157:
760:
750:
1047:, which arrived in Ireland in 1348. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. A celebrated account from a monastery in Cill Chainnigh (Kilkenny) chronicles the plague as the beginning of the extinction of humanity and the end of the world. The plague was a catastrophe for the English habitations around the country and, after it had passed, Irish language and customs returned to dominance. The English-controlled area shrank back to
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344:
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35:
984:, his troops caused a great deal of destruction, especially in the densely settled area around Dublin. In this chaotic situation, local Irish lords won back large amounts of land that their families had lost since the conquest and held them after the war was over. A few English partisans like Gilbert de la Roche turned against the English king and sided with Bruce, largely because of personal quarrels with the English monarchy.
1068:
156:
401:
1122:, who held the balance of power by means of military force and widespread alliances with lords and clans. This, in effect, made the English Crown even more remote to the realities of Irish politics. At the same time, local Gaelic and Gaelicised lords expanded their powers at the expense of the Pale, creating a policy quite alien to English ways and which was not fully overthrown until the
945:(who were more concerned with events in Great Britain and their continental domains) meant that the Norman colonists in Ireland were to a large extent deprived of (financial) support from the English monarchy, limiting their ability to hold territory. Furthermore, the Normans' position deteriorated due to divisions within their own ranks. These caused outright war between leading
879:, who controlled vast territories which were almost independent of the governments in Dublin or London. The Lord of Ireland was King John, who, on his visits in 1185 and 1210, had helped secure the Norman areas from both the military and the administrative points of view, while at the same time ensuring that the many Irish kings were brought into his fealty; many, such as
819:, continued in areas outside central control, but the Normans introduced Henry II's reforms including new concepts such as prisons for criminals. The Brehon system was typical of other north European customary systems and required fines to be paid by a criminal and his family, the amount depending on the victim's status.
781:
to the existing native tribal-dynastic crop-sharing system. Feudalism never caught on in large parts of
Ireland, but it was an attempt to introduce cash payments into farming, which was entirely based on barter. Some Normans living further from Dublin and the east coast adopted the Irish language and
1075:
Additional causes of the Gaelic revival were political and personal grievances against the
Hiberno-Normans, but especially impatience with procrastination and the very real horrors that successive famines had brought. Pushed away from the fertile areas, the Irish were forced into subsistence farming
936:
lords upon the
English lordships. Having lost pitched battles to Norman knights, to defend their territory the Gaelic chieftains now had to change tactics, and deal with the charging armoured knights. They started to rely on raids against resources, and surprise attacks. This stretched the resources
673:
since its text enforced papal suzerainty not only over the island of
Ireland but over all islands off the European coast, including Britain, in virtue of the Constantinian donation. The relevant text reads: "There is indeed no doubt, as thy Highness doth also acknowledge, that Ireland and all other
1181:
observes that "there is no contemporary depiction of it as Anglo-Norman or Cambro-Norman, or, for that matter, Anglo-French or Anglo-Continental. Such terms are modern concoctions, convenient shorthands, which serve to emphasize the undoubted fact that those who began to settle in
Ireland at this
776:
What eventually occurred in
Ireland in the late 12th and early 13th century was a change from acquiring lordship over men to colonising land. The Cambro-Norman invasion resulted in the founding of walled borough towns, numerous castles and churches, the importing of tenants and the increase in
782:
customs, and intermarried, and the Irish themselves also became irrevocably "Normanised". Many Irish people today bear Norman-derived surnames such as Burke, Roche and Power, although these are more prevalent in the provinces of
Leinster and Munster, where there was a larger Norman presence.
1091:." Over the following centuries they sided with the indigenous Irish in political and military conflicts with England and generally stayed Catholic after the Reformation. The authorities in the Pale grew so worried about the Gaelicisation of Ireland that, in 1367 at a parliament in
953:, FitzGeralds, Butlers and de Berminghams. Finally, the division of estates among heirs split Norman lordships into smaller, less formidable units—the most damaging being that of the Marshalls of Leinster, which split a large single lordship into five.
728:
between Henry and
Ruaidhrí. However, with both Diarmaid and Strongbow dead (in 1171 and 1176), Henry back in England and Ruaidhrí unable to curb his nominal vassals, within two years it was not worth the vellum it was inscribed upon.
