Nature - Knowledge

2136: 5438: 3592: 3707: 33: 141:—wild animals, rocks, forest, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. For example, manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature, unless qualified as, for example, "human nature" or "the whole of nature". This more traditional concept of natural things that can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human 1904: 1583: 5564: 5578: 10899: 5030: 945: 2090: 3321: 5466: 5396: 1096: 5221: 5118: 5494: 4863: 11160: 10769: 10670: 10245: 2159:. Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem." Within the ecosystem, species are connected and dependent upon one another in the 3484: 2063: 11191: 10779: 1773: 1676: 1381: 5424: 1842: 5536: 5452: 1933:, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; one example is 5550: 2203: 3796:, the lastly mentioned of which are intentionally grown and cultivated. Some types of "native flora" actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another, and become an integral part of the native, or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced. This is an example of how human interaction with nature can blur the boundary of what is considered nature. 11203: 5204: 5508: 1970: 11179: 10789: 5410: 5480: 3718: 2074: 1509: 5522: 1263: 1465: 3432:, and bacteria) are that they are cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism, a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce. An entity with these properties is generally considered life. However, not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential. Human-made 3405:, and the capacity to acquire resources necessary for reproduction, and such sequences probably emerged early in the evolution of life. Survival functions present early in the evolution of life likely also included genomic sequences that promote the avoidance of damage to the self-replicating molecule and also the capability to 1486:, can expend large amounts of energy along their paths, and produce devastation. Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather, and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect, both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food. 1805:(another type of landform or terrain feature; that is, it is not global) and moves slowly if it moves at all. On Earth, a body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, not part of the ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river. The only world other than Earth known to harbor lakes is 8853:

Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel

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any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not well established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams

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Beauty in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books, filling large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art, photography, poetry, and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty.

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and ecosystem functions over the last half century have impacted the extent that nature can contribute to human quality of life, and continued declines could pose a major threat to the continued existence of human civilization, unless a rapid course correction is made. The value of natural resources

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as a formal way to categorize "useless" plants, the informal use of the word "weeds" to describe those plants that are deemed worthy of elimination is illustrative of the general tendency of people and societies to seek to alter or shape the course of nature. Similarly, animals are often categorized

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Over nine-tenths of the total biomass on Earth is plant life, on which animal life depends very heavily for its existence. More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date, and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over

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which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions. These currents help to moderate the differences in temperature between winter and summer in the temperate zones. Also, without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere, the tropics would be

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because mostly natural resources are available free of charge. This distorts market pricing of natural resources and at the same time leads to underinvestment in our natural assets. The annual global cost of public subsidies that damage nature is conservatively estimated at $ 4–6 trillion (million

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possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface. For a brief period in Mars' history, it may have also been capable of forming life. At present though, most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen. If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can

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is disproportionately large. Because of the extent of human influence, the boundaries between what humans regard as nature and "made environments" is not clear cut except at the extremes. Even at the extremes, the amount of natural environment that is free of discernible human influence is

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and other geographic factors, the long-term average global climate is quite stable during interglacial periods, and variations of a degree or two of average global temperature have historically had major effects on the ecological balance, and on the actual geography of the Earth.

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that function in an interrelated way. The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated. Variations of these factors will initiate dynamic modifications to the ecosystem. Some of the more important components are

5042:. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless. Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history. An early tradition of 996:

varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the

7590:). The total biomass of all kinds on earth is estimated to be in excess of 6.8 x 10 kg (75 billion short tons). By these calculations, the portion of total biomass accounted for by humans would be very roughly 0.6%. 1709:(ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the 1886:

speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as

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conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life-forms, which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions. Despite the wide regional variations in climate by

5093:'s poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture. This artistic movement also coincided with the 7047:

are relatively fast moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. Geologically defined, lakes are temporary bodies of water.

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50 million. The number of individual species of life is constantly in some degree of flux, with new species appearing and others ceasing to exist on a continual basis. The total number of species is in rapid decline.

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These life forms are found in almost every location on the Earth where there is liquid water, including in the Earth's interior. Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse. The combination of a high mutation rate and a

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on the average), an approximation of total global human mass of between 390 billion (390×10) and 455 billion kg (between 845 billion and 975 billion lb, or about 423 million–488 million

6012:. The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word 2252:, and solitude. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity, and some ecologists consider wilderness areas to be an integral part of the Earth's self-sustaining natural 3780:

of plant life from a previous era. People in many regions and countries take great pride in their individual arrays of characteristic flora, which can vary widely across the globe due to differences in climate and

1020:. This iron core is composed of a solid inner phase, and a fluid outer phase. Convective motion in the core generates electric currents through dynamo action, and these, in turn, generate the geomagnetic field. 8798: 3537:

that had a substantially different environment than is found at present. These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of

1501:, variations in the solar luminosity, and changes to the Earth's orbit. Based on historical and geological records, the Earth is known to have undergone drastic climate changes in the past, including 198:(φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics of plants, animals, and other features of the world to develop of their own accord. The concept of nature as a whole, the physical 9536: 5334:. Additionally, there are signs of human life in outer space today, such as material left over from previous crewed and uncrewed launches which are a potential hazard to spacecraft. Some of this 8918: 3389:(as in some viruses), and such an informational molecule is probably intrinsic to life. It is likely that the earliest forms of life were based on a self-replicating informational molecule ( 1667:

2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

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could cause the extinction of one-half of all species in the next 100 years. The extent of the current extinction event is still being researched, debated and calculated by biologists.

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is limited to only a few days. Overall, two things are happening worldwide: (1) temperature is increasing on the average; and (2) regional climates have been undergoing noticeable changes.

129:, and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects—the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the 8583: 1216: 2232:

is generally defined as areas that have not been significantly modified by human activity. Wilderness areas can be found in preserves, estates, farms, conservation preserves, ranches,

7562:, which takes global average weight as 60 kg.), the total human biomass is the average weight multiplied by the current human population of approximately 6.5 billion (see, 3759:

were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. Bacterial life is sometimes included in flora, and some classifications use the term

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allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form, affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate. By comparison, the

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intact, with a low human footprint and healthy populations of native animal species. Philip Cafaro, professor of philosophy at the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at

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in Scotland and North-east England. Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek, but this is not always the case, due to vagueness in the language. A river is part of the

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that appear to be static across the observable universe. The values of these constants have been carefully measured, but the reason for their specific values remains a mystery.

1817:. It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers, though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds. Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in mountainous areas, 1441:

is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

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between the use of advanced technology and changes to the environment that are only slowly becoming understood. Human-made threats to the Earth's natural environment include

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models that successfully explain the structure and the evolution of the universe we can observe. The mathematical expressions of the laws of physics employ a set of twenty

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turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Before that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings.

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point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the

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New Estimate for Alien Earths: 2 Billion in Our Galaxy Alone | Alien Planets, Extraterrestrial Life & Extrasolar Planets | Exoplanets & Kepler Space Telescope

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Humans employ nature for both leisure and economic activities. The acquisition of natural resources for industrial use remains a sizable component of the world's

3910:, a framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized during development and maturation, and which supports the complex anatomy required for mobility. 1701:

that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) deep. Average oceanic

1697:, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a 1713:

or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to

5158:. The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass. The remainder is believed to consist of 26.8 percent 3346:

Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by

6621:"The mid-Holocene extinction of silver fir (Abies alba) in the Southern Alps: a consequence of forest fires? Palaeobotanical records and forest simulations" 7291: 6346: 4967:

million). Institutional protections of these natural goods, such as the oceans and rainforests, are lacking. Governments have not prevented these economic

1239:. The Moon formed roughly 20 million years later. Initially molten, the outer layer of the Earth cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgassing and 1047:

Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition,

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Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils".

9154:; Armitage-Caplan, C.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (March 22, 2013). "Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results – Table 9". 86:, nature increasingly became seen as the part of reality deprived from intentional intervention: it was hence considered as sacred by some traditions ( 5109:. As David Rothenburg writes, "The beautiful is the root of science and the goal of art, the highest possibility that humanity can ever hope to see". 1870:, either natural or human-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. A wide variety of human-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including 8908: 1273:

Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a

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The geology of an area evolves through time as rock units are deposited and inserted and deformational processes change their shapes and locations.

1523:. A latitudinal band of the surface with similar climatic attributes forms a climate region. There are a number of such regions, ranging from the 1259:

and other water sources. The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.

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or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the

1756:, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the 11738: 8575: 8157: 6914: 8940: 11241: 9420: 4922:, wrote in 2022 that "the cause of global biodiversity loss is clear: other species are being displaced by a rapidly growing human economy." 1998:. In the United States, a stream is classified as a watercourse less than 60 feet (18 metres) wide. Streams are important as conduits in the 9399: 7376: 6659: 6410: 3614:, and they remained the only form of life until about a billion years ago when multi-cellular organisms began to appear. Microorganisms are 9051: 7778: 7709: 6825: 6118: 5903: 3579:. Cells within colonies became increasingly specialized, resulting in true multicellular organisms. With the ozone layer absorbing harmful 2300: 1833:. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. 903: 9079: 6167: 2069:

in Scotland forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained unchanged over a very long period of time.

10215: 7955: 7929: 5101:, the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical 702: 8658:"Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species" 7662: 6286: 2034:. The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter-disciplinary natural science and engineering, including 8729: 4693: 11104: 7166: 6705: 11707: 11109: 10706: 9210: 7601: 6881: 4563: 252: 7033: 6724: 5906:(1687), for example, is translated "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", and reflects the then-current use of the words " 3443:

is the part of Earth's outer shell—including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere—within which life occurs, and which

826: 7640: 7241: 7197: 6686: 4583: 3952: 1315:. The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the 7691:"Animal." World Book Encyclopedia. 16 vols. Chicago: World Book, 2003. This source gives an estimate of from 2 to 50 million. 6955: 6851: 6144: 11183: 5804:

events in nature are explained only by natural causes, without assuming either the existence or non-existence of the supernatural

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Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct. However, the

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that do occur. Repair of some genome damages may have involved using information from another similar molecule by a process of

8501: 5835: 4543: 439: 67:. Although humans are part of nature, human activity or humans as a whole are often described as at times at odds, or outright 11702: 9236:

Varshalovich, D.A.; Potekhin, A.Y. & Ivanchik, A.V. (2000). "Testing cosmological variability of fundamental constants".

9134: 9109: 8082: 7913: 7551: 7274: 7091: 6934: 6752: 6501: 6404: 6329: 6229: 9002: 8471: 5154:

seeks to understand. Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the

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chamber. The eukaryotic cells possessed by all animals are surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of

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and the fifth largest overall. Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow

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Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, are studied by the branch of philosophy called

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and the idea that all species are ecologically dependent on each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their

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sequence in each currently extant individual organism contains sequence information that functions to promotes survival,

1547:. Thus, at any given time during the summer or winter, one part of the Earth is more directly exposed to the rays of the 1429:, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc. The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude. The 1333:

gained the ability to stand upright. The subsequent advent of human life, and the development of agriculture and further

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Piccolo, John J.; Taylor, Bron; Washington, Haydn; Kopnina, Helen; Gray, Joe; Alberro, Heather; Orlikowska, Ewa (2022).

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divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move fast enough for humans to notice, and animals. In

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Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things. Animals are

1643:'s surface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of water below ground in 9291:

Bibring, J; et al. (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data".

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in reference to the intrinsic qualities of a plant: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι

11234: 11207: 11170: 11114: 10792: 9559: 7363: 6902: 4978:. Some activities, such as hunting and fishing, are used for both sustenance and leisure, often by different people. 4930: 7800:

Bunker, Daniel E.; et al. (November 2005). "Species Loss and Aboveground Carbon Storage in a Tropical Forest".

3751:. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the 1004:

Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The

202:, is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by 11119: 10281: 7494:

Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (September 1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex".

