429:
to hold, or whether they break, and what can be discovered in the process. It is always possible for laws to be invalidated or proven to have limitations, by repeatable experimental evidence, should any be observed. Well-established laws have indeed been invalidated in some special cases, but the new formulations created to explain the discrepancies generalize upon, rather than overthrow, the originals. That is, the invalidated laws have been found to be only close approximations, to which other terms or factors must be added to cover previously unaccounted-for conditions, e.g. very large or very small scales of time or space, enormous speeds or masses, etc. Thus, rather than unchanging knowledge, physical laws are better viewed as a series of improving and more precise generalizations.
9287:
5847:, and are consistent with our observations of monopoles either existing or not existing; if they do not exist, the generalized equations reduce to the ones above, if they do, the equations become fully symmetric in electric and magnetic charges and currents. Indeed, there is a duality transformation where electric and magnetic charges can be "rotated into one another", and still satisfy Maxwell's equations.
9275:
7364:, and watch again and again just how he applies standards of evidence, witness evaluation, argument and proof, we can recognize that we are reading one of the great Roman rhetoricians of the age, thoroughly immersed in forensic method. And not Seneca alone. Legal models of scientific judgment turn up all over the place, and for example prove equally integral to
7113:, an American philosopher known for his work on evolutionary theory, discussed the problem of interpreting a principle of natural selection as a law. He suggested a formulation of natural selection as a framework principle that can contribute to a better understanding of evolutionary theory. His approach was to express relative
3661:
2942:
6946:
Transforming one structure to another requires the input of energy to cross an energy barrier; this can come from the intrinsic energy of the molecules themselves, or from an external source which will generally accelerate transformations. The higher the energy barrier, the slower the transformation
5857:
These laws were found before the formulation of
Maxwell's equations. They are not fundamental, since they can be derived from Maxwell's equations. Coulomb's law can be found from Gauss's Law (electrostatic form) and the BiotâSavart law can be deduced from Ampere's Law (magnetostatic form). Lenz's law
766:
was the first law to be understood since most macroscopic physical processes involving masses, for example, collisions of massive particles or fluid flow, provide the apparent belief that mass is conserved. Mass conservation was observed to be true for all chemical reactions. In general, this is only
428:
Laws are constantly being tested experimentally to increasing degrees of precision, which is one of the main goals of science. The fact that laws have never been observed to be violated does not preclude testing them at increased accuracy or in new kinds of conditions to confirm whether they continue
104:
Scientific laws summarize the results of experiments or observations, usually within a certain range of application. In general, the accuracy of a law does not change when a new theory of the relevant phenomenon is worked out, but rather the scope of the law's application, since the mathematics or
896:
is a measure of flux diverging radially outwards from a point, so the negative is the amount piling up at a point; hence the rate of change of density in a region of space must be the amount of flux leaving or collecting in some region (see the main article for details). In the table below, the
648:
connects some conservation laws to certain symmetries. For example, conservation of energy is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time (no moment of time is different from any other), while conservation of momentum is a consequence of the symmetry (homogeneity) of space (no place in space is
1977:
The following general approaches to classical mechanics are summarized below in the order of establishment. They are equivalent formulations. Newton's is commonly used due to simplicity, but
Hamilton's and Lagrange's equations are more general, and their range can extend into other branches of
196:
in that they do not posit a mechanism or explanation of phenomena: they are merely distillations of the results of repeated observation. As such, the applicability of a law is limited to circumstances resembling those already observed, and the law may be found to be false when extrapolated.
2190:
6730:
3942:
5739:
2314:
8117:
Individuals such as
Galileo, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton were convinced that mathematical truths were not the products of human minds, but of the divine mind. God was the source of mathematical relations that were evident in the new laws of the
7372:
The precise formulation of what are now recognized as modern and valid statements of the laws of nature dates from the 17th century in Europe, with the beginning of accurate experimentation and the development of advanced forms of mathematics. During this period,
2644:
2770:
4304:
3442:
1669:
567:, very successful in making predictions, whose assumptions lead logically to the conclusion that something is impossible. While an impossibility assertion in natural science can never be absolutely proved, it could be refuted by the observation of a single
562:
come to be widely accepted as overwhelmingly probable rather than considered proved to the point of being unchallengeable. The basis for this strong acceptance is a combination of extensive evidence of something not occurring, combined with an underlying
6938:
In equilibrium, molecules exist in mixture defined by the transformations possible on the timescale of the equilibrium, and are in a ratio defined by the intrinsic energy of the moleculesâthe lower the intrinsic energy, the more abundant the molecule.
1512:
6582:
4046:
3497:
2393:
2461:
5114:
4201:
6470:
6958:
states that this structure looks most similar to the product or starting material which has intrinsic energy closest to that of the energy barrier. Stabilizing this hypothetical intermediate through chemical interaction is one way to achieve
6137:
4598:
2840:
128:
before and during validation by experiment and observation. Hypotheses and postulates are not laws, since they have not been verified to the same degree, although they may lead to the formulation of laws. Laws are narrower in scope than
424:
is an approximation to quantum electrodynamics at large distances (compared to the range of weak interactions). In such cases it is common to use the simpler, approximate versions of the laws, instead of the more accurate general laws.
3839:
7399:(1596â1650) described "nature" as matter itself, unchanging as created by God, thus changes in parts "are to be attributed to nature. The rules according to which these changes take place I call the 'laws of nature'." The modern
6370:
5809:
5637:
767:
approximative because with the advent of relativity and experiments in nuclear and particle physics: mass can be transformed into energy and vice versa, so mass is not always conserved but part of the more general conservation of
2542:
1051:
1353:
401:
While these scientific laws explain what our senses perceive, they are still empirical (acquired by observation or scientific experiment) and so are not like mathematical theorems which can be proved purely by mathematics.
1143:
871:
457:, and expressible by the statement that a particular phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present". The production of a summary description of our environment in the form of such laws is a fundamental aim of
5527:
5344:
5237:
2085:
1235:
6609:
2067:
4713:
4967:
3845:
1838:
416:(which is based on Galilean transformations) is the low-speed limit of special relativity (since the Galilean transformation is the low-speed approximation to the Lorentz transformation). Similarly, the
2999:
Equations describing fluid flow in various situations can be derived, using the above classical equations of motion and often conservation of mass, energy and momentum. Some elementary examples follow.
3780:
3741:
4363:
5653:
4426:
3288:, which describe the curvature of space-time due to massâenergy equivalent to the gravitational field. Solving the equation for the geometry of space warped due to the mass distribution gives the
2201:
4812:
2557:
347:
2684:
399:
4224:
3332:
5988:. This leads to results which are not usually called "laws", but hold the same status, in that all of quantum mechanics follows from them. These postulates can be summarized as follows:
5571:
3254:
1554:
101:. It is generally understood that they implicitly reflect, though they do not explicitly assert, causal relationships fundamental to reality, and are discovered rather than invented.
7276:
times â the recognition of cause-and-effect relationships implicitly recognises the existence of laws of nature. The recognition of such regularities as independent scientific laws
4489:
715:
One strategy in the search for the most fundamental laws of nature is to search for the most general mathematical symmetry group that can be applied to the fundamental interactions.
6296:
3656:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\rm {d}}^{2}x^{\lambda }}{{\rm {d}}t^{2}}}+\Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambda }{\frac {{\rm {d}}x^{\mu }}{{\rm {d}}t}}{\frac {{\rm {d}}x^{\nu }}{{\rm {d}}t}}=0\ ,}
1407:
6496:
3978:
1904:). Between two instants of time, there are infinitely many paths, but one for which the action is stationary (to the first order) is the true path. The stationary value for the
3143:
2327:
177:
and well-confirmed statements like "Mercury is liquid at standard temperature and pressure" are considered too specific to qualify as scientific laws. A central problem in the
2398:
5023:
4118:
6402:
6180:
4853:
1539:
2937:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} _{\mathrm {i} }}{\mathrm {d} t}}=\mathbf {F} _{\text{E}}+\sum _{\mathrm {i} \neq \mathrm {j} }\mathbf {F} _{\mathrm {ij} }}
7368:'s approach to verification, where the mind is assigned the role of magistrate, the senses that of disclosure of evidence, and dialectical reason that of the law itself.
6067:
279:
8095:
Isaac Newton first got the idea of absolute, universal, perfect, immutable laws from the
Christian doctrine that God created the world and ordered it in a rational way.
4532:
7427:
in the political sense, conceived as universal (i.e., divorced from sectarian religion and accidents of place), was also elaborated in this period by scholars such as
1972:
1843:
The action and
Lagrangian both contain the dynamics of the system for all times. The term "path" simply refers to a curve traced out by the system in terms of the
3786:
299:
6881:
says that pure chemicals are composed of elements in a definite formulation; we now know that the structural arrangement of these elements is also important.
6317:
5755:
5586:
2473:
993:
5823:
Maxwell's equations are generally true and consistent with relativity - but they do not predict some observed quantum phenomena (e.g. light propagation as
1287:
6943:
states that the system opposes changes in conditions from equilibrium states, i.e. there is an opposition to change the state of an equilibrium reaction.
3671:
3152:
law from classical mechanics. The
Lorentz transformations reduce to the Galilean transformations for low velocities much less than the speed of light
649:
special, or different from any other). The indistinguishability of all particles of each fundamental type (say, electrons, or photons) results in the
1094:
822:
2185:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}\right)={\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}}
105:
statement representing the law does not change. As with other kinds of scientific knowledge, scientific laws do not express absolute certainty, as
6725:{\displaystyle \psi (\cdots \mathbf {r} _{i}\cdots \mathbf {r} _{j}\cdots )=(-1)^{2s}\psi (\cdots \mathbf {r} _{j}\cdots \mathbf {r} _{i}\cdots )}
412:
Some laws are only approximations of other more general laws, and are good approximations with a restricted domain of applicability. For example,
8448:
7446:
in the political-legal sense and law of nature or physical law in the scientific sense is a modern one, both concepts being equally derived from
5484:
5243:
5136:
1186:
405:
Like theories and hypotheses, laws make predictions; specifically, they predict that new observations will conform to the given law. Laws can be
6604:
can). Mathematically, if two particles are interchanged, fermionic wavefunctions are anti-symmetric, while bosonic wavefunctions are symmetric:
2002:
241:
applies with perfect accuracy only to the ideal gas, etc. These laws remain useful, but only under the specified conditions where they apply.
6025:, such as two electrons, cannot be distinguished from one another by any means. Physical systems are classified by their symmetry properties.
6018:. Solving this wave equation predicts the time-evolution of the system's behavior, analogous to solving Newton's laws in classical mechanics.
3937:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ={\frac {4}{c^{2}}}\left(-4\pi G\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {g} }{\partial t}}\right)\,\!}
5858:
and
Faraday's law can be incorporated into the MaxwellâFaraday equation. Nonetheless they are still very effective for simple calculations.
3163:"conserved", but the same for all inertial frames (i.e. every observer in an inertial frame will agree on the same value), in particular if
8385:
4633:
3050:
153:, but in essence scientific laws are simply empirical conclusions reached by scientific method; they are intended to be neither laden with
4877:
7347:. Why this Roman origin? According to Lehoux's persuasive narrative, the idea was made possible by the pivotal role of codified law and
1777:
7510:
2983:
9067:
7412:
7304:
519:
Broad. In physics, laws exclusively refer to the broad domain of matter, motion, energy, and force itself, rather than more specific
897:
fluxes flows for various physical quantities in transport, and their associated continuity equations, are collected for comparison.