804:, not as formerly on abbeys, and built hundreds of new churches in 1172–1348. The first attempt to record Ireland's wealth at the parish level was made in the records of Papal Taxation of 1303 (Ireland's equivalent of the
741:
and much of north
Munster, while the other Norman families such as Prendergast, fitz Stephen, fitz Gerald, fitz Henry, de Ridelsford, de Cogan, and le Poer were actively carving out virtual kingdoms for themselves.
932:. The Hiberno-Normans then suffered from a series of events in the 14th century that slowed, and eventually ceased, the spread of their settlement and power. Firstly, numerous rebellious attacks were launched by
674:
islands which Christ the Sun of
Righteousness has illumined, and which have received the doctrines of the Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of St. Peter and of the holy Roman Church". References to
386:
1303:
991:
of 1315–17 affected Ireland as well. Irish ports were unable to import wheat and other crops, or other foods, as none were available to buy. This was compounded by widespread crop burnings during the Bruce
956:
Politics and events in Gaelic Ireland served to draw the settlers deeper into the orbit of the Irish, which on occasion had the effect of allying them with one or more native rulers against other Normans.
1289:
Seizure of Gilbert de la Roche estates, forfeited and conveyed over to John Lyvet, Ireland, Calendar of Patent Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office, Great Britain Public Record Office, 1903
777:
agriculture and commerce; these were among the many permanent changes brought by the Norman invasion and occupation of Ireland. Normans altered Gaelic society with efficient land use, introducing
496:
By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a small number of over-kingdoms, their rulers contending for the title King of Ireland and for control of the whole island.
1106:
Throughout the 15th century, these trends proceeded apace and central government authority steadily diminished. The monarchy of England was itself thrown into turmoil during the
797:). Towns were perhaps the Normans' greatest contribution. Starting with Dublin in 1192, royal charters were issued to foster trade and to give extra rights to townspeople.
627:
The first Norman knight to land in Ireland was Richard fitz Godbert de Roche in 1167, but it was not until 1169 that the main forces of Normans, along with their Welsh and
3414:
1076:
on marginal lands, which left them with no safety net during bad harvest years (such as 1271 and 1277) or in a year of famine (virtually the entire period of 1311–1319).
1781:
667:
in 1155, giving Henry authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing ecclesiastical corruption and abuses. Little contemporary use, however, was made of the Bull
1114:(1460–85), and as a result, direct English involvement in Ireland was greatly reduced. Successive kings of England delegated their constitutional authority over the
1103:, wearing Irish clothes or inter-marrying with the Irish. Since the government in Dublin had little real authority, however, the Statutes did not have much effect.
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of 1337–1453 between the English and French dynasties drew off forces that could have protected the Lordship from attack by autonomous Gaelic and Norman lords.
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until 1610. As in England, the Normans blended the continental European county with the English shire, where the king's chief law enforcer was the shire-reeve (
1334:
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of the Normans, reduced their number of trained knights, and often resulted in the chieftains regaining territory. Secondly a lack of direction from both
52:
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had by the 12th century been fully absorbed into Leinster, its ruler holding little power even within Osraige. Only south Munster was controlled by the
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Richard de Burgh, John Livet, Maurice FitzGerald, Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, H. S. Sweetman, Great Britain Public Record Office, 1875
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of England, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to visit Leinster to establish his authority.
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rapidly spread along the major European sea and land trade routes. It reached Ireland in 1348 and decimated the Hiberno-Norman urban settlements
450:. This situation was transformed by intervention in these conflicts by Norman mercenaries and later the English crown. After their successful
2444:
1007:, rebelling against the Crown and becoming new Irish clans. This meant the loss of English authority in virtually all of Ireland west of the
678:
become more frequent in the later Tudor period when the researches of the renaissance humanist scholars cast doubt on the historicity of the
78:
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While the Norman political impact was considerable, it was untidy and not uniform, and the stresses on the Lordship in 1315–48 meant that
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Henry was happily acknowledged by most of the Irish Kings, who perhaps saw in him a chance to curb the expansion of both Leinster and the
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1987:
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1011:. It would be well over two hundred years before the McWilliam Burkes, as they were now called, were again allied with Dublin Castle. In
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Gilbert de la Roche beheaded, Calendar of Patent Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office, Great Britain Public Record Office, 1903
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Philip de Livet, Calendar of Documents, Relating to Ireland, Great Britain Public Record Office, 1171–1251, H. S. Sweetman, 1875
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to him in marriage in 1170, and named him as heir to his kingdom. This latter development caused consternation to
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families, as well as having the dynamic heads of the first families. Another factor was that after the loss of
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871:). The most powerful forces in the land were the great Hiberno-Norman Earldoms such as the Geraldines, the
720:. It is unclear if they saw him as a new and soon-to-be-absent high king, or understood the obligations of
285:
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were proclaimed Royal Cities. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his youngest son John with the title
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from captivity to take part in the expedition. Most importantly he obtained the support of Cambro-Norman
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were under Diarmaid's control. He now had Strongbow as a son-in-law, after offering his eldest daughter
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register was compiled in 1302–07; it was the first Irish census and list of properties, similar to the
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John Lyvet, Lord, Ireland, 1302, Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland, John Debrett1839
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in 1204, John had a lot more time to devote to Irish affairs, and did so effectively even from afar.
