation of presidential decision-making procedures are specified more precisely, while the Government, responsible to Parliament and dependent on the confidence of Parliament, is given a greater role in presidential decision-making. The most notable change was
1014:
Parliamentary supervision of the
Government and of the overall administrative machinery of government is to be enhanced by transferring the National Audit Office, which monitors management of the public finances and compliance with the Government budget, from its previous position under the Ministry
834:
In 1991, the direct popular election of the
President was introduced, with provision for a second ballot where necessary. The new system was used for the first time in 1994. The President's term of office was also limited to two consecutive terms of six years, and the President's powers were limited
1034:
In relation to the formation of the
Government, the provisions of the new Constitution transfer the appointment of the Prime Minister from the President to Parliament. The new Constitution thus marked the end of the President's leading role in the formation of the Government. The President now only
866:
to draft a proposal for a new, integrated Constitution to come into force on 1 March 2000. The Commission was instructed to draft its proposal for a new Constitution to replace the four existing constitutional laws in the form of a Government bill. The Commission completed its work on 17 June 1997,
858:
In 1995, a working group of experts, called the Constitution 2000 Working Group, was appointed to examine the need to consolidate and update the constitutional legislation. The Working Group proposed that all constitutional provisions be brought together into a single statute and concluded that the
1046:
The Constitution, indeed, delegates several issues to be governed by ordinary Acts. These laws are not considered constitutional laws, although they concern constitutional rights. An example is the universal obligation to participate in national defence which is provided in § 127 in two sentences,
842:
In the 1990s, the need to integrate and update the constitutional legislation was seen as urgent. For instance, while in most other European countries constitutional provisions are all contained within a single constitutional act, in Finland, they were fragmented and contained across several acts.
838:
The extensive reform of Basic Rights in Chapter II of the Constitution Act came into force in August 1995, and the remaining powers of a one third minority to postpone ordinary legislation to the next Parliament were abolished, marking the final transition to majority parliamentarism in respect to
1002:
One of the main goals of the constitutional reform process was to move Finland away from a semi-presidential system and further in the direction of a parliamentary system of government. Accordingly, the new Constitution strengthens the position of Parliament as the highest organ of government and
1006:
Under the Parliament Act, Parliament has traditionally been entitled to receive from the Government and the relevant ministries whatever information it needs to carry out its functions, while the parliamentary committees have enjoyed a similar right to be provided with information and reports on
816:
The fundamental principles of the Constitution Act of 1919 and the Parliament Act of 1906, amended in 1928, remained unchanged during the first fifty years of Finnish independence, as there was little pressure or need for any amendments to the Constitution Act. However, this did not prevent the
1152:
The current Finnish Constitution expressly (section 106) directs the courts to give precedence to the provisions of the Constitution if they are in an evident conflict with provisions of ordinary laws in some particular case, but the courts may not strike down Acts or pronounce on their
835:
to only dissolving Parliament on receipt of a reasoned request from the Prime Minister and having first consulted the Speaker and the party groups in Parliament. The 1991 reform also amended the provisions in the Constitution Act and the Parliament Act relating to State finances.
821:
exception to it. Such an exceptive law does not become part of the Constitution and it may be repealed like an ordinary act. Exceptive laws were formerly much used, even to the point of threatening to undermine respect for Constitutional provisions. Today, their use is limited.
825:
The first major constitutional reform came in 1983, with the re-writing of many important provisions governing parliamentary procedure, mostly in the Parliament Act. However, the most extensive and important reforms came in 1987, when provisions on the holding of consultative
817:
Constitution from adapting to the changing needs of the day. The flexibility of the Finnish Constitution is due to the use of "exceptive laws", a distinctive feature of the Finnish system: instead of amending or changing the Constitution, an act may be passed as an
870:
The Constitution has since been amended a number of times, notably in 2011 to allow bills to be introduced in Parliament by popular petition and in 2017 to expand the access of police and intelligence services to private communications.
1049:
Every Finnish citizen is obligated to participate or assist in national defence, as provided by an Act. Provisions on the right to exemption, on grounds of conscience, from participation in military national defence are laid down by an
1010:
The new Constitution rationalizes and tightens up Parliament's legislative procedures in respect of the readings of a bill in plenary session following preparation in committee, reducing the previous three readings to two.