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the sun's energy could be harvested to create conditions which allowed for more complex life forms. The resultant

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on Earth is not well understood, but it is known to have occurred at least 3.5 billion years ago, during the

11135: 9950: 9668: 8508:. Reston, VA: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1998. SuDocs No. I 19.202:ST 1/V.1-2. Archived from 7759:(Revised September 1999 ed.). U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0003. 6194: 5166:. The exact arrangement of these components is still unknown and is under intensive investigation by physicists. 4896: 4733: 404: 9343: 8205: 8180: 7338: 6366: 3556:

evidence shows that all existing species can trace a continual ancestry back to the first primitive life forms.

2240:, and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches, or otherwise undeveloped areas. Wilderness areas and protected 11733: 11164: 10811: 9779: 8976: 8222:"Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic" 3681: 3097: 2895: 2167:

between themselves as well as with their environment. The human ecosystem concept is based on the human/nature

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Diamond J; Ashmole, N. P.; Purves, P. E. (1989). "The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions".

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The etymology of the word "physical" shows its use as a synonym for "natural" in about the mid-15th century:

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alone exceeding the mass of all land and marine animals combined. And according to a 2021 study published in

245: 1551:. This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. At any given time, regardless of season, the 531: 11743: 11227: 7757:

Perspectives on the land use history of North America: a context for understanding our changing environment

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of many plants and animals, with roughly 1 million species threatened with extinction within decades. The

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Elhacham, Emily; Ben-Uri, Liad; et al. (2020). "Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass".

6969: 5955: 5927: 5642: 5300: 3922: 2571: 2323: 1942: 1656: 470: 6045:αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε. (So saying, Argeiphontes gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its 1531:

in the northern and southern extremes. Weather is also influenced by the seasons, which result from the

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Wilcox, Bruce A. (2006). "Amphibian Decline: More Support for Biocomplexity as a Research Paradigm".

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The behaviour of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well-defined

4919: 4464: 3198: 2915: 2233: 2156: 1544: 1392: 722: 8149: 7822: 1619:(H2O) and is vital for all known forms of life. In typical usage, "water" refers only to its liquid 1269:

inhabit oceans, seas and lakes, and have existed in various forms for at least 2 billion years.

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Stokstad, Erik (May 5, 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature".

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Raup, David M.; J. John Sepkoski Jr. (March 1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record".

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and space, as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude. Outer space within the

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An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in Naddaf, Gerard (2006)

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found that anthropogenic mass (human-made materials) outweighs all living biomass on earth, with

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vision of nature, closer to the pre-Socratic one, got reborn at the same time, especially after

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Neveu M, Kim HJ, Benner SA (April 2013). "The "strong" RNA world hypothesis: fifty years old".

6171: 5758: 5662: 5282: 4393: 3706: 3309: 2935: 2603: 2316: 1115: 479: 149:. Depending on the particular context, the term "natural" might also be distinguished from the 9214: 7959: 7933: 7264: 11401: 11376: 11356: 10962: 10834: 10744: 9822: 7670: 6742: 6290: 5652: 5443: 5274: 5198: 4165: 3669: 3580: 3410: 3363: 3284: 2996: 2027: 1417:. The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity. Air is mostly 1308:

in which multicellular life forms began to proliferate about 530–540 million years ago.

972:, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the 87: 83: 48: 9179: 7902: 6262: 5773:(biological fallacy), a discredited concept of natural equilibrium in predator–prey dynamics 32: 11621: 11431: 11381: 10950: 10935: 10930: 10274: 9983: 9935: 9716: 9568: 9300: 9255: 9175: 8807: 8618: 8532: 8334: 8233: 8192: 7990: 7809: 7503: 7411: 7306: 7136: 6994: 6781: 6702: 6635: 6573: 6526: 6444: 6258: 4802: 4603: 4450: 4319: 4304: 3654:. They form an essential part of the planetary ecosystem. However, some microorganisms are 3572: 2555: 2249: 2003: 1802: 1206: 1111: 1056: 461: 7609: 6873: 6493: 6487: 1489:

Climate is a measure of the long-term trends in the weather. Various factors are known to

8: 11536: 11406: 11023: 10848: 10485: 10420: 10126: 10083: 9917: 9860: 9711: 9703: 9661: 7118: 7029: 6721: 5807: 5718: 5513: 5361:, appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it. But it has been conjectured that 5278: 5266: 5155: 4954: 3677: 3500: 3414: 3394: 3057: 3016: 2019: 1830: 1567: 1556: 1552: 1400: 1384: 1357: 1182: 1174: 1064: 998: 782: 511: 134: 9572: 9304: 9259: 8811: 8622: 8536: 8338: 8237: 8196: 8074: 7994: 7813: 7632: 7536:

The figure "about one-half of one percent" takes into account the following (See, e.g.,

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10.302–303 (ed. A.T. Murray). (The word is dealt with thoroughly in Liddell and Scott's

3847:, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and 3650:

ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including

11697: 11651: 11631: 11616: 11441: 11436: 11195: 11078: 9995: 9586: 9527:"Have we reached the end of nature? Our relationship with the environment is in crisis" 9324: 9245: 9191: 9165: 9098: 8967: 8830: 8793: 8774: 8677: 8556: 8296: 8042: 8017: 7878: 7843: 7471: 7446: 7330: 7158: 7010: 6799: 6651: 6468: 6271: 6246: 6140: 5907: 5732: 5471: 5319: 5174: 5106: 5090: 4983: 4713: 3178: 3077: 2975: 1954: 1938: 1706: 1608: 1464: 1452:

are another important factor in determining climate, particularly the major underwater

1365: 1305: 1190: 1186: 1063:, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major 1048: 977: 846: 802: 184:, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant " 9149: 8278: 7137:"The fish community of Loch Lomond, Scotland: its history and rapidly changing status" 4989:

Although early humans gathered uncultivated plant materials for food and employed the

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A timelapse composite panorama of different natural phenomena and environments around

11636: 11516: 11371: 11190: 11038: 10778: 10225: 10207: 10111: 10078: 9590: 9464: 9443:"Exploring the diversity of conceptualizations of nature in East and South-East Asia" 9316: 9195: 9130: 9105: 8835: 8778: 8761: 8739: 8725: 8681: 8657: 8560: 8548: 8509: 8451: 8424: 8420: 8389: 8362: 8357: 8323:"Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden" 8322: 8261: 8256: 8221: 8131: 8078: 8047: 7909: 7835: 7557: 7547: 7519: 7476: 7427: 7359: 7322: 7270: 6803: 6748: 6601: 6596: 6561: 6542: 6497: 6460: 6400: 6325: 6225: 5770: 5753: 5617: 5289: 5178: 5094: 5074: 5073:

portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the

4958: 4907: 4892: 3875: 3737: 3542: 3488: 3468: 2206: 2116: 2023: 1882:

designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via

1072: 1052: 95: 91: 75: 9328: 8002: 7882: 7847: 7334: 6655: 6472: 5827: 4941:

remains closely linked to changes in the environment. There exists a highly complex

1903: 11361: 11083: 11073: 11068: 11058: 11043: 10473: 10362: 10332: 10138: 10005: 9990: 9867: 9847: 9789: 9693: 9688: 9576: 9495: 9454: 9308: 9273: 9183: 8867: 8825: 8815: 8766: 8669: 8636: 8626: 8540: 8447: 8416: 8352: 8342: 8251: 8241: 8200: 8121: 8037: 8029: 7998: 7870: 7827: 7581:): Assuming 60–70 kg to be the average human mass (approximately 130–150 7511: 7466: 7458: 7419: 7314: 7162: 7148: 7002: 6789: 6643: 6591: 6581: 6534: 6452: 6358: 6266: 6001: 5883: 5724: 5637: 5627: 5607: 5592: 5415: 5369:, may possess a sub-surface ocean of liquid water and could potentially host life. 5354: 5323: 5159: 5102: 5055: 5047: 4902: 4871: 4385: 4334: 3907: 2112: 1987: 1883: 1867: 1798: 1620: 1582: 1536: 1524: 1474:

Weather can have both beneficial and harmful effects. Extremes in weather, such as

1353: 1312: 1127: 1084: 1013: 618: 68: 9187: 7088: 6562:"The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery" 6456: 5563: 11728: 11646: 11611: 11002: 10923: 10853: 10715: 10673: 10548: 10503: 10397: 10392: 10382: 10267: 10133: 10116: 10073: 10063: 9955: 9624: 9581: 9554: 9491: 9424: 9403: 9083: 8998: 8894: 8479: 7114: 7095: 6973: 6962: 6938: 6728: 6709: 6690: 6319: 6064: 5997: 5879: 5699: 5632: 5612: 5143: 5097:

in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word

5086: 5014: 4998: 4990: 4979: 4975: 4934: 4418: 4187: 4143: 3433: 3158: 2273: 2213: 2152: 2094: 2047: 2043: 1826: 1801:), a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of 1794: 1761: 1194: 1060: 1005: 949: 10898: 8380:

Wolska K (2003). "Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment".

8067: 7602:"The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems – Productivity, Food Chain, and Trophic Level" 7462: 5577: 944: 11501: 11311: 11145: 11140: 10782: 10248: 10166: 10156: 10020: 10015: 9774: 9764: 9654: 9519:

Finding Order in Nature: The Naturalist Tradition from Linnaeus to E. O. Wilson

9459: 9442: 9151: 8673: 5713: 5657: 5647: 5569: 5499: 5457: 5429: 5401: 5315: 5230: 5147: 5125: 5082: 4963: 4239: 4226: 4156: 4130: 3883: 3722: 3560: 3522: 3398: 2269: 2209: 2191: 2179: 2089: 2078: 1946: 1776: 1741: 1733: 1498: 1301: 1293: 1274: 1159: 1155: 1100: 1076: 1017: 1009: 678: 638: 598: 111: 56: 9500: 9477: 9374: 9235: 9025: 8872: 8855: 8544: 8150:"Photosynthesis more ancient than thought, and most living things could do it" 8126: 8109: 7874: 7318: 7107: 6647: 6078: 6006: 5983: 5888: 5865: 3320: 1165:

After the initial sequence of rocks has been deposited, the rock units can be

150: 11722: 11581: 11476: 11366: 11341: 11336: 11007: 10868: 10357: 10176: 10106: 10058: 10025: 9897: 9887: 9877: 9837: 9832: 9555:""Nature's contributions to people" and peoples' moral obligations to nature" 9468: 8999:"Plant Conservation Alliance – Medicinal Plant Working Groups Green Medicine" 8631: 8606: 6315: 6113: 5776: 5485: 5465: 5362: 5345:

known to support life, evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet

5122: 5043: 4986:. Ranging from food production to energy, nature influences economic wealth. 4968: 4950: 4942: 4867: 4758: 4426: 3832: 3733: 3711: 3623: 3619: 3448: 3381:

to humans possess a self-replicating informational molecule (genome), either

3239: 2237: 2039: 2015: 1863: 1729: 1528: 1449: 1131: 1123: 993: 939: 923: 142: 9312: 8820: 8770: 8246: 7831: 7740: 7568: 7515: 6931: 5922: 5029: 1728:, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the 1095: 206:

philosophers (though this word had a dynamic dimension then, especially for

11626: 11606: 11571: 11566: 11556: 11551: 11531: 11511: 11421: 11391: 11351: 11331: 11321: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11063: 10992: 10883: 10581: 10567: 10230: 10181: 10171: 10161: 10101: 9882: 9736: 9726: 9320: 8913: 8839: 8552: 8428: 8393: 8366: 8347: 8135: 8064: 8051: 8033: 7839: 7582: 7540:"How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment" 7480: 7431: 7326: 6605: 6586: 6538: 6464: 6068:.) For later but still very early Greek uses of the term, see earlier note. 6057: 5602: 5583: 5555: 5541: 5527: 5395: 5373: 5342: 5335: 5270: 5211: 5170: 4938: 4834: 4408: 4375: 4289: 4213: 4200: 3895: 3552:

record retains evidence of many of these older species. Current fossil and

3504: 3402: 3367: 3325: 3117: 2855: 2031: 1957:, and the release of stored water in natural ice and snowpacks (i.e., from 1871: 1806: 1745: 1737: 1714: 1587: 1563: 1458: 1361: 1334: 1228: 1219:

An animation showing the movement of the continents from the separation of

1170: 1135: 973: 822: 551: 415: 154: 8696:"Feedback Loops in Global Climate Change Point to a Very Hot 21st Century" 8442:

Solomon, Eldra; Martin, Charles; Martin, Diana W.; Berg, Linda R. (2019).