8504:
7196:
4106:
417:
202:
6756:
of the particle. There is no way to keep track of particles physically, labels are only used mathematically to prevent confusion.
3304:
In a relatively flat spacetime due to weak gravitational fields, gravitational analogues of
Maxwell's equations can be found; the
8733:
8398:
8157:, use "physical law" to mean the laws of nature as they truly are and not as they are inferred by scientists. See Norman Swartz,
6891:
says that these chemicals will present themselves in proportions that are small whole numbers; although in many systems (notably
3747:
3698:
571:. Such a counterexample would require that the assumptions underlying the theory that implied the impossibility be re-examined.
5734:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} +{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\ }
4323:
350:
7286:, and by the attribution of many effects that do not have readily obvious causesâsuch as physical phenomenaâto the actions of
2309:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}\quad {\dot {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {q}_{i}}}}
8904:
8300:
8279:
8260:
8241:
8210:
7790:
7760:
7635:
7581:
4858:
meaning reversible changes have zero entropy change, irreversible process are positive, and impossible process are negative.
803:
was also realized since charge has never been observed to be created or destroyed and only found to move from place to place.
4379:
6906:, the proportions by which the chemical elements combine to form chemical compounds. The third law of stoichiometry is the
5416:
4078:
472:
True, at least within their regime of validity. By definition, there have never been repeatable contradicting observations.
4518:
in which the pole (origin of polar coordinate system) is positioned at a focus of the ellipse, where the orbited star is.
2639:{\displaystyle H\left(\mathbf {q} ,{\frac {\partial S}{\partial \mathbf {q} }},t\right)=-{\frac {\partial S}{\partial t}}}
8726:
8441:
8349:
7181:
7149:
2765:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} }{\mathrm {d} t}},\quad \mathbf {F} _{ij}=-\mathbf {F} _{ji}}
484:
Stable. Unchanged since first discovered (although they may have been shown to be approximations of more accurate laws),
8476:
7144:
5014:
4773:
2678:
The laws can be summarized by two equations (since the 1st is a special case of the 2nd, zero resultant acceleration):
308:
6818:. Historically, observations led to many empirical laws, though now it is known that chemistry has its foundations in
4299:{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =G\int _{V}{\frac {\mathbf {r} \rho \,\mathrm {d} {V}}{\left|\mathbf {r} \right|^{3}}}\,\!}
9087:
9082:
9035:
8716:
8191:
8004:
7979:
7954:
7929:
7901:
7695:
6826:
3437:{\displaystyle R_{\mu \nu }+\left(\Lambda -{\frac {R}{2}}\right)g_{\mu \nu }={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}T_{\mu \nu }\,\!}
1363:
1664:{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {q} ,\mathbf {\dot {q}} ,t)=T(\mathbf {\dot {q}} ,t)-V(\mathbf {q} ,\mathbf {\dot {q}} ,t)}
356:
173:
under repeated conditions, and it implies that there is a causal relationship involving the elements of the system.
8364:
6376:
3079:
The two postulates of special relativity are not "laws" in themselves, but assumptions of their nature in terms of
787:
185:, is that of distinguishing causal relationships (such as those implied by laws) from principles that arise due to
7597:
7573:
The
Language of Science Education: An Expanded Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts in Science Teaching and Learning
4823:
There are many statements of this law, perhaps the simplest is "the entropy of isolated systems never decreases",
1916:
as simple as "differentiating a function and setting it to zero, then solving the equations to find the points of
602:, which asserts the impossibility of simultaneously knowing both the position and the momentum of a particle, and
9321:
9097:
7191:
7075:
5985:
5542:
3181:
8234:
The concept of scientific law in the philosophy of science and epistemology : a study of theoretical reason
9336:
9326:
9267:
8434:
8203:
Scientific progress : a study concerning the nature of the relation between successive scientific theories
7253:
7201:
4527:
equal areas are swept out in equal times (area bounded by two radial distances and the orbital circumference):
4082:
1708:
666:
606:: no physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics.
7256:. By analogy, principles in other fields of study are sometimes loosely referred to as "laws". These include
6907:
5577:
4437:
1848:
1693:
1507:{\displaystyle \delta {\mathcal {S}}=\delta \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}L(\mathbf {q} ,\mathbf {\dot {q}} ,t)\,dt=0}
583:
249:
7354:
For the Romans ... the place par excellence where ethics, law, nature, religion and politics overlap is the
6577:{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\psi =-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\psi +V\psi }
4041:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\gamma (\mathbf {v} )m\left(\mathbf {g} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {H} \right)}
8957:
8950:
7094:
7004:
6902:
The law of definite composition and the law of multiple proportions are the first two of the three laws of
6263:
5533:
5123:
4863:
4818:
2550:
1367:
1261:
654:
17:
5643:
2388:{\displaystyle {\dfrac {\partial \mathbf {p} }{\partial t}}=-{\dfrac {\partial H}{\partial \mathbf {q} }}}
760:
Any quantity with a continuously differentiable symmetry in the action has an associated conservation law.
487:
All-encompassing. Everything in the universe apparently must comply with them (according to observations).
133:, which may entail one or several laws. Science distinguishes a law or theory from facts. Calling a law a
8809:
8784:
8769:
7139:
7042:
6940:
6888:
6878:
6847:
6835:
5976:
In actuality, optical properties of matter are significantly more complex and require quantum mechanics.
5891:
4973:
4751:
3260:
3024:
2456:{\displaystyle {\dfrac {\partial \mathbf {q} }{\partial t}}={\dfrac {\partial H}{\partial \mathbf {p} }}}
2076:
768:
302:
7389:â which held that God had instituted absolute, universal and immutable physical laws. In chapter 7 of
7294:, etc. Observation and speculation about nature were intimately bound up with metaphysics and morality.
5109:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\,\mathrm {d} S-P\,\mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,\!}
4196:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {Gm_{1}m_{2}}{\left|\mathbf {r} \right|^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} \,\!}
3171:, the magnitude can derive the famous invariant equation for massâenergy and momentum conservation (see
9346:
8417:
7475:
6789:
6770:
Applying electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics, to atoms and molecules, some laws of
6465:{\displaystyle \Delta x\,\Delta p\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}},\,\Delta E\,\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}
5356:
4495:
4311:
2657:
708:
of interactions mediated by massless bosons is the mathematical consequence of the 3-dimensionality of
650:
491:
7655:
555:. In these cases, laws may describe general trends or expected behaviors rather than being absolutes.
8982:
8962:
8870:
8866:
8789:
8481:
7717:
7543:
7206:
6967:
6771:
6591:
6226:
6034:
2978:
1994:
1384:
792:
658:
621:
579:
8044:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), reviewed by David Sedley, "When Nature Got its Laws",
6157:
4829:
1520:
9341:
8987:
8627:
8612:
8601:
8578:
7851:
6778:
6132:{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}\left|\psi \right\rangle ={\hat {H}}\left|\psi \right\rangle }
3470:
3323:
3292:. Using the geodesic equation, the motion of masses falling along the geodesics can be calculated.
3285:
3009:
3004:
1868:
1255:
781:
210:
31:
5992:
The state of a physical system, be it a particle or a system of many particles, is described by a
4593:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} A}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\left|\mathbf {L} \right|}{2m}}\,\!}
3114:
1704:(a function of the configuration and its rate of change). The configuration of a system which has
9316:
9225:
8972:
8967:
8940:
8875:
8829:
8824:
8759:
8652:
8108:
7722:
7548:
6389:
6218:
6143:
5818:
4511:
3310:
3296:
3149:
3098:
1844:
1712:
633:
552:
8382:
6486:
6308:
6056:
6015:
4510:
is the semi-latus rectum. This equation in itself is nothing physically fundamental; simply the
255:
9180:
9170:
8588:
8514:
8471:
8130:
8031:
Byerly HC: Natural selection as a law: Principles and processes. Am Nat. 1983; 121(5): 739â745.
7847:
6955:
6915:
6855:
6838:, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary
5930:
5832:
5468:
5432:
4742:
3459:
1921:
1874:
799:
775:
559:
69:
has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of
7687:
7681:
6921:
More modern laws of chemistry define the relationship between energy and its transformations.
9030:
9025:
8977:
8945:
8935:
8894:
8674:
8551:
8457:
7730:
7556:
7500:
7390:
7359:
7249:
6794:
6151:
6030:
5919:
5912:
3448:
2672:
1743:
1398:
625:
595:
178:
6475:
The uncertainty principle can be generalized to any pair of observables â see main article.
9010:
9005:
8880:
8764:
8669:
8642:
8524:
8411:
8072:
7186:
7166:
7121:
to increase in proportionate representation in a competitive environment, as a function of
6999:
6929:
6859:
6187:
6050:
5970:
5896:
3834:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {g} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {H} }{\partial t}}\,\!}
3059:
2668:
2664:
2466:
The
Hamiltonian as a function of generalized coordinates and momenta has the general form:
1945:
1546:
1394:
763:
755:
645:
446:
186:
6899:) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction.
109:
do. A scientific law may be contradicted, restricted, or extended by future observations.
8:
9331:
9072:
8754:
8647:
8622:
8607:
8536:
8290:
7711:
7537:
7237:
6022:
6000:
5872:
5382:
4869:
3314:. They are well established by the theory, and experimental tests form ongoing research.
3045:
3014:
1860:
1279:
813:
682:
27:
Statement based on repeated empirical observations that describes some natural phenomenon
7620:
The Role of Theory in Advancing 21st-Century Biology: Catalyzing Transformative Research
6365:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} ={\frac {h}{\lambda }}\mathbf {\hat {k}} =\hbar \mathbf {k} }
9311:
9220:
9175:
9062:
8885:
8706:
8541:
8531:
8340:, a useful book in different formats containing many or the physical laws and formulae.
7829:
7470:
7374:
7340:
7308:
7291:
6978:
5804:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\left(\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} \right)}
5632:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}
5456:
5411:
5398:
3667:
3276:
3102:
3071:
734:
705:
698:
674:
615:
591:
413:
284:
98:
8201:
Dilworth, Craig (2007). "Appendix IV. On the nature of scientific laws and theories".
7749:
7323:
The formula "law of nature" first appears as "a live metaphor" favored by Latin poets
6970:) although some processes have such an energy bias, they are essentially irreversible.
2537:{\displaystyle H(\mathbf {q} ,\mathbf {p} ,t)=\mathbf {p} \cdot \mathbf {\dot {q}} -L}
1046:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf {u} )}
464:
Several general properties of scientific laws, particularly when referring to laws in
9279:
9052:
8909:
8699:
8664:
8558:
8497:
8296:
8275:
8256:
8237:
8206:
8187:
8080:
8000:
7975:
7950:
7925:
7897:
7874:
7833:
7786:
7756:
7691:
7651:
7631:
7577:
7505:
7400:
7114:
7106:
6982:
6925:
6911:
6867:
6851:
6839:
6819:
6046:
5960:
5942:
5937:
5844:
5387:
5361:
4087:
Kepler's laws, though originally discovered from planetary observations (also due to
3488:
1917:
1348:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial |\Psi |^{2}}{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {j} }
1241:
739:
603:
599:
564:
509:
214:
193:
130:
125:
106:
62:
9150:
8353:
7396:
3029:
888:
of that quantity (change in quantity per unit time per unit area). Intuitively, the
9250:
9205:
9185:
8721:
8711:
8694:
7866:
7819:
7623:
7261:
7257:
7233:
are referred to as laws because they provide logical foundation to empirical laws.
