2436:δὲ λέγεται ὅσα αὔξησιν ἔχει δι᾽ ἑτέρου τῷ ἅπτεσθαι καὶ συμπεφυκέναι ἢ προσπεφυκέναι ὥσπερ τὰ ἔμβρυα: διαφέρει δὲ σύμφυσις ἁφῆς, ἔνθα μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν παρὰ τὴν ἁφὴν ἕτερον ἀνάγκη εἶναι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς συμπεφυκόσιν ἔστι τι ἓν τὸ αὐτὸ ἐν ἀμφοῖν ὃ ποιεῖ ἀντὶ τοῦ ἅπτεσθαι συμπεφυκέναι καὶ εἶναι ἓν κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς καὶ ποσόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν. ἔτι δὲ φύσις λέγεται ἐξ οὗ πρώτου ἢ ἔστιν ἢ γίγνεταί τι τῶν φύσει ὄντων, ἀρρυθμίστου ὄντος καὶ ἀμεταβλήτου ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τῆς αὑτοῦ, οἷον ἀνδριάντος καὶ τῶν σκευῶν τῶν χαλκῶν ὁ χαλκὸς ἡ φύσις λέγεται, τῶν δὲ ξυλίνων ξύλον: ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων: ἐκ τούτων γάρ ἐστιν ἕκαστον διασωζομένης τῆς πρώτης ὕλης: τοῦτον γὰρ τὸν τρόπον καὶ τῶν φύσει ὄντων τὰ στοιχεῖά φασιν εἶναι φύσιν, οἱ μὲν πῦρ οἱ δὲ γῆν οἱ δ᾽ ἀέρα οἱ δ᾽ ὕδωρ οἱ δ᾽ ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον λέγοντες, οἱ δ᾽ ἔνια τούτων οἱ δὲ πάντα ταῦτα. ἔτι δ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον λέγεται ἡ φύσις ἡ τῶν φύσει ὄντων οὐσία, οἷον οἱ λέγοντες τὴν φύσιν εἶναι τὴν πρώτην σύνθεσιν, ἢ ὥσπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς λέγει ὅτι "φύσις οὐδενὸς ἔστιν ἐόντων, ἀλλὰ μόνον μῖξίς τε διάλλαξίς τε μιγέντων ἔστι, φύσις δ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀνομάζεται ἀνθρώποισιν. "Empedocles Fr. 8 διὸ καὶ ὅσα φύσει ἔστιν ἢ γίγνεται, ἤδη ὑπάρχοντος ἐξ οὗ πέφυκε γίγνεσθαι ἢ εἶναι, οὔπω φαμὲν τὴν φύσιν ἔχειν ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ τὸ εἶδος καὶ τὴν μορφήν. φύσει μὲν οὖν τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τούτων ἐστίν, οἷον τὰ ζῷα καὶ τὰ μόρια αὐτῶν:
170:, the beginning of Western philosophy involved the "discovery or invention of nature" and the "pre-philosophical equivalent of nature" was supplied by "such notions as 'custom' or 'ways'". In ancient Greek philosophy on the other hand, Nature or natures are ways that are "really universal" "in all times and places". What makes nature different is that it presupposes not only that not all customs and ways are equal, but also that one can "find one's bearings in the cosmos" "on the basis of inquiry" (not for example on the basis of traditions or religion). To put this "discovery or invention" into the traditional terminology, what is "by nature" is contrasted to what is "by convention". The concept of nature taken this far remains a strong tradition in modern
338:, i.e. the end of the process, of generation. Indeed from this sense of "nature," by an extension of meaning, every essence in general is called "nature," because the nature of anything is a kind of essence. From what has been said, then, the primary and proper sense of "nature" is the essence of those things which contain in themselves as such a source of motion; for the matter is called "nature" because it is capable of receiving the nature, and the processes of generation and growth are called "nature" because they are motions derived from it. And nature in this sense is the source of motion in natural objects, which is somehow inherent in them, either potentially or actually.
159:.1, Aristotle defines a nature as "a source or cause of being moved and of being at rest in that to which it belongs primarily". In other words, a nature is the principle within a natural raw material that is the source of tendencies to change or rest in a particular way unless stopped. For example, a rock would fall unless stopped. Natural things stand in contrast to artifacts, which are formed by human artifice, not because of an innate tendency. (The raw materials of a bed have no tendency to become a bed.) In terms of Aristotle's theory of
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2444:: τοῦτο δ᾽ ἐστὶ τὸ τέλος τῆς γενέσεως. μεταφορᾷ δ᾽ ἤδη καὶ ὅλως πᾶσα οὐσία φύσις λέγεται διὰ ταύτην, ὅτι καὶ ἡ φύσις οὐσία τίς ἐστιν. ἐκ δὴ τῶν εἰρημένων ἡ πρώτη φύσις καὶ κυρίως λεγομένη ἐστὶν ἡ οὐσία ἡ τῶν ἐχόντων ἀρχὴν κινήσεως ἐν αὑτοῖς ᾗ αὐτά: ἡ γὰρ ὕλη τῷ ταύτης δεκτικὴ εἶναι λέγεται φύσις, καὶ αἱ γενέσεις καὶ τὸ φύεσθαι τῷ ἀπὸ ταύτης εἶναι κινήσεις. καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως τῶν φύσει ὄντων αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐνυπάρχουσά πως ἢ δυνάμει ἢ ἐντελεχείᾳ.
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truth; for it is so far from how one lives to how one should live that he who lets go of what is done for what should be done learns his ruin rather than his preservation. For a man who wants to make a profession of good in all regards must come to ruin among so many who are not good. Hence it is necessary to a prince, if he wants to maintain himself, to learn to be able not to be good, and to use this and not use it according to necessity."
2078:
120:, derived from the verb for natural growth. Already in classical times, philosophical use of these words combined two related meanings which have in common that they refer to the way in which things happen by themselves, "naturally", without "interference" from human deliberation, divine intervention, or anything outside what is considered normal for the natural things being considered.
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2249:, and so on, is a result of historical accidents, and the specific up-bringing of an individual. The consequences of this line of reasoning were to be enormous. It was all about the question of nature. In effect it was being claimed that human nature, one of the most important types of nature in Aristotelian thinking, did not exist as it had been understood to exist.
330:; nature is but a name given to these by men. Hence as regards those things which exist or are produced by nature, although that from which they naturally are produced or exist is already present, we say that they have not their nature yet unless they have their form and shape. That which comprises both of these exists by nature; e.g. animals and their parts. And
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2011:, "nature" as the generation and regenerations of things and of the moral order. Feuchtwang explains that the difference between Confucianism and Taoism primarily lies in the fact that the former focuses on the realisation of the starry order of Heaven in human society, while the latter on the contemplation of the Dao which spontaneously arises in nature.
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substance. This is the motion of changing a single being into two. This is the most obvious way in which cause and effect works, as in the descriptions of modern science. But according to
Aristotle, this does not yet explain that of which the motion is, and we must "apply ourselves to the question whether there is any other cause per se besides matter".
1849:'s frustration with the nature of life, human suffering and disdain for the world. The second describes, through the character of Rama, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. The fourth describes the nature of world and many non-dualism ideas with numerous stories. It emphasizes free will and human creative power.