8265: 8181:"On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere" 7523: 7423: 6546: 5950: 3393:), perhaps RNA or a molecule more primitive than RNA or DNA. The specific 1311:

Since the Cambrian explosion there have been five distinctly identifiable

11676: 11671: 11641: 11596: 11541: 11481: 11466: 11461: 11426: 11386: 11276: 11266: 11261: 10540: 10415: 9978: 9784: 9721: 6818:"Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change" 5801: 5797: 5785: 5622: 5190: 5163: 5117: 5066: 5006: 4994: 4737: 4480: 4104: 3899: 3886:, which sends and processes signals. There is also typically an internal 3844: 3740: 3651: 3615: 3611: 3568: 3534: 3456: 3452: 3355: 2801: 2763: 2182:. For example, a microsystem can be a stone and all the life under it. A 2066: 1999: 1995: 1950: 1926: 1888: 1725: 1710: 1698: 1632: 1571: 1445: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1244: 1178: 1162:, push upwards into the overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude. 989: 698: 37: 10803: 9250: 8641: 7059: 5792:

that do not distinguish the supernatural from nature; this includes the

4914:, only about 3% of the planet's terrestrial surface is ecologically and 4862: 3571:. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the 1277:. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known supercontinent 11661: 11656: 11601: 11586: 11526: 11491: 11486: 11456: 11416: 11396: 11326: 11306: 10632: 10513: 10068: 10035: 10010: 9892: 9812: 9731: 7153: 6362: 5789: 5784:, any of several philosophical stances, typically those descended from 5308: 5254: 5234: 5151: 5070: 5039: 4926: 3576: 3483: 3460: 3406: 3359: 3351: 3137: 2285: 2224: 2217: 2160: 2125: 1991: 1930: 1879: 1648: 1540: 1388: 1227:

Earth is estimated to have formed 4.54 billion years ago from the

1024: 490: 207: 170: 138: 60: 11219: 9277: 8888:"The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages" 7895: 7190:"Introduction to the Biosphere: Introduction to the Ecosystem Concept" 7014: 6770:"Trends in the skill of weather prediction at lead times of 1–14 days" 6198: 5493: 5220: 3471:(life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere. 2062: 1215: 450: 11576: 11561: 11546: 11496: 11471: 11048: 10918: 10878: 10873: 10591: 10553: 10508: 10498: 10438: 10259: 10000: 9945: 9930: 9902: 9872: 9799: 9741: 7733:"Changing Patterns in the Number of Species in North American Floras" 7587: 6390:"Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: The Snowball Earth" 5005:

growth has led to a significant reduction in the amount available of

4946: 4900:

diminishing at an increasingly rapid pace. A 2020 study published in

4818: 4495: 3887: 3856: 3828: 3729: 3538: 3516: 3440: 3341: 2647: 2587: 2281: 2257: 2253: 2187: 2168: 2106: 2082: 2035: 1892: 1875: 1818: 1772: 1753: 1721: 1595: 1479: 1468: 1369: 1210: 1173:. Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening, 1151: 1147: 1143: 981: 958: 9347: 6794: 6769: 1675: 1380: 117:

Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" often refers to

11666: 11591: 11521: 11451: 11446: 11271: 10642: 10586: 10518: 10453: 10339: 10327: 10299: 9419:, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 8407:

Horneck G (1981). "Survival of microorganisms in space: a review".

7904:

Global environment outlook 3: past, present and future perspectives

7633:"Introduction to the Biosphere: Species Diversity and Biodiversity" 7006: 6247:"Source Regions and Time Scales for the Delivery of Water to Earth" 5667: 5423: 5304: 5292: 5265:(and terrestrial locations). There is no discrete boundary between 5262: 5250: 5225: 5194: 5010: 4953:, and disasters such as oil spills. Humans have contributed to the 4669: 4117: 4091: 3891: 3871: 3717: 3665: 3655: 3627: 3492: 3371: 3347: 3219: 2668: 2650: 2261: 2144: 2051: 2007: 1841: 1757: 1702: 1694: 1612: 1520: 1519:

The climate of a region depends on a number of factors, especially

1513: 1418: 1346: 1326:. Over the past 66 million years, mammalian life diversified. 1319: 1282: 1266: 1119: 1029: 199: 122: 107: 52: 10684: 9170: 2202: 11681: 11411: 11281: 10987: 10982: 10913: 10858: 10637: 10625: 10563: 10493: 10468: 10428: 10407: 10377: 10093: 9970: 9940: 9756: 9746: 8909:"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?" 6051: 5549: 5366: 5098: 5018: 4875: 4274: 4266: 4252: 4076: 3840: 3836: 3782: 3635: 3631: 3605: 3530: 3444: 3429: 3425: 3370:. Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of 3337: 2735: 2702: 2265: 2245: 2172: 2102: 2011: 1958: 1822: 1814: 1664: 1660: 1644: 1502: 1483: 1475: 1408: 1404: 1297: 1286: 1285:

which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally

1278: 1240: 1220: 1042: 985: 658: 118: 79: 9213:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from 6289:. NASA Astrobiology Institute. December 24, 2001. Archived from 5535: 3463:(air). The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 1281:, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form 11346: 10620: 10613: 10322: 10317: 9827: 9807: 7122: 6985:

Spilhaus, Athelstan F (1942). "Maps of the whole world ocean".

6287:"Earth's Oldest Mineral Grains Suggest an Early Start for Life" 5331: 5207: 5137: 5133: 5062: 4888: 3879: 3867: 3863: 3852: 3804: 3799:

Another category of plant has historically been carved out for

3752: 3748: 3701: 3673: 3639: 3564: 3549: 3526: 3496: 3421: 3390: 2712: 2684: 2164: 1981: 1974: 1969: 1810: 1680: 1616: 1591: 1494: 1422: 1323: 1236: 1068: 965: 866: 573: 194: 9617: 9552: 8852: 7980: 6966: 5203: 47:

is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the

10650: 10608: 10601: 10596: 10433: 10387: 10349: 10307: 10148: 9925: 9907: 9677: 8856:"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future" 8576:"Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests" 8320: 7932:. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. December 5, 2005. Archived from 7608:. University of Hamburg Department of Biology. Archived from 6038: 5479: 5358: 5238: 4915: 4866:

Despite their natural beauty, the secluded valleys along the

3788:

Regional floras commonly are divided into categories such as

3774:, which, depending on the purpose of study, can also include 3771: 3744: 3697: 3685: 3661: 3545:

resulted in the development of ever-more diverse life forms.

3508: 3420:

Properties common to terrestrial organisms (plants, animals,

3378: 3264: 2619: 2241: 1920: 1912: 1688: 1652: 1640: 1636: 1602: 1532: 1448:, and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat. 1342: 1252: 1012:. The interior remains active, with a thick layer of plastic 954: 935: 890: 185: 177: 130: 99: 7117:, No. 17 What is the difference between mountain, hill, and 6905:, Special Report, American Geophysical Union, December 1995. 5128:

shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density

1349:

period, required about 300 million years to culminate.

10528: 10463: 10458: 10448: 10443: 10312: 10197: 9817: 8605:

Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021).

8206:

10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2

6918: 6165: 5381: 5346: 5327: 5288:

Outer space is sparsely filled with several dozen types of

5002: 3903: 3882:, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and a 3848: 3756: 3596: 3333: 2693: 2121: 2073: 1908: 1853: 1784: 1508: 1322:

and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as

1316: 1139: 969: 146: 126: 103: 64: 9371:"Detailed Images From Europa Point To Slush Below Surface" 6744:

Environmental Science: Problems, Connections and Solutions

5521: 5237:

in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years from

3770:

Among the many ways of classifying plants are by regional

1262: 192:

is mostly used as the Latin translation of the Greek word

9618:

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (iucnredlist.org)

9026:"Environmental History: Between Science & Philosophy" 7896:

Clarke, Robin; Robert Lamb; Dilys Roe Ward, eds. (2002).

7493: 6399:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52. 5312: 5215:(sizes to scale, distances and illumination not to scale) 4891:

comprise only a minuscule proportion of the total living

4851: 3553: 3386: 3382: 3301: 3260: 2277: 2129: 1749: 1628: 1624: 1548: 1438: 1413:

The Earth's atmosphere is a key factor in sustaining the

1330: 1248: 1232: 886: 78:

in the last several centuries, nature became the passive

9646: 6434: 6109:"Calculations favor reducing atmosphere for early Earth" 5820: 5384:, and therefore could possibly host life as we know it. 4993:

for healing, most modern human use of plants is through

4937:. In spite of this progress, however, the fate of human 3559:

When basic forms of plant life developed the process of

3447:

processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest

1748:. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, 1360:

event, the fastest ever to have occurred. Some, such as

1296:

era, freezing temperatures covered much of the Earth in

1243:

activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing

8441: 7930:"Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species: News" 7544:

For hunger-proof cities: sustainable urban food systems

5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5017:

for many plant and animal species as well as increased

1720:

The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the

1304:", and it is of particular interest as it precedes the 55:

as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the

8607:"Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?" 8506:

Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources

8065:

Raven, Peter Hamilton; Johnson, George Brooks (2002).

7771:"Tropical Scientists Find Fewer Species Than Expected" 7379:. California Academy of Sciences. 2006. Archived from 6516: 3851:. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and 3824:, etc. according to their relationship to human life. 1329:

Several million years ago, a species of small African

1289:, which broke apart about 180 million years ago. 9100:

Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution

8178: 7546:. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. 7234:"Introduction to the Biosphere: Organization of Life" 6774:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

2244:

are considered important for the survival of certain

1444:

Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the

1300:

and ice sheets. This hypothesis has been termed the "

1181:) motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to 7958:. Sciencedaily.com. December 5, 2005. Archived from 6485: 6314: 5850: 5391: 3610:

The first form of life to develop on the Earth were

976:, it is third closest to the Sun; it is the largest 8794:"Global trends in nature's contributions to people" 6018:

Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus

5690:, a publication of the National Wildlife Federation 3917: 3567:accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the 2295: 2276:that may be difficult or impossible to recreate in 1941:. Water within a river is generally collected from 1433:plays an important role in depleting the amount of 1375: 217: 9440: 9097: 8066: 7901: 6559: 4933:and has helped to alleviate some of the risk from 3874:—animals have bodies that are differentiated into 2151:Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that 2014:in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a 9095: 8886:UK Government Official Documents, February 2021, 8110:"The enigma of the origin of life and its timing" 7956:"Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich in Species" 3803:. Though the term has fallen into disfavor among 2155:interact with every other element in their local 1566:that is readily modified by small changes to the 11720: 8791: 8058: 7637:Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition) 7238:Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition) 7194:Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition) 6344: 6166:Hugh Anderson; Bernard Walter (March 28, 1997). 5942: 5372:Astronomers have started to discover extrasolar 5249:, refers to the relatively empty regions of the 5050:(618–907). The tradition of representing nature 3898:. This may be calcified to form structures like 1352:The present era is classified as part of a mass 210:), and has steadily gained currency ever since. 9600:Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas 9143: 8604: 8522: 6310: 6308: 6197:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from 5061:Although natural wonders are celebrated in the 1122:settle onto the surface of the Earth and later 82:, organized and moved by divine laws. With the 9211:"Introduction to the constants for nonexperts" 8792:Brauman, Kate A.; Garibaldi, Lucas A. (2020). 7908:. London; Sterling, VA: Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. 7401: 6768:Stern, Harvey; Davidson, Noel (May 25, 2015). 6741:Miller; Spoolman, Scott (September 28, 2007). 6740: 5058:and was a significant influence in Asian art. 1075:extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of 19:"Natural" redirects here. For other uses, see 11235: 10819: 10700: 10275: 9662: 9475: 9447:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9368: 9086:BC Spaces for Nature. Accessed: May 20, 2006. 7098:from Merriam-Webster. Accessed February 2010. 7027: 6767: 5981: 5863: 5353:Conditions on the other terrestrial planets, 4870:in Hawaii are heavily modified by introduced 3946: 3658:and can post health risk to other organisms. 2324: 246: 9521:. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 7348: 6956:Distribution of land and water on the planet 6305: 5904:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 1809:, Saturn's largest moon, which has lakes of 1437:(UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As 1008:is divided into several gradually migrating 8179:Berkner, L. V.; L. C. Marshall (May 1965). 7753:Website based on the contents of the book: 5341:Although Earth is the only body within the 5173:. These laws have been employed to produce 3862:With a few exceptions—most notably the two 2006:, and they serve as corridors for fish and 1986:A stream is a flowing body of water with a 1878:designed for commercial fish breeding, and 1387:than other wavelengths by the gases in the 125:. Nature can refer to the general realm of 11242: 11228: 10826: 10812: 10707: 10693: 10282: 10268: 9669: 9655: 9344:"Hunt for Mars life should go underground" 9290: 8906: 8731:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History 8573: 8321:Szewzyk U; Szewzyk R; Stenström T (1994). 7754: 7702:"Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway?" 6731:. Park.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2016. 6712:. Park.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2016. 6693:. Park.org. Retrieved on November 3, 2016. 6492:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 6387: 6244: 4929:by the human race has allowed the greater 3953: 3939: 3913: 3618:, and smaller than the human eye can see. 3467:pounds or about 6.8×10 kilograms) of 2331: 2317: 253: 239: 11708:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 10833: 9580: 9499: 9476:Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). 9458: 9441:Droz, Layna; et al. (May 31, 2022). 9267: 9249: 9169: 8871: 8829: 8819: 8640: 8630: 8406: 8356: 8346: 8255: 8245: 8204: 8125: 8041: 7821: 7470: 7152: 6945:2002. New York: Columbia University Press 6793: 6595: 6585: 6270: 6219: 6016:is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W.K.C. 6005: 5982:Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). 5887: 5864:Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). 1845:The Westborough Reservoir (Mill Pond) in 1559:Hemispheres experience opposite seasons. 1200: 1016:and an iron-filled core that generates a 9346:. Space.com via NBC News. Archived from 9054:. The Wilderness Society. Archived from 9023: 8758: 8379: 8219: 8107: 7630: 7231: 7212: 7187: 6984: 6703:Mass Extinctions Of The Phanerozoic Menu 6618: 6143:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 5229:is a spiral galaxy in the constellation 5219: 5202: 5116: 5028: 5024: 4861: 3716: 3705: 3590: 3482: 3319: 2201: 2134: 2111:Ecosystems are composed of a variety of 2088: 2072: 2061: 1968: 1902: 1840: 1771: 1674: 1581: 1507: 1463: 1379: 1368:, predict that human destruction of the 1261: 1214: 1110:Rock units are first emplaced either by 1094: 943: 31: 11249: 9629: 9597: 9508: 9124: 9070: 8941:"Natural Resources contribution to GDP" 8907:Carrington, Damian (February 2, 2021). 8724: 8435: 8103: 8101: 8009: 7974: 7730: 6224:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 5910:", akin to "systematic study of nature" 5813: 5338:re-enters the atmosphere periodically. 3583:, life colonized the surface of Earth. 1090: 11721: 10289: 9543: 9539:from the original on October 22, 2023. 9208: 8655: 8611:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 8586:from the original on November 24, 2021 8015: 7860: 7799: 7731:Withers, Mark A.; et al. (1998). 7712:from the original on February 11, 2007 7537: 7289: 7070:from the original on September 5, 2016 6665:from the original on November 15, 2018 6416:from the original on September 9, 2014 6089:from the original on December 17, 2008 4912:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 4847: 3835:, which separates them from bacteria, 3297: 1874:designed for aesthetic ornamentation, 919: 11739:Environmental social science concepts 11703:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 11223: 10807: 10688: 10263: 9650: 9630:Ducarme, Frédéric (January 3, 2021). 9524: 9341: 8574:Carrington, Damian (April 15, 2021). 8160:from the original on January 20, 2019 7599: 7169:from the original on January 14, 2012 7134: 6948: 6884:from the original on January 26, 2021 6525:(1228): 469–476, discussion 476–477. 6486:Margulis, Lynn; Dorian Sagan (1995). 6192: 5261:space is used to distinguish it from 4962:to human society is not reflected in 3931: 3691: 3573:development of yet more complex cells 3503:of South America contain the largest 2309: 1114:onto the surface or intrude into the 231: 11178: 10788: 10221:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 9642:from the original on April 23, 2021. 9118: 9005:from the original on October 9, 2006 8098: 7781:from the original on August 30, 2006 7444: 7262: 7244:from the original on August 13, 2011 7108:USGS – U.S. Geological Survey – FAQs 6628:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 6245:Morbidelli, A.; et al. (2000). 6121:from the original on August 30, 2006 5838:from the original on January 2, 2024 5796:of natural science, which makes the 5741:The World We Live In (Life magazine) 5307:and the origin of the universe, and 5112: 4790: 4768: 4746: 4722: 4702: 4682: 4658: 4638: 4615: 4592: 4572: 4552: 4532: 4512: 3920: 3273: 3249: 3228: 3208: 3187: 3167: 3147: 3126: 3106: 3086: 3066: 3046: 3026: 3005: 2985: 2964: 2944: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2864: 2844: 2298: 1659:. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, 1493:, including ocean currents, surface 1142:flows, blanket the surface. Igneous 875: 855: 835: 811: 791: 771: 751: 731: 711: 687: 667: 647: 627: 607: 587: 560: 540: 520: 500: 220: 11202: 10714: 9028:. Environmental History Resources. 8185:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 6828:from the original on April 21, 2006 6395:. In J.W. Schopf; C. Klein (eds.). 6251:Meteoritics & Planetary Science 3436:may also be considered to be life. 2260:). They may also preserve historic 2178:A smaller unit of size is called a 2143:. Located northeast of the city of 1821:, and areas with ongoing or recent 1341:, produced by the proliferation of 13: 9434: 9395:Choi, Charles Q. (March 21, 2011) 9032:from the original on June 26, 2007 8945:World Development Indicators (WDI) 8022:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 8018:"Fossil evidence of Archaean life" 7643:from the original on July 18, 2011 7292:"Identifying Ecoregion Boundaries" 7200:from the original on July 18, 2011 7036:from the original on June 11, 2008 6619:Wick, Lucia; Möhl, Adrian (2006). 6519:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 6347:"How do supercontinents assemble?" 6324:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6272:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x 5948: 5920: 4991:medicinal properties of vegetation 2097:. Pictured is the city of Chicago. 2018:. Given the status of the ongoing 1679:A view of the Atlantic Ocean from 14: 11755: 9611: 9525:Lynch, Derek (October 17, 2023). 8921:from the original on May 24, 2022 8860:Frontiers in Conservation Science 8478:. Merriam-Webster. Archived from 8476:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 8073:. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 7737:Land Use History of North America 6903:Water Vapor in the Climate System 6854:from the original on May 14, 2011 6345:Murphy, J.B.; R.D. Nance (2004). 6195:"The Discovery of Global Warming" 6147:from the original on May 11, 2012 4931:exploitation of natural resources 3328:is essential for continuing life. 1623:, but it also has a solid state, 1577: 1247:, most or all of which came from 133:. It is often taken to mean the " 63:of the physical world, including 11201: 11189: 11177: 11159: 11158: 10897: 10787: 10777: 10768: 10767: 10669: 10668: 10244: 10243: 9513:. Boston: James Munroe & Co. 9409: 9389: 9362: 9335: 9284: 9229: 9202: 7290:Bailey, Robert G. (April 2004). 7222:, 3rd edition, Saunders New York 5728:, a prominent scientific journal 5576: 5562: 5548: 5534: 5520: 5506: 5492: 5478: 5464: 5450: 5436: 5422: 5408: 5394: 5245:Outer space, also simply called 1752:and other names. There are also 1376:Atmosphere, climate, and weather 953:, which is a famous view of the 16:Material world and its phenomena 11136:Human impact on the environment 9951:Human impact on the environment 9636:Encyclopedia of the Environment 9369:Turner, Scott (March 2, 1998). 9089: 9044: 9017: 8991: 8955: 8947:. November 2014. Archived from 8933: 8900: 8880: 8846: 8785: 8752: 8718: 8688: 8649: 8598: 8567: 8516: 8494: 8464: 8400: 8373: 8314: 8289: 8272: 8213: 8172: 8142: 8003:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009 7948: 7922: 7889: 7854: 7793: 7763: 7724: 7694: 7685: 7667:Extinction Web Page Class Notes 7655: 7624: 7593: 7530: 7487: 7438: 7395: 7369: 7283: 7256: 7225: 7181: 7128: 7101: 7082: 7052: 7021: 6978: 6924: 6908: 6896: 6866: 6840: 6810: 6761: 6734: 6715: 6696: 6677: 6612: 6553: 6510: 6479: 6428: 6381: 6338: 6279: 6238: 6213: 6186: 6159: 6133: 5184: 5146:view matter as obeying certain 4882: 3324:Female mallard and ducklings – 2132:, water, and living organisms. 1414: 957:, taken in 1972 by the crew of 11044:Public transport encouragement 9780:Climate variability and change 9517:Farber, Paul Lawrence (2000), 9342:Malik, Tariq (March 8, 2005). 8702:. May 22, 2006. Archived from 7569:"World Population Information" 7451:Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7121:; lake and pond; or river and 6101: 6071: 6027: 5970: 5913: 5896: 5033:Aesthetically pleasing flowers 4511: 3668:, but they are not autonomous 2843: 499: 1: 10216:Evolution of the Solar System 9127:The Character of Physical Law 9001:. US National Park Services. 8963:"GDP – Composition by Sector" 7898:"Decline and loss of species" 7663:"How Many Species are There?" 7358:, Island Press, pp. 155–157, 6560:Novacek M; Cleland E (2001). 6457:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501 5365:, the fourth-largest moon of 4982:was first adopted around the 3794:agricultural and garden flora 2264:traits and that they provide 2197: 2057: 9956:Evolutionary history of life 9582:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109572 8421:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6 8108:Line, M. (January 1, 2002). 6220:Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). 6193:Weart, Spencer (June 2006). 