7211:
7176:
7064:
6914:
for each chemical element. Elemental equivalent weights can then be used to derive
6307:
this laid the foundations of waveâparticle duality, and was the key concept in the
6203:
5926:
5867:
5448:
5377:
2831:
1697:
1542:
1390:
1057:
540:
421:
230:
8412:
Mark Buchanan; Frank Close; Nancy Cartwright; Melvyn Bragg (host) (Oct 19, 2000).
9240:
9200:
9122:
9077:
8914:
8819:
8804:
8779:
8593:
8573:
8402:
8389:
7571:
7490:
7408:
7344:
7336:
7278:
7161:
7047:
7023:
6990:
6783:
6250:
6232:
5953:
5444:
5405:
3087:
3055:
2991:
1086:
1061:
544:
520:
174:
170:
158:
134:
70:
47:
478:
Simple. They are typically expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation.
9291:
9160:
9020:
8568:
8179:
7917:
7622:. Ebook ISBN: 978-0-309-13417-0. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
7245:
7171:
7088:
7028:
6863:
6753:
6183:
5965:
5946:
5474:
5440:
5436:
5372:
4060:
3172:
3091:
3019:
1168:
1149:
1138:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {J} }
1076:
984:
866:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {J} }
587:
568:
406:
238:
226:
8162:
8161:(New York: Cambridge University Press), 1985. Second edition available online
7892:
Feynman, Richard Phillips; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew Linzee (1963).
7824:
7807:
2967:
From the above, any equation of motion in classical mechanics can be derived.
9305:
9210:
9145:
9117:
9045:
8774:
8689:
8406:
8337:
8224:
8219:
8154:
8084:
7878:
7404:
7272:
The observation and detection of underlying regularities in nature date from
7241:
7236:
Examples of other observed phenomena sometimes described as laws include the
7052:
7009:
6974:
6903:
6874:
5862:
5746:
5452:
5421:
5366:
4093:
3481:
3289:
3168:
1920:
etc", rather this idea is applied to the entire "shape" of the function, see
1878:, since it depends on the Lagrangian, and the Lagrangian depends on the path
941:
743:
548:
513:
234:
142:
8413:
8360:
7091:(Dominance and Uniformity, segregation of genes, and Independent Assortment)
6873:
Additional laws of chemistry elaborate on the law of conservation of mass.
4872:
with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with one another.
9255:
9235:
9190:
9165:
9155:
9127:
9057:
9015:
8889:
8843:
8814:
8794:
8371:
7485:
7378:
7312:
7110:
6954:, that corresponds to the structure at the top of the energy barrier. The
6806:
6011:
5993:
5886:
5522:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}
5339:{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{r}=L_{ru}\,\nabla (1/T)-L_{rr}\,\nabla (m/T).}
5232:{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{u}=L_{uu}\,\nabla (1/T)-L_{ur}\,\nabla (m/T);}
3041:
1268:
1230:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {q} }
965:
893:
640:). Many fundamental physical laws are mathematical consequences of various
528:
442:
206:
198:
146:
8019:
Reed ES: The lawfulness of natural selection. Am Nat. 1981; 118(1): 61â71.
7755:(1st Simon & Schuster pbk. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
5012:
For homogeneous systems the first and second law can be combined into the
9245:
9230:
9215:
9195:
9112:
9040:
8857:
8847:
8834:
8799:
8749:
8679:
8632:
8519:
8509:
7443:
7424:
7420:
7273:
7223:
6892:
6884:
6381:
6302:
5915:: light travels from one point in space to another in the shortest time.
4088:
1245:
742:
are fundamental laws that follow from the homogeneity of space, time and
245:
116:, so that it can predict the outcome of an experiment. Laws differ from
94:
54:
8426:
8272:
The structure of science problems in the logic of scientific explanation
7339:, in time gaining a firm theoretical presence in the prose treatises of
2062:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}L\,\mathrm {d} t\,\!}
9132:
8861:
8852:
8839:
8583:
8546:
7386:
7122:
2954:= resultant external force (due to any agent not part of system). Body
889:
641:
532:
524:
498:
438:
437:
Scientific laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific
222:
182:
150:
121:
117:
86:
58:
50:
9286:
8393:
Committee for the scientific investigation of Claims of the Paranormal
8375:
4607:
is the orbital angular momentum of the particle (i.e. planet) of mass
445:
over many years and which have become accepted universally within the
30:"Laws of the universe" redirects here. For the anime film series, see
8899:
8492:
7870:
7382:
7355:
7348:
7324:
7316:
7248:
of technological growth. Many of these laws fall within the scope of
6960:
6815:
6246:
6004:
4708:{\displaystyle T^{2}={\frac {4\pi ^{2}}{G\left(m+M\right)}}a^{3}\,\!}
4056:
3960:
2195:
Using the definition of generalized momentum, there is the symmetry:
1178:
637:
454:
218:
138:
93:). Laws are developed from data and can be further developed through
82:
78:
5929:
laws are based on approximations in Euclidean geometry (such as the
4962:{\displaystyle T_{A}=T_{B}\,,T_{B}=T_{C}\Rightarrow T_{A}=T_{C}\,\!}
620:
Some laws reflect mathematical symmetries found in nature (e.g. the
8919:
8637:
8346:, website containing most of the formulae in different disciplines.
8311:
7627:
7495:
7416:
7118:
6896:
6385:
3106:
1833:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}}
816:(for a conserved quantity) can be written in differential form as:
690:
678:
450:
154:
113:
609:
8617:
8253:
What Did the Romans Know? An Inquiry into Science and Worldmaking
8042:
What Did the Romans Know? An Inquiry into Science and Worldmaking
7974:. Princeton Physics. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
7480:
7432:
7428:
7365:
7283:
7226:
6597:
5828:
5824:
4515:
3952:
662:
575:
465:
458:
453:
from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of
90:
74:
7751:
The mind of God : the scientific basis for a rational world
8684:
8392:
7515:
7448:
7436:
7328:
7299:
6843:
6393:
6242:
6238:
5908:
4760:
in a closed system is accounted for entirely by the heat δ
3086:
They can be stated as "the laws of physics are the same in all
1153:
539:
The term "scientific law" is traditionally associated with the
248:
forms, and thus can be stated as an equation; for example, the
6973:
The reaction rate has the mathematical parameter known as the
6061:
Describes the time dependence of a quantum mechanical system.
3692:
the gravitomagnetic field, the solutions in these limits are:
301:
is the total amount of energy in the universe. Similarly, the
112:
A law can often be formulated as one or several statements or
7287:
7230:
6601:
1890:"shape" of the path for all times (in the time interval from
945:
709:
686:
670:
629:
502:
205:
only applies in weak gravitational fields; the early laws of
8343:
7680:
Honderich, Bike, ed. (1995), "Laws, natural or scientific",
3094:
is constant and has the same value in all inertial frames".
8563:
8270:
Nagel, Ernest (1984). "5. Experimental laws and theories".
8184:
Theories of Everything: The Quest for Ultimate Explanations
7332:
6029:
These postulates in turn imply many other phenomena, e.g.,
955:
885:
694:
475:
Universal. They appear to apply everywhere in the universe.
149:. The nature of scientific laws has been much discussed in
7970:
Ciufolini, Ignazio; Wheeler, John Archibald (1995-08-13).
7865:(6445). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 385â385.
7315:
periods, during which times the intellectual influence of
7252:. Other laws are pragmatic and observational, such as the
4206:
For a non uniform mass distribution of local mass density
3775:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {0} \,\!}
3736:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {g} =-4\pi G\rho \,\!}
1939:
of the system due to the difference, rather than the sum:
644:
of space, time, or other aspects of nature. Specifically,
624:
reflects identity of electrons, conservation laws reflect
7999:. European Physics. London ; New York: McGraw Hill.
7617:
7109:
is a âlaw of natureâ is controversial among biologists.
4358:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {g} =4\pi G\rho \,\!}
481:
Absolute. Nothing in the universe appears to affect them.
97:; in all cases they are directly or indirectly based on
7709:
7535:
420:
is a low-mass approximation of general relativity, and
5956:, laws are based on physical properties of materials.
5369:, combines a number of separately developed gas laws;
4421:{\displaystyle r={\frac {\ell }{1+e\cos \theta }}\,\!}
2667:. Alternative formulations of Newtonian mechanics are
360:
7924:. New York Weinheim Cambridge Basel: VCH Publishers.
7785:(Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library.
7576:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 58.
6612:
6499:
6405:
6320:
6266:
6160:
6070:
5758:
5656:
5589:
5545:
5487:
5246:
5139:
5026:
4880:
4832:
4776:
4636:
4535:
4440:
4382:
4374:
Planets move in an ellipse, with the star at a focus
4326:
4227:
4121:
3981:
3848:
3789:
3750:
3701:
3500:
3335:
3184:
3117:
3035:
2843:
2687:
2560:
2476:
2430:
2403:
2401:
2362:
2332:
2330:
2204:
2088:
2005:
1948:
1912:
of the Lagrangian, is required (in other words it is
1780:
1557:
1523:
1410:
1401:, etc., can be derived from the following principle:
1370:, which have their roots in the continuity equation.
1290:
1189:
1097:
996:
825:
812:
Conservation laws can be expressed using the general
359:
311:
287:
258:
7891:
7808:"Laws in Physics | European Review | Cambridge Core"
3040:
Some of the more famous laws of nature are found in
574:
Some examples of widely accepted impossibilities in
4624:is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis
508:
Typically theoretically reversible in time (if non-
7748:
7710:
7569:
7536:
6985:dependence of the rate constant, an empirical law.
6724:
6576:
6464:
6364:
6290:
6174:
6131:
6003:acting on the system; the measured quantity has a
5803:
5733:
5631:
5565:
5521:
5338:
5231:
5108:
4985:of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy
4961:
4847:
4806:
4707:
4592:
4483:
4420:
4357:
4298:
4195:
4040:
3936:
3833:
3774:
3735:
3655:
3436:
3248:
3137:
2936:
2834:the two equations (effectively) combine into one:
2764:
2638:
2536:
2455:
2387:
2308:
2184:
2061:
1966:
1832:
1663:
1533:
1506:
1347:
1229:
1137:
1045:
865:
551:is a law in the social sciences which is based on
409:if they are found in contradiction with new data.
393:
341:
293:
273:
8131:"Cosmological Revolution V: Descartes and Newton"
6834:The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the
6345:
5105:
4958:
4807:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=\delta Q-\delta W\,}
4704:
4589:
4417:
4354:
4295:
4192:
4185:
3933:
3830:
3771:
3732:
3433:
2058:
1908:of Lagrangian values corresponding to some path,
681:to express motion according to the symmetries of
342:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=\delta Q-\delta W\,}
9303:
7969:
7297:In Europe, systematic theorizing about nature (
7282:, though, was limited by their entanglement in
5835:for details). They are modified in QED theory.
