2939:
322:, while 38% of them returned to China. Although help was needed to work the fields, new problems, like feeding, housing and caring for new employees, were created for many of the planters since the Chinese immigrants did not live off the land like Native Hawaiians, who required little support. To prevent their workforce from organizing effectively against them, plantation managers diversified the ethnicities of their workforce, and in 1878 the first Japanese arrived to work on the plantations. Between 1885 and 1924, 200,000 Japanese people arrived with 55% returning to Japan. Between 1903 and 1910, 7,300
62:
2181:
2171:
2750:
300:
289:
22:
438:
366:
374:
310:
When
Hawaiian plantations began to produce on a large scale, it became obvious that a labor force needed to be imported. The Hawaiian population was 1/6 its pre-1778 size due to ravaging disease brought by foreigners. Additionally, Hawaiian people saw little use for working on the plantations when
52:
over the span of a century. The sugar grown and processed in Hawaiʻi was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Sugarcane and pineapple plantations were the largest employers in Hawaiʻi. Today the sugarcane plantations are gone, production having moved to other
404:
Plantations were strategically located throughout the
Hawaiian Islands for reasons including: fertile soil area, level topography, sufficient water for irrigation, and a mild climate with little annual variation. These plantations transformed the land primarily to suit water needs: construction of
120:. In 1850, the law was amended to allow foreign residents to buy and lease land. In 1850, when California attained statehood, profits declined and the number of plantations decreased to five due to the import tariff that was instituted. Market demand increased even further during the onset of the
350:, this hybrid primarily of Hawaiian, English, Japanese, Chinese, and Portuguese allowed plantation workers to communicate effectively with one another and promoted a transfer of knowledge and traditions among the groups. A comparison of 1959–2005 racial categories shows the ongoing shifts.
428:
area of 600 acres (2.4 km) to produce cane. After draining the land and forever altering the biodiversity levels, they discovered it was an ancient forest, so they harvested the trees for timber, only then to find that the land was completely unsuitable for sugarcane production.
408:
Water was always a serious concern for plantation managers and owners. In the early 20th century, it took one ton of water to produce one pound of refined sugar. This inefficient use of water and the relative lack of fresh water in the island environment were fiercely compounding
128:
allowed Hawaiʻi to sell sugar to the United States without paying duties or taxes, greatly increasing plantation profits. This treaty also guaranteed that all of the resources including land, water, human labor power, capital, and technology would be thrown behind
252:, which together eventually gained control over other aspects of the Hawaiian economy including banking, warehousing, shipping, and importing. This control of commodity distribution kept Hawaiians burdened under high prices and toiling under a diminished
264:, and increased global trade, allowed them to prosper. Alexander & Baldwin acquired additional sugar lands and also operated a sailing fleet between Hawai`i and the mainland. That shipping concern became American-Hawaiian Line, and later
453:
Sugar plantations suffered from many of the same afflictions that manufacturing market segments in the United States continue to feel. Labor costs increased significantly when Hawaiʻi became a state and workers were no longer effectively
345:
system that prevented worker organization, and divided the camps based on ethnic identity. An interesting outcome of this multi-cultural workforce and globalization of plantation workers was the emergence of a common language. Known as
458:. The hierarchical caste system plantation managers sought to maintain began to break down, with greater racial integration of the sugarcane plantations. Workers began to discover they had rights, and in 1920 waged the first
84:
upon arrival in the islands in 1778. They selected varieties that grew well across the broad spectrum of habitats in Hawaiʻi. Industrial sugar production started slowly in Hawaiʻi. The first sugar mill was created on
597:
485:, produced the final shipment of sugar from Hawaiʻi in December 2016. The mill was permanently closed soon thereafter and the last 375 employees of the Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company were laid off.
357:
in 1862 to support his church and schools. He protested the slave-like conditions, and the profits made him one of the largest benefactors to other missions. It operated for 110 years.