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to use the latter's subjects to regain his kingdom. By 1167 MacMurrough had obtained the services of
515:
still ruled, but the kingdom was frequently partitioned by the more powerful kingdoms all around it.
446:. Previously, Ireland had seen intermittent warfare between provincial kingdoms over the position of
211:
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The Normans also were fortunate to have leaders of the calibre of the Butler, Marshall, de Lyvet (
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in June 1333, resulting in his lands being split in three among his relations, with the ones in
855:
Initially the Normans controlled large swathes of Ireland, securing the entire east coast, from
686:, ratified the overlordship of Ireland to Henry, without however naming him as King of Ireland.
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who, in 1315, rallied many of the Irish lords against the English presence in Ireland (see
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447:
310:
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system. Regular canon law tended to be limited to the areas under central Norman control.
442:
of 1169–1171, Ireland was under an alternating level of control from Norman lords and the
8:
3299:
3201:
3097:
2985:
2830:
2520:
2510:
2420:
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1953:
1934:
1888:
1514:
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1449:
1439:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1224:
1115:
942:
850:
786:
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613:
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455:
451:
393:. The Normans consolidated their presence in Ireland by building hundreds of castles and
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171:
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1970:
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663:, the first (and only) English pope, in one of his earliest acts, had already issued a
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of the King of England and much of its land was seized by Norman barons. With time,
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581:), was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new king,
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Hiberno-Norman Ireland was deeply shaken by four events in the 14th century:
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Richard Roche "The Norman Invasion of Ireland", retrieved 23 September 2008
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control of most of Ireland slipped from its grasp for over two centuries.
785:
The system of counties was introduced from 1297, although the last of the
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The fourth calamity for the medieval English presence in Ireland was the
1024:
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290:
845:. It was built in the 12th century on the orders of King John of England
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1087:, and in the words of a phrase coined in later historiography, became "
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in 1297, following the Lay Subsidy tax collection of 1292. The first
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709:("Lord of Ireland"). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as
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lords adopted the Irish language and customs, becoming known as the
454:, the Normans turned their attention to Ireland. Ireland was made a
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713:, the "Lordship of Ireland" fell directly under the English Crown.
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point were not of any one national or ethnic origin" (pp. 58–59).
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ruling all Munster, and providing at least two kings of Ireland.
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The church attempted to center congregations on the parish and
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The high point of the Norman lordship was the creation of the
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400:
976:). Although Bruce was eventually defeated in Ireland at the
503:
Kings of the North ruled the west and center of what is now
474:. The Hiberno-Norman lords elsewhere in the country became
682:. The debate was academic, as in 1172 Adrian's successor,
2857:
2286:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
1099:) banning those of English descent from speaking the
737:(also known as Raymond le Gros) had already captured
654:
485:
2016:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1133:
1027:, and in 1364 they assumed the title King of Ulster.
771:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
829:
2379:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
331:History of the Irish language
3463:
1342:
1095:, they passed special legislation (known as the
1062:
763:The extent of Norman control of Ireland in 1300.
733:invaded and gained much of east Ulster in 1177,
3225:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
753:Ireland in 1014: a patchwork of rival kingdoms.
554:. Between Connacht and Ulster and Mide lay the
407:(1169-) is a major construction of this period
1859:
1328:
1071:Ireland at the beginning of the Tudor period.
909:
635:. Within a short time Leinster was regained,
366:
883:, owed their thrones to him and his armies.