657:quantum statistics which in turn result in the
610:Laws as consequences of mathematical symmetries
8255:. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
8109:"Christianity and the rise of western science"
6966:All chemical processes are reversible (law of
1373:
394:{\displaystyle \textstyle F={\frac {dp}{dt}}.}
8442:
8027:
8025:
4722:is the mass of the central body (i.e. star).
3159:The magnitudes of 4-vectors are invariants â
497:Often expressions of existing homogeneities (
468:, have been identified. Scientific laws are:
8205:(4th ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag.
7686:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.
6910:, which provides the basis for establishing
6169:
5979:
4317:An equivalent statement to Newton's law is:
3051:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
1378:
728:
7916:
7452:, the Greek word (translated into Latin as
6842:. Modern physics shows that it is actually
5999:Every physical quantity is described by an
5843:These equations can be modified to include
5566:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}
4498:of the elliptic orbit, of semi-major axis
3249:{\displaystyle E^{2}=(pc)^{2}+(mc^{2})^{2}}
8449:
8435:
8288:
8022:
7511:List of scientific laws named after people
7385:view â stemming from medieval concepts of
4764:absorbed by the system and the work δ
807:
9105:
9068:Relationship between religion and science
8456:
7896:. Reading/Mass.: Addison Wesley Longman.
7846:
7823:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7679:
7128:
6950:There is a hypothetical intermediate, or
6442:
6435:
6412:
6384:in position multiplied by uncertainty in
5312:
5275:
5205:
5168:
5104:
5088:
5056:
5041:
4957:
4904:
4803:
4703:
4588:
4416:
4353:
4294:
4260:
4191:
3932:
3829:
3770:
3731:
3432:
2057:
2048:
1692:(a function of the rate of change of the
1674:of the physical system between two times
1491:
338:
8200:
8106:
7742:
7740:
7197:Principle of cross-cutting relationships
791:for isolated systems can be found to be
8399:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8274:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett.
7949:. London ; New York: McGraw Hill.
7780:
7570:William F. McComas (30 December 2013).
7411:(1564â1642)) contributed to a trend of
6850:; a concept which becomes important in
4484:{\displaystyle e={\sqrt {1-(b/a)^{2}}}}
3105:moving relative to each other. For any
2984:Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)
14:
9304:
8309:
8250:
8231:
8178:
8070:
7994:
7944:
7805:
7769:
7746:
7207:Principle of inclusions and components
4620:The square of the orbital time period
3284:General relativity is governed by the
1688:. The kinetic energy of the system is
157:commitments nor statements of logical
8430:
8269:
7737:
7650:
7260:as a principle of philosophy and the
6814:are those laws of nature relevant to
6291:{\displaystyle E=h\nu =\hbar \omega }
6224:
5816:
5451:distributions. Given the fields, the
4370:
4107:Newton's law of universal gravitation
3101:â the transformation law between two
2651:
2073:
1985:
1978:physics with suitable modifications.
1924:for more details on this procedure).
590:, which violates the implications of
203:Newton's law of universal gravitation
169:A scientific law always applies to a
8057:Sedley, "When Nature Got Its Laws",
7852:"Even the social sciences have laws"
7731:participating institution membership
7557:participating institution membership
7403:which took shape at this time (with
7100:
6800:
723:
8350:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8316:Internet encyclopedia of philosophy
8310:Swartz, Norman (20 February 2009).
7351:argument in Roman life and culture.
7182:Principle of original horizontality
7125:(adaptive design) of the organism.
6858:leads to the important concepts of
6600:can occupy the same quantum state (
5984:Quantum mechanics has its roots in
5427:
2958:does not exert a force on itself.
1859:), parameterized by time (see also
24:
8171:
7618:National Research Council (2008).
7058:
6553:
6512:
6508:
6443:
6436:
6413:
6406:
6249:of the light (the constant is the
5719:
5709:
5657:
5620:
5610:
5590:
5546:
5488:
5313:
5276:
5206:
5169:
5090:
5058:
5043:
5028:
5015:Fundamental thermodynamic relation
4833:
4778:
4550:
4540:
4327:
4262:
3918:
3908:
3849:
3820:
3810:
3790:
3751:
3702:
3630:
3611:
3595:
3576:
3554:
3532:
3507:
3357:
3129:
3036:Laws of gravitation and relativity
2928:
2925:
2911:
2903:
2869:
2860:
2848:
2712:
2700:
2627:
2619:
2588:
2580:
2441:
2433:
2416:
2406:
2373:
2365:
2345:
2335:
2288:
2280:
2229:
2221:
2166:
2158:
2123:
2115:
2098:
2092:
2050:
2008:
1805:
1797:
1526:
1416:
1334:
1319:
1302:
1294:
1216:
1201:
1193:
1124:
1109:
1101:
1023:
1008:
1000:
880:is some quantity per unit volume,
852:
837:
829:
718:
313:
259:
25:
9358:
9088:Sociology of scientific knowledge
9083:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9036:History and philosophy of science
8361:"Laws of Physics : A Primer"
8331:
7419:, with minimal speculation about
7381:(1642â1727) were influenced by a
7305:Greek philosophers and scientists
6765:
6503:
6354:
6282:
6074:
4731:
4079:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
4072:
201:only applies to linear networks;
9285:
9273:
8365:National University of Singapore
7150:Tobler's second law of geography
6706:
6691:
6639:
6624:
6377:Heisenberg uncertainty principle
6358:
6342:
6322:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5760:
5713:
5682:
5664:
5614:
5597:
5553:
5495:
5249:
5142:
4570:
4334:
4278:
4253:
4229:
4182:
4163:
4123:
4029:
4021:
4013:
3997:
3983:
3912:
3898:
3856:
3814:
3797:
3766:
3758:
3709:
3097:The said postulates lead to the
2919:
2884:
2854:
2749:
2728:
2705:
2689:
2663:They are low-limit solutions to
2592:
2570:
2522:
2519:
2509:
2492:
2484:
2445:
2410:
2377:
2339:
1886:), so the action depends on the
1746:conjugate to these coordinates,
1646:
1643:
1633:
1608:
1605:
1578:
1575:
1565:
1476:
1473:
1463:
1341:
1223:
1131:
1036:
859:
547:also contain laws. For example,
124:, which are proposed during the
8153:Some modern philosophers, e.g.
8147:
8123:
8100:
8064:
8051:
8034:
8013:
7988:
7963:
7938:
7910:
7894:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
7885:
7840:
7799:
7217:
7192:Principle of lateral continuity
7145:Tobler's first law of geography
7076:Competitive exclusion principle
6041:
5463:
5435:give the time-evolution of the
4756:The change in internal energy d
4737:
4101:
3959:is the mass current density or
3318:
2725:
2254:
1982:
1389:Classical mechanics, including
1362:More general equations are the
901:
636:reflect rotational symmetry of
8477:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
8107:Harrison, Peter (8 May 2012).
7703:
7683:Oxford Companion to Philosophy
7673:
7656:"Evolution as Fact and Theory"
7644:
7611:
7590:
7563:
7529:
7319:increasingly became paramount.
7254:law of unintended consequences
7202:Principle of faunal succession
6719:
6683:
6668:
6658:
6652:
6616:
6175:{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
6162:
6112:
5330:
5316:
5293:
5279:
5223:
5209:
5186:
5172:
4931:
4848:{\displaystyle \Delta S\geq 0}
4470:
4455:
4059:of the particlce and Îł is the
4001:
3993:
3237:
3220:
3208:
3198:
3065:
2502:
2480:
1658:
1629:
1620:
1599:
1590:
1561:
1534:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}
1488:
1459:
1307:
1298:
1040:
1029:
213:, do not apply in the case of
13:
1:
7783:The character of physical law
7522:
6908:law of reciprocal proportions
3971:gravitomagnetic Lorentz force
1364:convectionâdiffusion equation
584:law of conservation of energy
432:
250:law of conservation of energy
8251:Lehoux, Daryn (2012-02-28).
7806:Frisch, Mathias (May 2014).
7133:
6846:that is conserved, and that
6744:is the position of particle
5902:
5130:Fourth Law of Thermodynamics
5124:Onsager reciprocal relations
4864:Zeroth law of thermodynamics
4819:Second law of thermodynamics
3688:the gravitational field and
3138:{\displaystyle A'=\Lambda A}
1368:Boltzmann transport equation
1262:probability density function
905:Physics, conserved quantity
795:, translation, and rotation.
7:
8810:Hypothetico-deductive model
8785:Deductive-nomological model
8770:Constructivist epistemology
8159:The Concept of Physical Law
8071:Davies, Paul (2007-11-24).
7920:; Trigg, George L. (1991).
7463:
7082:
6889:law of multiple proportions
6879:law of definite composition
6848:energy and mass are related
6836:law of conservation of mass
6154:acting on the state space,
5646:(with Maxwell's correction)
5459:for charges in the fields.
4989:approaches a minimum value
4974:Third law of thermodynamics
4752:First law of thermodynamics
4611:about the focus of orbit,
4083:Newton's law of gravitation
3308:, to describe an analogous
3259:in which the (more famous)
1374:Laws of classical mechanics
689:and time. Symmetry between
514:time itself is irreversible
303:first law of thermodynamics
164:
10:
9363:
7476:Empirical statistical laws
7267:
7155:
7069:
7062:
6981:gives the temperature and
6804:
6774:and light are as follows.
6043:
5465:
4748:
4103:
4076:
3320:
2072:
1382:
732:
685:, a transformation mixing
667:BoseâEinstein condensation
613:
274:{\displaystyle \Delta E=0}
29:
9264:
9096:
8998:
8928:
8871:Semantic view of theories
8790:Epistemological anarchism
8742:
8727:dependent and independent
8464:
8073:"Taking Science on Faith"
8059:Times Literary Supplement
8046:Times Literary Supplement
7995:Kibble, T. W. B. (1973).
7945:Kibble, T. W. B. (1973).
7825:10.1017/S1062798713000768
7781:Feynman, Richard (1994).
7718:Oxford English Dictionary
7544:Oxford English Dictionary
6968:microscopic reversibility
6956:HammondâLeffler postulate
6772:electromagnetic radiation
6592:Pauli exclusion principle
6589:
6392:, similarly for time and
6035:Pauli exclusion principle
5980:Laws of quantum mechanics
5744:
5534:Gauss's law for magnetism
5466:
5121:
4861:
4749:
4740:
4616:
4523:
4309:
4104:
3969:In addition there is the
3968:
3679:
3674:, containing the metric.