964:, including the educational, social and economic rights in addition to political liberties. The international human rights obligations of Finland are set as the highest legal norm of the law, even above the constitution.
854:
and the President when arrangements were being made for decision-making in European affairs, such as whether the President should participate in the meetings of the European Council together with the Prime Minister.
1031:
the transfer of the final decision on the introduction and withdrawal of Government bills from the President of the Republic to the Government, this including bills in the area of foreign affairs.
948:
The opening chapter on fundamental provisions continues the affirmation of Finland's status as a sovereign Republic, the inviolability of human dignity and the rights of the individual, and the
1035:
takes a prominent role when the parliamentary groups are unable to reach agreement on a suitable basis and programme for the Government, and on a suitable candidate for Prime Minister.
1018:
A new Procedure of Parliament, which supplements the provisions on Parliament contained in the Constitution, came into force at the same time as the new Constitution on 1 March 2000.
1133:, but it is, instead, reviewed by the Parliament's own Constitutional Law Committee that consists of MPs. This structure is, however, not unusual among
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Before the enshrinement, the Finnish constitutional provisions were divided between four separate statutes, which all had a constitutional status; the
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Lag om rätt för riksdagen att granska lagenligheten av statsrådsmedlemmarnas och justitiekanslerns samt riksdagens justitieombudsmans ämbetsåtgärder
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laki eduskunnan oikeudesta tarkastaa valtioneuvoston jäsenten ja oikeuskanslerin sekä eduskunnan oikeusasiamiehen virkatointen lainmukaisuutta
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The official text of the constitution consists of 131 Sections, divided into 13 Chapters, as follows:
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The process of constitutional reform began in the late 1990s, after Finland's accession to the
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Outi Suviranta (2021) Perustuslain tuomioistuinvalvonta Suomessa – vertailevia näkökohtia.
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Finland's current constitutional provisions are enshrined in a single statute: the
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in 1917. The current draft of the Constitution came into force on 1 March 2000.
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The Constitution of Finland (translation issued by the Ministry of Justice)
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The constitutional system in Finland has been criticized for missing any
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Finnish Constitution in English (PDF) (last accessed 17/02/2018)
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First page of the Finnish Constitution Act of 1919 in Finnish
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1129:. The constitutionality of laws is not determined by the
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978:The Constitution establishes a government under a
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1022:The President of the Republic and the Government
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1224:. Finlex database. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
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16:Supreme source of national law of Finland
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729:of 1919, also known in English as the
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1087:adding citations to reliable sources
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795:Act on the High Court of Impeachment
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952:. It also affirms the principle of
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950:sovereignty of the Finnish people
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534:Välfärdsområde
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2125:Liechtenstein
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2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Constitutions
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1918:
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1911:
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1665:
1664:Ship-building
1662:
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1137:nations. The
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:This section
1070:
1066:
1061:
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1052:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
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985:
981:
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963:
959:
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938:
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872:
868:
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808:
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796:
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752:
748:
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732:
728:
723:
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712:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
653:
648:
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641:
639:
634:
633:
631:
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624:
621:
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603:
602:
601:
594:
591:
590:
586:
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559:
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551:
546:
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531:
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487:
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478:
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309:
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298:
296:
293:
289:
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284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Supreme Court
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
245:
244:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
216:
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207:
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58:
55:
51:
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43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2357:
2283:Transnistria
2245:Vatican City
2067:
1924:Bibliography
1841:The Kalevala
1840:
1815:Coat of arms
1800:Architecture
1735:Demographics
1659:Nordic model
1633:Central bank
1555:Human rights
1535:Constitution
1534:
1237:
1232:
1226:(in Swedish)
1217:
1211:(in Finnish)
1202:
1191:
1163:Constitution
1151:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:January 2022
1092:
1081:Please help
1076:verification
1073:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
977:
947:
883:
869:
863:
861:
857:
845:
841:
837:
833:
824:
818:
815:
794:
782:
770:
750:
730:
726:
724:
722:(731/1999).