3478: 2022:, streams play an important 1693:An ocean is a major body of 1446:lower part of the atmosphere 1385:Blue light is scattered more 1118:. Deposition can occur when 1067:, and is also important for 160: 74:During the advent of modern 7: 11034:Natural resource management 9546:The Greek Concept of Nature 9188:10.1051/0004-6361/201321529 8973:Central Intelligence Agency 7463:10.1101/cshperspect.a006742 7447:"The RNA worlds in context" 6972:September 15, 2008, at the 6727:September 25, 2006, at the 6708:September 25, 2006, at the 6689:September 25, 2006, at the 6168:"History of Climate Change" 6022:History of Greek Philosophy 5978:The Greek Concept of Nature 5956:Online Etymology Dictionary 5928:Online Etymology Dictionary 5387: 4848: 4070: 3736:' system, these became the 3586: 3377:Present day organisms from 3298: 3058:Earliest multicellular life 2528: 2139:Peñas Blancas, part of the 1825:. Other lakes are found in 920: 400: 10: 11760: 9604:Cambridge University Press 9509:Emerson, Ralph W. (1836). 9478:"What does 'nature' mean?" 9460:10.1057/s41599-022-01186-5 9238:AIP Conference Proceedings 9157:Astronomy and Astrophysics 9096:Rothenberg, David (2011). 8674:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w 7631:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 7266:Biotechnology Fundamentals 7263:Khan, Firdos Alam (2011). 7232:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 7188:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 7094:February 21, 2010, at the 6943:The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6850:. Un.org. March 22, 2005. 5984:"What does 'nature' mean?" 5866:"What does 'nature' mean?" 5376:– planets that lie in the 5322:. There is also some gas, 5188: 5131: 5095:Transcendentalist movement 5054:became one of the aims of 5046:began in China during the 3695: 3603: 3514: 3331: 2222: 2163:, and exchange energy and 2100: 2010:migration. The biological 1979: 1964: 1918: 1851: 1847:Westborough, Massachusetts 1782: 1686: 1639:. Water covers 71% of the 1600: 1398: 1391:, giving the Earth a blue 1204: 1099:Three types of geological 1083:fields, and understanding 1040: 1036: 933: 188:". In ancient philosophy, 69:separate and even superior 18: 11690: 11257: 11154: 11128: 11092: 11016: 10946:Environmental engineering 10906: 10895: 10841: 10763: 10735: 10722: 10664: 10577: 10536: 10527: 10484: 10406: 10348: 10298: 10239: 10206: 10190: 10147: 10092: 10034: 9969: 9916: 9846: 9798: 9755: 9702: 9684: 9676: 9501:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y 9209:Taylor, Barry N. (1971). 9125:Feynman, Richard (1965). 9052:"On the Beauty of Nature" 8873:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419 8545:10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5 8450:. pp. 408, 420–422. 8127:10.1099/00221287-148-1-21 7875:10.1007/s10393-005-0013-5 7354:Botkin, Daniel B. (2000) 7319:10.1007/s00267-003-0163-6 7305:(Supplement 1): S14–S26. 7030:"Lake (physical feature)" 6937:January 26, 2011, at the 6648:10.1007/s00334-006-0051-0 6397:The Proterozoic Biosphere 6388:Kirschvink, J.L. (1992). 6007:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y 5889:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y 5794:methodological naturalism 5277:, which passes over into 4999:clearance of large tracts 4920:Colorado State University 2147:in Northeastern Nicaragua 2141:Bosawás Biosphere Reserve 1898: 1813:, most likely mixed with 1670: 11029:Environmental technology 10978:Environmental toxicology 10973:Environmental statistics 10968:Environmental humanities 10226:Location in the Universe 10157:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9856:List of sovereign states 8632:10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635 7755:Sisk, T.D., ed. (1998). 7538:Leckie, Stephen (1999). 7299:Environmental Management 5281:at what is known as the 3963: 3672:, as it is the case for 3648:horizontal gene transfer 2484:−1000 — 2464:−1500 — 2444:−2000 — 2424:−2500 — 2404:−3000 — 2384:−3500 — 2364:−4000 — 2344:−4500 — 2341: 2081:in the Desert country – 1836: 1789:A lake (from Latin word 1767: 1699:continuous body of water 1454:thermohaline circulation 1193:, respectively, between 1081:Geotechnical engineering 263: 213: 176:and is derived from the 94:) or a mere decorum for 21:Natural (disambiguation) 10941:Environmental economics 10864:Environmental chemistry 9560:Biological Conservation 9544:Naddaf, Gerard (2006). 9483:Palgrave Communications 9415:Papineau, David (2016) 9313:10.1126/science.1122659 9180:2014A&A...571A...1P 9077:History of Conservation 8821:10.1073/pnas.2010473117 8771:10.1126/science.aax9287 8656:Cafaro, Philip (2022). 8284:Encyclopædia Britannica 8247:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735 7832:10.1126/science.1117682 7516:10.1126/science.3898363 7220:Fundamentals of ecology 6684:The Holocene Extinction 6318:; Dorian Sagan (1995). 6263:2000M&PS...35.1309M 6033:The first known use of 5989:Palgrave Communications 5871:Palgrave Communications 5380:of space surrounding a 4835:P a r a n t h r o p u s 4694:Dispersal beyond Africa 3914:Human interrelationship 3721:A selection of diverse 3710:A selection of diverse 2504:−500 — 2291: 2079:Aravalli Mountain Range 2030:and thus in conserving 1339:Great Oxygenation Event 25:Nature (disambiguation) 11317:Biological engineering 10998:Sustainability science 9623:June 27, 2014, at the 9423:April 1, 2019, at the 9373:. NASA. Archived from 9024:Oosthoek, Jan (1999). 8736:Henry Holt and Company 8348:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810 8327:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8226:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8034:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 6967:UN Atlas of the Oceans 6722:Patterns of Extinction 6587:10.1073/pnas.091093698 6566:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 6539:10.1098/rstb.1989.0100 6170:. NASA. Archived from 6117:. September 11, 2005. 6063:March 5, 2011, at the 6024:), Cambridge UP, 1965. 5828:"Definition of NATURE" 5759:The Nature Conservancy 5663:Nature-based solutions 5297:microwave spectroscopy 5295:discovered to date by 5242: 5217: 5129: 5105:and more generally by 5034: 4897:human effect on nature 4879: 3966:−10 — 3755:and several groups of 3725: 3714: 3601: 3512: 3329: 2248:, ecological studies, 2220: 2186:might involve a whole 2148: 2098: 2086: 2070: 1977: 1916: 1915:, Egypt's capital city 1849: 1780: 1684: 1598: 1590:on the border between 1527:at the equator to the 1516: 1471: 1396: 1270: 1224: 1201:Historical perspective 1104: 961: 296:−10 — 286:−11 — 276:−12 — 266:−13 — 41: 11734:Environmental science 11402:Developmental biology 11377:Computational biology 11357:Cellular microbiology 10963:Environmental studies 10835:Environmental science 9936:Biogeochemical cycles 9861:dependent territories 9548:. Albany: SUNY Press. 9402:July 3, 2013, at the 9377:on September 29, 2006 9350:on September 30, 2013 9082:July 8, 2006, at the 8951:on December 23, 2014. 8893:May 20, 2022, at the 7743:on September 23, 2006 7560:on November 13, 2010. 7445:Cech TR (July 2012). 7424:10.1089/ast.2012.0868 7113:July 1, 2015, at the 6961:May 31, 2008, at the 6878:CIA – World Fact Book 6293:on September 28, 2006 6141:"Past Climate Change" 5980:, SUNY Press, and in 5653:Nature versus nurture 5444:Earth sciences portal 5257:of celestial bodies. 5223: 5206: 5199:Extraterrestrial life 5120: 5032: 5025:Aesthetics and beauty 4865: 4056:−1 — 4046:−2 — 4036:−3 — 4026:−4 — 4016:−5 — 4006:−6 — 3996:−7 — 3986:−8 — 3976:−9 — 3720: 3709: 3594: 3581:ultraviolet radiation 3486: 3413:(a primitive form of 3323: 2205: 2138: 2128:, radiation from the 2092: 2076: 2065: 2040:fluvial geomorphology 1972: 1925:A river is a natural 1906: 1844: 1775: 1678: 1585: 1512:A tornado in central 1511: 1491:influence the climate 1467: 1457:much hotter, and the 1395:when seen from space. 1383: 1265: 1223:until the present day 1218: 1183:convergent boundaries 1098: 947: 441:Accelerated expansion 386:−1 — 376:−2 — 366:−3 — 356:−4 — 346:−5 — 336:−6 — 326:−7 — 316:−8 — 306:−9 — 169:is borrowed from the 84:Industrial Revolution 35: 11622:Reproductive biology 11507:Mathematical biology 11432:Evolutionary biology 11382:Conservation biology 10951:Environmental health 10936:Environmental design 10931:Ecological economics 10549:Evolutionary history 9984:Computer cartography 9717:Prebiotic atmosphere 9598:Worster, D. (1994). 9058:on September 9, 2006 7983:Precambrian Research 7962:on February 25, 2011 7936:on February 25, 2011 7673:on September 9, 2006 7600:Sengbusch, Peter V. 7571:. U.S. Census Bureau 7377:"Definition of Life" 7135:Adams, C.E. (1994). 6747:. Cengage Learning. 6222:The Age of the Earth 5814:Notes and references 5275:interplanetary space 4959:loss of biodiversity 4650:Earliest stone tools 3638:, and a minority of 3501:tropical rainforests 2093:An aerial view of a 2004:groundwater recharge 1990:, confined within a 1611:that is composed of 1207:History of the Earth 1191:transform boundaries 1187:divergent boundaries 1175:horizontal extension 1091:Geological evolution 659:NGC 188 star cluster 11744:Main topic articles 11407:Ecological genetics 11251:Branches of biology 11120:Environment by year 11110:Research institutes 11024:Energy conservation 10849:Atmospheric science 10486:Natural environment 10127:Geologic time scale 9848:Culture and society 9712:Atmosphere of Earth 9573:2022BCons.27009572P 9305:2006Sci...312..400B 9260:2000AIPC..506..503V 8812:2020PNAS..11732799B 8806:(51): 32799–32805. 8706:on December 8, 2006 8623:2021FrFGC...4.6635P 8537:2020Natur.588..442E 8339:1994PNAS...91.1810S 8238:1994PNAS...91.6735S 8197:1965JAtS...22..225B 8016:Schopf, JW (2006). 7995:2007PreR..158..141S 7814:2005Sci...310.1029B 7808:(5750): 1029–1031. 7508:1985Sci...229.1277B 7416:2013AsBio..13..391N 7383:on February 8, 2007 7344:on October 1, 2009. 7311:2004EnMan..34S..14B 7028:Britannica Online. 6999:1942GeoRv..32..431S 6987:Geographical Review 6786:2015QJRMS.141.2726S 6640:2006VegHA..15..435W 6578:2001PNAS...98.5466N 6531:1989RSPTB.325..469D 6449:1982Sci...215.1501R 6443:(4539): 1501–1503. 6369:on January 28, 2011 6174:on January 23, 2008 5834:. January 2, 2024. 5808:Nature (philosophy) 5719:Ralph Waldo Emerson 5514:Solar System portal 5320:subatomic particles 5303:left over from the 5301:blackbody radiation 5156:observable universe 5013:, resulting in the 4925:The development of 3595:A microscopic mite 3407:repair such damages 3395:deoxyribonucleotide 3038:Sexual reproduction 3017:Huronian glaciation 2028:fragmented habitats 2026:role in connecting 2020:Holocene extinction 1572:weather forecasting 1401:Atmosphere of Earth 1358:Holocene extinction 1257:produced the oceans 1177:, or side-to-side ( 1065:academic discipline 1053:physical properties 999:Northern Hemisphere 783:Sexual reproduction 723:Earliest known life 135:natural environment 11698:History of biology 11632:Structural biology 11617:Relational biology 11442:Generative biology 11437:Freshwater biology 11196:Environment portal 11079:Water purification 10122:Geological history 9996:Geodetic astronomy 9217:on January 7, 2007 9129:. Modern Library. 8968:The World Factbook 8726:Kolbert, Elizabeth 8382:Acta Microbiol Pol 7154:10.1007/BF00008956 7089:River {definition} 6780:(692): 2726–2736. 6363:10.1511/2004.4.324 6351:American Scientist 6083:Blue Planet Biomes 5908:natural philosophy 5472:Environment portal 5279:interstellar space 5267:Earth's atmosphere 5243: 5218: 5179:physical constants 5130: 5107:patterns in nature 5091:William Wordsworth 5035: 4984:9th millennium BCE 4880: 4451:H. heidelbergensis 3726: 3715: 3692:Plants and animals 3602: 3513: 3415:sexual interaction 3330: 3285:Quaternary ice age 3220:Earliest tetrapods 3179:Cambrian explosion 3138:Cryogenian ice age 2997:Atmospheric oxygen 2976:Pongola glaciation 2604:Multicellular life 2556:Single-celled life 2221: 2149: 2117:abiotic components 2099: 2087: 2071: 1978: 1973:A rocky stream in 1939:hydrological cycle 1917: 1850: 1781: 1707:parts per thousand 1685: 1647:and 0.001% in the 1609:chemical substance 1599: 1517: 1472: 1397: 1366:Harvard University 1306:Cambrian explosion 1271: 1225: 1105: 1087:and environments. 984:zones, and a wide 978:terrestrial planet 964:Earth is the only 962: 847:Cambrian explosion 763:Atmospheric oxygen 462:Single-celled life 98:or human history ( 42: 11716: 11715: 11637:Synthetic biology 11517:Molecular biology 11372:Cognitive biology 11217: 11216: 11039:Pollution control 10801: 10800: 10682: 10681: 10660: 10659: 10333:chemical elements 10257: 10256: 10208:Planetary science 10191:Natural satellite 10112:Extremes on Earth 10079:Signal processing 9632:"What is nature?" 9299:(5772): 400–404. 9278:10.1063/1.1302777 9136:978-0-679-60127-2 9111:978-1-60819-216-8 8734:. New York City: 8531:(7838): 442–444. 8512:on July 15, 2007. 8482:on April 30, 2006 8301:BiologyOnline.com 8220:Schopf J (1994). 8084:978-0-07-112261-0 8028:(1470): 869–885. 7915:978-92-807-2087-7 7553:978-0-88936-882-8 7502:(4719): 1277–81. 7276:978-1-4398-2009-4 7060:"Lake Definition" 6824:. April 6, 2001. 6754:978-0-495-38337-6 6572:(10): 5466–5470. 6503:978-0-684-81326-4 6406:978-0-521-36615-1 6331:978-0-684-81326-4 6231:978-0-8047-1569-0 6201:on August 4, 2011 6020:(volume 2 of his 5949:Harper, Douglas. 5921:Harper, Douglas. 