256:. These businessmen had perfected the double-edged sword of capitalism –– a wage-earning labor force dependent upon plantation goods and services. Close ties as missionaries to the
108:
By the 1840s sugarcane plantations gained a foothold in
Hawaiian agriculture. Steamships provided rapid and reliable transportation to the islands, and demand increased during the
311:
they could easily subsist by farming and fishing. Plantation owners quickly began importing workers which dramatically changed Hawaiʻi's demographics and is an extreme example of
2811:
2786:
3930:
2894:
137:, an effort by the United States government to decrease the competitive pricing of Hawaiian sugar, paid 2 cents per pound to mainland producers. After significant
4173:
477:
and concentrated their efforts on the imposition of a tourism-based society. Former plantation land was used by the conglomerates to build hotels and develop this
3970:
3965:
2850:
2926:
4013:
4008:
3940:
2921:
2265:
631:
416:
Early mills were extremely inefficient, producing molasses in four hours using an entire cord of wood to do so. This level of wood use caused dramatic
797:
4028:
124:
which prevented
Southern sugar from being shipped northward. The price of sugar rose 525% from 4 cents per pound in 1861 to 25 cents in 1864. The
4193:
4023:
2985:
2779:
909:
385:
Sugar plantations dramatically impacted the environment around them. In an 1821 account, prior to the entrenchment of sugarcane plantations in
3845:
413:. Sugar processing places significant demands on resources including irrigation, coal, iron, wood, steam, and railroads for transportation.
3950:
3740:
2963:
2889:
2803:
2438:
1922:
2877:
1845:
462:. Global politics played a large role in the downfall of Hawaiian sugar. Shifting political alliances between 1902 and 1930 permitted
4018:
2772:
211:
4188:
3925:
3898:
3812:
1081:
3935:
3893:
2884:
2855:
1792:
494:
466:
to have a larger share of the United States sugar market, holding 45% of the domestic quota while Hawaiʻi, the
Philippines, and
2995:
2980:
2953:
865:
4051:
3052:
1038:
849:
4163:
3020:
3015:
2990:
2865:
2816:
2433:
1745:
3903:
3267:
3035:
3030:
3010:
3005:
2285:
1817:
4104:
2828:
2270:
1740:
474:
353:
A unique operation was the Kohala Sugar
Company, known as "The Missionary Plantation" since it was founded by Reverend
269:
3875:
2730:
2031:
1760:
1713:
526:
4178:
4071:
3645:
2860:
2795:
2247:
2217:
1775:
4109:
4089:
2958:
2418:
1108:
4168:
2342:
1687:
1011:
The
Morphology of the Town as an Artifact: A Case Study of Sugar Plantation Towns on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii
3566:
3417:
2968:
2725:
2543:
2275:
1591:
319:
204:
3225:
3127:
3040:
3025:
2916:
2838:
2823:
2362:
1621:
25:
Hawaiian
Commercial & Sugar Company's Puunene mill on Maui was the last operating sugar mill in Hawaiʻi
794:
3623:
3252:
3230:
2843:
1770:
1755:
405:
tunnels to divert water from the mountains to the plantations, reservoir construction, and well digging.
97:, is the site of the first sugar plantation. In 1836 the first 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) of sugar and
1028:
3990:
3980:
3635:
3183:
3000:
2666:
2357:
2337:
1917:
1897:
1877:
1483:
514:
473:
The Big Five slowed the production of sugar as cheaper labor was found in India, South
America and the
125:
1003:, United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, November 24, 2006
4183:
3960:
3397:
3240:
3139:
3045:
2973:
2480:
2312:
2307:
2184:
459:
410:
3777:
3772:
3655:
2899:
2603:
2403:
2372:
1797:
1765:
1343:
481:
which has dominated the past 50 years of
Hawaiian economics. Hawaiʻi's last working sugar mill, in
334:
first arrived. Between 1909 and 1930, 112,800 Filipinos came to Hawaiʻi with 36% returning to the
197:
3955:
3945:
3640:
3529:
3377:
3335:
3188:
3166:
2679:
2078:
1892:
1750:
1606:
1348:
249:
170:
90:
3985:
3750:
3549:
3517:
3301:
3215:
3149:
3075:
2684:
2593:
2583:
2455:
2260:
2152:
1932:
770:
237:
185:
2317:
938:
4056:
3822:
3247:
3154:
3144:
3092:
3087:
2674:
2553:
2460:
2393:
2377:
1942:
1882:
1388:
837:
538:
2938:
3725:
3534:
3452:
3412:
3382:
3360:
3289:
3274:
3203:
3176:
2720:
2710:
2689:
2347:
2210:
1443:
1358:
1246:
394:
318:
In 1850 the first imported worker arrived from China. Between 1852 and 1887, almost 50,000
145:
in 1894. By 1890, 75% of all Hawaiʻi privately held land was owned by foreign businessmen.