2020:
2034:, who rejected the four distinct causes, and saw Aristotle as someone who "did proceed in such a spirit of difference and contradiction towards all antiquity: undertaking not only to frame new words of science at pleasure, but to confound and extinguish all ancient wisdom". He felt that lesser known Greek philosophers such as
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and a rival of early
Buddhism and Jainism. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. They were seen as sophists who
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nature". In modern science, human nature is part of the same general scheme of cause and effect, obeying the same general laws, as all other things. The above-mentioned difference between accidental and substantial properties, and indeed knowledge and opinion, also disappear within this new approach
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51. The human understanding is, by its own nature, prone to abstraction, and supposes that which is fluctuating to be fixed. But it is better to dissect than abstract nature; such was the method employed by the school of
Democritus, which made greater progress in penetrating nature than the rest. It
310:
The source from which the primary motion in every natural object is induced in that object as such. All things are said to grow which gain increase through something else by contact and organic unity (or adhesion, as in the case of embryos). Organic unity differs from contact; for in the latter case
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the primary stuff, shapeless and unchangeable from its own potency, of which any natural object consists or from which it is produced; e.g., bronze is called the "nature" of a statue and of bronze articles, and wood that of wooden ones, and similarly in all other cases. For each article consists of
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have claimed that science, the study of nature, can and should exist without metaphysics. But this claim has always been controversial. Authors like Bacon and Hume never denied that their use of the word "nature" implied metaphysics, but tried to follow
Machiavelli's approach of talking about what
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Physic doth make inquiry, and take consideration of the same natures : but how? Only as to the material and efficient causes of them, and not as to the forms. For example; if the cause of whiteness in snow or froth be inquired, and it be rendered thus, that the subtile intermixture of air and
221:
is the motion of another thing, which makes a thing change, for example a chisel hitting a rock causes a chip to break off. This is the way which the matter is forming into a form so that it become substance like what
Aristotle said that a substance must have a form and matter in order to call it
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15:- "...since my intent is to write something useful to whoever understands it, it has appeared to me more fitting to go directly to the effectual truth of the thing than to the imagination of it. And many have imagined republics and principalities that have never been seen or known to exist in
348:
It has been argued, as will be explained below, that this type of theory represented an oversimplifying diversion from the debates within
Classical philosophy, possibly even that Aristotle saw it as a simplification or summary of the debates himself. But in any case the theory of the four causes
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these "natures," the primary material persisting. It is in this sense that men call the elements of natural objects the "nature," some calling it fire, others earth or air or water, others something else similar, others some of these, and others all of them. Again in another sense "nature" means
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To take the critical example of human nature, as discussed in ethics and politics, once early modern philosophers such as Hobbes had described human nature as whatever you could expect from a mechanism called a human, the point of speaking of human nature became problematic in some contexts.
275:
To describe it another way, Aristotle treated organisms and other natural wholes as existing at a higher level than mere matter in motion. Aristotle's argument for formal and final causes is related to a doctrine about how it is possible that people know things: "If nothing exists apart from
2202:(who however never clothed his criticism of the Aristotelian approach in medieval terms like "laws of nature"), such laws of nature are quite different to human laws: they no longer imply any sense of better or worse, but simply how things really are, and, when in reference to laws of
2147:. St Thomas Aquinas for example, defined law so that nature really was legislated to consciously achieve aims, like human law: "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community and promulgated". In contrast, roughly contemporary with Bacon, Hugo
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described the law of nature as "a rule that be deduced from fixed principles by a sure process of reasoning". And later still, Montesquieu was even further from the original legal metaphor, describing laws vaguely as "the necessary relations deriving from the nature of things".
2525:
1252b.1: "Thus the female and the slave are by nature distinct (for nature makes nothing as the cutlers make the
Delphic knife, in a niggardly way, but one thing for one purpose; for so each tool will be turned out in the finest perfection, if it serves not many uses but
1828:, examines the metaphysical nature of existence and the meaning of individual freedom, presenting its thesis that there is only one Supreme Reality (Brahman), the entirety of universe is oneness and manifestation of this reality, everything is interconnected, all Self (
311:
there need be nothing except contact, but in both the things which form an organic unity there is some one and the same thing which produces, instead of mere contact, a unity which is organic, continuous and quantitative (but not qualitative). Again, "nature" means
334:(and this in two senses: either primary in relation to the thing, or primary in general; e.g., in bronze articles the primary matter in relation to those articles is bronze, but in general it is perhaps water—that is if all things which can be melted are water)
2271:...though we cannot know these objects as things in themselves, we must yet be in a position at least to think them as things in themselves; otherwise we should be landed in the absurd conclusion that there can be appearance without anything that appears.
276:
individual things, nothing will be intelligible; everything will be sensible, and there will be no knowledge of anything—unless it be maintained that sense-perception is knowledge". Those philosophers who disagree with this reasoning therefore also see
1806:
asks metaphysical questions concerning the nature of reality and truth, observes constant change, and asks if there is something that is eternal and unchanging. From these questions, embedded in a dialogue with his son, he presents the concept of
229:
is the form or idea which serves as a template towards which things develop - for example following an approach based upon
Aristotle we could say that a child develops in a way partly determined by a thing called "human nature". Here, nature is a
1950:, also called "dependent arising, or dependent origination", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of
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is best to consider matter, its conformation, and the changes of that conformation, its own action, and the law of this action or motion, for forms are a mere fiction of the human mind, unless you will call the laws of action by that name.
249:" - his attempt to go beyond nature and explain nature itself. In practice they imply a human-like consciousness involved in the causation of all things, even things which are not man-made. Nature itself is attributed with having aims.
2189:
For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the beginning whereof is in some principall part within; why may we not say, that all
Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch) have an artificiall
185:
Going further, the philosophical concept of nature or natures as a special type of causation - for example that the way particular humans are is partly caused by something called "human nature" is an essential step towards
2286:
As in
Aristotelianism then, Kantianism claims that the human mind must itself have characteristics which are beyond nature, metaphysical, in some way. Specifically, Kant argued that the human mind comes ready-made with
2494:"Progress or Return" in An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss. (Expanded version of Political Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss, 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.
1866:), that is what are the reliable means to knowledge. It debated not only "how does man ever learn or know, whatever he knows", but also whether the nature of all knowledge is inherently circular, whether those such as
205:
Whether it was intended or not, Aristotle's inquiries into this subject were long felt to have resolved the discussion about nature in favor of one solution. In this account, there are four different types of cause:
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in the frame of things", have been arrogantly dismissed because of Aristotelianism leading to a situation in his time wherein "the search of the physical causes hath been neglected, and passed in silence".
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Metaphysics 999b, translated by Hugh Tredennick. Greek: εἰ μὲν οὖν μηδέν ἐστι παρὰ τὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστα, οὐθὲν ἂν εἴη νοητὸν ἀλλὰ πάντα αἰσθητὰ καὶ ἐπιστήμη οὐδενός, εἰ μή τις εἶναι λέγει τὴν αἴσθησιν ἐπιστήμην.
2257:
The approach of modern science, like the approach of Aristotelianism, is apparently not universally accepted by all people who accept the concept of nature as a reality which we can pursue with reason.
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Bacon and other opponents of Metaphysics claim that all attempts to go beyond nature are bound to fall into the same errors, but Metaphysicians themselves see differences between different approaches.
