295:(after several unsuccessful attempts to pass more restrictive laws in 1918 and 1919). The Federal Commission of Education declared in 1920 that the 20,000 students attending these schools were being "retarded in accepting American customs, manners, ideals, principles, and standards." In April 1923, the territorial legislature enacted the Clark Bill, establishing a per-student tax on the language schools and forcing schools unable to afford the tax to close. Some teachers and parents elected to push back and sued to repeal the restrictions; the
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338:, were ordered to reopen and operate under Short's directives. Military supervising staff were assigned by the censorship office, and took over administration of the newspaper and much of the English writing. Existing staff members translated the English articles into Japanese, which were then sent on to FBI or Army linguists for approval before going into print. As part of the military government's policy of pushing for the assimilation and
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foreign language section to make room for the translations, and Soga editorialized against it. (The bill was later changed to require translations only from newspapers whose publishers had previously been convicted of violence, intimidation or promoting distrust between groups of people. Soga's 1909 conspiracy conviction, and the law itself once passed, were largely ignored.)
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backed bill to require all foreign language publications to provide full translations of their content. Part of a larger movement to "Americanize" Hawaii's large and multi-ethnic immigrant population, the bill would have forced publishers to either expand at a tremendous cost increase or shrink their
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politicians into the debate. The strike failed, although it was the first to unite workers from multiple plantations and the island-wide work stoppage ultimately cost plantation owners $ 2,000,000 and forced them to make some concessions. Soga was convicted of conspiracy to incite violence for his
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became involved in a political controversy regarding the 163 Japanese language schools then operating in Hawaii. The territorial legislature began imposing restrictions on instructor certifications, textbook content, and the amount of time students were allowed to spend at
Japanese school in 1920
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was a paper directed at Hawaii's
Japanese plantation workers. These laborers and, later, their families, made up the bulk of its subscription, and so the paper's content was largely catered to their interests and concerns. In 1909, exploitative conditions on the plantations was at the top of the
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workers in 1909 and 1920, publishing sympathetic editorial columns and featuring extensive reports on the often slave-like living and working conditions of the, in many cases indentured, laborers. Also active in covering legislative attempts to curb the practice of
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became active in disseminating information related to the newly formed labor movement. The paper published in-depth accounts of the conditions in the fields and company housing, pushing the issue further into the public eye and pulling plantation owners and
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maintained its place in the community as an influential and widely read newspaper, and continued to reach a large audience for years after the war. The paper closed in 1985, and nearly 30,000 photos and documents left behind were claimed by
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and, in Soga's words, "promote better understanding between the
Japanese and the Americans." It was also a move to counteract widespread distrust of Japanese Americans, heightened by Japan's military successes in
299:, drifting away from the leftist stance it took during the sugar strikes, printed articles opposing litigation and urging the community instead to work with the politicians who had drafted the laws.
200:, Japanese for "newspaper for telling timely news," on November 3, 1906, and under his direction the paper was expanded to a twelve-page daily printed on a rotary press with a circulation of 15,000.
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of the
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became the first
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and continued to wield a significant influence through the war years and after. The paper ceased operations in 1985.
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role in organizing the strike, and sentenced to ten months in Oahu Prison. Some ten years later, the
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Archives Foundation. The collection is currently being processed for public access.
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Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History
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Identity: The Nisei Generation in Hawaii
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and their children had by then become the islands' largest ethnic group. In 1921,
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The paper gained prominence through its support of the territory-wide strikes of
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became a key source of information for
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Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present
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was declared in Hawaii a few hours after the December 7, 1941
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Japanese-language newspapers published in the United States
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similarly supported a second, also unsuccessful, strike.
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122:Free online archives
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693:Magazines
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661:Weeklies
382:See also
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184:Honolulu
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615:Dailies
219:), the
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