190:
25:
431:
612:) - an organisation objecting against high losses in people and equipment in the eastern front. It addressed leaflets and open letters to German soldiers fighting in the eastern front, in which it protested against the mendacity of German propaganda and the absence of the freedom of speech, demanded a disclosure of the actual state of German losses, called for the replacement of the supreme commander of German army, and warned of the looming military defeat.
645:
90:
263:
473:; its social and political context, structural changes, personal staff, and current directions of activities. Studies were carried out on the ways the Nazi party communicated with the community, its party jargon, and its language notions. Studies were carried out on the prewar history, foundations, and political programs of German opposition organisations, and on conflicts and groups in
594:, in order to arise distrust of the allies and to weaken mutual relations. It attempted to persuade Germans that the alliance with Italy would result in a catastrophe for Germany. It also warned against the increase of the strength of Japan, and claimed that this was an outcome of the irresponsible politics of Adolf Hitler, who had promised Japan influence in
681:
that a curfew was being instituted for them, with a warning that breaking it could result in injury or death. Later that year a notice informed
Germans that gas-masks would be distributed on some days of the week only because of an insufficient supply of masks. It caused chaos and panic among the addressees of the message.
680:
Apart from the publication of periodicals and leaflets, Operation N also assumed other forms, including targeting specific, identified
Germans by sending them leaflets, false orders or forged official notices. For instance, in February 1943, a fake order was sent to Germans living in Warsaw stating
239:
Work was carried on with extraordinary precision. The studies section collected special information about the history and geography of
Germany, especially about the German language, its dialects, jargons used by various milieus and professional circles, terms used in state administration, about
626:
Austria had been placed under the yoke of the Nazi authority and was suffering the burdens of war imposed by German fascists. In leaflets and proclamations, it stressed that
Austrians were suffering hunger, persecution, and death not for their own cause, but in the interest of Germany. The
418:) were published. Additionally, defeatist pamphlets and leaflets were published. Their alleged authorship was to indicate some German anti-Nazi conspiracy organisations; they were to affirm the certainty of the close downfall of the
254:. About 20,000-30,000 copies of various publications were distributed per month (newspapers, periodicals, leaflets, etc.). In total, during 1942–1944 over 1 million copies of various publications and propaganda materials.
317:) - both the periodicals suggested the existence of a wide anti-Nazi opposition inside the German army; an alleged conspiracy organisation was to include circles of the body of generals and higher officers of the army.
770:, of Operation N's main Warsaw printing-house and of the whole operation in the period, December 1943 – March 1944 (though no order was issued for the operation's winding-down, and the network remained in readiness);
722:
Similar actions of disinformation and other forms of propaganda were periodically carried out. After
September 1943 the word "October" was written on walls, to evoke fears of the coming month of October.
422:. All texts were elaborated by Polish translators in correct German language, with consideration of German regional dialects. Because of that, long after the war the actions were attributed to Germans.
286:
That action was aimed at confusion, moral pressure and undermining the morale of
Germans. Because of that, there were edited and distributed various publications, addressed for civilian citizens of
488:) - an underground civil organisation, with alleged seats in Munich and Berlin, appealing to the German civil population to stop their excessive work and sacrifices for Germany's military industry.
461:
Emphasis was placed on simulation of activities of non-existing German resistance groups and on impersonation of existing groups. For this purpose, a separate analytical cell was created in the
246:
In order to act efficiently, there were necessary appropriate local agencies, a set of secret printing houses, printing machines, documentation, files. About 700-950 persons participated in the
684:
On 30 April 1942 a false order was sent out to 209 factories under German administration, ordering that all workers be granted a fully paid day off work, due to the celebration of the day the
243:
On that basis, thousands of leaflets, pamphlets and periodicals of various political persuasions were produced, from communist to monarchist, as well as satirical and religious periodicals.
730:
Germans were annoyed by phone calls with threats, by letters, false notices or by sealing up the keyholes of their flats with gypsum. The "tse-tse" actions were carried by scouts of
707:, then officials of the German administration, followed by the Reichdeutsche (i.e. Germans coming from the prewar territory of the Reich - Germany) and finally the
144:, from April 1941 to April 1944. These activities were organized by Office N, which in October 1941 was transformed into an Autonomous Sub-Department N of the
734:(ca 19 units) and every German was to receive two "stings" chosen from the various anti-German actions available. This was augmented by other forms of
466:
927:
392:
54:
937:
130:
622:) - allegedly created in Wien in 1943; it addressed leaflets to Austrians, in which it stressed that in the five years since the
691:
In
February 1944 a false order was issued specifying the sequence of evacuation of all Germans residing within the area of the
538:) - an alleged military organisation attempting to persuade German soldiers of the impossibility of winning the war with the
793:
462:
430:
145:
137:
784:
a change in political situation inside Poland: the German propaganda dropped down, while that of Polish communists of the
644:
879:
844:
762:
and towns of eastern Poland. In the spring of 1944 the operation was suspended. Several factors contributed to this:
76:
47:
917:
282:: imprisoned European nations (France, Bulgaria, Holland, Yugoslavia, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Hungary, etc.).