3486:
3321:
1995:Principle of least action
1992:
1385:Principle of least action
1379:Principle of least action
935:
924:
913:
907:
904:
729:Conservation and symmetry
659:Pauli exclusion principle
622:Pauli exclusion principle
580:perpetual motion machines
523:in the universe, such as
418:Newtonian gravitation law
46:are statements, based on
8613:Intertheoretic reduction
8602:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
8579:Functional contextualism
7442:The distinction between
7358:. When we read Seneca's
7240:of planetary positions,
7140:Arbia's law of geography
7095:HardyâWeinberg principle
7043:Fick's laws of diffusion
7005:GibbsâHelmholtz equation
6941:Le Chatelier's principle
6388:is at least half of the
3324:Einstein field equations
3286:Einstein field equations
2971:Corollaries in mechanics
2551:HamiltonâJacobi equation
2077:EulerâLagrange equations
1256:probability distribution
560:impossibility assertions
33:The Laws of the Universe
9098:Philosophers of science
8876:Scientific essentialism
8825:Model-dependent realism
8760:Constructive empiricism
8653:Evidence-based practice
7972:Gravitation and Inertia
7922:Encyclopedia of Physics
7723:Oxford University Press
7549:Oxford University Press
7307:and continued into the
7303:) began with the early
6790:Wien's displacement law
6786:of black-body radiation
6390:reduced Planck constant
6245:is proportional to the
6219:reduced Planck constant
6186:) is the instantaneous
6146:(in quantum mechanics)
5819:Quantum electrodynamics
5357:Newton's law of cooling
4312:Gauss's law for gravity
3297:Gravitoelectromagnetism
3261:massâenergy equivalence
3150:Galilean transformation
3099:Lorentz transformations
3025:NavierâStokes equations
2658:Newton's laws of motion
1845:generalized coordinates
1713:generalized coordinates
808:Continuity and transfer
634:Lorentz transformations
553:mathematical statistics
449:. A scientific law is "
9322:Metaphysics of science
9181:Alfred North Whitehead
9171:Charles Sanders Peirce
8236:. Dordrecht : Kluwer.
7370:
7129:Laws of Earth sciences
7117:, the propensity of a
6856:Conservation of energy
6726:
6578:
6466:
6366:
6292:
6176:
6133:
6031:uncertainty principles
5931:paraxial approximation
5805:
5735:
5644:Ampère's circuital law
5633:
5567:
5523:
5408:(of partial pressures)
5397:now improved by other
5340:
5233:
5110:
4997: → 0,
4963:
4868:If two systems are in
4849:
4808:
4743:Laws of thermodynamics
4709:
4594:
4485:
4422:
4359:
4300:
4197:
4112:For two point masses:
4042:
3938:
3835:
3776:
3737:
3657:
3460:Ricci curvature tensor
3438:
3250:
3139:
2979:Euler's laws of motion
2938:
2766:
2640:
2538:
2457:
2389:
2310:
2186:
2063:
1968:
1922:calculus of variations
1834:
1665:
1545:; the integral of the
1535:
1508:
1349:
1231:
1139:
1069:= electric charge (C)
1047:
867:
800:Conservation of charge
776:Conservation of energy
395:
343:
295:
275:
9337:Science-related lists
9327:Philosophy of science
9280:Philosophy portal
9031:Hard and soft science
9026:Faith and rationality
8895:Scientific skepticism
8675:Scientific Revolution
8458:Philosophy of science
8383:"The laws of nature".
8232:Hanzel, Igor (1999).
7747:Davies, Paul (2005).
7501:Philosophy of science
7321:
7250:uncomfortable science
6827:Quantitative analysis
6795:Radioactive decay law
6727:
6579:
6467:
6367:
6303:De Broglie wavelength
6293:
6227:Waveâparticle duality
6177:
6152:self-adjoint operator
6134:
5913:variational principle
5806:
5736:
5634:
5568:
5524:
5341:
5234:
5128:sometimes called the
5111:
4964:
4850:
4809:
4710:
4595:
4486:
4423:
4360:
4301:
4198:
4043:
3939:
3836:
3777:
3738:
3658:
3449:cosmological constant
3439:
3311:gravitomagnetic field
3251:
3140:
3044:'s theories of (now)
3010:Bernoulli's principle
3005:Archimedes' principle
2939:
2767:
2641:
2539:
2458:
2390:
2311:
2187:
2064:
1969:
1967:{\displaystyle E=T+V}
1835:
1666:
1536:
1509:
1350:
1232:
1140:
1048:
868:
596:uncertainty principle
396:
344:
296:
276:
211:Bernoulli's principle
179:philosophy of science
9006:Criticism of science
8881:Scientific formalism
8765:Constructive realism
8670:Scientific pluralism
8643:Problem of induction
8186:. Ballantine Books.
7375:natural philosophers
7244:of linguistics, and
7187:Law of superposition
6952:transition structure
6779:StefanâBoltzmann law
6610:
6497:
6487:SchrĂśdinger equation
6403:
6318:
6309:SchrĂśdinger equation
6264:
6188:quantum state vector
6158:
6068:
6057:SchrĂśdinger equation
6051:Quantum field theory
6016:SchrĂśdinger equation
6005:probabilistic nature
5756:
5654:
5587:
5543:
5485:
5244:
5137:
5024:
4878:
4830:
4774:
4768:done by the system:
4634:
4533:
4502:and semi-minor axis
4438:
4380:
4324:
4225:
4214:) of body of Volume
4119:
4091:), are true for any
3979:
3846:
3787:
3748:
3699:
3498:
3471:stressâenergy tensor
3333:
3182:
3115:
3060:theory of relativity
2841:
2779:= momentum of body,
2685:
2558:
2474:
2399:
2328:
2321:Hamilton's equations
2202:
2086:
2003:
1946:
1778:
1696:of the system), and
1555:
1521:
1408:
1399:Hamilton's equations
1395:Lagrange's equations
1288:
1187:
1095:
994:
823:
764:Conservation of mass
582:, which violate the
558:In natural science,
447:scientific community
357:
309:
285:
256:
187:constant conjunction
9073:Rhetoric of science
9011:Descriptive science
8755:Confirmation holism
8648:Scientific evidence
8608:Inductive reasoning
8537:Demarcation problem
8370:Francis, Erik Max.
8363:. Core Curriculum,
8356:by John W. Carroll.
8292:The Road to Reality
8289:R. Penrose (2007).
7997:Classical Mechanics
7947:Classical Mechanics
7721:(Online ed.).
7547:(Online ed.).
7292:supernatural beings
6233:PlanckâEinstein law
6023:identical particles
5833:Maxwell's equations
5469:Maxwell's equations
5433:Maxwell's equations
5001: →
4981:As the temperature
4870:thermal equilibrium
3570:
3272:is a special case.
3103:frame of references
3048:, presented in his
3046:classical mechanics
2044:
1863:for this concept).
1861:parametric equation
1849:configuration space
1744:generalized momenta
1455:
1280:probability current
908:Conserved quantity
814:continuity equation
683:hyperbolic rotation
351:Newton's second law
194:scientific theories
131:scientific theories
57:, that describe or
9292:Science portal
9221:Carl Gustav Hempel
9176:Wilhelm Windelband
9063:Questionable cause
8886:Scientific realism
8707:Underdetermination
8542:Empirical evidence
8532:Creative synthesis
8388:2014-02-26 at the
8359:Baaquie, Belal E.
8077:The New York Times
8061:(12 October 2012).
8048:(12 October 2012).
7652:Gould, Stephen Jay
7598:"Definitions from"
7471:Empirical research
7413:separating science
7035:Chemical transport
6979:Arrhenius equation
6918:for each element.
6912:equivalent weights
6722:
6574:
6462:
6362:
6288:
6172:
6129:
5920:Fermat's principle
5845:magnetic monopoles
5801:
5731:
5629:
5563:
5519:
5457:equation of motion
5412:Boltzmann equation
5399:equations of state
5336:
5229:
5106:
5077:
4959:
4845:
4804:
4705:
4590:
4481:
4418:
4355:
4296:
4193:
4038:
3934:
3831:
3772:
3733:
3668:Christoffel symbol
3653:
3553:
3434:
3277:General relativity
3246:
3148:this replaces the
3135:
3072:Special relativity
2934:
2916:
2762:
2636:
2534:
2453:
2451:
2424:
2385:
2383:
2353:
2306:
2182:
2059:
2016:
1964:
1910:not just one value
1830:
1709:degrees of freedom
1661:
1531:
1504:
1427:
1345:
1271:of quantum system
1227:
1135:
1075:= volume electric
1043:
892:(denoted ââ
) of a
863:
793:symmetries in time
735:Symmetry (physics)
706:inverse square law
699:general relativity
693:and gravitational
675:Special relativity
616:Symmetry (physics)
592:special relativity
414:Newtonian dynamics
391:
390:
353:can be written as
339:
305:can be written as
291:
271:
252:can be written as
217:such as occurs in
126:scientific process
99:empirical evidence
9347:Scientific method
9299:
9298:
9141:
9140:
9053:Normative science
8910:Uniformitarianism
8665:Scientific method
8559:Explanatory power
8381:Pazameta, Zoran.
8378:. Alcyone Systems
8338:Physics Formulary
8302:978-0-679-77631-4
8295:. Vintage books.
8281:978-0-915144-71-6
8262:978-0-226-47114-3
8243:978-0-7923-5852-7
8212:978-1-4020-6353-4
8040:in Daryn Lehoux,
7848:Ehrenberg, Andrew
7792:978-0-679-60127-2
7762:978-0-671-79718-8
7729:(Subscription or
7637:978-0-309-11249-9
7583:978-94-6209-497-0
7555:(Subscription or
7506:Physical constant
7435:(1632â1677), and
7401:scientific method
7361:Natural Questions
7167:Buys Ballot's law
7107:Natural Selection
7101:Natural selection
6983:activation energy
6926:Reaction kinetics
6893:biomacromolecules
6852:nuclear chemistry
6840:chemical reaction
6820:quantum mechanics
6801:Laws of chemistry
6761:
6760:
6596:No two identical
6550:
6519:
6460:
6430:
6348:
6337:
6115:
6090:
6047:Quantum mechanics
5943:Law of refraction
5938:Law of reflection
5839:
5838:
5730:
5726:
5704:
5627:
5517:
5351:
5350:
5068:
4727:
4726:
4691:
4618:Kepler's 3rd Law:
4586:
4558:
4525:Kepler's 2nd Law:
4479:
4414:
4372:Kepler's 1st Law:
4292:
4188:
4177:
4068:
4067:
3925:
3878:
3827:
3649:
3639:
3604:
3548:
3489:Geodesic equation
3417:
3371:
2963:
2962:
2897:
2891:
2877:
2720:
2634:
2597:
2525:
2450:
2423:
2382:
2352:
2304:
2265:
2252:
2242:
2180:
2146:
2136:
2106:
1935:the total energy
1918:maxima and minima
1851:, i.e. the curve
1828:
1818:
1649:
1611:
1581:
1479:
1358:
1357:
1326:
1242:Quantum mechanics
1208:
1116:
1015:
844:
756:Noether's theorem
746:, in other words
740:Conservation laws
724:Conservation laws
646:Noether's theorem
600:quantum mechanics
385:
294:{\displaystyle E}
215:compressible flow
192:Laws differ from
107:mathematical laws
63:natural phenomena
16:(Redirected from
9354:
9290:
9289:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9251:Bas van Fraassen
9206:Hans Reichenbach
9186:Bertrand Russell
9103:
9102:
8929:Philosophy of...
8712:Unity of science
8505:Commensurability
8451:
8444:
8437:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8414:"Laws of Nature"
8403:"Laws of Nature"
8372:"The laws list".
