2749:
1168:(1915–1983), an otolaryngologist; head and neck surgeon. Chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. A pioneer in designing and teaching head and neck cancer surgeries. He authored over 200 original articles. Author of over 10 definitive textbooks in the field of head and neck oncology. Nisei (二世), with his California family interned during WW II. He was advised to move to the midwest to avoid internment becoming the chairman of otolaryngology; head and neck surgery at Washington University from 1960 to 1983.
219:
advanced knowledge and experience to develop the modern society at home. Both students and laborers were attracted by the image of the United States as a country that welcomed foreigners. When they first arrived in the U.S., they had not intended to live there permanently, but rather to learn from
Americans and to take that knowledge back home. While they encountered discrimination, they also made opportunities, and many settled in California, and later in Washington and Oregon as well as Alaska (to a lesser degree).
1436:
29:
158:
1440:
3273:
809:
After 1884, emigration of working classes was permitted; and the first issei began to arrive in North and South
America soon after. For example, in 1890, only 25 Issei lived in Oregon. By 1891, 1,000 Japanese lived in Oregon. In 1900, 2,051 Japanese had come to live in Oregon. By 1915, Japanese men
218:
Emigration of
Japanese directly to the mainland began in 1885, when "student-laborers" landed on the West Coast of the United States. The earliest of these emigrated to San Francisco. Their numbers continually increased in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Their purpose in moving to America was to gain
467:
from 1870 through 1911. Newer immigrants carry very different memories of more recent Japan. These differing attitudes, social values and associations with Japan were often incompatible with each other. The significant differences in post-war experiences and opportunities did nothing to mitigate the
724:
Japan, which advanced the economic objectives of the
Japanese state; the patriarchal traditions of the agricultural village, which arose partly as a form of adjustment to national objectives and the adjustment to changes imposed by modernization; and the constraints which arose within a Canadian or
868:
as a crude, ill-educated lot. Possible reasons for this may be the fact that most
Japanese were forced to work in menial jobs in the U.S., such as farming. Many Issei were in fact better educated than either the Japanese or American public. Sixty percent had completed middle school, and 21 percent
922:
that viewed
Japanese and Chinese as a threat of American workers. The protest of the league involved picketing and beatings of the Issei. In October 1906, amid this anti-Japanese milieu, the San Francisco School Board, carrying out a campaign promise of the mayor, ordered all Japanese and Korean
430:
generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, involvement with non-Japanese, religious belief and practice, and other matters. The age when individuals faced the wartime evacuation and internment during World War II has been found to be the most significant factor that
840:
The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily
Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Despite a certain nostalgia for the old country, they had created homes in a country far from Japan. If they had not been prohibited from becoming citizens, many would have
774:
The experience of emigrants is inevitably affected by a range of factors directly related to the
Japanese society they left behind. As immigrants, the conflicts between the old country and the new played out in unique ways for each individual, and yet common elements do begin to appear in the
137:
The earliest organized group of
Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. In the 21st century, the four largest populations of diaspora Japanese and descendants of Japanese immigrants in the Western Hemisphere live in Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Peru.
832:
Few
Japanese workers came to North America intending to become immigrants. Initially, most of them came with vague plans for gaining new experiences and for making some money before returning to homes in Japan. This group of workers was overwhelmingly male. Many
715:
women's lives were somewhat similar, despite differences in context, because they were structured within interlocking webs of patriarchal relationships, and that consistent subordination was experienced both as oppressive and as a source of happiness. The
852:, Japanese residents born in Japan, but not their children, the Nisei, who were born in United States or Hawaii, and who therefore were American citizens by birth. Many of the Issei responded to the law by transferring title to their land to their
165:
Brazil is home to the largest ethnic Japanese population outside Japan, numbering an estimated more than 1.5 million (including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity), more than that of the 1.2 million in the United States. The
1027:
who have earned some degree of public recognition has continued to increase over time; but the quiet lives of those whose names are known only to family and friends are no less important in understanding the broader narrative of the
238:
Within Japanese-Canadian communities across Canada, like their American counterparts, three distinct subgroups developed, each with different socio-cultural referents, generational identity, and wartime experiences. The narrative of
1212:, (May 8, 1929 – August 28, 2007) was a Japanese-American singer and actress. Umeki was a Tony Award- and Golden Globe-nominated actress and the first East Asian-American woman to win an Academy Award for acting from the 1958 film,
1891:
210:
in February 1885—were common laborers escaping hard times in Japan to work in Hawai'i. Their immigration was subsidized by the Hawaiian government, as cheap labor was needed for important commodity crops, especially its
700:
Unlike their children, they tend to rely primarily on Japanese-language media (newspapers, television, movies), and in some senses, they tend to think of themselves as more Japanese than Canadian or American.