1988:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3411:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
1866:
1852:
1335:
1321:
426:covers the period from the arrival of the
373:
359:
997:William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster
964:The first was the invasion of Ireland by
863:and penetrating as far west as Gaillimh (
808:), which was required to operate the new
596:. He sought and obtained permission from
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3230:Association football in Northern Ireland
1066:
1030:
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815:The traditional Irish legal system, the
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2426:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
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724:. This led to the ratification of the
622:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
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2485:
2306:
1912:
1847:
1316:
1304:Richard II and the Wider Gaelic World
507:, the east still held by the ancient
1193:"Northern Ireland – A Short History"
1108:last phase of the Hundred Years' War
1089:more Irish than the Irish themselves
612:, to release Maurice's half-brother
462:rule shrank to a territory known as
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1782:Post-war period (political history)
1153:The Deeds of the Normans in Ireland
689:Henry landed with a large fleet at
68:"History of Ireland" 1169–1536
24:
2455:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
2230:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
2028:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
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655:Papal Bull and Henry II's invasion
486:Arrival of the Normans (1167–1185)
25:
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3517:1536 disestablishments in Ireland
2240:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
1297:
1051:, a fortified area around Dublin.
841:sits on the southern bank of the
772:Short-term impact of the invasion
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2409:Tallest buildings and structures
1787:Post-war period (social history)
1461:
1136:
697:to set foot on Irish soil. Both
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155:
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881:Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair
830:Lordship of Ireland (1171–1300)
561:After losing the protection of
44:needs additional citations for
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2245:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
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526:dynasty, who had replaced the
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1063:Gaelic resurgence (1350–1500)
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3310:Northern Ireland flags issue
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2261:List of conflicts in Ireland
2005:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
1344:History of the British Isles
1124:Tudor re-conquest of Ireland
995:The third was the murder of
693:in 1171, becoming the first
7:
3472:Medieval history of Ireland
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2281:Gaelic clothing and fashion
1913:
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1118:to the powerful Fitzgerald
563:Muircheartach Mac Lochlainn
550:'s supreme rulers were the
522:) was by this time held by
10:
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1023:in the earldom's lands in
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910:Norman decline (1300–1350)
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588:MacMurrough fled first to
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916:Bruce campaign in Ireland
248:Great Britain and Ireland
212:Timeline of Irish history
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726:Treaty of Windsor (1175)
518:The kingship of Laigin (
3507:16th century in Ireland
3502:15th century in Ireland
3497:14th century in Ireland
3492:13th century in Ireland
3487:12th century in Ireland
3402:Prostitution (Republic)
1616:Early medieval Scotland
680:Donation of Constantine
631:mercenaries, landed in
2271:List of Irish kingdoms
1660:Early medieval Ireland
1626:Late medieval Scotland
1621:High medieval Scotland
1594:Early medieval England
1079:Outside the Pale, the
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1055:In the background the
1039:
1019:took over and renamed
846:
764:
754:
624:, known as Strongbow.
408:
397:
3378:Mass media (Republic)
3322:National coat of arms
2210:IRA Northern Campaign
1707:Early modern Scotland
1670:Late medieval Ireland
1665:High medieval Ireland
1604:Late medieval England
1599:High medieval England
1555:Protohistoric Ireland
1195:. BBC. Archived from
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922:Parliament of Ireland
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762:
752:
583:Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair
579:Diarmaid Mac Murchada
432:Henry VIII of England
403:
388:
326:Economic history
321:British monarchs
3300:County coats of arms
3192:List of Irish people
2266:List of Irish tribes
2116:Cromwellian conquest
2102:Plantation of Ulster
2033:Ireland (since 1922)
1817:House of Plantagenet
1719:Early modern Ireland
1702:Early modern England
1697:Early modern Britain
1638:Early medieval Wales
1496:Prehistoric Shetland
1491:Prehistoric Scotland
1199:on 10 November 2012.