5771:Balance of nature 5754:Nature Detectives 5687:National Wildlife 5618:Natural landscape 5162:and 68.3 percent 5126:electron orbitals 5113:Matter and energy 5075:Romantic movement 4860: 4859: 4852:million years ago 4811: 4810: 4789: 4788: 4767: 4766: 4759:Earliest rock art 4745: 4744: 4721: 4720: 4714:Earliest language 4701: 4700: 4681: 4680: 4657: 4656: 4637: 4636: 4627:Earliest sign of 4614: 4613: 4604:Earliest sign of 4591: 4590: 4571: 4570: 4551: 4550: 4531: 4530: 4174:Ou. macedoniensis 3666:infectious agents 3543:natural selection 3489:Amazon Rainforest 3318: 3317: 3302:million years ago 3293: 3292: 3272: 3271: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3226: 3207: 3206: 3199:Andean glaciation 3186: 3185: 3166: 3165: 3146: 3145: 3125: 3124: 3105: 3104: 3085: 3084: 3065: 3064: 3045: 3044: 3025: 3024: 3004: 3003: 2984: 2983: 2963: 2962: 2943: 2942: 2923: 2922: 2903: 2902: 2883: 2882: 2863: 2862: 2002:, instruments in 1231:, along with the 1132:volcanic material 968:known to support 932: 931: 924:billion years ago 898: 897: 874: 873: 854: 853: 834: 833: 810: 809: 790: 789: 770: 769: 750: 749: 730: 729: 710: 709: 686: 685: 666: 665: 646: 645: 639:Milky Way spirals 626: 625: 606: 605: 586: 585: 559: 558: 539: 538: 519: 518: 512:Earliest Universe 96:divine providence 92:transcendentalism 76:scientific method 11751: 11362:Chemical biology 11244: 11237: 11230: 11221: 11220: 11205: 11204: 11193: 11181: 11180: 11162: 11161: 11084:Waste management 11074:Urban metabolism 11069:Sewage treatment 11059:Renewable energy 10901: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10805: 10804: 10791: 10790: 10781: 10771: 10770: 10750:Physical science 10709: 10702: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10672: 10671: 10544: 10534: 10533: 10474:tropical cyclone 10424: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10261: 10260: 10247: 10246: 10139:History of Earth 9790:Paleoclimatology 9671: 9664: 9657: 9648: 9647: 9643: 9607: 9594: 9584: 9549: 9540: 9532:The Conversation 9514: 9505: 9503: 9472: 9462: 9428: 9413: 9407: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9271: 9253: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9173: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9103: 9093: 9087: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8975:. Archived from 8959: 8953: 8952: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8904: 8898: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8833: 8823: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8668:(5): 2263–2282. 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8634: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8448:Cengage Learning 8439: 8433: 8432: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8360: 8350: 8333:(5): 1810–1813. 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8293: 8287: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8249: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8105: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8072: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8045: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7989:(3–4): 141–155. 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7907: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7825: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7739:. Archived from 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7669:. Archived from 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7612:on July 26, 2011 7597: 7591: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7561: 7556:. Archived from 7534: 7528: 7527: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7373: 7367: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7337:. Archived from 7296: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7229: 7223: 7218:Odum, EP (1971) 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7156: 7132: 7126: 7105: 7099: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7025: 7019: 7018: 6982: 6976: 6952: 6946: 6928: 6922: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6848:"Water for Life" 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6738: 6732: 6719: 6713: 6700: 6694: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6625: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6599: 6589: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6394: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6365:. Archived from 6342: 6336: 6335: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6257:(6): 1309–1320. 6242: 6236: 6235: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6079:"World Climates" 6075: 6069: 6031: 6025: 6011: 6009: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5917: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5861: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5824: 5800:assumption that 5638:Natural theology 5628:Natural resource 5608:Natural building 5593:Biophilic design 5586: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5416:Astronomy portal 5413: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5311:, which include 5160:cold dark matter 5144:natural sciences 5056:Chinese painting 4872:invasive species 4840: 4838: 4837: 4823: 4821: 4805: 4796: 4791: 4783: 4781:Earliest clothes 4774: 4769: 4761: 4752: 4747: 4728: 4723: 4708: 4703: 4688: 4683: 4670:Earliest sign of 4664: 4659: 4644: 4639: 4629:Australopithecus 4621: 4616: 4598: 4593: 4584:Earliest bipedal 4578: 4573: 4564:Chimpanzee split 4558: 4553: 4538: 4533: 4518: 4513: 4499: 4498: 4484: 4483: 4467: 4453: 4439: 4411: 4398: 4378: 4365: 4337: 4335:Australopithecus 4324: 4309: 4292: 4279: 4255: 4242: 4229: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4178: 4159: 4146: 4133: 4121: 4107: 4094: 4081: 4079: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3925: 3924:Hominin timeline 3918: 3878:. These include 3808:in ways such as 3763:separately from 3535:primordial Earth 3449:geophysiological 3279: 3274: 3255: 3250: 3234: 3229: 3214: 3209: 3193: 3188: 3173: 3168: 3153: 3148: 3132: 3127: 3118:Earliest animals 3112: 3107: 3092: 3087: 3072: 3067: 3052: 3047: 3032: 3027: 3011: 3006: 2991: 2986: 2970: 2965: 2950: 2945: 2930: 2925: 2916:Earliest fossils 2910: 2905: 2890: 2885: 2870: 2865: 2850: 2845: 2824: 2793: 2755: 2753: 2727: 2725: 2632: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2303: 2296: 2234:national forests 2153:living organisms 2052:riparian ecology 1827:endorheic basins 1799:physical feature 1683:, Rio de Janeiro 1543:relative to its 1525:tropical climate 1499:greenhouse gases 1354:extinction event 1313:mass extinctions 1128:sedimentary rock 1055:, dynamics, and 912: 881: 876: 867:Earliest mammals 861: 856: 841: 836: 823:Earliest animals 817: 812: 797: 792: 777: 772: 757: 752: 737: 732: 717: 712: 693: 688: 673: 668: 653: 648: 633: 628: 619:Andromeda Galaxy 613: 608: 593: 588: 580: 566: 561: 546: 541: 526: 521: 506: 501: 493: 453: 442: 431: 428:Matter-dominated 418: 407: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 255: 248: 241: 235: 225: 218: 11759: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11686: 11647:Systems biology 11612:Quantum biology 11253: 11248: 11218: 11213: 11150: 11124: 11088: 11012: 11003:Systems ecology 10902: 10893: 10854:Biogeochemistry 10837: 10832: 10802: 10797: 10759: 10731: 10718: 10716:Natural science 10713: 10683: 10678: 10656: 10573: 10542: 10523: 10480: 10422: 10402: 10393:Gaia hypothesis 10383:Plate tectonics 10344: 10294: 10288: 10258: 10253: 10235: 10202: 10186: 10143: 10134:Geologic record 10088: 10074:Plate tectonics 10064:Mineral physics 10044:Earth structure 10030: 9965: 9912: 9842: 9794: 9751: 9698: 9680: 9675: 9625:Wayback Machine 9614: 9492:Springer Nature 9437: 9435:Further reading 9432: 9431: 9425:Wayback Machine 9414: 9410: 9404:Wayback Machine 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9367: 9363: 9353: 9351: 9340: 9336: 9289: 9285: 9251:physics/0004062 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9207: 9203: 9150:Ade, P. A. R.; 9148: 9144: 9137: 9123: 9119: 9112: 9094: 9090: 9084:Wayback Machine 9075: 9071: 9061: 9059: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8979:on May 22, 2014 8961: 8960: 8956: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8924: 8922: 8905: 8901: 8895:Wayback Machine 8885: 8881: 8851: 8847: 8790: 8786: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8654: 8650: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8572: 8568: 8521: 8517: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8440: 8436: 8405: 8401: 8378: 8374: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8277: 8273: 8232:(15): 6735–42. 8218: 8214: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8120:(Pt 1): 21–27. 8106: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8063: 8059: 8014: 8010: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7894: 7890: 7859: 7855: 7823:10.1.1.465.7559 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7746: 7744: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7598: 7594: 7574: 7572: 7567: 7554: 7535: 7531: 7492: 7488: 7443: 7439: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7356:No Man's Garden 7353: 7349: 7341: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7147:(1–3): 91–102. 7133: 7129: 7115:Wayback Machine 7106: 7102: 7096:Wayback Machine 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7039: 7037: 7026: 7022: 6983: 6979: 6974:Wayback Machine 6963:Wayback Machine 6953: 6949: 6939:Wayback Machine 6929: 6925: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6795:10.1002/qj.2559 6766: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6729:Wayback Machine 6720: 6716: 6710:Wayback Machine 6701: 6697: 6691:Wayback Machine 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6558: 6554: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6484: 6480: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6313: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6065:Wayback Machine 6032: 6028: 5998:Springer Nature 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5918: 5914: 5902:Isaac Newton's 5901: 5897: 5880:Springer Nature 5862: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5832:Merriam-Webster 5826: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5700:Pliny the Elder 5695:Natural History 5677: 5633:Natural science 5613:Natural history 5598:Force of nature 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5201: 5189:Main articles: 5187: 5140: 5132:Main articles: 5115: 5087:J. M. W. Turner 5027: 5015:loss of habitat 4976:economic system 4935:natural hazards 4885: 4856: 4855: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4819:H o m i n i d s 4817: 4815: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4516: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4357: 4349: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4188:Chororapithecus 4186: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4144:Samburupithecus 4142: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3779: 3761:bacterial flora 3704: 3696:Main articles: 3694: 3608: 3598:Lorryia formosa 3589: 3519: 3491:shared between 3487:An area of the 3481: 3434:analogs of life 3344: 3332:Main articles: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3289: 3288: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3159:Ediacaran biota 3151: 3142: 3141: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3098:Earliest plants 3090: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2956:Earliest oxygen 2948: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2227: 2216:National Park, 2214:Biogradska Gora 2200: 2109: 2101:Main articles: 2095:human ecosystem 2060: 2044:aquatic ecology 1984: 1967: 1923: 1901: 1856: 1839: 1795:terrain feature 1787: 1770: 1762:Great Salt Lake 1691: 1673: 1605: 1580: 1411: 1399:Main articles: 1378: 1213: 1205:Main articles: 1203: 1195:tectonic plates 1093: 1077:natural hazards 1061:Earth materials 1045: 1039: 1010:tectonic plates 950:The Blue Marble 942: 934:Main articles: 928: 927: 915: 914: 913: 909: 907: 905: 902: 894: 893: 879: 870: 869: 859: 850: 849: 839: 830: 829: 815: 806: 805: 795: 786: 785: 775: 766: 765: 755: 746: 745: 743:Earliest oxygen 735: 726: 725: 715: 706: 705: 691: 682: 681: 671: 662: 661: 651: 642: 641: 631: 622: 621: 611: 602: 601: 591: 582: 581: 571: 564: 555: 554: 552:Earliest galaxy 544: 535: 534: 524: 515: 514: 504: 497: 496: 495: 491: 486: 485: 484: 481: 475: 474: 473: 466: 465: 464: 457: 456: 455: 451: 446: 445: 444: 440: 435: 434: 433: 429: 427: 422: 421: 420: 416: 411: 410: 409: 405: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 259: 233: 227: 224:Nature timeline 223: 216: 163: 59:, elements and 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11757: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11502:Marine biology 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11312:Bioinformatics 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11247: 11246: 11239: 11232: 11224: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11199: 11187: 11175: 11174: 11173: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11146:Technogaianism 11143: 11141:Sustainability 11138: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10959: 10958: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10907:Related fields 10904: 10903: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10838: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10808: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10795: 10785: 10783:Science Portal 10775: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10689: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10418: 10412: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10360: 10354: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10304: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10287: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10212: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10167:Atlantic Ocean 10164: 10159: 10153: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10098: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10049:Fluid dynamics 10046: 10040: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10021:Geopositioning 10018: 10016:Remote Sensing 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9975: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9922: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9852: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9775:Climate change 9772: 9770:Energy balance 9767: 9765:Climate system 9761: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9708: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9674: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9627: 9613: 9612:External links 9610: 9609: 9608: 9595: 9550: 9541: 9522: 9515: 9506: 9473: 9436: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9408: 9388: 9361: 9334: 9283: 9269:10.1.1.43.6877 9228: 9201: 9142: 9135: 9117: 9110: 9104:. Bloomsbury. 