1870:
who critique the validity of any "justified beliefs" and knowledge system make flawed presumptions of the very premises they critique, and how to correctly interpret and avoid incorrectly interpreting
127:'s explanation of natural properties differs from what is meant by natural properties in modern philosophical and scientific works, which can also differ from other scientific and conventional usage.
214:
is the "raw material" - the matter which undergoes change. One of the causes of a statue being what it is might be that it is bronze. All meanings of the word nature encompass this simple meaning.
1896:
to the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering, Buddhist thinkers concerned themselves with philosophical questions related to epistemology and the use of reason.
1878:. To Mīmānsā scholars, the nature of non-empirical knowledge and human means to it are such that one can never demonstrate certainty, one can only falsify knowledge claims, in some cases.
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and its spinning stars, earthly nature and its laws which come from Heaven, to "Heaven and Earth" (that is, "all things"), and to the awe-inspiring forces beyond human control.
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considers the ordinary activities of human life—and especially human relationships—as a manifestation of the sacred, because they are the expression of humanity's moral nature (
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503:
491:
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Having disconnected the term "law of nature" from the original medieval metaphor of human-made law, the term "law of nature" is now used less than in early modern times.
2128:. It means modern science limits its hypothesizing about non-physical things to the assumption that there are regularities to the ways of all things which do not change.
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in his lifetime, Hobbes sought to discuss politics and human life in terms of "laws of nature". But in the new modern approach of Bacon and Hobbes, and before them
6098:
2522:
237:
is the aim towards which something is directed. For example, a human aims at something perceived to be good, as Aristotle says in the opening lines of the
1954:. All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease.
86:. The study of natural things and the regular laws which seem to govern them, as opposed to discussion about what it means to be natural, is the area of
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1741:
2440:(καὶ αὕτη διχῶς, ἢ ἡ πρὸς αὐτὸ πρώτη ἢ ἡ ὅλως πρώτη, οἷον τῶν χαλκῶν ἔργων πρὸς αὐτὰ μὲν πρῶτος ὁ χαλκός, ὅλως δ᾽ ἴσως ὕδωρ, εἰ πάντα τὰ τηκτὰ ὕδωρ)
2588:αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε. "So saying, Argeiphontes gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature." Odyssey 10.302-3 (ed. A.T. Murray).
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is the Greek word for Nature, and Aristotle is drawing attention to the similarity it has to the verb used to describe natural growth in a plant,
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2512:
Metaphysics 995b, translated by Hugh Tredennick. Greek: μάλιστα δὲ ζητητέον καὶ πραγματευτέον πότερον ἔστι τι παρὰ τὴν ὕλην αἴτιον καθ᾽ αὑτὸ ἢ οὔ
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water is the cause, it is well rendered ; but, nevertheless, is this the form of whiteness? No; but it is the efficient, which is ever but
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Bacon argued that the only forms or natures we should hypothesize are the "simple" (as opposed to compound) ones such as the ways in which
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and personal responsibility for one's decisions; and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.
3176:
Didier, John C. (2009). "In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200".
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163:, the word natural is applied both to the innate potential of matter cause and the forms which the matter tends to become naturally.
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the substance of natural objects; as in the case of those who say that the "nature" is the primary composition of a thing, or as
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Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (PDF) (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 112–113.
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hath made and governes the world". Despite this pious description, he follows a Baconian approach. Following his contemporary,
1734:
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2005:: "the way things are" or "the regularities of the world", which Stephan Feuchtwang equates with the ancient Greek concept of
1793:("The Lion that Devours All Categories"/"The Upsetting of All Principles"), has been seen as an important Ajñana philosopher.
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272:- another distinction which has lost favor in the modern era, after having long been widely accepted in medieval Europe.
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How to understand the meaning and significance of nature has been a consistent theme of discussion within the history of
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2584:. Indeed the first use of the word involves a plant: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι
2218:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: a civilized man, but a person who questioned whether civilization was according to human nature.
1914:), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes of
508:
496:
3057:, Quote: Suffering describes the condition of samsaric (this worldly) existence that arises from actions generated by
1832:, soul) are part of that one, and that individual freedom is not the end point but a given, a starting point, innate.
264:, as mentioned above. And another essential aspect to this understanding of causation was the distinction between the
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Following Bacon's advice, the scientific search for the formal cause of things is now replaced by the search for "
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can be translated as "incapable of satisfying," "the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all
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47:. On the one hand, it means the set of all things which are natural, or subject to the normal working of the
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Aristotle then, described nature or natures as follows, in a way quite different from modern science:
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3258:(2016), "Chinese religions", in Woodhead, Linda; Kawanami, Hiroko; Partridge, Christopher H. (eds.),
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is insight or knowledge of the true nature of existence. The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance (
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Understandings of nature depend on the subject and age of the work where they appear. For example,
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Transitions and Transformations in the History of Religions: Essays in Honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa
2116:" in all scientific thinking. To use Aristotle's well-known terminology these are descriptions of
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therefore, is within this branch of Western thought, traditionally contrasted with the natural.
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Of nothing that exists is there nature, but only mixture and separation of what has been mixed
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Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press,
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and liberated. This overcoming includes awakening to impermanence and the non-self nature of
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Salunkhe, AH (2009). Astikshiromani Charvaka (in Marathi). Satara: Lokayat Prakashan. p. 36.
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in one sense, the genesis of growing things — as would be suggested by pronouncing the υ of
178:, according to Strauss' commentary of Western history is the contemplation of nature, while
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of anatta and anicca. The doctrines of no-self and impermanence are thus the keystones of
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Daniel Arnold (2001). "Of Intrinsic Validity: A Study on the Relevance of Pūrva Mīmāṃsā".
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2721:
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for example, expressed the need for a Metaphysics in quite similar terms to Aristotle.
2173:, opens with the word "Nature" and then parenthetically defines it as "the art whereby
1031:
767:
476:
417:
408:
238:
194:, which became standard in all Western philosophy until the arrival of modern science.
44:
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Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China
3192:
Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China
1157:
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2167:, whose remarks concerning nature are particularly well-known. His most famous work,
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A Renaissance imagined representation of Democritus, the laughing philosopher, by
2019:
1785:
specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own.
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2014:
1867:
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1199:
940:
218:
171:
87:
2625:
Carrithers, Michael (June 1989). "Naked Ascetics in Southern Digambar Jainism".
1139:
305:
in another, that immanent thing from which a growing thing first begins to grow.
6168:
5949:
5939:
5794:
5779:
5724:
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5101:
5077:
4954:
4609:
4341:
4254:
4123:
3983:
3622:
3531:
2503:
Strauss and Cropsey eds. History of Political Philosophy, Third edition, p.209.
2113:
1988:
1885:
1626:
1596:
1502:
1438:
692:
211:
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works, instead of claiming to understand what seems impossible to understand.
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3133:
Confucianism as a Religious Tradition: Linguistic and Methodological Problems
2306:
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1837:
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attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the
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2938:
Nyanatiloka (1980), Buddhist Dictionary, p.65, Buddhist Publication Society
2903:
A history of Western thought: from ancient Greece to the twentieth century.
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2929:(nb: links to index-page; click "The First Noble Truth" for correct page.
2242:
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2181:, Hobbes describes life itself as mechanical, caused in the same way as
1987:(天), a key concept in Chinese thought, refers to the God of Heaven, the
365:
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5834:
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1977:天) and unfolds through an appropriate respect for the spirits or gods (
1601:
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1103:
857:
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627:
343:
Metaphysics 1014b-1015a, translated by Hugh Tredennick, emphasis added.