109:
61:
8:
4099:
3710:
3670:
3571:
3467:
3313:
3117:
2735:
2694:
2626:
1850:
1735:
1692:
1101:
766:
455:
398:
277:
482:
3765:
3616:
3507:
3492:
3402:
3097:
2833:
2651:
2475:
2465:
2450:
2398:
2110:
1937:
1827:
1493:
998:
273:
268:. Later the sons and grandsons of the early missionaries played central roles in the
241:
165:
121:
117:
3975:
3850:
3680:
3660:
3628:
3581:
3365:
2558:
2413:
2367:
2332:
2302:
2255:
2041:
1907:
1822:
1296:
1034:
903:
845:
605:
532:
478:
446:
257:
233:
229:
180:
156:
389:, the area is described as belonging to many different people and being filled with
4033:
3802:
3554:
3442:
3193:
2764:
2715:
2573:
2490:
2445:
2327:
2280:
2105:
1947:
1869:
1503:
1301:
130:
4084:
4079:
3755:
3559:
3522:
3159:
2872:
2656:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2498:
2470:
2408:
2322:
2297:
2203:
2088:
2010:
1718:
1697:
1611:
801:
632:"How Centuries of Extractive Agriculture Helped Set the Stage for the Maui Fires"
598:"With pineapple and sugar production gone, Hawaii weighs its agricultural future"
505:
499:
347:
331:
253:
228:
families and other businessmen, concentrated in corporations known in Hawaiʻi as
134:
116:) displaced Hawaiian people from their land, forming the basis for the sugarcane
4061:
3782:
3690:
3432:
3350:
2174:
2098:
2093:
2051:
2015:
1810:
1785:
1677:
1667:
1635:
1498:
1468:
1286:
1200:
1141:
1127:
1094:
520:
245:
77:
37:
1403:
1072:
4157:
3730:
3601:
3539:
3482:
3457:
3422:
3387:
3340:
3294:
3208:
3171:
3132:
3057:
2754:
2646:
2641:
2141:
1805:
1655:
1601:
1448:
1333:
1311:
1306:
1236:
609:
417:
312:
94:
2423:
3792:
3715:
3472:
3306:
3220:
3112:
3080:
2611:
2000:
1988:
1912:
1887:
1780:
1728:
1586:
1523:
1518:
1338:
1316:
1168:
386:
265:
261:
113:
81:
45:
41:
2292:
1086:
1067:
437:
89:
in 1802 by an unidentified Chinese man who returned to China in 1803. The
3860:
3611:
3497:
3328:
3262:
3102:
2146:
2066:
2056:
1973:
1963:
1902:
1723:
1660:
1565:
1550:
1513:
1453:
1433:
1419:
1393:
1368:
1321:
1291:
1251:
1231:
1226:
1195:
467:
335:
49:
48:
and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people
1022:, Paris, France: Imprimerie.: United Nations Environment Programme, 1982
4140:
3865:
3827:
3370:
3279:
2909:
2563:
2428:
2061:
2046:
1983:
1672:
1538:
1533:
1383:
1328:
1261:
1256:
1241:
1216:
795:
http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=29
421:
365:
354:
225:
1616:
373:
299:
288:
4125:
4094:
3870:
3855:
3700:
3591:
3318:
2904:
2578:
2503:
2120:
2115:
2005:
1993:
1968:
1927:
1555:
1478:
1473:
1425:
1363:
1221:
1188:
1151:
69:
29:
2616:
2237:
1978:
1560:
1438:
1378:
1146:
425:
142:
138:
98:
2195:
2523:
2125:
2036:
1682:
1650:
1581:
1508:
1458:
1398:
1373:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1156:
1044:
323:
44:
upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a
424:
were entirely destroyed unnecessarily. One plantation drained a
4135:
2568:
2528:
2227:
2083:
2071:
1543:
1488:
1161:
442:
378:
303:
292:
73:
33:
21:
4130:
2588:
2513:
2508:
1528:
1463:
1353:
1278:
1117:
342:
327:
175:
102:
86:
943:, Hawaii State Government, United States Census Bureau, 2006
2533:
2518:
463:
390:
244:, H. Hackfeld & Co. (later named American Factors (now
980:
Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835 – 1920
952:, Honolulu, HI: Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, 1949
369:
Amount of sugarcane harvested in Hawaii over time in acres
3931:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
2895:
Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States
1596:
341:
Plantation owners worked hard to maintain a hierarchical
101:
was shipped to the United States. The plantation town of
1033:, Lake Oswego, Oregon: Alder Business Publishing, 2011,
1020:
Environmental Aspects of the Sugar Industry: An Overview
272:
in 1893, creating a short-lived republic. In 1898, the
3971:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
3966:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
224:
The industry was tightly controlled by descendants of
2851:
Early history of food regulation in the United States
930:
Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaiʻi
2794:
1030:
Norwegian Aloha: The Making of a Sugar Cane Engineer
815:
Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii
695:
Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii
3941:
California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975
835:
260:along with capital investments, cheap land, cheap
4155:
280:, aided by the lobbying of the sugar interests.