8354:"Laws of Nature"
8326:
8324:
8322:
8312:"Laws of Nature"
8306:
8285:
8266:
8247:
8216:
8197:
8165:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8092:
8091:
8068:
8062:
8055:
8049:
8038:
8032:
8029:
8020:
8017:
8011:
8010:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7871:10.1038/365385a0
7856:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7827:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7778:
7767:
7766:
7754:
7744:
7735:
7734:
7726:
7714:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7660:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7552:
7540:
7533:
7407:(1561â1626) and
7262:Pareto principle
7065:Biological rules
7000:DulongâPetit law
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6679:
6678:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6561:
6560:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6531:
6520:
6518:
6507:
6489:(original form):
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6461:
6453:
6431:
6423:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6350:
6349:
6341:
6338:
6330:
6325:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6216:
6204:imaginary number
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6165:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6117:
6116:
6108:
6102:
6091:
6089:
6078:
6042:
5971:BeerâLambert law
5961:Brewster's angle
5927:geometric optics
5892:Kirchhoff's laws
5851:Pre-Maxwell laws
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5763:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5667:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5618:
5617:
5608:
5600:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5556:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5503:
5498:
5464:
5428:Electromagnetism
5417:Carnot's theorem
5383:Gay-Lussac's law
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5326:
5311:
5310:
5289:
5274:
5273:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5219:
5204:
5203:
5182:
5167:
5166:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5061:
5046:
5031:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4942:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4916:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4889:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4781:
4738:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4448:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4390:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4337:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4232:
4218:, this becomes:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4131:
4126:
4102:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4000:
3986:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3901:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3859:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3800:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3712:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3348:
3347:
3319:
3271:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3216:
3215:
3194:
3193:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3125:
3015:Poiseuille's law
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2832:dynamical system
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2495:
2487:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2012:
2011:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1906:entire continuum
1866:The action is a
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1698:potential energy
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1420:
1419:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1058:Electromagnetism
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1016:
1014:
1006:
998:
902:
872:
870:
869:
864:
862:
845:
843:
835:
827:
788:angular momentum
586:, exceeding the
541:natural sciences
400:
398:
397:
392:
386:
384:
376:
368:
348:
346:
345:
340:
316:
300:
298:
297:
292:
280:
278:
277:
272:
229:only applies to
181:, going back to
21:
9362:
9361:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9342:Scientific laws
9302:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9260:
9241:Paul Feyerabend
9201:Michael Polanyi
9137:
9123:Galileo Galilei
9092:
9078:Science studies
8994:
8924:
8915:Verificationism
8820:Instrumentalism
8805:Foundationalism
8780:Conventionalism
8738:
8574:Feminist method
8460:
8455:
8390:Wayback Machine
8334:
8329:
8320:
8318:
8303:
8282:
8263:
8244:
8213:
8194:
8180:Barrow, John D.
8174:
8172:Further reading
8169:
8168:
8152:
8148:
8139:
8137:
8135:bertie.ccsu.edu
8129:
8128:
8124:
8105:
8101:
8089:
8087:
8069:
8065:
8056:
8052:
8039:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8014:
8007:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7968:
7964:
7957:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7918:Lerner, Rita G.
7915:
7911:
7904:
7890:
7886:
7854:
7845:
7841:
7818:(S1): S33âS49.
7812:European Review
7804:
7800:
7793:
7779:
7770:
7763:
7745:
7738:
7728:
7712:"Law of nature"
7708:
7704:
7698:
7678:
7674:
7658:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7616:
7612:
7603:
7601:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7538:"law of nature"
7534:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7491:Law (principle)
7466:
7353:
7352:
7270:
7238:TitiusâBode law
7220:
7158:
7136:
7131:
7105:Whether or not
7103:
7085:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7059:Laws of biology
6991:Thermochemistry
6809:
6803:
6768:
6743:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6695:
6690:
6689:
6671:
6667:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6452:
6422:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6357:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6251:Planck constant
6207:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6118:
6107:
6106:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6059:(general form):
5982:
5954:physical optics
5905:
5873:BiotâSavart law
5791:
5783:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5607:
5596:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5552:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5494:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5477:for electricity
5445:electric charge
5430:
5322:
5303:
5299:
5285:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5215:
5196:
5192:
5178:
5159:
5155:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5057:
5042:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
4951:
4947:
4938:
4934:
4925:
4921:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4734:
4697:
4693:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4447:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4085:
4077:Main articles:
4075:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3996:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3796:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3708:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3478:
3467:
3456:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3382:
3378:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3263:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3211:
3207:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3088:inertial frames
3081:relative motion
3068:
3056:Albert Einstein
3038:
2992:fluid mechanics
2990:Corollaries in
2953:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2811:
2787:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2626:
2618:
2616:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2361:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2049:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1903:
1896:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1687:
1680:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1603:
1602:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1340:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1265:
1222:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1130:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:current density
1062:electric charge
1035:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
992:
991:
987:of fluid (m s)
978:
948:
914:Volume density
858:
836:
828:
826:
824:
821:
820:
810:
737:
731:
726:
721:
719:Laws of physics
618:
612:
545:social sciences
435:
377:
369:
367:
358:
355:
354:
312:
310:
307:
306:
286:
283:
282:
257:
254:
253:
244:Many laws take
171:physical system
167:
71:natural science
44:laws of science
40:Scientific laws
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9360:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9317:Empirical laws
9314:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9282:
9270:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9226:W. V. O. Quine
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9161:Rudolf Steiner
9158:
9153:
9151:Henri PoincarĂŠ
9148:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9109:
9107:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9021:Exact sciences
9018:
9013:
9008:
9002:
9000:
8999:Related topics
8996:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8958:Social science
8955:
8954:
8953:
8951:Space and time
8943:
8938:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8864:
8855:
8850:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8660:Scientific law
8657:
8656:
8655:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8569:Falsifiability
8566:
8561:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8498:Mill's Methods
8490:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8454:
8453:
8446:
8439:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:. BBC Radio 4.
8409:
8396:
8379:
8368:
8357:
8347:
8341:
8333:
8332:External links
8330:
8328:
8327:
8307:
8301:
8286:
8280:
8267:
8261:
8248:
8242:
8229:
8217:
8211:
8198:
8192:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8146:
8122:
8099:
8063:
8050:
8033:
8021:
8012:
8005:
7987:
7980:
7962:
7955:
7937:
7930:
7909:
7902:
7884:
7839:
7798:
7791:
7768:
7761:
7736:
7702:
7696:
7672:
7654:(1981-05-01).
7643:
7636:
7628:10.17226/12026
7610:
7589:
7582:
7562:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7439:(1588â1679).)
7397:RenĂŠ Descartes
7313:Roman imperial
7269:
7266:
7264:of economics.
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7089:Mendelian laws
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7078:or Gause's law
7071:
7068:
7063:Main article:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6971:
6964:
6948:
6944:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6916:atomic weights
6864:thermodynamics
6832:
6831:
6829:
6805:Main article:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6767:
6766:Radiation laws
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6721:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6545:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6482:Wave mechanics
6478:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6459:
6456:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6373:
6372:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6344:
6336:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6299:
6298:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6223:
6184:Dirac notation
6171:
6168:
6164:
6140:
6139:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6114:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6027:
6026:
6019:
6008:
5997:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5950:
5949:
5940:
5923:
5922:
5911:is based on a
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5827:, rather than
5814:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5724:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5640:
5639:
5625:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5574:
5573:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5530:
5529:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5443:fields due to
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:Avogadro's law
5385:
5380:
5375:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5239:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5006:
4970:
4969:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4815:
4814:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4747:
4746:
4733:
4732:Thermodynamics
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4600:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4521:
4520:
4512:polar equation
4492:
4491:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4429:
4428:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4204:
4203:
4187:
4184:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4094:central forces
4074:
4073:Classical laws
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4061:Lorentz factor
4049:
4048:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3966:
3965:
3945:
3944:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3841:
3825:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3782:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3743:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3632:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3602:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3485:
3476:
3465:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3257:
3256:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3173:invariant mass
3146:
3145:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3092:speed of light
3077:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2807:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2193:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1990:
1989:
1987:Laws of motion
1975:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1901:
1894:
1872:rather than a
1841:
1840:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1711:is defined by
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1273:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1172:
1169:energy density
1162:
1156:
1150:Thermodynamics
1146:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1090:
1080:
1077:charge density
1070:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
989:
985:velocity field
969:
959:
949:
938:
937:
934:
923:
912:
906:
874:
873:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
842:
839:
834:
831:
809:
806:
805:
804:
796:
772:
761:
733:Main article:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
614:Main article:
611:
608:
604:Bell's theorem
588:speed of light
569:counterexample
537:
536:
525:living systems
517:
506:
495:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
434:
431:
389:
383:
380:
375:
372:
366:
363:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
315:
290:
270:
267:
264:
261:
166:
163:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9359:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9281:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9211:Rudolf Carnap
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9146:Auguste Comte
9144:
9143:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9118:Francis Bacon
9116:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9095:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9046:Pseudoscience
9044:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9001:
8997:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8905:Structuralism
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8868:
8867:Received view
8865:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8775:Contextualism
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8735:
8732:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8452:
8447:
8445:
8440:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8408:
8407:Norman Swartz
8404:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8344:Eformulae.com
8342:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8317:
8313:
8308:
8304:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8239:
8235:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8225:Novum Organum
8221:
8220:Francis Bacon
8218:
8214:
8208:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8193:0-449-90738-4
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8155:Norman Swartz
8150:
8136:
8132:
8126:
8119:
8114:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8054:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8028:
8026:
8016:
8008:
8006:0-07-084018-0
8002:
7998:
7991:
7983:
7981:0-691-03323-4
7977:
7973:
7966:
7958:
7956:0-07-084018-0
7952:
7948:
7941:
7933:
7931:0-89573-752-3
7927:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7905:
7903:0-201-02117-X
7899:
7895:
7888:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7764:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7743:
7741:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7719:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7697:0-19-866132-0
7693:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7614:
7599:
7593:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7545:
7539:
7532:
7528:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7431:(1583â1645),
7430:
7426:
7423:and ethics. (
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7405:Francis Bacon
7402:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7258:Occam's razor
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7213:
7212:Walther's law
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Byerlee's law
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7066:
7054:
7053:Lamm equation
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6975:rate constant
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6904:stoichiometry
6900:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6875:Joseph Proust
6871:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6812:Chemical laws
6808:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6716:
6711:
6701:
6696:
6686:
6680:
6675:
6672:
6664:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6644:
6634:
6629:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6557:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6515:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6457:
6454:
6449:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6424:
6419:
6416:
6409:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6351:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6166:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6071:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5977:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:Classically,
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Coulomb's law
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5797:
5788:
5780:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:Lorentz force
5722:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5623:
5604:
5601:
5593:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:Faraday's law
5560:
5557:
5549:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5491:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:Lorentz force
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Charles's law
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:Ideal gas law
5365:
5363:
5362:Fourier's law
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5240:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5099:
5095:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4723:
4721:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4544:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4287:
4282:
4274:
4267:
4257:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4172:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4034:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4004:
3990:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3928:
3921:
3902:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3842:
3823:
3804:
3801:
3793:
3783:
3762:
3754:
3744:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3681:GEM Equations
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:where Î is a
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3621:
3617:
3600:
3586:
3582:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3482:metric tensor
3479:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3306:GEM equations
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:metric tensor
3287:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3241:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:four-momentum
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2879:
2873:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2757:
2754:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:Newton's laws
2650:
2630:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2531:
2528:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2488:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2436:
2426:
2419:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:configuration
1691:
1684:
1677:
1655:
1652:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1569:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1467:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:Newton's laws
1386:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1312:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:= energy (J)
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1003:
990:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
957:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:Hydrodynamics
940:
939:
932:
928:
921:
917:
911:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
855:
849:
846:
840:
832:
819:
818:
817:
815:
802:
801:
797:
794:
790:
789:
784:
783:
778:
777:
773:
770:
765:
762:
759:
757:
753:
752:
751:
749:
745:
741:
736:
716:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
543:, though the
542:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
430:
426:
423:
422:Coulomb's law
419:
415:
410:
408:
403:
387:
381:
378:
373:
370:
364:
361:
352:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
304:
288:
268:
265:
262:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:elastic limit
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:overstatement
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
19:
9256:Larry Laudan
9236:Imre Lakatos
9191:Otto Neurath
9166:Karl Pearson
9156:Pierre Duhem
9128:Isaac Newton
9058:Protoscience
9016:Epistemology
8890:Anti-realism
8888: /
8869: /
8860: /
8846: /
8844:Reductionism
8842: /
8815:Inductionism
8795:Evolutionism
8659:
8600:
8487:a posteriori
8486:
8482:
8418:
8319:. Retrieved
8315:
8291:
8271:
8252:
8233:
8223:
8202:
8183:
8158:
8149:
8138:. Retrieved
8134:
8125:
8116:
8112:
8102:
8094:
8088:. Retrieved
8076:
8066:
8058:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8036:
8015:
7996:
7990:
7971:
7965:
7946:
7940:
7921:
7912:
7893:
7887:
7862:
7858:
7842:
7815:
7811:
7801:
7782:
7750:
7716:
7705:
7682:
7675:
7666:
7662:
7646:
7619:
7613:
7602:. Retrieved
7592:
7572:
7565:
7542:
7531:
7486:List of laws
7457:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7391:
7379:Isaac Newton
7371:
7360:
7322:
7298:
7296:
7277:
7271:
7235:
7224:mathematical
7221:
7218:Other fields
7162:Archie's law
7111:Henry Byerly
7104:
7048:Graham's law
7024:Raoult's law
6951:
6920:
6901:
6883:
6872:
6833:
6811:
6810:
6807:Chemical law
6784:Planck's law
6769:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6590:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6474:
6375:
6374:
6301:
6300:
6254:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6212:
6208:
6202:is the unit
6199:
6195:
6191:
6147:
6141:
6055:
6054:
6045:
6028:
6012:wavefunction
5994:wavefunction
5983:
5975:
5951:
5924:
5906:
5856:
5842:
5817:
5745:
5642:
5641:
5576:
5575:
5532:
5531:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5431:
5406:Dalton's law
5129:
5122:
5013:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4971:
4862:
4857:
4817:
4816:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4719:
4717:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4524:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4496:eccentricity
4493:
4430:
4371:
4316:
4310:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4111:
4105:
4092:
4086:
4052:
4050:
3970:
3956:
3953:mass density
3948:
3946:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3665:
3487:
3474:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3322:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3283:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3096:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3049:
3042:Isaac Newton
3039:
2998:
2966:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2465:
2320:
2194:
2074:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1516:
1388:
1361:
1275:
1269:wavefunction
1266:
1251:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1082:
1072:
1066:
980:
979:
974:
971:
966:mass density
961:
951:
930:
926:
919:
915:
909:
894:vector field
881:
877:
875:
811:
798:
786:
780:
774:
754:
747:
738:
714:
703:
632:, time, and
619:
573:
557:
538:
512:), although
494:of quantity.
492:conservative
463:
443:observations
436:
427:
411:
404:
246:mathematical
243:
207:aerodynamics
191:
168:
147:equivocation
111:
103:
66:
55:observations
43:
39:
38:
32:
18:Physical law
9246:Ian Hacking
9231:Thomas Kuhn
9216:Karl Popper
9196:C. D. Broad
9113:Roger Bacon
9041:Non-science
8983:Linguistics
8963:Archaeology
8858:Rationalism
8848:Determinism
8835:Physicalism
8800:Fallibilism
8750:Coherentism
8680:Testability
8633:Observation
8628:Objectivity
8589:alternative
8520:Correlation
8510:Consilience
8419:In Our Time
7669:(5): 34â37.
7444:natural law
7425:Natural law
7421:metaphysics
7309:Hellenistic
7290:, spirits,
7274:prehistoric
7246:Moore's law
7172:Birch's law
7123:adaptedness
7029:Henry's law
6860:equilibrium
6382:Uncertainty
6194:, position
6144:Hamiltonian
5966:Malus's law
5947:Snell's law
5897:Joule's law
5475:Gauss's law
5455:law is the
5373:Boyle's law
4089:Tycho Brahe
3672:second kind
3090:" and "the
3066:Modern laws
3030:FaxĂŠn's law
3020:Stokes' law
2675:mechanics.
2673:Hamiltonian
1246:probability
1085:= electric
769:massâenergy
697:results in
626:homogeneity
527:, e.g. the
439:experiments
239:Boyle's law
227:Hooke's law
155:ontological
95:mathematics
65:. The term
61:a range of
51:experiments
9332:Principles
9306:Categories
9133:David Hume
9106:Precursors
8988:Psychology
8968:Economicsâ
8862:Empiricism
8853:Pragmatism
8840:Positivism
8830:Naturalism
8700:scientific
8584:Hypothesis
8547:Experiment
8140:2016-11-17
8090:2016-10-07
7733:required.)
7604:2019-03-18
7600:. the NCSE
7559:required.)
7523:References
7387:divine law
7242:Zipf's law
7010:Hess's law
6930:equilibria
6014:obeys the
5986:postulates
5879:Other laws
5863:Lenz's law
5422:Kopp's law
5390:, into one
3447:where Î =
2669:Lagrangian
2665:relativity
1869:functional
1771:), where:
1742:There are
1547:Lagrangian
890:divergence
642:symmetries
549:Zipf's law
533:human body
499:symmetries
490:Generally
433:Properties
233:below the
223:supersonic
209:, such as
183:David Hume
151:philosophy
122:postulates
118:hypotheses
87:geoscience
9312:Causality
8973:Geography
8941:Chemistry
8900:Scientism
8695:ladenness
8515:Construct
8493:Causality
8118:universe.
8085:0362-4331
7879:0028-0836
7834:122262641
7392:The World
7383:religious
7356:law court
7325:Lucretius
7317:Roman law
7134:Geography
6961:catalysis
6816:chemistry
6717:⋯
6702:⋯
6687:⋯
6681:ψ
6662:−
6650:⋯
6635:⋯
6620:⋯
6614:ψ
6572:ψ
6563:ψ
6554:∇
6534:ℏ
6528:−
6522:ψ
6513:∂
6509:∂
6504:ℏ
6455:ℏ
6450:≥
6444:Δ
6437:Δ
6425:ℏ
6420:≥
6414:Δ
6407:Δ
6355:ℏ
6346:^
6335:λ
6286:ω
6283:ℏ
6277:ν
6247:frequency
6170:⟩
6167:ψ
6123:ψ
6113:^
6097:ψ
6075:ℏ
5903:Photonics
5887:Ohm's law
5789:×
5720:∂
5710:∂
5673:μ
5661:×
5658:∇
5621:∂
5611:∂
5605:−
5594:×
5591:∇
5550:⋅
5547:∇
5509:ε
5505:ρ
5492:⋅
5489:∇
5314:∇
5297:−
5277:∇
5207:∇
5190:−
5170:∇
5080:μ
5070:∑
5051:−
4932:⇒
4840:≥
4834:Δ
4798:δ
4795:−
4789:δ
4658:π
4453:−
4411:θ
4408:
4392:ℓ
4351:ρ
4345:π
4331:⋅
4328:∇
4258:ρ
4241:∫
4186:^
4057:rest mass
4026:×
3991:γ
3961:mass flux
3919:∂
3909:∂
3892:π
3886:−
3853:×
3850:∇
3821:∂
3811:∂
3805:−
3794:×
3791:∇
3755:⋅
3752:∇
3729:ρ
3723:π
3717:−
3706:⋅
3703:∇
3622:ν
3587:μ
3567:λ
3562:ν
3559:μ
3555:Γ
3524:λ
3428:ν
3425:μ
3401:π
3387:ν
3384:μ
3361:−
3358:Λ
3345:ν
3342:μ
3130:Λ
3054:, and in
2947:in which
2908:≠
2899:∑
2745:−
2628:∂
2620:∂
2614:−
2589:∂
2581:∂
2529:−
2523:˙
2514:⋅
2442:∂
2434:∂
2417:∂
2407:∂
2374:∂
2366:∂
2359:−
2346:∂
2336:∂
2289:∂
2281:∂
2263:˙
2240:˙
2230:∂
2222:∂
2167:∂
2159:∂
2134:˙
2124:∂
2116:∂
2018:∫
1816:˙
1806:∂
1798:∂
1647:˙
1624:−
1609:˙
1579:˙
1477:˙
1429:∫
1425:δ
1412:δ
1338:⋅
1335:∇
1332:−
1320:∂
1303:Ψ
1295:∂
1220:⋅
1217:∇
1214:−
1202:∂
1194:∂
1179:heat flux
1167:= volume
1128:⋅
1125:∇
1122:−
1110:∂
1105:ρ
1102:∂
1033:ρ
1027:⋅
1024:∇
1021:−
1009:∂
1004:ρ
1001:∂
964:= volume
936:Equation
856:⋅
853:∇
850:−
838:∂
833:ρ
830:∂
638:spacetime
529:mechanics
505:and time.
455:phenomena
407:falsified
333:δ
330:−
324:δ
260:Δ
219:transonic
199:Ohm's law
159:absolutes
139:ambiguous
114:equations
83:astronomy
79:chemistry
9268:Category
8920:Vitalism
8743:Theories
8717:Variable
8638:Paradigm
8525:function
8483:A priori
8472:Analysis
8465:Concepts
8386:Archived
8222:(1620).
8182:(1992).
7850:(1993).
7663:Discover
7496:Nomology
7464:See also
7417:theology
7377:such as
7349:forensic
7337:Manilius
7227:theorems
7119:genotype
7083:Genetics
7016:Gas laws
6897:minerals
6868:kinetics
6598:fermions
6386:momentum
6190:at time
6126:⟩
6100:⟩
6033:and the
6001:operator
5825:EM waves
5441:magnetic
5437:electric
3123:′
3107:4-vector
2812:= force
2788:= force
1875:function
782:momentum
748:symmetry
691:inertial
679:rapidity
663:fermions
451:inferred
281:, where
225:flight;
165:Overview
145:, or an
48:repeated
8978:History
8946:Physics
8936:Biology
8734:more...
8722:control
8618:Inquiry
8376:Physics
7688:474â476
7481:Formula
7433:Spinoza
7429:Grotius
7409:Galileo
7366:Ptolemy
7284:animism
7268:History
7156:Geology
7115:fitness
7070:Ecology
6947:occurs.