1216:
as well as Mei Li in the Broadway musical and 1961 MGM film Flower Drum Song, and Mrs. Livingston in the television series The Courtship of Eddie's Father. She was a shin Issei, or post-1945 immigrant from
2748:
960:
represented the Issei's failed struggle against the segregation. The experiences of the Issei extend from well before the period before 1 July 1924, when the Japanese Exclusion Act came into effect.
755:
Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values; and this Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older.
795:. Also, it was strictly prohibited by law for ordinary Japanese citizens to go abroad. Change came around the early 19th century when the visit of an American fleet commanded by
950:
were a role model of American citizens by being hardworking, law-abiding, devoted to family and the community. However, some Americans did not want to admit the virtues of the
806:
After 1866, the new Japanese government decided to send students and laborers to the U.S. to bring back the knowledge and experience necessary for the nation to grow strong.
3123:
680:
represented the idea of beginning, a psychological transformation relating to being settled, having a distinctive community, and the idea of belonging to the new country.
1964:
2633:
729:
women is very difficult to find, partly for lack of data and partly because the data that do exist are influenced by their implicit ideological definition of women.
2543:
942:
By 1911, almost half of the Japanese immigrants were women who landed in the U.S. to reunite with their husbands. After the Gentleman's agreement, a number of
1040:(PANA) include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, in addition to the English-speaking United States and Canada.
3239:
2073:
844:
In 1913, California's Alien Land Law prohibited non-citizens from owning land in the state, and several other states soon after passed their own restrictive
931:
were displeased with the situation and some reported to Japanese newspapers. This caused the Japanese government to protest against the former president,
3605:
2239:
283:
Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians have specific names for each of their generations in North America. These are formed by combining one of the
3161:
967:
however, were very good at enhancing rice farming on "unusable" land. Japanese Californian farmers made rice a major crop of the state. The largest
1720:
686:
settled in close ethnic communities, and therefore did not learn English. They endured great economic and social losses during the early years of
245:
Japanese-Canadians include post-Pearl Harbor experiences of uprooting, incarceration, and dispersal of the pre-war Japanese-Canadian communities.
3896:
2003:
623:, their parents and their children are changing the way they look at themselves and their pattern of accommodation to the non-Japanese majority.
3385:
1165:
946:, the second-generation Japanese, were born in California. Yet, it did not stop some white Americans from segregating Japanese immigrants. The
3327:
3921:
2728:
893:
3543:
880:
from 1902 to the 1960s was relatively lower than for any other major ethnic group in California. The only exceptions were that some young
3666:
3261:
1864:
997:
When the Canadian and American governments interned West Coast Japanese in 1942, neither distinguished between those who were citizens (
3105:
2589:
Transpacific Steam: The Story of Steam Navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867–1941.
823:
2521:
Fading Footsteps of the Issei: An Annotated Checklist of the Manuscript Holdings of the Japanese American Research Project Collection.