9088: 9069: 9043: 9016: 8990: 8954: 8932: 8899: 8879: 8845: 8784: 8751: 8745:978-0805092998 8744: 8717: 8687: 8648: 8597: 8566: 8515: 8493: 8463: 8457:978-1305179899 8456: 8434: 8399: 8388:(3): 233–243. 8372: 8313: 8288: 8271: 8212: 8191:(3): 225–261. 8171: 8141: 8097: 8083: 8057: 8008: 7973: 7947: 7921: 7914: 7888: 7853: 7792: 7777:. April 2002. 7762: 7723: 7693: 7684: 7654: 7623: 7592: 7552: 7529: 7486: 7457:(7): a006742. 7437: 7410:(4): 391–403. 7394: 7368: 7347: 7282: 7275: 7255: 7224: 7211: 7180: 7127: 7100: 7081: 7064:Dictionary.com 7051: 7020: 7007:10.2307/210385 6993:(3): 431–435. 6977: 6947: 6923: 6907: 6895: 6865: 6839: 6809: 6760: 6753: 6733: 6714: 6695: 6676: 6634:(4): 435–444. 6611: 6552: 6509: 6502: 6478: 6427: 6405: 6380: 6337: 6330: 6316:Margulis, Lynn 6304: 6278: 6237: 6230: 6212: 6185: 6158: 6132: 6100: 6070: 6026: 5969: 5941: 5912: 5895: 5849: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5798:methodological 5779: 5774: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5748:Organizations: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5721: 5710: 5702: 5691: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658:Nature worship 5655: 5650: 5648:Nature reserve 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5573: 5570:Weather portal 5559: 5545: 5531: 5517: 5503: 5500:Science portal 5489: 5475: 5461: 5458:Ecology portal 5447: 5433: 5430:Biology portal 5419: 5405: 5402:Animals portal 5389: 5386: 5378:habitable zone 5231:Coma Berenices 5186: 5183: 5148:laws of nature 5121:The first few 5114: 5111: 5083:John Constable 5026: 5023: 4895:on Earth, the 4884: 4881: 4858: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4787: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4743: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4386:H. rudolfensis 4371: 4370: 4369: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4240:Graecopithecus 4236: 4235: 4234: 4227:Sahelanthropus 4223: 4222: 4221: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4157:Ouranopithecus 4153: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4131:Nakalipithecus 4127: 4126: 4125: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4066:0 — 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3884:nervous system 3866:consisting of 3723:animal species 3693: 3690: 3620:Microorganisms 3604:Main article: 3588: 3585: 3561:photosynthesis 3523:origin of life 3515:Main article: 3507:of species on 3480: 3477: 3399:ribonucleotide 3362:, response to 3316: 3315: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3083: 3082: 3078:Earliest fungi 3076: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2936:LHB meteorites 2934: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2881: 2880: 2876:Earliest water 2874: 2873: 2871: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2572:Photosynthesis 2570: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2524:0 — 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2238:national parks 2223:Main article: 2210:European Beech 2199: 2196: 2192:drainage basin 2184:macroecosystem 2180:microecosystem 2059: 2056: 2054:, and others. 1980:Main article: 1966: 1963: 1947:surface runoff 1919:Main article: 1900: 1897: 1868:standing water 1852:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1783:Main article: 1777:Lake Mapourika 1769: 1766: 1742:Southern Ocean 1734:Atlantic Ocean 1687:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1655:, clouds, and 1601:Main article: 1579: 1578:Water on Earth 1576: 1570:, so accurate 1564:chaotic system 1450:Ocean currents 1377: 1374: 1302:Snowball Earth 1294:Neoproterozoic 1275:supercontinent 1202: 1199: 1116:overlying rock 1101:plate tectonic 1092: 1089: 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1018:magnetic field 930: 929: 921: 917: 916: 901: 900: 899: 896: 895: 885: 884: 882: 872: 871: 865: 864: 862: 852: 851: 845: 844: 842: 832: 831: 821: 820: 818: 808: 807: 803:Earliest fungi 801: 800: 798: 788: 787: 781: 780: 778: 768: 767: 761: 760: 758: 748: 747: 741: 740: 738: 728: 727: 721: 720: 718: 708: 707: 697: 696: 694: 684: 683: 679:Alpha Centauri 677: 676: 674: 664: 663: 657: 656: 654: 644: 643: 637: 636: 634: 624: 623: 617: 616: 614: 604: 603: 599:Omega Centauri 597: 596: 594: 584: 583: 570: 569: 567: 557: 556: 550: 549: 547: 537: 536: 532:Earliest stars 530: 529: 527: 517: 516: 510: 509: 507: 498: 489: 488: 487: 478: 477: 476: 471:Photosynthesis 469: 468: 467: 460: 459: 458: 452:Water on Earth 449: 448: 447: 438: 437: 436: 425: 424: 423: 414: 413: 412: 403: 402: 401: 399: 396:0 — 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 261: 260: 258: 257: 250: 243: 232: 229: 228: 221: 215: 212: 162: 159: 112:Charles Darwin 106:). However, a 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11756: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11582:Phylogenetics 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11477:Human biology 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11367:Chronobiology 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11342:Biotechnology 11340: 11338: 11337:Biostatistics 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11238: 11233: 11231: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11210: 11209: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11176: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11157: 11156: 11153: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11009: 11008:Urban ecology 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10900: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10824: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10794: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10774: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10756: 10755:Space science 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745:Life sciences 10743: 10741: 10740:Earth science 10738: 10737: 10734: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10675: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10653: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10543:(abiogenesis) 10539: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10358:Earth science 10356: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10250: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10177:Pacific Ocean 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10107:Earth science 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:Magnetosphere 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10026:Virtual globe 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9991:Earth's orbit 9989: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9898:World history 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9888:World economy 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9838:South America 9836: 9834: 9833:North America 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9667: 9665: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9605: 9602:. Cambridge: 9601: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9439: 9438: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9392: 9381:September 28, 9376: 9372: 9365: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9146: 9138: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9092: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9073: 9062:September 29, 9057: 9053: 9047: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9009:September 23, 9004: 9000: 8994: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8883: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8755: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8705: 8701: 8700:Science Daily 8697: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8486:September 27, 8481: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8415:(14): 39–48. 8414: 8410: 8409:Adv Space Res 8403: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8302: 8298: 8297:"Unicellular" 8292: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8279:Microorganism 8275: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8102: 8086: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8070: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7917: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7785:September 27, 7780: 7776: 7775:Science Daily 7772: 7766: 7758: 7747:September 26, 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7716:September 26, 7711: 7707: 7706:Science Daily 7703: 7697: 7688: 7677:September 23, 7672: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7647:September 23, 7642: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7616:September 23, 7611: 7607: 7606:Botany online 7603: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7575:September 28, 7570: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7364:1-55963-465-0 7361: 7357: 7351: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7269:. CRC Press. 7268: 7267: 7259: 7248:September 28, 7243: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7215: 7204:September 28, 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7141:Hydrobiologia 7138: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7104: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7048: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6822:Science Daily 6819: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6489:What is Life? 6482: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6420:September 22, 6412: 6408: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6321:What is Life? 6317: 6311: 6309: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6114:Science Daily 6110: 6104: 6093:September 21, 6088: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058:Greek Lexicon 6054: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5962:September 23, 5958: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5934:September 20, 5930: 5929: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Mother Nature 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706:Natural World 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5490: 5487: 5486:Plants portal 5481: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5448: 5445: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5420: 5417: 5406: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374:Earth analogs 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5350:still exist. 