6752:is the
6243:photons
6217:is the
5829:photons
5449:current
4516:ellipse
4494:is the
4431:where
4055:is the
3951:is the
3670:of the
3167:is the
1927:Notice
1847:in the
1764:, ...,
1541:is the
977:, where
968:(kg m)
884:is the
665:and in
576:physics
531:of the
521:systems
510:quantum
466:physics
459:science
175:Factual
91:biology
75:physics
59:predict
8690:choice
8685:Theory
8623:Nature
8552:design
8299:
8278:
8259:
8240:
8209:
8190:
8083:
8003:
7978:
7953:
7928:
7900:
7877:
7859:Nature
7832:
7789:
7759:
7694:
7634:
7580:
7516:Theory
7458:nature
7456:) for
7454:natura
7449:physis
7437:Hobbes
7341:Seneca
7329:Virgil
7300:physis
7279:per se
7231:axioms
6977:. The
6885:Dalton
6866:, and
6844:energy
6748:, and
6735:where
6602:bosons
6394:energy
6239:energy
5909:optics
5831:, see
5821:(QED):
5729:
4718:where
4603:where
4514:of an
4506:, and
4051:where
3947:where
3648:
3326:(EFE):
2830:For a
2775:where
1888:entire
1732:, ...
1543:action
1517:where
1282:/flux
1181:(W m)
1171:(J m)
1154:energy
1089:(A m)
1079:(C m)
946:fluids
876:where
671:bosons
594:, the
565:theory
349:, and
231:strain
8405:â By
8321:7 May
7855:(PDF)
7830:S2CID
7727:
7659:(PDF)
7553:
7415:from
7345:Pliny
7222:Some
6257:).
6182:(see
6150:is a
4993:: as
2823:body
2816:body
2799:body
2792:body
1260:Ψ| =
958:(kg)
925:Flux
744:phase
710:space
687:space
677:uses
651:Dirac
630:space
503:space
501:) of
141:, an
8594:null
8564:Fact
8485:and
8323:2012
8297:ISBN
8276:ISBN
8257:ISBN
8238:ISBN
8207:ISBN
8188:ISBN
8081:ISSN
8001:ISBN
7976:ISBN
7951:ISBN
7926:ISBN
7898:ISBN
7875:ISSN
7787:ISBN
7757:ISBN
7692:ISBN
7632:ISBN
7578:ISBN
7343:and
7333:Ovid
7311:and
7288:gods
7229:and
6928:and
6895:and
6754:spin
6237:the
6142:The
6021:Two
6010:The
5749:law:
5447:and
5439:and
4081:and
3955:and
2671:and
2079:are:
2075:The
1681:and
1366:and
1267:Ψ =
1264:(m),
956:mass
929:(of
918:(of
886:flux
785:and
704:The
695:mass
669:for
661:for
655:Bose
653:and
578:are
441:and
221:and
135:fact
120:and
8113:ABC
7867:doi
7863:365
7820:doi
7624:doi
6887:'s
6877:'s
6241:of
6215:/2Ď
5952:In
5933:).
5925:In
4405:cos
3684:If
3175:):
3161:not
3058:'s
1933:not
1931:is
1914:not
1897:to
1750:= (
1739:).
1718:= (
1700:is
1250:Ψ|d
628:of
598:of
137:is
67:law
53:or
42:or
9308::
8416:.
8401:.
8374:.
8352::
8314:.
8133:.
8115:.
8111:.
8093:.
8079:.
8075:.
8024:^
7873:.
7861:.
7857:.
7828:.
7816:22
7814:.
7810:.
7771:^
7739:^
7715:.
7690:,
7665:.
7661:.
7630:.
7541:.
7460:.
7395:,
7335:,
7331:,
7327:,
6870:.
6862:,
6854:.
6822:.
6396:;
6311:,
6253:,
6221:.
6211:=
6206:,
6198:,
6049:,
6037:.
5945:,
5018::
4628::
4097:.
4063:.
3973::
3963:.
3480:=
3477:Ον
3473:,
3469:=
3466:Ον
3462:,
3458:=
3455:Ον
3451:,
3269:mc
3267:=
3156:.
3083:.
3062:.
2827:.
2821:by
2814:on
2809:ji
2803:,
2797:by
2790:on
2785:ij
1757:,
1725:,
1397:,
1393:,
1278:=
1254:=
1244:,
1177:=
1152:,
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954:=
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933:)
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779:,
750:.
712:.
701:.
673:.
461:.
237:;
189:.
161:.
89:,
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81:,
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8450:e
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8436:v
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8325:.
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8284:.
8265:.
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8215:.
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7984:.
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7934:.
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7869::
7836:.
7822::
7795:.
7765:.
7725:.
7667:2
7640:.
7626::
7607:.
7586:.
7551:.
6963:.
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6665:1
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6645:j
6640:r
6630:i
6625:r
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6594::
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6566:+
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6538:2
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6516:t
6501:i
6458:2
6447:t
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6433:,
6428:2
6417:p
6410:x
6379::
6359:k
6352:=
6343:k
6332:h
6327:=
6323:p
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6280:=
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6271:=
6268:E
6255:h
6235::
6213:h
6209:ħ
6200:i
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6110:H
6104:=
6094:|
6087:t
6084:d
6080:d
6072:i
6007:.
5996:.
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5793:B
5785:v
5781:+
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5772:(
5768:q
5765:=
5761:F
5723:t
5714:E
5700:2
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5692:1
5687:+
5683:J
5677:0
5669:=
5665:B
5624:t
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5602:=
5598:E
5561:0
5558:=
5554:B
5513:0
5500:=
5496:E
5334:.
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5324:/
5320:m
5317:(
5308:r
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5280:(
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5260:=
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5227:;
5224:)
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5217:/
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5210:(
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5164:u
5161:u
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5153:=
5148:u
5143:J
5126::
5100:i
5096:N
5091:d
5084:i
5074:i
5066:+
5063:V
5059:d
5054:P
5048:S
5044:d
5039:T
5036:=
5033:U
5029:d
5005:.
5003:C
4999:S
4995:T
4991:C
4987:S
4983:T
4976::
4953:C
4949:T
4945:=
4940:A
4936:T
4927:C
4923:T
4919:=
4914:B
4910:T
4906:,
4900:B
4896:T
4892:=
4887:A
4883:T
4866::
4843:0
4837:S
4821::
4801:W
4792:Q
4786:=
4783:U
4779:d
4766:W
4762:Q
4758:U
4754::
4720:M
4699:3
4695:a
4687:)
4683:M
4680:+
4677:m
4673:(
4669:G
4662:2
4654:4
4648:=
4643:2
4639:T
4626:a
4622:T
4609:m
4605:L
4583:m
4580:2
4575:|
4571:L
4567:|
4561:=
4555:t
4551:d
4545:A
4541:d
4508:â
4504:b
4500:a
4475:2
4471:)
4467:a
4463:/
4459:b
4456:(
4450:1
4445:=
4442:e
4402:e
4399:+
4396:1
4387:=
4384:r
4348:G
4342:4
4339:=
4335:g
4314::
4288:3
4283:|
4279:r
4275:|
4268:V
4263:d
4254:r
4245:V
4237:G
4234:=
4230:g
4216:V
4212:r
4210:(
4208:Ď
4183:r
4173:2
4168:|
4164:r
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4152:2
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4128:=
4124:F
4109::
4053:m
4035:)
4030:H
4022:v
4018:+
4014:g
4009:(
4005:m
4002:)
3998:v
3994:(
3988:=
3984:F
3957:J
3949:Ď
3929:)
3922:t
3913:g
3903:+
3899:J
3895:G
3889:4
3882:(
3874:2
3870:c
3866:4
3861:=
3857:H
3824:t
3815:H
3802:=
3798:g
3767:0
3763:=
3759:H
3726:G
3720:4
3714:=
3710:g
3690:H
3686:g
3651:,
3645:0
3642:=
3636:t
3631:d
3618:x
3612:d
3601:t
3596:d
3583:x
3577:d
3551:+
3543:2
3539:t
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3520:x
3514:2
3508:d
3491::
3475:g
3464:T
3453:R
3421:T
3413:4
3409:c
3404:G
3398:8
3392:=
3380:g
3375:)
3369:2
3366:R
3354:(
3350:+
3338:R
3265:E
3242:2
3238:)
3232:2
3228:c
3224:m
3221:(
3218:+
3213:2
3209:)
3205:c
3202:p
3199:(
3196:=
3191:2
3187:E
3165:A
3154:c
3133:A
3127:=
3120:A
2956:i
2952:E
2949:F
2929:j
2926:i
2920:F
2912:j
2904:i
2895:+
2890:E
2885:F
2880:=
2874:t
2870:d
2861:i
2855:p
2849:d
2825:i
2818:j
2805:F
2801:j
2794:i
2781:F
2777:p
2758:i
2755:j
2750:F
2742:=
2737:j
2734:i
2729:F
2723:,
2717:t
2713:d
2706:p
2701:d
2694:=
2690:F
2631:t
2623:S
2611:=
2607:)
2603:t
2600:,
2593:q
2584:S
2575:,
2571:q
2566:(
2562:H
2532:L
2520:q
2510:p
2506:=
2503:)
2500:t
2497:,
2493:p
2489:,
2485:q
2481:(
2478:H
2446:p
2437:H
2427:=
2420:t
2411:q
2378:q
2369:H
2356:=
2349:t
2340:p
2299:i
2294:q
2284:L
2275:=
2270:i
2260:p
2247:i
2237:q
2225:L
2216:=
2211:i
2207:p
2175:i
2171:q
2162:L
2153:=
2149:)
2141:i
2131:q
2119:L
2110:(
2103:t
2099:d
2093:d
2055:t
2051:d
2046:L
2039:2
2035:t
2027:1
2023:t
2014:=
2009:S
1997::
1962:V
1959:+
1956:T
1953:=
1950:E
1937:E
1929:L
1902:2
1899:t
1895:1
1892:t
1884:t
1882:(
1880:q
1857:t
1855:(
1853:q
1823:i
1813:q
1801:L
1792:=
1787:i
1783:p
1768:N
1766:p
1762:2
1759:p
1755:1
1752:p
1748:p
1736:N
1734:q
1730:2
1727:q
1723:1
1720:q
1716:q
1706:N
1702:V
1690:T
1686:2
1683:t
1679:1
1676:t
1659:)
1656:t
1653:,
1644:q
1638:,
1634:q
1630:(
1627:V
1621:)
1618:t
1615:,
1606:q
1600:(
1597:T
1594:=
1591:)
1588:t
1585:,
1576:q
1570:,
1566:q
1562:(
1559:L
1527:S
1502:0
1499:=
1496:t
1493:d
1489:)
1486:t
1483:,
1474:q
1468:,
1464:q
1460:(
1457:L
1450:2
1446:t
1438:1
1434:t
1422:=
1417:S
1342:j
1329:=
1323:t
1313:2
1308:|
1299:|
1276:j
1252:r
1224:q
1211:=
1205:t
1197:u
1175:q
1165:u
1159:E
1132:J
1119:=
1113:t
1083:J
1073:Ď
1067:q
1041:)
1037:u
1030:(
1018:=
1012:t
981:u
975:u
972:Ď
962:Ď
952:m
931:q
927:J
920:q
916:Ď
910:q
882:J
878:Ď
860:J
847:=
841:t
771:.
758::
535:.
516:.
388:.
382:t
379:d
374:p
371:d
365:=
362:F
336:W
327:Q
321:=
318:U
314:d
289:E
269:0
266:=
263:E
73:(
36:.
20:)
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