276:was annexed by the United States and became the
4174:Agricultural buildings and structures in Hawaii
928:Dorrance, William H.; Morgan, Francis (2000),
927:
866:"The Sun Finally Sets on Sugar Cane in Hawaii"
844:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 71–72,
320:Chinese individuals arrived to work in Hawaiʻi
2780:
2211:
1102:
838:"The Reverend Mr. Bond and Kohala Plantation"
764:
205:
990:Raising Cane: The World of Plantation Hawaii
767:"Isle institutions' economic impact endures"
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
80:in approximately 600 AD and was observed by
40:in approximately 600 AD and was observed by
2890:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
1923:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
1116:
982:, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
2878:List of food plants native to the Americas
2787:
2773:
2218:
2204:
1109:
1095:
962:, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press
908:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
656:
654:
652:
212:
198:
112:. The land division law of 1848 (known as
16:Overview of sugarcane production in Hawaii
3951:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
940:2005 American Community Survey for Hawaii
893:
740:
629:
432:
148:
3899:National Agricultural Statistics Service
1013:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington.
992:, New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers
970:Globalization: A Very Short Introduction
817:(Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2000), 20.
697:(Honolulu, Mutual Publishing, 2000), 11.
488:
436:
372:
364:
298:
287:
105:, was established adjacent to the mill.
60:
20:
3936:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
3894:United States Department of Agriculture
2856:Indentured servitude in British America
714:
649:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
360:
4194:Sugar plantations in the United States
4156:
987:
977:
967:
863:
820:
707:
705:
703:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
2768:
2199:
1090:
1008:
917:
864:Downes, Lawrence (January 16, 2017).
957:
765:Lyn Danninger (September 29, 2002).
630:Rodriguez, Katie (August 23, 2023).
596:Lyte, Brittany (December 17, 2017).
595:
571:
551:
495:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
393:and banana plantations along with a
3904:United States Census of Agriculture
2225:
960:Hawaii: Islands Under the Influence
857:
758:
700:
663:
270:overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
13:
4105:United Food and Commercial Workers
4009:Agricultural workers mental health
2333:ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)
1000:Sugarcane Harvested from 1934–2006
842:Working in Hawaii: a labor history
441:As the prevalence of sugarcane in
283:
14:
4205:
3876:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
2731:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
2032:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1128:List of sugars and sugar products
1061:
972:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
932:, Honolulu, HI: Mutual Publishing
377:Amount of sugarcane harvested in
326:arrived and only 16% returned to
2937:
2796:Agriculture in the United States
2748:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2169:
1082:Waiahole Ditch Water Restoration
510:while based mostly in California
4189:Pre-statehood history of Hawaii
4090:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
829:
807:
784:
449:was promoted to take its place.
2343:Pearl Harbor National Memorial
922:, London: Chapman and Hall Ltd
920:The History of Sugar, Volume 1
687:
623:
589:
1:
2726:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
886:
4110:Woman's Land Army of America
2839:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2824:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
896:Koloa Plantation 1835 – 1935
7:
4164:Sugar plantations in Hawaii
2885:Native American in Virginia
836:Edward D. Beechert (1985),
10:
4210:
3991:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
3981:Packers and Stockyards Act
3846:Southwestern United States
2935:
1918:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
1898:Demerara rebellion of 1823
1878:1811 German Coast uprising
1484:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
894:Alexander, Arthur (1937),
126:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
56:
4118:
4070:
4044:
4024:Genetically modified food
3999:
3961:Food Security Act of 1985
3916:
3884:
3838:
3809:Northern Mariana Islands
3268:genetically modified food
3066:
3046:Connecticut shade tobacco
2946:
2802:
2744:
2703:
2665:
2602:
2542:
2489:
2439:Colleges and universities
2386:
2246:
2234:
2165:
2134:
2024:
1956:
1868:
1838:
1706:
1643:
1634:
1574:
1412:
1277:
1270:
1209:
1134:
1125:
1068:Hawaii Plantation Village
411:environmental degradation
93:, established in 1835 by
2271:Discovery and settlement
1344:High-fructose corn syrup
800:August 30, 2020, at the
545:
250:Theo H. Davies & Co.
171:Theo H. Davies & Co.