323:
257:
179:
67:
40:
4249:
3039:
Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa; Frank E. Reynolds; Theodore M. Ludwig (1980).
2923:
2707:
A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant
2682:
A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant
1306:
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2143:
As Bacon knew, the term "laws of nature" was one taken from medieval
1992:
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998:
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916:
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622:
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443:
277:
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5364:
5018:
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4514:
3882:
3600:
2949:
A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy, pp.26–31, John Wiley & Sons
2345:
2293:
programming, so to speak, which allows it to make sense of nature.
2246:
2230:
2059:. This part of metaphysique I do not find laboured and performed...
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The formal and final cause are an essential part of Aristotle's "
175:
83:
52:
2798:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 117–158.
2077:
130:
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5604:
5517:
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One of the most important implementors of Bacon's proposal was
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2007:
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562:
535:
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136:
116:
31:
5274:
2989:
Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy
2765:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 11–12.
2206:
nature, what sorts of human behavior can be most relied upon.
2015:
Modern science and laws of nature: trying to avoid metaphysics
6159:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
5754:
5704:
5201:
4503:
4490:
4403:
4348:
3260:
Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations
3218:. State University of New York at Plattsburgh. Archived from
3078:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
2392:
1875:
1803:
1698:
1616:
1565:
1421:
1407:
1395:
1189:
1164:
1006:
852:
755:
675:
574:
103:
94:
56:
3186:
Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot
5699:
5679:
5674:
5599:
5557:
5542:
3526:
2908:
2214:
2131:
These general laws, in other words, replace thinking about
2092:
2039:
2030:
In contrast, Modern Science took its distinctive turn with
1970:
1846:
1611:
1224:
1194:
862:
642:
2296:
2420:γένεσις, οἷον εἴ τις ἐπεκτείνας λέγοι τὸ υ, ἕνα δὲ ἐξ οὗ
2174:
2001:
1770:. Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of
597:
349:
became a standard part of any advanced education in the
6099:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2428:ἐνυπάρχοντος: ἔτι ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις ἡ πρώτη ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν
1995:
used the term in a mystical way. It is similar to what
809:
2709:, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 9-11
2685:. State University of New York Press. pp. 56–61.
3359:, New York, State University of New York Press, 2005.
1924:. By overcoming ignorance or misunderstanding one is
2099:, etc. work. For example, in aphorism 51 he writes:
1789:(fl. c. 800), author of the skeptical work entitled
2718:
2678:
106:, which was used as a translation for the earlier (
4782:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
2914:Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2720:
1932:, and this develops dispassion for the objects of
4987:
4910:
2209:
1766:, the nature of bondage and the means to achieve
102:, a philosophical term derived from the verb for
6311:
3262:(3nd ed.), London: Routledge, p. 146,
3235:"The Civil Theology of Confucius' "Tian" Symbol"
3139:, Gambier, Ohio, USA: Kenyon College, p. 12
2905:7th edition published by Routledge, 2001, p. 25.
2741:
2793:
2252:
5290:
4280:
3405:
3362:
3250:
3248:
2917:
2858:
2755:Chapple, Christopher (1984). "Introduction".
2723:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
2544:
1735:
131:Classical nature and Aristotelian metaphysics
5058:
2712:
2194:On this basis, already being established in
3011:
5297:
5283:
4287:
4273:
3412:
3398:
3254:
3245:
3149:
2854:
2852:
2832:
2727:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 66.
2624:
1969:性), which has a transcendent anchorage in
1957:
1742:
1728:
4068:
4031:Relationship between religion and science
3419:
3380:
3363:Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020).
3018:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 49–52.
2867:(1). University of Hawai'i Press: 27–32.
2562:
2545:Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020).
3209:
3207:
3110:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
2672:
2213:
2154:
2076:
2018:
356:
196:
2966:, Oxford University Press, p. 74,
2959:
2941:
2849:
2794:Venkatesananda, S (Translator) (1984).
2754:
2699:
2538:
2412:Greek, with emphasis added as a guide:
2297:The study of nature without metaphysics
14:
6312:
3175:
3081:, Cambridge University Press, p.
3074:
2597:
6129:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
5278:
5129:
5038:
4268:
3393:
3281:
3204:
3129:
2985:
6229:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
6149:The World as Will and Representation
4836:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
1754:
360:
182:was or is an attempt to imitate it.
4294:
3232:
24:
5197:Transmission of the Greek Classics
3349:
3045:. Brill Academic. pp. 56–58.
778:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
51:. On the other hand, it means the
39:has two inter-related meanings in
25:
6336:
4871:The Situations and Names of Winds
4051:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4046:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3999:History and philosophy of science
3233:Hsu, Promise (16 November 2014).
3213:
3113:(1997), Oxford University Press,
2604:. Delhi: Crest Publishing House.
2432:ὄντων ἐν αὐτῷ ᾗ αὐτὸ ὑπάρχει:
2140:that aimed to avoid metaphysics.
332:nature is both the primary matter
6292:
6282:
6281:
5257:
5247:
5246:
4248:
4236:
1780:was a Śramaṇa school of radical
1711:
364:
155:'s principal work on nature. In
6079:Meditations on First Philosophy
5304:
4777:On Length and Shortness of Life
3332:
3319:
3305:
3296:
3275:
3226:
3169:
3156:, I.B. Tauris, pp. 34–36,
3143:
3123:
3098:
3068:
3032:
3015:Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices
3005:
2979:
2963:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide
2953:
2932:
2895:
2787:
2663:
2654:
2618:
2591:
2406:
93:The word "nature" derives from
4367:Correspondence theory of truth
3440:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3216:"Confucian Key Terms – Tian 天"
2571:
2529:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2473:
2458:
268:properties of a thing and the
13:
1:
4713:Constitution of the Athenians
3302:Summa Theologiae I-II Q90, A4
3153:Confucianism: An Introduction
2992:, Routledge, pp. 39–40,
2901:Gunnar Skirbekk, Nils Gilje,
2451:
2416:λέγεται ἕνα μὲν τρόπον ἡ τῶν
1936:, and liberates a being from
1764:Universe and its constituents
487:Unity of knowledge and action
6264:Philosophy of space and time
4615:On Generation and Corruption
2947:Emmanuel, Steven M. (2015),
2719:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
2705:Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998),
2679:Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998).
2233:took a critical step in his
1989:northern culmen of the skies
280:differently from Aristotle.
7:
6139:The Phenomenology of Spirit
3773:Hypothetico-deductive model
3748:Deductive-nomological model
3733:Constructivist epistemology
3357:The Greek Concept of Nature
3313:On the Law of War and Peace
3150:Littlejohn, Ronnie (2010),
2313:
2253:The survival of metaphysics
504:Theory of Evil Human Nature
492:Theory of Good Human Nature
10:
6341:
4856:On Marvellous Things Heard
4475:Potentiality and actuality
3365:"What does 'nature' mean?"
2547:"What does 'nature' mean?"