1464:
Transpacific Steam: The Story of Steam Navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867–1941
1005:). When the apology and redress for injustices were enacted by the American Congress and the Canadian Parliament in 1988, most of the
524:
The generation of people born in North America, Latin America, Australia, Hawaii, or any country outside Japan either to at least one
3110:
3090:
2678:
1947:
827:
2641:
2257:
1279:
690:, and they were unable to rebuild their lost businesses and savings. The external circumstances tended to reinforce the pattern of
627:
3729:
3724:
3439:
3095:
2525:
1332:
2423:
1653:
3375:
2320:
3269:
1928:
1641:
1613:
1582:
3218:
3064:
2617:
2597:
2581:
2561:
2553:
2537:
2509:
2493:
2477:
2457:
2437:
2417:
2379:
2356:
2224:
1692:
1680:
1665:
1304:
899:
3906:
3901:
3709:
2609:
1843:
1319:
3916:
3223:
3069:
3022:
2695:
2040:
1148:
3588:
3891:
3595:
2397:
1259:
1044:
406:
3363:
2519:
309:. The Japanese-American and Japanese-Canadian communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like
3648:
3610:
3407:
3203:
2529:
1264:
1254:
1596:
3193:
3168:
3074:
2146:"Joseph H. Ogura and The American board of otolaryngology: Development of a specialist; Development of a specialty"
1309:
1249:
988:
936:
2070:
1499:
906:
immigrants, including the Issei. Since Chinese immigration to the U.S. was largely limited, hostility fell on the
3692:
3661:
3488:
3353:
3332:
3297:
3254:
3208:
3100:
1357:
1337:
1299:
1037:
2020:
918:
wanted to exclude them since they did not want any Asians to take their jobs away. As a result, they formed the
837:
arrived as laborers. They worked in employment sectors such as agriculture, mining, and railroad construction.
3624:
3565:
3533:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3466:
3156:
884:
committed crimes relating to gambling and prostitution, which stemmed from different cultural morals in Japan.
3844:
2243:
1984:
3886:
3828:
3397:
3151:
2671:
1314:
819:
3671:
3629:
3528:
3523:
3478:
3183:
2819:
2573:
2345:
2095:
1347:
1342:
1324:
984:
720:
women lived lives of transition which were affected by three common factors: the dominant ideology of late
2587:
1807:
1792:
1462:
3576:
3518:
3228:
3188:
3173:
3128:
2499:
2483:
2469:
1625:
1352:
617:
In North America, since the redress victory in 1988, a significant evolutionary change has occurred. The
2365:
2112:
1910:
1728:
74:
immigrants to countries in North America and South America. The term is used mostly by ethnic Japanese.
3911:
3779:
3583:
3548:
3247:
3178:
3056:
2449:
1289:
1052:
1018:
799:
caused the new Japanese government to replace the Tokugawa system of economics and politics during the
787:
family wanted to keep foreigners away from Japanese society. The only exceptions were Chinese and some
327:, which describe the first, second and third generation of immigrants. The fourth generation is called
409:. Within the ethnic Japanese immigrant community they had come to characterize their own generations.
3789:
3600:
3571:
3538:
3471:
3314:
3198:
3115:
3027:
2943:
2463:
2371:
1862:
783:
Japan was a closed country for more than two centuries, 1636 to 1853, since military rulers from the
2125:
451:
encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. The collective memory of the
3619:
3513:
3483:
3461:
3292:
2886:
2664:
2515:
919:
1009:
were dead, or too old for it to make any significant difference in lives that had been disrupted.
992:
3821:
3719:
2349:
1542:
957:
911:
638:
communities in the world, these Britons do not identify themselves in such generational terms as
3852:
1048:
198:
3839:
2071:"University of the Future: The physical transformation into a premier independent university,"
1392:
387:
Originally, as mentioned above, these words were themselves common nouns in Japan referred to
3859:
3815:
3656:
3034:
2996:
2866:
2858:
2603:
2567:
2443:
2407:
2216:
2210:
1870:
1780:
1765:
972:
725:
American society dominated by racist ideology. Substantive evidence of the working lives of
380:
term used by ethnic Japanese in countries in North America and South America to specify the
3687:
3429:
3414:
3380:
3006:
2971:
2933:
2787:
2757:
1183:
1129:(1982– ), a Hollywood film actor, philanthropist, entrepreneur and US martial arts champion
788:
1944:
8:
3424:
3358:
3348:
3133:
2986:
2956:
2908:
2898:
2876:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2770:
2765:
2569:
The Hood River Issei: An Oral History of Japanese Settlers in Oregon's Hood River Valley.