542:, constantly stressing the high losses of Wehrmacht in the Eastern front, and calling for the overthrow of
270:"): Polish reaction to Hitler's plan to establish a "New Order" in Europe, under Nazi German domination.
499:
477:. Based on the results of this analysis, twenty fictitious German organisations were created, including:
295:
174:
922:
837:
Bureau of
Information and Propaganda of Służba Zwycięstwu Polski/Związek Walki Zbrojnej/Armia Krajowa
37:
932:
785:
557:
149:
41:
33:
410:) were published, and on 21 March 1943, 10,000 copies of a counterfeit issue of a similar daily
157:
94:
778:
631:
and for the institution of local organisations under the banner "Austria for
Austrians" (Germ.
517:
189:
58:
498:) - an organisation allegedly active in Munchen and Wien. It called for new elections to the
240:
politics, the economy, and opinions current in the army, among the civilian population, etc.
122:
213:
8:
529:
912:
777:
due to constant military discomfitures in the front and systematic bombardments by the
692:
397:
209:
875:
840:
250:(editors, translators, printers, couriers and distributors), including boy scouts of
665:
454:
126:
16:
1941–1944 Polish sabotage, subversion, and propaganda campaign against Nazi
Germany
773:
a substantial shift in the attitude of German community towards the policy of the
298:
administration. Among periodicals, the following titles were published regularly:
819:
801:
201:
178:
106:
814:
754:
Operation N peaked in 1943, when the network covered most of Poland, including
735:
704:
906:
797:
743:
731:
716:
708:
384:
366:
335:) - monthlies addressed for Germans of social-democratic and left-wing views.
291:
251:
556:
in New York) - an organisation allegedly representing Germans living in the
181:
newspapers and leaflets, ostensibly distributed by German anti-Nazi groups.
89:
657:
569:
543:
465:(Section II of Studies of the Sub-department of "N" Propaganda). Headed by
450:
275:
141:
134:
774:
628:
591:
587:
438:
419:
391:
Apart from that, two counterfeit issues of the Polish-language so-called
380:
287:
792:
intensified, which resulted in the institution in November 1943 by the
759:
897:
623:
599:
474:
262:
153:
755:
516:) - an anti-Nazi organisation favoring a speedy armistice with the
502:, free of electoral falsifications, and called for the politics of
379:) - a periodical addressed for Germans from the prewar area of the
266:
Polish Resistance satirical poster, "New European Order" (German: "
161:
118:
767:
739:
696:
561:
355:) - addressed for German occupational administration in the East.
173:
constituted part of a psychological-warfare campaign against the
673:
565:
470:
742:", the "Sign of Fighting Poland", and was also carried out by
685:
573:
521:
503:
602:
without any guarantee that it would declare war on the USSR.
437:(an Operation N magazine), 3 January 1943 issue, satirizing
789:
595:
560:, denouncing the enormity of German crimes, opting against
539:
804:" to conduct anti-communist and anti-soviet propaganda.
712:
700:
586:) - an organisation that criticised the allies of the
874:), Wydawnictwo Ars Print Production, Warszawa, 1999,
610:
Soldiers' Council of an Infantry Division in the East
219:
Autonomous Sub-Department N comprised five sections:
833:Biuro Informacji i Propagandy SZP-ZWZ-AK 1939-1945
568:, and calling on fellow citizens to fight against
648:Operation N poster satirizing the German motto, "
606:Der Soldatenrat einer Infanteriedivision im Osten
904:
514:Association of German Soldiers of the Front Line
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
627:organisation called for a fight against Nazis
486:Homeland Association "Freedom and Friendship"
839:), Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, Warszawa, 1987,
554:Association of Free Germans of North America
343:ship ghost, affecting seamen with misfortune
860:), Wydawnictwo Czytelnik, Warszawa, 1972
550:Verband der freien Deutschen Nordamerikas
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
928:Polish underground press in World War II
643:
429:
261:
208:): defeatist poster disseminated in the
188:
113:, where "N" stands for the Polish word "
98:, codename "Kania", chief of Operation N
88:
711:. It contained the forged signature of
496:Freedom Association of Southern Germans
905:
309:), published by turns with a monthly
794:Bureau of Information and Propaganda
699:was to be evacuated first, then the
506:to be condemned by the whole nation.
463:Bureau of Information and Propaganda
146:Bureau of Information and Propaganda
18:
639:
510:Der Verband Deutscher Frontsoldaten
13:
536:Soldiers' Association "Hindenburg"
520:, and criticising the politics of
482:Heimatsbund "Freiheit und Frieden"
14:
949:
938:World War II deception operations
888:
872:Armia Krajowa. A Historical Essay
852:Halina Auderska, Zygmunt Ziółek,
868:Armia Krajowa. Szkic Historyczny
23:
117:," "Germany") was a complex of
854:Akcja N. Wspomnienia 1939-1945
633:"Österreich den Österreichern"
616:Österreichische Freiheitsfront
212:by Operation N after the 1943
129:activities carried out by the
1:
825:
715:Commander and Police general
584:German Democratic Association
425:
235:distribution of publications.