1097:Statutes of Kilkenny
604:and later persuaded
567:High King of Ireland
311:Gaelic monarchs
224:Peoples and polities
53:improve this article
3477:Lordship of Ireland
3415:in Northern Ireland
3406:in Northern Ireland
3147:Legendary creatures
3060:Traditional singing
2896:Saint Patrick's Day
2531:Republic of Ireland
2460:Tourist attractions
2445:ROI–UK border
2430:of Northern Ireland
2383:in Northern Ireland
2215:IRA Border Campaign
2190:War of Independence
2160:Second Great Famine
2145:Act of Union (1800)
2097:Flight of the Earls
1954:Lordship of Ireland
1889:Republic of Ireland
1794:Late modern Ireland
1688:Early modern period
1648:Late medieval Wales
1643:High medieval Wales
1515:Prehistoric Ireland
1486:Prehistoric England
1481:Prehistoric Britain
1225:Annals of Tigernach
851:Lordship of Ireland
787:counties of Ireland
614:Robert Fitz-Stephen
602:Maurice Fitz Gerald
598:Henry II of England
452:conquest of England
434:, who made himself
395:towers such as this
389:A tower house near
264:Republic of Ireland
235:Lordship of Ireland
3452:Ireland portal
2770:Skirts and kidneys
2276:List of High Kings
2195:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2135:First Great Famine
2120:Settlement of 1652
2092:Tyrone's Rebellion
2082:Desmond Rebellions
1971:Kingdom of Ireland
1822:House of Lancaster
1775:World Wars (Wales)
1735:Late modern period
1712:Early modern Wales
1501:Prehistoric Orkney
1472:Prehistoric period
1159:History of Ireland
1073:
1057:Hundred Years' War
1040:
978:Battle of Faughart
949:lords such as the
941:and his successor
877:de Burghs (Burkes)
847:
839:King John's Castle
765:
755:
735:Raymond FitzGerald
684:Pope Alexander III
575:Dermot MacMurrough
556:Kingdom of Breifne
478:and integrated in
466:, stretching from
409:
398:
391:Quin, County Clare
349:Ireland portal
240:Kingdom of Ireland
3459:
3458:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
2844:
2843:
2735:Bacon and cabbage
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2554:Foreign relations
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2404:Notable buildings
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
1841:
1840:
1724:Early modern Mann
1611:Medieval Scotland
1569:Sub-Roman Britain
1564:End of Roman rule
1508:Prehistoric Wales
1112:Wars of the Roses
1110:to 1453, and the
769:
768:
707:Dominus Hiberniae
536:MacCarthy dynasty
383:
382:
246:United Kingdom of
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
3524:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3127:Tuatha Dé Danann
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2628:Northern Ireland
2606:
2596:
2586:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2180:Home Rule crisis
2010:Northern Ireland
1923:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1897:Northern Ireland
1868:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1799:Late modern Mann
1770:Second World War
1755:Edwardian period
1750:Victorian period
1655:Medieval Ireland
1589:Medieval England
1531:Classical period
1520:Prehistoric Mann
1465:
1422:Northern Ireland
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1212:Medieval Ireland
1207:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1179:Medieval Ireland
1175:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1120:earls of Kildare
974:Irish-Bruce Wars
867:) and Maigh Eo (
745:
744:
606:Rhŷs ap Gruffydd
430:to the reign of
375:
368:
361:
347:
346:
345:
268:Northern Ireland
259:Irish Free State
159:
149:
131:
130:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
3532:
3531:
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3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3397:outside Ireland
3368:Historic houses
3336:
3317:Irish Wolfhound
3288:Brighid's Cross
3274:
3245:Gaelic handball
3240:Gaelic football
3211:
3182:Hiberno-Normans
3151:
3064:
3012:
2967:
2948:Hiberno-English
2934:
2879:
2840:
2794:
2700:
2679:
2622:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2525:
2516:Ulster loyalism
2490:
2469:
2387:
2311:
2290:
2249:
2175:Dublin lock-out
2111:Confederate War
2062:Norman invasion
2049:Battles of Tara
2037:
1993:1801–1923
1981:1691–1800
1976:1536–1691
1964:1169–1536
1917:
1904:
1880:
1872:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1804:
1803:
1765:Interwar period
1760:First World War
1729:
1728:
1682:
1681:
1580:Medieval period
1574:
1573:
1525:
1524:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1440:Channel Islands
1376:Isles of Scilly
1346:
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1142:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1065:
1036:The Black Death
1017:O'Neill dynasty
1005:Burke Civil War
989:European famine
918:
912:
853:
832:
774:
718:Hiberno-Normans
695:King of England
657:
552:Uí Chonchobhair
540:O'Brien dynasty
524:Uí Cheinnselaig
494:
488:
444:King of England
440:Norman invasion
436:King of Ireland
379:
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3365:
3363:Heritage Sites
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3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Irish diaspora
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3175:Gaelic Ireland
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
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2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
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2936:
2935:
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2932:
2927:
2918:
2916:Rose of Tralee
2913:
2908:
2903:
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2893:
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2800:
2796:
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2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:List of dishes
2721:
2719:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:D'Hondt method
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:Seanad Éireann
2598:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
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2500:
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2374:
2364:
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2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Extreme points
2339:
2334:
2332:Climate change
2329:
2323:
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2313:
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2300:
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2255:
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2250:
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2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:1803 Rebellion
2147:
2142:
2140:1798 Rebellion
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Williamite War
2122:
2113:
2107:1641 Rebellion
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Spanish Armada
2084:
2079:
2077:Tudor conquest
2074:
2069:
2067:Bruce campaign
2064:
2059:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2012:(1921–present)
2007:
2002:
2000:Irish Republic
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1959:800–1169
1950:Gaelic Ireland
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1744:United Kingdom
1740:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
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1690:
1684:
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1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1633:Medieval Wales
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1545:Roman Scotland
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:Outer Hebrides
1400:
1398:Inner Hebrides
1395:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1361:United Kingdom
1357:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:Cambridge Core
1299:
1298:External links
1296:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1217:
1202:
1184:
1177:Seán Duffy in
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1144:Ireland portal
1131:
1128:
1101:Irish language
1081:Hiberno-Norman
1064:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1029:
1028:
993:
985:
947:Hiberno-Norman
926:Papal Taxation
911:
908:
859:up to eastern
849:Main article:
831:
828:
773:
770:
767:
766:
756:
731:John de Courcy
656:
653:
569:, who died in
501:Meic Lochlainn
490:Main article:
487:
484:
460:Hiberno-Norman
428:Cambro-Normans
381:
380:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
352:
351:
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279:
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254:Irish Republic
251:
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242:
237:
232:
230:Gaelic Ireland
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18:Norman Ireland
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3529:
3518:
3515:
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3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
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3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
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3467:
3454:
3453:
3440:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Public houses
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
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3024:
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3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
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2999:
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2716:
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2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2675:Peace process
2673:
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2668:
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2660:
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2634:
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2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2605:(upper house)
2603:
2599:
2597:
2595:(lower house)
2593:
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2579:
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2522:
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2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Republicanism
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
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70: –
69:
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64:Find sources:
58:
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48:
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42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3443:
3413: /
3404: /
3395: /
3373:Homelessness
3292:
3260:Road bowling
3255:Martial arts
3202:Ulster Scots
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3083:Mythological
3030:
2990:
2963:Ulster Scots
2923: /
2862:
2790:Three-in-One
2601:
2592:Dáil Éireann
2591:
2581:
2539:Constitution
2428: /
2399:Architecture
2381: /
2254:Other topics
2235:Celtic Tiger
2220:The Troubles
2118: /
2109: /
2055: /
2051: /
1963:
1952: /
1940:Protohistory
1669:
1284:
1273:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1197:the original
1187:
1178:
1173:
1151:
1105:
1078:
1074:
1054:
1035:
966:Edward Bruce
959:
955:
919:
885:
854:
823:
821:
817:"Brehon Law"
814:
799:
784:
775:
715:
706:
688:
676:Laudabiliter
675:
670:Laudabiliter
668:
658:
626:
608:, Prince of
592:and then to
587:
578:
560:
528:Uí Dúnlainge
517:
498:
495:
438:. After the
412:
410:
191:
177:Protohistory
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3393:Place names
3270:Rugby union
3165:Anglo-Irish
3050:Instruments
2906:The Twelfth
2870:Set dancing
2670:LGBT rights
2576:LGBT rights
2506:Nationalism
2072:Black Death
1550:Roman Wales
1434:Isle of Man
1085:Old English
1045:Black Death
1025:County Down
538:, with the
413:history of
405:Trim Castle
146:History of
3466:Categories
3294:Cláirseach
3197:Travellers
3055:Rock music
3038:Folk music
2973:Literature
2775:Soda bread
2658:Government
2585:parliament
2582:Oireachtas
2559:Government
2499:Ideologies
2130:Penal Laws
2021:since 1922
1935:Prehistory
1021:Clandeboye
914:See also:
665:Papal Bull
610:Deheubarth
476:Gaelicised
172:Prehistory
166:Chronology
109:April 2010
79:newspapers
3425:Squatting
3141:Fomorians
3070:Mythology
2940:Languages
2925:Halloween
2901:Bealtaine
2884:Festivals
2875:Stepdance
2780:Spice Bag
2765:Irish fry
2755:Colcannon
2730:Barmbrack
2653:Education
2611:President
2549:Education
2465:Transport
2440:Provinces
2362:Mountains
2337:Coastline
2309:Geography
2200:Civil War
2155:Tithe War
1210:Downham,
992:Invasion.