135:1890 McKinley Tariff Act
4179:American sugar industry
1893:Colonial molasses trade
1349:High-maltose corn syrup
988:Takaki, Ronald (1994),
978:Takaki, Ronald (1983),
238:Alexander & Baldwin
186:Alexander & Baldwin
3986:Pure Food and Drug Act
2153:Pure, White and Deadly
1933:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
1839:By region (historical)
771:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
450:
433:Decline of plantations
382:
370:
307:
296:
149:Sugar and the Big Five
141:efforts, this act was
66:
26:
4169:Agriculture in Hawaii
4057:California nut crimes
3069:or territory-specific
2704:Pre-statehood history
2554:French Frigate Shoals
2394:Hawaiian architecture
1943:Taiwan Sugar Railways
1883:Amelioration Act 1798
968:Steger, M.B. (2003),
793:, Hawaiihistory.org,
489:Planters and managers
479:tourist-based economy
460:multi-cultural strike
440:
401:would not last long.
376:
368:
302:
291:
131:sugarcane cultivation
64:
24:
3067:State, commonwealth,
2721:Hawaiian Renaissance
2711:Bayonet Constitution
1622:Unrefined sweeteners
1444:Crystalline fructose
1359:Inverted sugar syrup
1009:Urcia, Jose (1960),
918:Deerr, Noel (1949),
804:, November 19, 2013.
361:Environmental impact
278:Territory of Hawaiʻi
110:California Gold Rush
87:the island of Lānaʻi
65:Ewa Sugar Mill, 1940
4100:United Farm Workers
3946:Capper–Volstead Act
3926:Agricultural policy
2736:Territory of Hawaii
2604:Notable communities
1707:By region (current)
1607:Sugar confectionery
1076:Densho Encyclopedia
958:Kent, Noel (1993),
693:Dorrance, William,
515:George P. Trousseau
456:indentured servants
399:subsistence farming
306:Demographics, 2005.
295:Demographics, 1959.
274:Republic of Hawaiʻi
242:C. Brewer & Co.
166:C. Brewer & Co.
2834:Columbian exchange
2111:Sweetened beverage
1938:Sugar Intervention
1846:Danish West Indies
1828:U.S. Sugar Program
1587:Cotton candy floss
1494:Plantation Reserve
1389:Steen's cane syrup
1047:on January 5, 2014
813:William Dorrance,
451:
383:
371:
308:
297:
234:Castle & Cooke
181:Castle & Cooke
122:American Civil War
118:plantation economy
72:was introduced to
67:
32:was introduced to
27:
4151:
4150:
3976:Grain Futures Act
3851:Black Dirt Region
2762:
2761:
2755:Hawaii portal
2193:
2192:
2042:Blood sugar level
1908:Leith Sugar House
1864:
1863:
1823:Sugar Association
1630:
1629:
1592:Maple sugar foods
1297:Barley malt syrup
1120:as food commodity
1040:978-0-9792987-1-4
851:978-0-8248-0890-7
533:William H. Purvis
381:over time in tons
258:Hawaiian monarchy
232:. These included
222:
221:
157:Hawaii's Big Five
38:first inhabitants
4201:
4184:History of sugar
4052:Adulterated food
4034:Ogallala Aquifer
2941:
2812:African-American
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2716:Hawaiian Kingdom
2594:Pearl and Hermes
2328:Native Hawaiians
2220:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2106:Sugar substitute
1948:Triangular trade
1641:
1640:
1302:Brown rice syrup
1275:
1274:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1043:, archived from
1023:
1014:
1004:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
944:
933:
923:
913:
907:
899:
881:
880:
878:
876:
861:
855:
854:
833:
827:
824:
818:
811:
805:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
762:
756:
753:
738:
735:
712:
709:
698:
691:
685:
682:
661:
658:
647:
646:
644:
642:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
593:
587:
584:
569:
566:
214:
207:
200:
153:
152:
114:The Great Mahele
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4114:
4085:Convict leasing
4080:Bracero Program
4066:
4040:
4001:
3995:
3918:
3912:
3886:
3880:
3834:
3737:Virgin Islands
3667:South Carolina
3068:
3062:
2942:
2933:
2922:Native American
2873:New World crops
2817:Black land loss
2798:
2793:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2699:
2661:
2598:
2545:
2538:
2485:
2382:
2298:Hawaiianization
2242:
2230:
2224:
2194:
2189:
2161:
2130:
2089:Sugar addiction
2020:
2011:Sugar sculpture
1952:
1860:
1834:
1811:Tate & Lyle
1802:United Kingdom
1719:Bundaberg Sugar
1702:
1698:Sugar marketing
1626:
1612:Sugarcane juice
1570:
1408:
1266:
1205:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1064:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1027:
1018:
997:
950:Sugar in Hawaii
948:
937:
901:
900:
889:
884:
874:
872:
862:
858:
852:
834:
830:
825:
821:
812:
808:
802:Wayback Machine
789:
785:
775:
773:
763:
759:
755:Alexander, 1937
754:
741:
736:
715:
710:
701:
692:
688:
683:
664:
659:
650:
640:
638:
628:
624:
614:
612:
602:Washington Post
594:
590:
585:
572:
567:
552:
548:
539:David M. Forbes
506:Claus Spreckels
500:John Mott-Smith
491:
435:
363:
348:Hawaiian Pidgin
332:Filipino people
286:
284:Importing labor
254:quality of life
218:
151:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4062:Cattle raiding
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4019:Farmer suicide
4016:
4014:Climate change
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
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3914:
3913:
3911:
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3890:
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3881:
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3873:
3868:
3863:
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3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3817:
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3815:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3762:West Virginia
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3719:
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3621:
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3606:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3567:North Carolina
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3504:New Hampshire
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3394:Massachusetts
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3351:Louisiana wine
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Christmas tree
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2934:
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2924:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
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2848:
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2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
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2536:
2531:
2526:
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2516:
2511:
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2501:
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2493:
2487:
2486:
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2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Climate change
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2373:Transportation
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Kūʻē Petitions
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:Residual sugar
2094:Sugars in wine
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:Health effects
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2052:Flavored syrup
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2016:Treacle mining
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:Tongaat Hulett
1783:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Sugarcane mill
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Molasses sugar