443:At right, emerging from the
365:) - a periodical for Polish
184:
7:
858:Action N. Memoirs 1939-1945
808:
749:
580:Der Deutsche Demokratenbund
447:("Three", of "Third Reich")
345:) - a satirical periodical.
290:, for German soldiers, for
10:
954:
492:Süddeutscher Freiheitsbund
469:, it carried studies upon
441:Nazi terror and genocide.
369:, under a bilingual title.
738:such as the painting of "
620:Austrian Front of Liberty
407:
898:Polska Podziemna Akcja N
558:United States of America
32:This article includes a
766:the uncovering, by the
652:" ("God is with us").
373:Kennst Du die Wahrheit?
257:
61:more precise citations.
677:
458:
412:Nowy Kurier Warszawski
377:Do You Know the Truth?
283:
268:Die Neuordnung Europas
216:
205:
110:
99:
918:Psychological warfare
786:Polish Workers' Party
695:, which was that the
647:
433:
265:
192:
92:
866:Marek Ney-Krwawicz,
214:Battle of Stalingrad
158:Tadeusz Żenczykowski
95:Tadeusz Żenczykowski
387:in occupied Poland.
315:The Front Combatant
229:subversive actions,
206:"Deutschland kaput"
156:. It was headed by
693:General Government
678:
459:
416:New Warsaw Courier
284:
217:
210:General Government
100:
34:list of references
726:Under a separate
435:Der Klabautermann
383:and also for the
353:Guard in the East
339:Der Klabautermann
175:German occupation
138:occupation forces
131:Polish resistance
87:
86:
79:
945:
923:Black propaganda
896:
884:
863:
849:
831:Grzegorz Mazur,
788:and that of the
728:Action "tse-tse"
640:Other activities
409:
406:daily (English:
404:Goniec Krakowski
401:
333:The Breakthrough
311:Der Frontkämpfer
150:Armed Resistance
127:black-propaganda
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
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953:
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933:Secret printing
903:
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820:Operation Antyk
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802:Operation Antyk
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688:came to power.
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815:Minor sabotage
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736:Small sabotage
641:
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528:Soldatenbund "
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408:Kraków Courier
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329:Der Durchbruch
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177:. It produced
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67:February 2008
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690:
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669:
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650:Gott mit uns
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583:
579:
570:Adolf Hitler
562:nazification
553:
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544:Adolf Hitler
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349:Die Ostwache
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296:occupational
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197:
194:"Germany is
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142:World War II
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102:
101:
93:
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
895:(in Polish)
883:(in Polish)
862:(in Polish)
848:(in Polish)
775:Third Reich
703:, then the
629:Third Reich
592:Axis powers
588:Third Reich
439:Third Reich
420:Third Reich
396: [
381:Third Reich
359:Die Zukunft
288:Third Reich
171:Operation N
135:Nazi German
103:Operation N
59:introducing
907:Categories
826:References
530:Hindenburg
426:Activities
414:(English:
363:The Future
321:Der Hammer
303:Der Soldat
280:Background
123:subversion
913:Home Army
624:Anschluss
600:Polynesia
500:Reichstag
475:Wehrmacht
185:Structure
154:Home Army
809:See also
756:Szczecin
750:Epilogue
618:(Engl.:
608:(Engl.:
582:(Engl.:
552:(Engl.:
534:(Engl.:
512:(Engl.:
494:(Engl.:
484:(Engl.:
375:(Engl.:
361:(Engl.:
351:(Engl.:
341:(Engl.:
323:(Engl.:
313:(Engl..
305:(Engl.:
248:Action N
232:editing,
226:studies,
162:codename
133:against
119:sabotage
768:Gestapo
760:Wrocław
740:Kotwica
697:Gestapo
666:Himmler
455:Himmler
327:), and
307:Soldier
148:of the
140:during
111:Akcja N
55:improve
878:
843:
779:Allies
674:Christ
670:Center
658:Hitler
566:Europe
518:Allies
471:Nazism
451:Hitler
331:(Engl.
325:Hammer
276:Hitler
272:Center
202:German
115:Niemcy
107:Polish
686:NSDAP
662:Right
590:i.e.
574:NSDAP
522:NSDAP
504:NSDAP
400:]
196:kaput
165:Kania
40:, or
876:ISBN
841:ISBN
800:of "
790:USSR
654:Left
598:and
596:Asia
572:and
540:USSR
453:and
402:the
258:Aims
125:and
796:of
668:.
660:.
564:of
445:III
278:.
167:).
909::
758:,
746:.
719:.
713:SS
705:SA
701:SS
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664::
656::
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398:pl
274::
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121:,
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676:.
576:.
546:.
532:"
524:.
457:.
200:(
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160:(
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