951:de Burghs
939:Henry III
900:de Braose
857:Waterford
779:feudalism
722:feudalism
711:King John
699:Waterford
691:Waterford
661:Adrian IV
637:Waterford
482:society.
448:High King
286:Conflicts
207:1801–1923
202:1691–1800
197:1536–1691
192:1169–1536
3383:Monastic
3348:Calendar
3332:Shamrock
3327:Red Hand
3265:Rounders
2930:Wren Day
2864:Sean-nós
2816:Guinness
2760:Drisheen
2636:Assembly
2618:Taxation
2521:Unionism
2488:Politics
2421:Counties
2165:Land War
2057:Clontarf
2053:Glenmama
1927:Timeline
1832:Monarchs
1450:Guernsey
1415:Anglesey
1388:Shetland
1383:Scotland
1352:Overview
1130:See also
1116:lordship
1093:Kilkenny
1049:the Pale
1001:Connacht
970:Scotland
943:Edward I
904:Normandy
892:de Burgh
875:and the
824:de facto
789:was not
739:Limerick
594:Normandy
548:Connacht
520:Leinster
464:the Pale
456:lordship
301:Kingdoms
187:795–1169
137:a series
135:Part of
3353:Castles
3280:Symbols
3250:Hurling
3235:Camogie
3134:Firbolg
3120:Immrama
3113:Echtrai
3043:session
3026:Ballads
3003:Theatre
2992:Gaeilge
2986:Fiction
2921:Samhain
2836:Whiskey
2710:Cuisine
2698:Culture
2648:Economy
2544:Economy
2352:Islands
2327:Climate
2320:Natural
1915:History
1875:Ireland
1809:Related
1429:Ireland
1366:England
1214:, p.239
982:Dundalk
980:, near
896:de Lacy
873:Butlers
810:tithing
802:diocese
795:sheriff
633:Wexford
629:Fleming
618:Marcher
590:Bristol
577:(Irish
544:Thomond
532:Osraige
472:Dundalk
415:Ireland
316:Judaism
296:Cuisine
182:400–795
148:Ireland
93:scholar
3358:Cinema
3157:People
3106:Aos Sí
3093:Ulster
3088:Fenian
3078:Cycles
3008:Triads
2998:Poetry
2981:Annals
2958:Shelta
2911:Lúnasa
2891:Imbolc
2826:Poitín
2806:Coffee
2799:Drinks
2750:Coddle
2416:Cities
2367:Rivers
2357:Loughs
2042:Events
1900:topics
1892:topics
1878:topics
1445:Jersey
1436:(Mann)
1393:Orkney
1013:Ulster
934:Gaelic
888:Levett
865:Galway
861:Ulster
791:shired
703:Dublin
641:Dublin
511:. The
505:Ulster
480:Gaelic
468:Dublin
306:States
280:Topics
139:on the
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
3388:Names
3341:Other
3305:Flags
3217:Sport
3170:Gaels
3098:Kings
3032:Céilí
3018:Music
2953:Irish
2850:Dance
2811:Cream
2745:Champ
2740:Boxty
2663:local
2564:local
2450:Towns
2435:Ports
2392:Human
2347:Fauna
1410:Wales
1165:Notes
659:Pope
645:Aoife
620:Lord
509:Ulaid
417:from
291:Clans
100:JSTOR
86:books
3207:Yola
2821:Mist
2785:Stew
2718:Food
2372:list
1015:the
987:The
898:and
869:Mayo
701:and
639:and
571:1156
499:The
423:1536
419:1169
411:The
266:and
72:news
2858:Jig
2831:Tea
2571:Law
1306:at
968:of
890:),
542:of
470:to
55:by
3468::
1557:,
1126:.
894:,
585:.
573:,
565:,
558:.
530:.
1867:e
1860:t
1853:v
1336:e
1329:t
1322:v
421:–
374:e
367:t
360:v
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
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