2229:In the late 18th century,
1888:, defined as freedom from
425:Hundred Schools of Thought
134:
29:
6277:
6201:
6000:
5740:
5468:
5312:
5242:
5219:Commentaries on Aristotle
5189:
4903:
4806:
4790:
4742:
4721:
4687:
4671:
4633:
4595:
4552:
4543:
4328:
4302:
4227:
4059:
3961:
3891:
3834:Semantic view of theories
3753:Epistemological anarchism
3705:
3690:dependent and independent
3427:
3382:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y
3130:Adler, Joseph A. (2014),
2796:The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha
2758:The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha
2564:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y
2321:A priori and a posteriori
717:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
252:The artificial, like the
6254:Philosophy of psychology
6189:Simulacra and Simulation
3576:Intertheoretic reduction
3565:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3542:Functional contextualism
2861:Philosophy East and West
2598:Warren, Herbert (2001).
2442:καὶ τὸ εἶδος καὶ ἡ οὐσία
2399:
2378:Philosophical naturalism
2050:And so Bacon advised...
6119:Critique of Pure Reason
4587:Sophistical Refutations
4061:Philosophers of science
3839:Scientific essentialism
3788:Model-dependent realism
3723:Constructive empiricism
3616:Evidence-based practice
3375:(14). Springer Nature.
3369:Palgrave Communications
3289:Advancement of Learning
2960:Trainor, Kevin (2004),
2557:(14). Springer Nature.
2551:Palgrave Communications
2438:φύσις δὲ ἥ τε πρώτη ὕλη
2351:Metaphysical naturalism
2278:Critique of Pure Reason
2067:Advancement of Learning
2038:"who did not suppose a
1958:East Asian philosophies
1856:'s central concern was
336:and the form or essence
190:'s teaching concerning
5710:Type–token distinction
5538:Hypostatic abstraction
5320:Abstract object theory
4772:On Divination in Sleep
4458:Horror vacui (physics)
4144:Alfred North Whitehead
4134:Charles Sanders Peirce
3075:Harvey, Peter (1990),
2986:Conze, Edward (2013),
2284:
2219:
2192:
2160:
2106:
2082:
2075:
2027:
346:
202:
201:Depiction of Aristotle
59:of individual things.
6320:Philosophy of science
6299:Philosophy portal
6179:Being and Nothingness
5595:Mental representation
5264:Philosophy portal
4886:Rhetoric to Alexander
4243:Philosophy portal
3994:Hard and soft science
3989:Faith and rationality
3858:Scientific skepticism
3638:Scientific Revolution
3421:Philosophy of science
2926:The First Noble Truth
2873:10.1353/pew.2001.0002
2763:Venkatesananda, Swami
2269:
2217:
2187:
2158:
2135:"laws", for example "
2101:
2080:
2052:
2022:
1902:conditioned phenomena
1718:Philosophy portal
1431:Japanese Confucianism
700:East Asian Mādhyamaka
649:Military and Strategy
357:In Eastern philosophy
285:
200:
30:Further information:
6224:Feminist metaphysics
4975:Andronicus of Rhodes
4876:On Virtues and Vices
4831:On Indivisible Lines
4752:Sense and Sensibilia
4722:Rhetoric and poetics
4535:mathematical realism
3969:Criticism of science
3844:Scientific formalism
3728:Constructive realism
3633:Scientific pluralism
3606:Problem of induction
3179:Sino-Platonic Papers
3012:Merv Fowler (1999).
2210:"Late modern" nature
260:was contrasted with
64:Western Civilization
53:essential properties
18:Philosophy of Nature
6069:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
5580:Linguistic modality
4945:Strato of Lampsacus
4577:Posterior Analytics
4329:Ideas and interests
4036:Rhetoric of science
3974:Descriptive science
3718:Confirmation holism
3611:Scientific evidence
3571:Inductive reasoning
3500:Demarcation problem
3256:Feuchtwang, Stephan
3222:on 3 December 2014.
1884:'s main concern is
1882:Buddhist philosophy
1799:Chandogya Upanishad
1580:Korean Confucianism
1056:Nāstika (heterodox)
151:"the natural ") is
6325:Eastern philosophy
6259:Philosophy of self
6249:Philosophy of mind
5513:Embodied cognition
5425:Scientific realism
4989:Islamic Golden Age
4912:Peripatetic school
4698:Nicomachean Ethics
4393:Future contingents
4255:Science portal
4184:Carl Gustav Hempel
4139:Wilhelm Windelband
4026:Questionable cause
3849:Scientific realism
3670:Underdetermination
3505:Empirical evidence
3495:Creative synthesis
3327:Spirit of the Laws
2824:has generic name (
2523:Aristotle Politics
2356:Natural philosophy
2220:
2161:
2083:
2028:
1892:(unease). Because
1874:texts such as the
1835:The first book of
1791:Tattvopaplavasiṃha
1032:Gangesha Upadhyaya
768:Four Tenets system
409:Eastern philosophy
376:. You can help by
239:Nicomachean Ethics
203:
45:natural philosophy
27:Philosophical term
6307:
6306:
5486:Category of being
5455:Truthmaker theory
5272:
5271:
5224:Metabasis paradox
5185:
5184:
5125:
5124:
5112:Pietro Pomponazzi
5054:
5053:
5034:
5033:
4983:
4982:
4935:Eudemus of Rhodes
4925:Clearchus of Soli
4899:
4898:
4567:On Interpretation
4510:Temporal finitism
4398:Genus–differentia
4355:Category of being
4262:
4261:
4104:
4103:
4016:Normative science
3873:Uniformitarianism
3628:Scientific method
3522:Explanatory power
3269:978-1-317-43960-8
3163:978-1-84885-174-0
3052:978-90-04-06112-5
3025:978-1-898723-66-0
2734:978-0-8239-3179-8
2692:978-0-7914-3683-7
2611:978-81-242-0037-7
2237:, reasoning that
2025:Agostino Carracci
1947:Pratītyasamutpāda
1904:"; or "painful."
1811:(soul, Self) and
1782:Indian skepticism
1755:Indian philosophy
1752:
1751:
1378:Japanese Buddhism
1347:Pratītyasamutpāda
831:Āstika (orthodox)
773:Rangtong-Shentong
394:
393:
16:(Redirected from
6332:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6285:
6284:
6194:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6114:
6104:
6094:
6084:
6074:
6064:
6054:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6014:
5690:Substantial form
5502:Cogito, ergo sum
5445:Substance theory
5299:
5292:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5127:
5126:
5107:Jacopo Zabarella
5056:
5055:
5036:
5035:
4985:
4984:
4965:Diodorus of Tyre
4908:
4907:
4550:
4549:
4480:Substance theory
4441:Moderate realism
4435:Minima naturalia
4336:Active intellect
4289:
4282:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4214:Bas van Fraassen
4169:Hans Reichenbach
4149:Bertrand Russell
4066:
4065:
3892:Philosophy of...
3675:Unity of science
3468:Commensurability
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3202:
3183:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2856:
2847:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2761:. Translated by
2752:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2462:
2445:
2410:
2372:Naturphilosophie
2282:
2235:Second Discourse
2073:
1983:) of the world.