2361:
1767:
The Hood River Issei: An Oral History of Japanese Settlers in Oregon's Hood River Valley,
1244:
1059:
264:
Among the approximately 100,000 (2021) Peruvians of Japanese descent living in Peru, the
152:
46:
2605:
Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Fought for the United States in World War II.
2265:
1794:
Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Fought for the United States in World War II,
1193:
1095:(1854–1925), a landscape designer often credited with having invented the fortune cookie
1047:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
3699:
3434:
3419:
3370:
3213:
3039:
2961:
2903:
2893:
2831:
2807:
2802:
2775:
2638:
1989:
1969:
1422:
1408:
1274:
1087:
932:
924:
784:
259:
233:
186:
20:
3402:
3392:
3277:
2991:
2981:
2951:
2913:
2871:
2848:
2782:
2613:
2593:
2577:
2557:
2549:
2533:
2505:
2489:
2473:
2453:
2433:
2413:
2393:
2375:
2352:
2220:
2167:
2162:
2145:
1997:
1557:
1269:
633:
437:
377:
3865:
1156:(1987– ), an American chess Grandmaster and five time United States Chess Champion.
2928:
2918:
2881:
2814:
2733:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2312:
2178:
2157:
1925:
1220:
796:
284:
212:
3322:
2976:
2966:
2923:
2797:
2792:
2738:
2723:
2687:
2645:
2099:
2077:
2044:
2024:
1951:
1932:
1847:
1600:
1284:
1153:
1132:
1098:
1092:
845:
744:
381:
71:
1840:
676:). This new term illustrated a changed way of looking at themselves. The term
503:
The generation of people born in Japan who later immigrated to another country.
172:
Japanese Brazilians are an important part of Asian ethnic minorities in Brazil.
3001:
2346:"Between Two Empires: Race, History, and Transnationalism in Japanese America."
2287:
1294:
1239:
1234:
1159:
915:
664:
The first generation of immigrants, born in Japan before emigrating, is called
396:
2425:
The Japanese Community in Pre-War Britain: From Integration to Disintegration.
2037:
1083:
3880:
2385:
1377:
1209:
1199:
1126:
1110:
206:
2409:
The Issei: The World of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885–1924.
876:
almost never caused trouble in the civil authority. The arrest rate for the
2182:
1863:
Densho and The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University,
1177:
1104:
903:
810:
with savings of $ 800 were considered eligible to summon wives from Japan.
687:
2171:
2524:
Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center, Center for Japanese Studies,
1750:
Japanese Americans: The Formation and Transformations of an Ethnic Group,
1593:
1144:
1077:
1065:
939:. This agreement led the period of settling and family building to come.
792:
464:
1080:(1935–2015), a two-time winner of both the Boston and New York marathons
479:
201:, but to Hawaii. These emigrants—the first of whom arrived on board the
2196:
2057:
1704:
1120:
1071:
474:
388:
288:
1062:(1873–1948), academic, author, peace advocate, historian and librarian
28:
3834:
3044:
2465:
Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto.
2429:
1501:
Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto,
800:
759:
202:
157:
2017:
775:
history of the Japanese Canadian and Japanese American communities.
3810:
1517:
1329:
1213:
1171:
1138:
2656:
1174:(1974– ), an Emmy and Golden Globe Award nominated American actor
16:
First generation of Japanese people who immigrated to the Americas
2130:
739:
2092:
791:, but even they were discouraged from associating with Japanese
3769:
2514:
Sakata, Yasuo, Los Angeles Japanese American Research Project,
1423:"Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Japan-Brazil Relations"
1036:
from North America, the Latin American member countries of the
392:
103:
803:
to open its door to trade and contact with the outside world.