5348: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5316:atomic nuclei 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5233:about 56,000 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171:physical laws 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5124: 5123:hydrogen atom 5119: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044:landscape art 5041: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4969:externalities 4965: 4964:market prices 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951:deforestation 4948: 4944: 4943:feedback loop 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4868:Na Pali Coast 4864: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4836: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4803:Modern humans 4798: 4793: 4792: 4782: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4734:Earliest fire 4730: 4725: 4724: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4545: 4544:Gorilla split 4540: 4535: 4534: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4497: 4482: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4454: 4452: 4438: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4419:H. antecessor 4413: 4412: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4364: 4362: 4361:Au. anamensis 4356: 4354: 4353:Au. afarensis 4348: 4346: 4345:Au. africanus 4339: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4321: 4308: 4306: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4278: 4276: 4275:O. tugenensis 4270: 4268: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4241: 4230: 4228: 4217: 4215: 4204: 4202: 4191: 4189: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4158: 4147: 4145: 4134: 4132: 4120: 4119: 4108: 4106: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4080: 3962: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896:glycoproteins 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:heterotrophic 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833:multicellular 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3712:plant species 3708: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624:single-celled 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459:(water), and 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3411:recombination 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3296: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3261:Earliest apes 3257: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3240:Karoo ice age 3236: 3231: 3230: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3007: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2823: 2792: 2754: 2726: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2633: 2605: 2589: 2573: 2557: 2541: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2302:Life timeline 2297: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:riparian zone 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:precipitation 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:water gardens 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1779:, New Zealand 1778: 1774: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730:Pacific Ocean 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1705:is around 35 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:precipitation 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562:Weather is a 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:orbital plane 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:polar climate 1526: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:much colder. 1460: 1459:polar regions 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1251:delivered by 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:metamorphosed 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130:, or when as 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1085:past climates 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:outer surface 1002: 1000: 995: 994:Precipitation 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 960: 956: 952: 951: 946: 941: 940:Earth science 937: 925: 918: 911: 892: 888: 887:Earliest apes 883: 878: 877: 868: 863: 858: 857: 848: 843: 838: 837: 828: 824: 819: 814: 813: 804: 799: 794: 793: 784: 779: 774: 773: 764: 759: 754: 753: 744: 739: 734: 733: 724: 719: 714: 713: 704: 700: 695: 690: 689: 680: 675: 670: 669: 660: 655: 650: 649: 640: 635: 630: 629: 620: 615: 610: 609: 600: 595: 590: 589: 579: 575: 568: 563: 562: 553: 548: 543: 542: 533: 528: 523: 522: 513: 508: 503: 502: 494: 483: 480:Multicellular 472: 463: 454: 443: 432: 419: 408: 262: 256: 251: 249: 244: 242: 237: 236: 230: 226: 219: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 143:consciousness 140: 136: 132: 128: 127:living beings 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11627:Sociobiology 11607:Protistology 11572:Photobiology 11567:Pharmacology 11557:Parasitology 11552:Paleontology 11532:Neuroscience 11512:Microbiology 11422:Epidemiology 11392:Cytogenetics 11352:Cell biology 11332:Biosemiotics 11322:Biomechanics 11302:Biogeography 11297:Biochemistry 11292:Bacteriology 11287:Astrobiology 11206: 11194: 11182: 11163: 11064:Road ecology 11017:Applications 10993:Radioecology 10956:epidemiology 10889:Soil science 10884:Oceanography 10649: 10582:Biodiversity 10568:astrobiology 10291: 10290:Elements of 10231:Solar System 10182:Oceanography 10172:Indian Ocean 10162:Arctic Ocean 10102:Age of Earth 10054:Geomagnetism 9960: 9737:Thermosphere 9727:Stratosphere 9635: 9599: 9564: 9558: 9545: 9530: 9518: 9510: 9487: 9481: 9450: 9446: 9417:"Naturalism" 9411: 9406:. Space.com. 9391: 9379:. Retrieved 9375:the original 9364: 9354:September 4, 9352:. Retrieved 9348:the original 9337: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9219:. Retrieved 9215:the original 9204: 9161: 9155: 9145: 9126: 9120: 9099: 9091: 9072: 9060:. Retrieved 9056:the original 9046: 9034:. Retrieved 9019: 9007:. Retrieved 8993: 8983:February 19, 8981:. Retrieved 8977:the original 8966: 8957: 8949:the original 8944: 8935: 8925:November 13, 8923:. Retrieved 8914:The Guardian 8912: 8902: 8882: 8863: 8859: 8848: 8803: 8797: 8787: 8760: 8754: 8730: 8720: 8708:. Retrieved 8704:the original 8699: 8690: 8665: 8661: 8651: 8642:10261/242175 8614: 8610: 8600: 8588:. Retrieved 8580:The Guardian 8579: 8569: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8510:the original 8505: 8496: 8484:. Retrieved 8480:the original 8475: 8466: 8443: 8437: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8304:. Retrieved 8300: 8291: 8282: 8274: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8188: 8184: 8174: 8162:. Retrieved 8153: 8144: 8117: 8114:Microbiology 8113: 8088:. Retrieved 8068: 8060: 8025: 8021: 8011: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7964:. Retrieved 7960:the original 7950: 7938:. Retrieved 7934:the original 7924: 7903: 7891: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7783:. Retrieved 7774: 7765: 7756: 7745:. Retrieved 7741:the original 7736: 7726: 7714:. Retrieved 7708:. May 2003. 7705: 7696: 7687: 7675:. Retrieved 7671:the original 7666: 7657: 7645:. Retrieved 7636: 7626: 7614:. Retrieved 7610:the original 7605: 7595: 7573:. Retrieved 7563: 7558:the original 7543: 7532: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7407: 7404:Astrobiology 7403: 7397: 7385:. Retrieved 7381:the original 7371: 7355: 7350: 7339:the original 7302: 7298: 7285: 7265: 7258: 7246:. Retrieved 7237: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7202:. Retrieved 7193: 7183: 7171:. Retrieved 7144: 7140: 7130: 7103: 7084: 7074:September 6, 7072:. Retrieved 7063: 7054: 7045: 7038:. Retrieved 7023: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6950: 6942: 6926: 6910: 6898: 6888:December 20, 6886:. Retrieved 6877: 6868: 6856:. Retrieved 6842: 6830:. Retrieved 6821: 6812: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6743: 6736: 6717: 6698: 6679: 6669:November 15, 6667:. Retrieved 6631: 6627: 6614: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6488: 6481: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6418:. Retrieved 6396: 6383: 6371:. Retrieved 6367:the original 6354: 6350: 6340: 6320: 6295:. Retrieved 6291:the original 6281: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6221: 6215: 6203:. Retrieved 6199:the original 6188: 6176:. Retrieved 6172:the original 6161: 6149:. Retrieved 6135: 6123:. Retrieved 6112: 6103: 6091:. Retrieved 6082: 6073: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6013: 5993: 5987: 5977: 5972: 5960:. Retrieved 5954: 5944: 5932:. Retrieved 5926: 5915: 5898: 5875: 5869: 5840:. Retrieved 5831: 5822: 5793: 5764: 5763: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5723: 5712: 5704: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5603:Human nature 5584:World portal 5556:Water portal 5542:Trees portal 5528:Stars portal 5371: 5352: 5343:Solar System 5340: 5330:, and small 5318:and various 5287: 5271:Solar System 5258: 5253:outside the 5246: 5244: 5224: 5214: 5212:Solar System 5185:Beyond Earth 5175:cosmological 5168: 5141: 5060: 5051: 5048:Tang Dynasty 5036: 5001:of land for 4988: 4973: 4939:civilization 4924: 4911: 4901: 4886: 4883:Human impact 4831: 4816: 4672: 4628: 4606:Ardipithecus 4605: 4524:Earlier apes 4481:Neanderthals 4465:Homo sapiens 4462: 4461: 4448: 4432: 4424: 4416: 4406: 4405: 4391: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4332: 4331: 4317: 4302: 4290:Ardipithecus 4287: 4286: 4272: 4264: 4250: 4237: 4224: 4214:Sivapithecus 4211: 4201:Oreopithecus 4198: 4185: 4171: 4163: 4154: 4141: 4128: 4116: 4102: 4089: 4074: 3894:and elastic 3861: 3831:and usually 3826: 3821: 3818:wild animals 3817: 3814:farm animals 3813: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3790:native flora 3789: 3787: 3776:fossil flora 3775: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3727: 3660: 3644: 3609: 3597: 3558: 3547: 3520: 3473: 3464: 3438: 3419: 3403:reproduction 3376: 3368:reproduction 3348:organization 3345: 3326:reproduction 3308: 2856:Earth formed 2286:laboratories 2250:conservation 2229: 2228: 2183: 2177: 2150: 2110: 2048:fish biology 2032:biodiversity 1996:stream banks 1985: 1934: 1924: 1889:stream pools 1859: 1857: 1831:last ice age 1790: 1788: 1746:Arctic Ocean 1738:Indian Ocean 1726:archipelagos 1719: 1715:oceanography 1695:saline water 1692: 1663:, and polar 1606: 1588:Iguazu Falls 1561: 1518: 1488: 1473: 1443: 1412: 1362:E. O. Wilson 1351: 1335:civilization 1328: 1310: 1291: 1272: 1229:solar nebula 1226: 1164: 1136:volcanic ash 1109: 1106: 1046: 1022: 1003: 988:tropical to 974:Solar System 963: 948: 703:Solar System 417:Reionization 204:pre-Socratic 193: 189: 181: 173: 166: 164: 155:supernatural 116: 73: 44: 43: 40:, Indonesia. 29: 11677:Xenobiology 11672:Virophysics 11642:Systematics 11597:Primatology 11542:Ornithology 11482:Ichthyology 11467:Herpetology 11462:Gerontology 11427:Epigenetics 11387:Cryobiology 11277:Agrostology 11267:Aerobiology 11262:Abiogenesis 11208:WikiProject 11054:Remediation 10869:Geosciences 10842:Main fields 10633:Prokaryotes 10421:Atmosphere 10416:Meteorology 9979:Cartography 9918:Environment 9785:Climatology 9722:Troposphere 9453:(1): 1–12. 9152:Aghanim, N. 9036:December 1, 8854:T. (2021). 8662:Philosophia 8164:January 19, 6915:Vital Water 5786:materialism 5765:Philosophy: 5736:(TV series) 5709:(TV series) 5623:Natural law 5309:cosmic rays 5255:atmospheres 5235:light-years 5191:Outer space 5164:dark energy 5067:Book of Job 5007:forestation 4995:agriculture 4980:Agriculture 4427:H. ergaster 4320:Ar. ramidus 4305:Ar. kadabba 4267:O. praegens 4105:Pleistocene 3934:This box: 3855:by lacking 3843:. They are 3839:, and most 3765:plant flora 3741:Vegetabilia 3728:Originally 3652:outer space 3616:microscopic 3612:unicellular 3569:ozone layer 3457:hydrosphere 3453:lithosphere 2312:This box: 2190:, with its 2157:environment 2077:Lush green 2067:Loch Lomond 2000:water cycle 1951:groundwater 1927:watercourse 1880:solar ponds 1711:World Ocean 1633:water vapor 1607:Water is a 1568:environment 1435:ultraviolet 1431:ozone layer 1427:water vapor 1345:during the 1292:During the 1245:water vapor 1179:strike-slip 1073:hydrocarbon 1025:atmospheric 990:subtropical 492:Vertebrates 234:This box: 145:or a human 90:, American 71:to nature. 38:Mount Bromo 11723:Categories 11662:Toxicology 11657:Teratology 11602:Proteomics 11587:Physiology 11527:Neontology 11492:Lipidology 11487:Immunology 11457:Geobiology 11417:Embryology 11397:Dendrology 11327:Biophysics 11307:Biogeology 11171:scientists 10514:Wilderness 10367:geological 10084:Tomography 10069:Seismology 10036:Geophysics 10011:Navigation 9903:Time zones 9868:In culture 9813:Antarctica 9800:Continents 9732:Mesosphere 9704:Atmosphere 9567:: 109572. 9221:January 7, 8710:January 7, 8617:: 626635. 8502:"Glossary" 7869:(1): 1–2. 7588:short tons 7387:January 7, 7173:January 5, 6373:August 23, 6357:(4): 324. 6205:January 7, 6178:January 7, 6151:January 7, 6125:January 6, 5923:"physical" 5842:January 7, 5802:observable 5790:pragmatism 5782:Naturalism 5643:Naturalism 5283:heliopause 5273:is called 5152:scientists 5071:wilderness 5040:aesthetics 4955:extinction 4927:technology 4496:Denisovans 4435:Au. sediba 4409:H. erectus 4376:H. habilis 4166:Ou. turkae 3872:placozoans 3857:cell walls 3829:eukaryotic 3778:, remnants 3678:satellites 3670:life forms 3656:pathogenic 3626:, such as 3577:eukaryotes 3533:eons on a 3461:atmosphere 3360:adaptation 3352:metabolism 2648:Arthropods 2588:Eukaryotes 2282:arboretums 2230:Wilderness 2225:Wilderness 2218:Montenegro 2212:forest in 2207:Old growth 2198:Wilderness 2161:food chain 2126:atmosphere 2058:Ecosystems 1953:recharge, 1931:freshwater 1929:, usually 1893:tide pools 1876:fish ponds 1823:glaciation 1819:rift zones 1754:salt lakes 1744:, and the 1724:, various 1722:continents 1480:hurricanes 1389:atmosphere 1235:and other 1152:laccoliths 1148:batholiths 1144:intrusions 1112:deposition 1103:boundaries 986:equatorial 578:black hole 208:Heraclitus 171:Old French 139:wilderness 11577:Phycology 11562:Pathology 11547:Osteology 11537:Nutrition 11497:Mammalogy 11472:Histology 11049:Recycling 10919:Chemistry 10879:Limnology 10874:Hydrology 10592:Eukaryota 10559:Hierarchy 10554:Biosphere 10519:Wildfires 10509:Radiation 10499:Ecosystem 10439:Moonlight 10373:Structure 10328:particles 10001:Geomatics 9946:Ecosystem 9931:Biosphere 9893:Etymology 9873:Earth Day 9823:Australia 9742:Exosphere 9591:248769087 9469:2662-9992 9264:CiteSeerX 9196:218716838 9171:1303.5062 8779:166478506 8682:247433264 8590:April 16, 8561:228077506 8306:August 5, 7863:EcoHealth 7818:CiteSeerX 6804:119942734 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