1868:foundationalists
1841:, attributed to
1744:
1737:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1694:Minjung theology
1474:Motoori Norinaga
1153:Ātman (Buddhism)
1148:Ātman (Hinduism)
1074:Kashmir Shaivism
839:Vedic philosophy
724:Tibetan Buddhism
543:New Confucianism
518:Neo Confucianism
512:
500:
396:
395:
389:
386:
368:
361:
344:
172:Western thinking
78:, as well as in
21:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6293:
6291:
6273:
6197:
6192:
6182:
6172:
6162:
6152:
6142:
6132:
6122:
6112:
6102:
6092:
6082:
6072:
6062:
6052:
6042:
6039:De rerum natura
6032:
6022:
6012:
5996:
5736:
5640:Physical object
5476:Abstract object
5464:
5450:Theory of forms
5385:Meaning of life
5308:
5303:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5238:
5181:
5121:
5117:Cesar Cremonini
5073:Albertus Magnus
5050:
5030:
4979:
4895:
4851:Physiognomonics
4846:On Things Heard
4841:On the Universe
4802:
4786:
4744:Parva Naturalia
4738:
4717:
4703:Eudemian Ethics
4683:
4667:
4629:
4591:
4572:Prior Analytics
4539:
4463:Rational animal
4324:
4298:
4296:Aristotelianism
4293:
4263:
4258:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4223:
4204:Paul Feyerabend
4164:Michael Polanyi
4100:
4086:Galileo Galilei
4055:
4041:Science studies
3957:
3887:
3878:Verificationism
3783:Instrumentalism
3768:Foundationalism
3743:Conventionalism
3701:
3537:Feminist method
3423:
3418:
3355:Gerard Naddaf,
3352:
3350:Further reading
3347:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3329:, opening lines
3324:
3320:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3253:
3246:
3231:
3227:
3214:Hagen, Kurtis.
3212:
3205:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3073:
3069:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2924:Ajahn Sumedho,
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2857:
2850:
2846:, pages 252-253
2837:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2792:
2788:
2773:
2753:
2742:
2735:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2639:10.2307/2803303
2623:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2521:As for example
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2326:Aristotelianism
2316:
2299:
2283:
2281:pp. Bxxvi-xxvii
2275:
2255:
2241:as we know it,
2212:
2196:natural science
2145:Aristotelianism
2118:efficient cause
2114:laws of physics
2074:
2064:Francis Bacon,
2063:
2057:vehiculum formæ
2017:
1960:
1821:Ashtavakra Gita
1787:Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa
1760:Jain philosophy
1757:
1748:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1659:
1640:
1587:
1583:
1532:
1529:Korean Buddhism
1525:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1469:
1434:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1317:
1268:
1255:
1235:
1158:Ātman (Jainism)
1130:
1117:
1099:
1059:
1044:
1027:
994:
977:
941:Sri Vaishnavism
902:
885:
843:
834:
826:
816:
815:
814:
800:
727:
666:
651:
638:
618:
593:
570:
566:
546:
521:
506:
494:
457:
439:
435:
428:
420:
390:
384:
381:
374:needs expansion
359:
345:
342:
318:
312:
306:
301:
292:
219:efficient cause
139:
133:
88:natural science
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6289:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6202:Related topics
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6175:
6169:Being and Time
6165:
6155:
6145:
6135:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6095:
6085:
6075:
6065:
6055:
6045:
6035:
6025:
6015:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5742:Metaphysicians
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5496:Causal closure
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Libertarianism
5367:
5362:
5357:
5355:Existentialism
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5229:Views on women
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5190:Related topics
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Peter of Spain
5099:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5078:Thomas Aquinas
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Aristo of Ceos
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4808:Pseudepigrapha
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:On the Heavens
4607:
4601:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4342:Antiperistasis
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:W. V. O. Quine
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Rudolf Steiner
4121:
4116:
4114:Henri Poincaré
4111:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Exact sciences
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3962:Related topics
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3921:Social science
3918:
3917:
3916:
3914:Space and time
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3813:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Scientific law
3620:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:Falsifiability
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:Mill's Methods
3453:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3360:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3304:
3295:
3282:Bacon (1905).
3274:
3268:
3244:
3225:
3203:
3168:
3162:
3142:
3122:
3097:
3092:978-0521313339
3091:
3067:
3051:
3031:
3024:
3004:
2999:978-1134542314
2998:
2978:
2973:978-0195173987
2972:
2952:
2940:
2931:
2916:
2907:
2894:
2848:
2844:978-0521047791
2831:
2804:
2786:
2771:
2740:
2733:
2711:
2698:
2691:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2633:(2): 219–235.
2629:. New Series.
2617:
2610:
2590:
2570:
2537:
2528:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2472:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2298:
2295:
2273:
2254:
2251:
2211:
2208:
2110:laws of nature
2061:
2016:
2013:
1959:
1956:
1886:soteriological
1824:, credited to
1813:universal Self
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1670:Modern Thought
1667:
1666:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:Jeong Yak-yong
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:Seo Gyeongdeok
1594:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:Kitaro Nishida
1480:Modern Thought
1477:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Fujiwara Seika
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1128:General topics
1125:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1066:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1034:
1018:
1017:
1002:
1001:
985:
984:
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
950:
949:
948:
938:
937:
936:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
893:
892:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
828:
827:
822:
821:
818:
817:
813:
812:
807:
798:General topics
795:
794:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
764:
763:
753:
752:
751:
741:
740:
739:
720:
719:
714:
709:
708:
707:
697:
696:
695:
693:Guifeng Zongmi
690:
680:
679:
678:
659:
658:
646:
645:
631:
630:
625:
611:
610:
605:
600:
588:
587:
582:
577:
559:
558:
553:
539:
538:
533:
528:
514:
513:
501:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
452:
451:
446:
422:
421:
416:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
392:
391:
371:
369:
358:
355:
340:
243:
242:
231:
223:
215:
212:material cause
135:Main article:
132:
129:
49:laws of nature
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6337:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Phenomenology
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:Notable works
5999:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Phenomenalism
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Action theory
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5234:Wheel paradox
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Trendelenburg
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:Peter Lombard
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5060:Scholasticism
5057:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Lyco of Troas
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4891:Magna Moralia
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Virtue ethics
4528:
4526:
4525:Unmoved mover
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Rudolf Carnap
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Auguste Comte
4107:
4106:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Francis Bacon
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4009:Pseudoscience
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Structuralism
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:Received view
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Contextualism
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3292:. p. 90.