431:
explains such variations in attitudes and behaviour patterns.
80:
are born in Japan; their children born in the new country are
3759:
3272:
910:
American labor organizations took an initiative in spreading
83:
1032:
Although the names highlighted here are over-represented by
32:
The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil aboard the
2501:
Stone Voices: Wartime Writings of Japanese Canadian Issei.
1544:
Stone Voices: Wartime Writings of Japanese Canadian Issei,
1532:(US). New Series, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Feb. 1963), pp. 152–156.
887:
1123:(1976– ), a two-time U.S. National Champion pair skater
2485:
Redress: Inside the Japanese Canadian Call for Justice.
1985:"Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie"
859:
2651:
2629:
1705:"A Transformation of Ritual: The Nisei 60th Birthday."
762:
documented elderly first generation immigrants in her
672:
came into common use, replacing the term "immigrant" (
651:
645:
639:
631:
618:
606:
579:
552:
525:
458:
452:
425:
419:
413:
400:
322:
316:
310:
265:
250:
240:
224:
192:
177:
167:
143:
124:
115:
109:
101:
95:
89:
81:
75:
39:
33:
2288:"The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners"
1180:(1864–1926), the first Japanese American millionaire.
751:
and is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of
1135:(1879–1973), an American gardener and philanthropist
395:. So they are also still used in Japanese terms for
2177:Ogura, Joseph. "Dr. Joseph H.Ogura in Memorandum".
872:Whether Christian, Buddhists, or nonbelievers, the
747:to old age at 60, was sometimes celebrated by the
384:who were the first generation to immigrate there.
215:. Numerous Japanese eventually settled in Hawaii.
3878:
1524:Steveston Monogatari: Sekai no Naka no Nipponjin
1206:on father's side and mother is Japanese/Filipina
1162:(1921–2015), a physicist and 2008 Nobel Laureate
468:gaps which separated generational perspectives.
2126:"Two Japanese, American win 2008 physics Nobel"
1851:Japanese Americans in the Columbia River Basin,
1760:
1758:
1074:(1888–1963), an early 20th century photographer
589:
562:
535:
508:
487:
435:
360:
343:
328:
300:
54:
2113:People Behind the National Parks, George Massa
1866:Reading: The Issei immigrants and Civil Rights
605:The generation of people born to at least one
596:
578:The generation of people born to at least one
569:
551:The generation of people born to at least one
542:
515:
494:
444:
369:
350:
335:
294:
63:
3255:
2672:
2240:""Biographical Snapshots: Jokichi Takamine,""
1626:"Voices of Chicago: Day of Remembrance 2006,"
1512:
1510:
1223:(1874–1959), an early civil-rights campaigner
1101:(1889–1973), an Academy Award-nominated actor
100:, "generation"); and their grandchildren are
1924:National Association of Japanese Canadians:
1755:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1086:(1971– ), a violinist and recipient of the
894:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
270:Japanese Peruvians comprise a small number.
2367:Ethnic Americans: A History of Immigration.
2002:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1912:Ethnic Americans: A History of Immigration,
161:Japanese immigrants in Brazil in the 1930s.
3262:
3248:
2679:
2665:
2592:New York: Associated University Presses.
2498:Keibo Oiwa, Keibo and Joy Kogawa. (1991).
2392:. New York: William Morrow & Company.
2280:
1606:
1507:
1401:
824:Japanese-American life before World War II
2161:
1483:
923:pupils to join the Chinese students at a
828:Japanese-American life after World War II
743:(還暦), a traditional, pre-modern Japanese
626:There are just over one hundred thousand
2384:
1853:Washington State University web project.
1280:Japanese community in the United Kingdom
902:became generalized protests against all
813:
156:
38:in 1908. They referred to themselves as
27:
2526:University of California at Los Angeles
2208:
2202:
2123:
2117:
778:
694:being predominantly friends with other
129:is recognized in their social history.