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:List of syrups
1283:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1201:Reducing sugar
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:Monosaccharide
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1073:"Plantations,"
1070:
1063:
1062:External links
1060:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1025:
1016:
1006:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
946:
935:
925:
915:
898:, Honolulu, HI
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:
870:New York Times
856:
850:
828:
819:
806:
783:
757:
739:
713:
699:
686:
662:
648:
622:
588:
570:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
536:
530:
524:
521:Rufus A. Lyman
518:
512:
508:(1828–1908) –
503:
497:
490:
487:
445:deteriorated,
434:
431:
362:
359:
285:
282:
230:"The Big Five"
220:
219:
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216:
209:
202:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
160:
159:
150:
147:
95:Ladd & Co.
91:Old Sugar Mill
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4206:
4195:
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4190:
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4027:
4025:
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4020:
4017:
4015:
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4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3989:
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3915:
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3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
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3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:organizations
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
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3857:
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3814:
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3808:
3804:
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3798:
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3678:
3677:South Dakota
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:Rhode Island
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
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3634:
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3627:
3626:
3625:
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3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:North Dakota
3577:
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3561:
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3551:
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3259:
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3024:
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3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
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2979:
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2845:
2844:Three Sisters
2842:
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2829:Cattle drives
2827:
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2551:
2549:
2547:
2544:Northwestern
2541:
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2363:State symbols
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2207:
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2178:
2176:
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2167:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Robert Lustig
2140:
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2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
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2112:
2109:
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2097:
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2038:
2035:
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2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1972:
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1967:
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1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:United States
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:British Sugar
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
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1623:
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1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Sugar alcohol
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
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1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
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1573:
1567:
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1497:
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1400:
1397:
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1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Glucose syrup
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Maesil-cheong
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
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1199:
1197:
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1187:
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1017:
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1007:
1002:
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986:
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947:
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936:
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867:
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847:
843:
839:
832:
823:
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803:
799:
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768:
761:
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750:
748:
746:
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734:
732:
730:
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724:
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708:
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690:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
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637:
633:
626:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
550:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:Samuel Parker
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
484:
483:Puunene, Maui
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
444:
439:
430:
427:
423:
419:
418:deforestation
414:
412:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
375:
367:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
313:globalization
305:
301:
294:
290:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
215:
210:
208:
203:
201:
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
4029:Water supply
3624:Pennsylvania
3439:Mississippi
3257:
2964:Blackcurrant
2866:Pennsylvania
2746:
2491:Main islands
2456:Homelessness
2424:Demographics
2349:
2261:Constitution
2236:
2151:
2001:Sugar people
1989:Sugar packet
1913:Molasses Act
1888:Blackbirding
1855:
1781:Illovo Sugar
1776:South Africa
1729:Wilmar Sugar
1524:Butterscotch
1519:Barley sugar
1424:
1339:Golden syrup
1317:Mogwa-cheong
1169:Disaccharide
1075:
1049:, retrieved
1045:the original
1029:
1019:
1010:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
895:
873:. Retrieved
869:
859:
841:
831:
826:Steger, 2003
822:
814:
809:
790:
786:
774:. Retrieved
760:
737:Takaki, 1994
694:
689:
660:Takaki, 1983
639:. Retrieved
635:
625:
613:. Retrieved
601:
591:
509:
472:
470:shared 25%.