3291:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3239:Voegelin View
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:0-19-213965-7
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2815:
2807:
2805:0-87395-955-8
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2772:0-87395-955-8
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2307:Richard Rorty
2304:
2301:Authors from
2294:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:Immanuel Kant
2262:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:Thomas Hobbes
2159:Thomas Hobbes
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:Novum Organum
2081:Francis Bacon
2079:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:Francis Bacon
2026:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:Yoga Vasistha
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:Kim Jeong-hui
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Hayashi Razan
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:Rinzai school
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:Abhinavagupta
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
993:
992:
991:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
975:
974:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
904:
903:
901:
900:
899:
891:
888:
887:
886:
884:
883:
882:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
842:
841:
840:
833:
832:
825:
820:
819:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
799:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
738:
737:Sakya Pandita
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
728:
726:
725:
718:
715:
713:
710:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
683:Huayan school
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
668:
667:
665:
664:
657:
654:
653:
652:
650:
644:
641:
640:
639:
637:
636:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
617:
616:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
592:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
569:
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
531:Wang Yangming
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
519:
510:
505:
502:
498:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
438:
434:
433:
427:
426:
419:
414:
413:
410:
407:
406:
402:
398:
397:
388:
379:
375:
372:This section
370:
367:
363:
362:
354:
352:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
315:
309:
304:
299:
295:
290:
284:
281:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
208:
207:
199:
195:
193:
189:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:According to
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
138:
128:
126:
121:
119:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:philosophical
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
19:
6219:Epistemology
6187:
6177:
6167:
6157:
6147:
6137:
6127:
6117:
6107:
6097:
6087:
6077:
6067:
6057:
6047:
6037:
6029:Nyāya Sūtras
6027:
6017:
6007:
5989:
5905:Wittgenstein
5850:Schopenhauer
5729:
5720:Unobservable
5609:
5570:Intelligence
5500:
5440:Subjectivism
5435:Spiritualism
5350:Essentialism
5330:Anti-realism
5214:Neoplatonism
4940:Theophrastus
4798:Protrepticus
4691:and politics
4502:
4489:
4485:hypokeimenon
4483:
4467:
4450:
4433:
4426:
4414:
4410:Hylomorphism
4402:
4380:
4359:
4347:
4340:
4219:Larry Laudan
4199:Imre Lakatos
4154:Otto Neurath
4129:Karl Pearson
4119:Pierre Duhem
4091:Isaac Newton
4021:Protoscience
3979:Epistemology
3853:Anti-realism
3851: /
3832: /
3823: /
3809: /
3807:Reductionism
3805: /
3778:Inductionism
3758:Evolutionism
3585:
3563:
3450:a posteriori
3449:
3445:
3372:
3368:
3356:
3334:
3321:
3316:, Proleg. 40
3311:
3307:
3298:
3288:
3277:
3259:
3238:
3228:
3220:the original
3196:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3152:
3145:
3132:
3125:
3108:
3100:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3041:
3034:
3014:
3007:
2988:
2981:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2864:
2860:
2834:
2822:|first=
2795:
2789:
2757:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2531:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2370:
2341:Human nature
2300:
2288:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2239:human nature
2228:
2224:
2221:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2122:formal cause
2107:
2102:
2086:
2084:
2065:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2029:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1963:Confucianism
1961:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1880:
1861:
1858:epistemology
1851:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1817:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1776:
1758:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1654:
1653:
1637:
1636:
1592:Chŏng To-jŏn
1584:
1578:
1577:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1495:Kyoto School
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1463:
1429:
1428:
1386:Japanese Zen
1376:
1375:
1371:
1314:
1313:
1302:Indian logic
1265:
1264:
1250:
1249:
1230:
1229:
1185:Indian logic
1170:Anekantavada
1127:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1096:
1095:
1086:Pratyabhijna
1054:
1053:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1005:
1004:
1003:
988:
987:
986:
971:
970:
969:
934:Madhvacharya
922:Adi Shankara
896:
895:
894:
879:
878:
877:
837:
836:
835:
829:
797:
796:
783:
782:
722:
721:
712:Chinese Chan
663:Han Buddhism
661:
660:
648:
647:
633:
632:
613:
612:
590:
589:
567:
561:
560:
541:
540:
516:
515:
467:Filial piety
454:
453:
436:
432:Confucianism
430:
429:
423:
382:
378:adding to it
373:
347:
335:
331:
327:
319:
313:
307:
302:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
274:
254:conventional
251:
244:
227:formal cause
204:
184:
165:
148:
143:
140:
122:
115:
108:pre-Socratic
97:
92:
76:epistemology
61:
36:
35:
6049:Metaphysics
6033:(c. 200 BC)
6023:(c. 350 BC)
6013:(c. 350 BC)
5900:Collingwood
5805:Malebranche
5553:Information
5481:Anima mundi
5460:Type theory
5415:Physicalism
5380:Materialism
5335:Determinism
5306:Metaphysics
5090:Duns Scotus
4930:Dicaearchus
4920:Aristoxenus
4679:Metaphysics
4672:Metaphysics
4658:Progression
4625:On the Soul
4620:Meteorology
4422:Magnanimity
4388:Four causes
4209:Ian Hacking
4194:Thomas Kuhn
4179:Karl Popper
4159:C. D. Broad
4076:Roger Bacon
4004:Non-science
3946:Linguistics
3926:Archaeology
3821:Rationalism
3811:Determinism
3798:Physicalism
3763:Fallibilism
3713:Coherentism
3643:Testability
3596:Observation
3591:Objectivity
3552:alternative
3483:Correlation
3473:Consilience
3105:John Bowker
2245:, and with
2200:Machiavelli
2126:final cause
1926:enlightened
1845:, presents
1681:Jaegwon Kim
1391:Sōtō school
1295:Dharmakirti
1040:Vaisheshika
1023:Navya-Nyāya
958:Vivekananda
953:Neo-Vedanta
873:Yajnavalkya
556:Mou Zongsan
551:Xiong Shili
507: [
495: [
351:Middle Ages
247:Metaphysics
235:final cause
168:Leo Strauss
161:four causes
72:metaphysics
6314:Categories
6109:Monadology
6043:(c. 80 BC)
5750:Parmenides
5635:Perception
5533:Experience
5420:Relativism
5395:Naturalism
5345:Enactivism
5172:Hursthouse
5046:Maimonides
5012:Avicennism
4663:Generation
4635:On Animals
4562:Categories
4382:Eudaimonia
4096:David Hume
4069:Precursors
3951:Psychology
3931:Economics
3825:Empiricism
3816:Pragmatism
3803:Positivism
3793:Naturalism
3663:scientific
3547:Hypothesis
3510:Experiment
3339:The Prince
3284:"II.VII.7"
2479:Aristotle
2464:Aristotle
2452:References
2424:πρώτου τὸ
2336:Empiricism
2120:, and not
2036:Democritus
1768:liberation
1602:Yi Eonjeok
1523:Traditions
1459:Ogyū Sorai
1454:Itō Jinsai
1449:Nakae Tōju
1372:Traditions
1290:Vasubandhu
1273:Madhyamika
1266:Traditions
1260:The Buddha
1240:Haribhadra
1210:Nondualism
912:Badarayana
858:Ashtavakra
761:Tsongkhapa
749:Longchenpa
628:Shang Yang
324:Empedocles
266:accidental
258:Technology
180:technology
157:Physics II
149:ta phusika
70:fields of
41:philosophy
6269:Teleology
6234:Mereology
6214:Cosmology
6073:(c. 1000)
5970:Plantinga
5960:Armstrong
5910:Heidegger
5885:Whitehead
5870:Nietzsche
5790:Descartes
5760:Aristotle
5715:Universal
5645:Principle
5615:Necessity
5575:Intention
5528:Existence
5491:Causality
5430:Solipsism
5360:Free will
5207:Platonism
5162:MacIntyre
5024:Averroism
5002:Al-Farabi
4960:Critolaus
4904:Followers
4881:Economics
4861:Mechanics
4826:On Plants
4821:On Colors
4816:On Breath
4767:On Dreams
4757:On Memory
4520:Haecceity
4498:Syllogism
4469:Phronesis
4361:Catharsis
4310:Aristotle
3936:Geography
3904:Chemistry
3863:Scientism
3658:ladenness
3478:Construct
3456:Causality
3059:ignorance
2889:144863536
2814:cite book
2383:Platonism
2331:Causality
2303:Nietzsche
2183:clockwork
2179:Descartes
2170:Leviathan
1999:meant by
1993:Confucius
1894:ignorance
1826:Aṣṭāvakra
1664:Choe Je-u
1622:Bak Jiwon
1352:Emptiness
1278:Nagarjuna
999:Patanjali
963:Aurobindo
917:Gaudapada
868:Vashistha
623:Han Feizi
585:Lie Yukou
444:Confucius
385:June 2019
278:knowledge
270:substance
192:causation
188:Aristotle
153:Aristotle
125:Aristotle
66:, in the
6287:Category
6209:Axiology
6063:(c. 270)
5991:more ...