3897:Japanese diaspora in the United States
3879:
2556:—London: Prentice Hall International.
2321:University of Washington School of Law
1962:
1956:
1856:
1708:Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology.
1012:
888:Racial segregation and immigration law
841:become citizens of the United States.
530:or one non-immigrant Japanese parent.
3243:
2660:
2445:Issei: Japanese Immigrants in Hawaii.
2143:
2137:
1893:Issei: Japanese Immigrants in Hawaii,
1305:Pacific Movement of the Eastern World
1147:(1881–1933), activist in creation of
1141:Lennon (1933– ) artist and musician.
993:Japanese Peruvian § World War II
291:with the Japanese word for generation
2209:Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas (1995),
1983:Lee, Jennifer 8. (16 January 2008),
1965:"As the Miles and the Years Pass By"
1562:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
1541:Oiwa, Keibo and Joy Kogawa. (1991).
1394:American Buddhists in Social Context
1320:Heart Mountain War Relocation Center
860:Americans' first impression of Issei
123:The character and uniqueness of the
3922:Peruvian people of Japanese descent
2686:
2215:, Oxford University Press, p.
1982:
1976:
1558:"Japan-Peru Relations (Basic Data)"
1391:Numrich, Paul David. (2008). North
1149:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
935:, and as a result, they signed the
273:
13:
2212:The Japanese American Family Album
2124:Pollard, Niklas (7 October 2008),
1725:Museum of Contemporary Photography
1603:Japanese American National Museum.
1260:Japanese American National Library
141:
14:
3933:
2652:Japanese American Citizens League
2630:Japanese American National Museum
2623:
2530:Japanese American National Museum
2504:Montréal : Véhicule Press.
2176:
1265:Japanese American National Museum
1255:Japanese American Citizens League
1001:) and their non-citizen parents (
898:The post-1900 cause to renew the
764:Portrait of the Issei in Illinois
630:, mostly in London. Unlike other
248:
222:
175:
3271:
3075:Internment of Japanese Americans
2747:
2163:10.1288/00005537-199205000-00012
1963:Gorman, Miki (30 October 2005),
1310:Gila River War Relocation Center
1250:Internment of Japanese Americans
1107:(1947– ), an American politician
989:Internment of Japanese Americans
2305:
2232:
2189:
2105:
2086:
2063:
2050:
2030:
2016:U.S. House of Representatives:
2010:
1937:
1918:
1899:
1884:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1800:
1785:
1773:
1742:
1713:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1618:
1587:
1575:
1550:
1535:
1358:Tule Lake War Relocation Center
1338:Minidoka National Historic Site
1300:Nisei Baseball Research Project
1196:(1854–1922), a Japanese chemist
1038:Pan American Nikkei Association
864:Americans generally viewed the
766:, taken between 1986 and 1989.
758:Japanese-American photographer
3657:Federated States of Micronesia
2364:and David M. Reimers. (1999).
2260:Journal of Chemical Education.
1478:Fading Footsteps of the Issei,
1470:
1455:
1429:
1415:
1410:Japan-Mexico Foreign Relations
1385:
1371:
704:
668:(一世). In the 1930s, the term
278:
197:emigrated not directly to the
1:
3829:The Japanese in Latin America
2548:New York: Twayne Publishers.
2338:
2036:International Skating Union:
1407:Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
1315:Granada War Relocation Center
978:
937:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
869:were high school graduates.
820:History of Japanese Americans
2574:University of Illinois Press
2488:Vancouver: Raincoast Books.
1520:Umi o Watatta Nippon no Mura
1348:Rohwer War Relocation Center
1343:Poston War Relocation Center
1325:Jerome War Relocation Center
985:Japanese Canadian internment
769:
7:
3907:Japanese diaspora in Canada
3902:Japanese diaspora in Brazil
2470:University of Toronto Press
2081:Seattle University Magazine
1710:Vol. 6, No. 2 (April 1991).