452:
420:. At times,
415:
407:
403:
384:
352:
340:
317:
309:
223:
107:
82:Captain Cook
68:
46:big business
42:Captain Cook
28:
18:
4002:environment
3885:Government
3861:Cotton Belt
3747:Washington
3636:Puerto Rico
3546:New Mexico
3514:New Jersey
3361:aquaculture
3184:Connecticut
3093:aquaculture
2627:Kailua-Kona
2461:LGBT rights
2378:Unification
2276:Earthquakes
2266:Delegations
2147:John Yudkin
2057:Fruit syrup
1974:Sugar shack
1964:Added sugar
1903:Holing cane
1761:Philippines
1661:Casa-grande
1575:Other forms
1551:Sugar glass
1514:Sugar candy
1454:Gula melaka
1434:Candi sugar
1413:Solid forms
1404:Yacón syrup
1394:Table syrup
1369:Maple syrup
1322:Yuja-cheong
1292:Agave syrup
1227:Agave syrup
1196:Added sugar
586:Urcia, 1960
568:Deerr, 1949
541:(1863–1937)
535:(1858–1950)
529:(1853–1920)
523:(1842–1910)
517:(1833–1894)
502:(1824–1895)
468:Puerto Rico
336:Philippines
78:Polynesians
53:countries.
50:immigrating
4158:Categories
4141:Dude ranch
4000:Health and
3866:Fruit Belt
3687:Tennessee
3429:Minnesota
3347:Louisiana
3140:California
2947:Industries
2910:Sheep wars
2652:Pearl City
2504:Kahoʻolawe
2308:Hurricanes
2293:Government
2185:Production
2062:Date honey
2047:Cane knife
1984:Sugar nips
1673:Sugar bush
1656:Plantation
1644:Production
1539:Rock candy
1504:Preserving
1384:Pine honey
1329:Corn syrup
1217:Sugar beet
887:References
711:HSPA, 1949
684:Kent, 1993
641:August 25,
636:Civil Eats
422:ecosystems
355:Elias Bond
330:. In 1906
226:missionary
4126:Corn maze
4095:H-2A visa
3956:Farm bill
3871:Rice Belt
3856:Corn Belt
3839:By region
3773:Wisconsin
3722:Virginia
3598:Oklahoma
3479:Nebraska
3449:Missouri
3409:Michigan
3286:Illinois
3200:Delaware
3124:Arkansas
2905:Range war
2579:Maro Reef
2574:Lisianski
2434:Education
2281:Geography
2241:(capital)
2226:State of
2121:Sweetness
2116:Sweetener
2006:Sugar tit
1994:Sucrology
1969:Crop Over
1928:Sugar Act
1771:Sri Lanka
1756:Mauritius
1741:Caribbean
1714:Australia
1556:Sugarloaf
1474:Muscovado
1426:Peen tong
1364:Kuromitsu
1222:Sugarcane
1189:Trehalose
1152:Galactose
1135:Chemistry
610:0190-8286
475:Caribbean
395:fish pond
70:Sugarcane
30:Sugarcane
3919:politics
3813:cannabis
3803:cannabis
3789:Wyoming
3751:cannabis
3741:Cannabis
3726:cannabis
3711:cannabis
3707:Vermont
3656:cannabis
3641:Cannabis
3617:cannabis
3550:cannabis
3535:cannabis
3530:New York
3518:cannabis
3493:cannabis
3468:cannabis
3464:Montana
3453:cannabis
3418:cherries
3413:cannabis
3398:cannabis
3383:cannabis
3378:Maryland
3366:cannabis
3336:Kentucky
3290:cannabis
3237:Georgia
3204:cannabis
3189:cannabis
3177:cannabis
3167:Colorado
3150:cannabis
3118:cannabis
3109:Arizona
3098:cannabis
2969:Cannabis
2927:Colonial
2861:Virginia
2680:Honolulu
2667:Counties
2632:Kāneʻohe
2617:Honolulu
2524:Molokaʻi
2476:Politics
2466:Folklore
2451:Gun laws
2399:Abortion
2286:Seamount
2238:Honolulu
2175:Category
2135:Research
1979:Sugaring
1793:Tanzania