5945:Anscombe
5940:Strawson
5935:Davidson
5830:Berkeley
5770:Plotinus
5731:more ...
5670:Relation
5650:Property
5625:Ontology
5548:Identity
5469:Concepts
5400:Nihilism
5365:Idealism
5313:Theories
5252:Category
5177:Nussbaum
5147:Brentano
5019:Averroes
5007:Avicenna
4997:Al-Kindi
4970:Erymneus
4866:Problems
4762:On Sleep
4729:Rhetoric
4708:Politics
4653:Movement
4515:Quiddity
4376:accident
4303:Overview
4231:Category
3883:Vitalism
3706:Theories
3680:Variable
3601:Paradigm
3488:function
3446:A priori
3435:Analysis
3428:Concepts
2781:11044869
2426:φυόμενον
2418:φυομένων
2346:Idealism
2314:See also
2290:a priori
2274:—
2247:language
2243:rational
2231:Rousseau
2133:specific
2097:movement
2071:II.VII.6
2062:—
1934:clinging
1852:Ancient
1607:Yi Hwang
1559:Cheontae
1466:Kokugaku
1285:Yogacara
1252:Buddhism
1245:Umaswati
1122:Chanakya
1109:Valluvar
1104:Valluvam
1069:Charvaka
946:Ramanuja
615:Legalism
603:Yin yang
580:Zhuangzi
401:a series
399:Part of
341:—
300:long—and
291:" means:
80:theology
6059:Enneads
6053:(c. 50)
6019:Timaeus
6009:Sophist
5955:Dummett
5950:Deleuze
5890:Russell
5880:Bergson
5875:Meinong
5855:Bolzano
5815:Leibniz
5795:Spinoza
5780:Aquinas
5765:Proclus
5695:Thought
5685:Subject
5665:Reality
5660:Quality
5630:Pattern
5590:Meaning
5565:Insight
5523:Essence
5508:Concept
5410:Realism
5375:Liberty
5340:Dualism
5095:Scotism
5083:Thomism
4734:Poetics
4643:History
4605:Physics
4597:Physics
4554:Organon
4482: (
4428:Mimesis
4372:Essence
3941:History
3909:Physics
3899:Biology
3697:more...
3685:control
3581:Inquiry
3065:order."
3063:dhammic
2881:1400034
2647:2803303
2601:Jainism
2482:Physics
2467:Physics
2434:φύεσθαι
2388:Reality
2366:Saṃsāra
2149:Grotius
2085:In his
1997:Taoists
1952:nirvana
1942:saṃsāra
1930:reality
1921:samsara
1863:pramana
1854:Mīmāṃsā
1843:Valmiki
1796:In the
1674:Persons
1656:Donghak
1585:Persons
1554:Uicheon
1487:Statism
1417:Shingon
1342:Nirvana
1307:Dignāga
1232:Jainism
1220:Pramana
1215:Samadhi
1175:Brahman
1140:Atomism
1064:Ājīvika
973:Samkhya
907:Advaita
898:Vedanta
890:Jaimini
881:Mimamsa
848:Agastya
744:Nyingma
671:Tientai
656:Sun Tzu
568:Persons
449:Mencius
437:Persons
262:science
176:Science
144:Physics
84:science
6193:(1981)
6183:(1943)
6173:(1927)
6163:(1846)
6153:(1818)
6143:(1807)
6133:(1783)
6123:(1781)
6113:(1714)
6103:(1710)
6093:(1677)
6089:Ethics
6083:(1641)
5985:Parfit
5975:Kripke
5965:Putnam
5925:Sartre
5915:Carnap
5865:Peirce
5810:Newton
5785:Suárez
5775:Scotus
5655:Qualia
5620:Object
5610:Nature
5605:Motion
5585:Matter
5518:Entity
5390:Monism
5137:Newman
5130:Modern
5039:Jewish
4689:Ethics
4582:Topics
4452:Philia
4446:Mythos
4320:Lyceum
3653:choice
3648:Theory
3586:Nature
3515:design
3266:
3182:(192).
3160:
3117:
3089:
3049:
3022:
2996:
2970:
2887:
2879:
2842:
2802:
2779:
2769:
2731:
2689:
2651:p. 220
2645:
2608:
2582:phusei
2578:Phusis
2485:193b21
2470:192b21
2422:φύεται
2361:Nature
2112:" or "
2044:reason
2008:physis
1971:Heaven
1938:dukkha
1916:dukkha
1912:avidyā
1907:Prajñā
1898:Dukkha
1890:dukkha
1872:dharma
1778:Ajñana
1687:Topics
1649:Seohak
1645:Silhak
1638:Topics
1547:Hwaeom
1542:Uisang
1537:Wonhyo
1337:Maitrī
1332:Anicca
1327:Anatta
1322:Dukkha
1315:Topics
1205:Moksha
1180:Dharma
1144:Atman
1135:Ahimsa
1091:Tantra
1049:Kanada
1015:Gotama
982:Kapila
929:Dvaita
785:Maoism
705:Jizang
688:Fazang
635:Mohism
608:Wu wei
591:Topics
563:Daoism
536:Zhu Xi
526:Han Yu
509:simple
497:simple
472:Guanxi
455:Topics
326:says:
289:Nature
230:cause.
147:(from
137:Physis
117:phusis
99:nātūra
57:causes
37:Nature
32:Nature
6239:Meta-
5980:Lewis
5930:Quine
5895:Moore
5860:Lotze
5845:Hegel
5820:Wolff
5800:Locke
5755:Plato
5725:Value
5705:Truth
5202:Plato
5167:Smith
5152:Adler
4648:Parts
4545:Works
4504:Telos
4491:ousia
4416:Lexis
4404:Hexis
4349:Arete
4315:Logic
3137:(PDF)
2885:S2CID
2877:JSTOR
2643:JSTOR
2586:φύσιν
2430:φύσει
2414:φύσις
2400:Notes
2393:Truth
2204:human
2190:life?
2137:human
1876:Vedas
1830:Atman
1809:Ātman
1804:Aruni
1699:Juche
1617:Yi Ik
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1517:Korea
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1408:Eisai
1396:Dogen
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1190:Karma
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1007:Nyaya
853:Aruni
824:India
756:Gelug
732:Sakya
676:Zhiyi
575:Laozi
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418:China
298:φύσις
114:term
112:Greek
104:birth
95:Latin
5920:Ryle
5840:Kant
5835:Hume
5825:Reid
5700:Time
5680:Soul
5675:Self
5600:Mind
5558:Data
5543:Idea
5157:Foot
4791:Lost
3557:null
3527:Fact
3448:and
3325:The
3264:ISBN
3158:ISBN
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2994:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2826:help
2800:ISBN
2777:OCLC
2767:ISBN
2729:ISBN
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1975:Tiān
1967:xìng
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1225:Yoga
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462:Face
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