719:
717:
700:independence
663:
661:
533:
529:
514:
510:
495:
491:
476:
472:
381:
204:Ministries (
193:Petteri Orpo
138:Human rights
128:Constitution
127:
68:1 March 2000
53:Jurisdiction
2391:2000 in law
2321:Isle of Man
2256:recognition
2225:Switzerland
2160:Netherlands
1628:Agriculture
1472:Urban areas
1376:Lapland War
1341:Grand Duchy
1336:Finnish War
1147:Switzerland
1139:Netherlands
914:Legislation
828:referendums
696:individuals
585:Ambassadors
492:Seutukunnat
486:Sub-regions
219:Legislative
2365:Categories
2195:San Marino
2155:Montenegro
2135:Luxembourg
2115:Kazakhstan
2018:Azerbaijan
1835:Literature
1750:Healthcare
1587:Parliament
1550:Government
1366:Winter War
1319:Cudgel War
1309:Prehistory
1184:References
1135:democratic
1055:Criticisms
1039:Delegation
998:Parliament
988:Government
910:Government
897:Parliament
852:Parliament
793:) and the
688:government
577:in Finland
561:Minister:
369:European:
225:Parliament
200:Government
88:Wikisource
2311:Gibraltar
2130:Lithuania
1859:Mythology
1755:Languages
1740:Education
1694:Transport
1597:President
1560:Judiciary
1540:Elections
1497:Jyväskylä
1450:Provinces
1403:Geography
1356:Civil War
1131:judiciary
880:Structure
797:of 1922 (
773:of 1922 (
753:of 1928 (
473:Maakunnat
314:elections
249:Judiciary
166:President
160:Executive
73:Full text
2331:Svalbard
2316:Guernsey
2263:Abkhazia
2210:Slovenia
2205:Slovakia
2180:Portugal
2038:Bulgaria
1933:Category
1830:Folklore
1772:Religion
1720:Abortion
1679:Taxation
1669:Startups
1649:Industry
1575:Military
1518:Politics
1504:Wildlife
1477:Helsinki
1293:articles
1238:Lakimies
1157:See also
1119:de facto
908:and the
515:Kommuner
477:Landskap
148:Military
36:Overview
2235:Ukraine
2185:Romania
2145:Moldova
2103:Ireland
2098:Iceland
2093:Hungary
2083:Germany
2078:Georgia
2068:Finland
2063:Estonia
2058:Denmark
2043:Croatia
2028:Belgium
2023:Belarus
2013:Austria
2008:Armenia
2003:Andorra
1998:Albania
1910:Outline
1820:Cuisine
1787:Culture
1765:Swedish
1760:Finnish
1708:Society
1689:Tourism
1616:Economy
1482:Tampere
1455:Regions
1430:Islands
1425:Geology
1301:History
1289:Finland
807:Swedish
799:Finnish
787:Swedish
775:Finnish
769:), the
763:Swedish
755:Finnish
749:), the
743:Swedish
735:Finnish
684:Finland
676:Swedish
668:Finnish
467:Regions
312:Recent
230:Speaker
57:Finland
2326:Jersey
2268:Kosovo
2230:Turkey
2220:Sweden
2200:Serbia
2190:Russia
2175:Poland
2170:Norway
2150:Monaco
2120:Latvia
2088:Greece
2073:France
2048:Cyprus
1984:Europe
1938:Portal
1810:Cinema
1795:Anthem
1647:
1638:Energy
1467:Rivers
1291:
1143:Sweden
819:ad hoc
694:, and
511:Kunnat
2301:Ă…land
2215:Spain
2140:Malta
2110:Italy
1917:Index
1886:Sport
1881:Sauna
1854:Music
1849:Media
1745:Finns
1725:Crime
1487:Turku
1460:Ă…land
1435:Lakes
122:State
1825:Flag
1580:NATO
1492:Oulu
1145:and
1050:Act.
662:The
382:2024
376:2019
371:2014
359:2023
354:2019
349:2015
335:2018
330:2012
325:2006
206:list
187:list
170:list
1982:of
1805:Art
1565:Law
1085:by
733:, (
674:or
86:at
2367::
1141:,
809::
805:;
801::
789::
785:;
777::
765::
761:;
757::
745::
741:;
737::
678::
670::
575:/
532:,
513:,
494:,
475:,
232::
189:)
172:)
1972:e
1965:t
1958:v
1281:e
1274:t
1267:v
1108:)
1102:(
1097:)
1093:(
1079:.
666:(
651:e
644:t
637:v
536:)
528:(
517:)
509:(
498:)
490:(
479:)
471:(
208:)
185:(
168:(
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