1668:Refinery
1636:Industry
1561:Wasanbon
1499:Powdered
1439:Chancaca
1379:Molasses
1271:Products
1247:Honeydew
1147:Fructose
1051:June 22,
904:citation
875:March 3,
798:Archived
791:Big Five
426:riparian
143:repealed
139:lobbying
99:molasses
3917:Law and
3608:Oregon
3489:Nevada
3325:Kansas
3302:Indiana
3216:Florida
3155:walnuts
3145:almonds
3076:Alabama
3041:Tobacco
3026:Spinach
3016:Poultry
2917:Slavery
2804:History
2685:Kalawao
2675:Hawaiʻi
2657:Waipahu
2637:Kapolei
2622:Kahului
2559:Gardner
2546:Islands
2529:Niʻihau
2499:Hawaiʻi
2429:Economy
2419:Culture
2414:Cuisine
2387:Society
2368:Tourism
2350:Arizona
2313:Islands
2303:History
2256:Outline
2126:Vinasse
2037:Bagasse
2025:Related
1957:Culture
1870:History
1683:Engenho
1651:Boilery
1617:Tuzemák
1582:Caramel
1509:Sucanat
1459:Jaggery
1449:Gelling
1399:Treacle
1374:Mizuame
1237:Coconut
1210:Sources
1184:Sucrose
1179:Maltose
1174:Lactose
1157:Glucose
1078:article
447:tourism
443:Hawaiʻi
397:. This
379:Hawaiʻi
324:Koreans
304:Hawaiʻi
293:Hawaiʻi
248:)) and
74:Hawaiʻi
57:Origins
36:by its
34:Hawaiʻi
4136:Cowboy
3819:Texas
3646:Coffee
3357:Maine
3253:coffee
3248:Hawaii
3226:tomato
3088:Alaska
2996:Cotton
2981:Cherry
2954:Banana
2690:Kauaʻi
2647:Līhuʻe
2584:Necker
2569:Laysan
2514:Lānaʻi
2509:Kauaʻi
2481:Sports
2446:Energy
2358:People
2248:Topics
2228:Hawaii
2156:(1972)
2084:Nectar
2072:Jallab
1856:Hawaii
1798:Uganda
1766:Rwanda
1544:Toffee
1489:Panela
1307:Cheong
1279:Syrups
1162:Xylose
1037:
848:
776:May 1,
615:May 9,
608:
266:Matson
133:. The
4131:Ranch
4119:Other
4072:Labor
4045:Crime
3799:Guam
3778:dairy
3697:Utah
3588:Ohio
3555:chile
3275:Idaho
3258:sugar
3231:mango
3053:Wheat
3031:Sugar
3006:Dairy
3001:Cider
2642:Kihei
2589:Nihoa
2534:Oʻahu
2471:Media
2409:Crime
2338:Parks
2323:Music
2067:Grape
1751:India
1746:Kenya
1693:Zafra
1688:Batey
1566:White
1529:Candy
1464:Misri
1420:Brown
1354:Honey
1252:Maple
1232:Birch
1118:Sugar
546:Notes
343:caste
328:Korea
262:labor
246:Amfac
176:Amfac
103:Koloa
3828:wine
3823:rice
3793:wine
3783:wine
3766:wine
3756:wine
3731:wine
3716:wine
3701:wine
3691:wine
3681:wine
3671:wine
3661:wine
3629:wine
3612:wine
3602:wine
3592:wine
3582:wine
3572:wine
3560:wine
3540:wine
3523:wine
3508:wine
3498:wine
3483:wine
3473:wine
3458:wine
3443:wine
3433:wine
3423:wine
3403:wine
3388:wine
3371:wine
3341:wine
3329:wine
3319:wine
3314:Iowa
3307:wine
3295:wine
3280:wine
3263:wine
3241:wine
3221:wine
3209:wine
3194:wine
3172:wine
3160:wine
3133:wine
3128:rice
3113:wine
3103:wine
3081:wine
3058:Wine
3021:Rice
2991:Corn
2974:Hemp
2900:Wine
2695:Maui
2612:Hilo
2564:Kure
2519:Maui
2348:USS
1851:Fiji
1736:Cuba
1534:Hard
1262:Malt
1257:Palm
1242:Date
1053:2011
1035:ISBN
910:link
877:2018
846:ISBN
778:2010
643:2023
617:2018
606:ISSN
464:Cuba
391:taro
387:Aiea
3036:Tea
3011:Hop
2959:Bee
1724:CSR
1597:Rum
1479:Nib
76:by
4160::
906:}}
902:{{
868:.
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