1353:Topaz War Relocation Center
1227:
652:
646:
640:
632:
619:
607:
590:
580:
563:
553:
536:
526:
509:
488:
459:
453:
436:
426:
420:
414:
401:
361:
344:
329:
323:
317:
311:
301:
266:
251:
241:
225:
193:
178:
168:
144:
125:
116:
110:
102:
96:
90:
82:
76:
55:
40:
34:
10:
3938:
3917:Japanese words and phrases
2586:Tate, E. Mowbray. (1986).
2542:Spickard, Paul R. (1996).
2450:University of Hawaii Press
2412:New York: The Free Press.
2390:Nisei: the Quiet Americans
1748:Spickard, Paul R. (1997).
1461:Tate, E. Mowbray. (1986).
1290:List of Japanese Americans
1042:
1019:List of Japanese Americans
1016:
982:
891:
817:
257:
231:
184:
150:
132:
18:
3892:Japanese-American history
3803:
3742:
3680:
3647:
3640:
3557:
3472:Japanese orphans in China
3454:
3341:
3313:
3306:
3285:
3144:
3124:East and Southeast Asians
3083:
3055:
3023:Asian Hispanic and Latino
3015:
2942:
2857:
2756:
2745:
2694:
2462:McLellan, Janet. (1999).
2372:Columbia University Press
2195:Internet Movie Database:
2056:Internet Movie Database:
1890:Kirmura, Yukiko. (1988).
1498:McLellan, Janet. (1999).
971:community settled around
597:
570:
543:
516:
495:
445:
370:
351:
336:
295:
191:The first members of the
64:
3280:and Japanese expatriates
2644:16 February 2019 at the
2516:University of California
2442:Kimura, Yukiko. (1988).
2344:Eiichiro Azuma. (2005).
1931:18 February 2009 at the
1664:Kobayashi, Audrey Lynn.
1364:
1117:(Japanese born), actress
920:Asiatic Exclusion League
732:
659:
342:and the fifth is called
19:For the given name, see
3822:The Japanese and Europe
2566:Tamura, Linda. (1993).
2406:Ichioka, Yuji. (1988).
2350:Oxford University Press
2093:Imagine Peace, Yoko Ono
1950:11 October 2008 at the
1764:Tamura, Linda. (1998).
1530:American Anthropologist
1476:Sakata, Yasuo. (1992).
958:Immigration Act of 1924
912:anti-Japanese sentiment
3853:Looking Like the Enemy
3111:Science and technology
3091:Arts and Entertainment
2634:JANM generational teas
2183:10.1002/jso.2930240202
2144:Ogura, Joseph (1992).
2098:3 January 2010 at the
1841:"Historical overview,"
1667:Women, Work and Place,
1631:(US). 31 October 2006.
1333:National Historic Site
1190:(Japanese born), actor
975:, near San Francisco.
199:mainland United States
162:
51:
3860:New Worlds, New Lives
3816:Foreign-born Japanese
3035:Multiracial Americans
2602:Yenne, Bill. (2007).
2422:Itoh, Keiko. (2001).
1905:Dinnerstein, Leonard
1791:Yenne, Bill. (2007).
1624:Ikezoe-Halevi, Jean.
1437:"US Census data 2005"
973:Vacaville, California
900:Chinese Exclusion Act
848:. This included the
814:Immigrants in America
374:, "first generation")
287:corresponding to the
160:
68:, "first generation")
31:
3887:Cultural generations
3544:United Arab Emirates
3440:By state and/or city
3096:Broadcast journalism
2076:8 March 2009 at the
2023:27 June 2009 at the
1731:on 10 September 2015
1184:Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa
1049:adding missing items
779:Emigrants from Japan
44:and became known as
3134:Model minority myth
2648:in Washington, D.C.
2545:Japanese Americans.
2362:Leonard Dinnerstein
2043:3 June 2004 at the
1846:13 May 2008 at the
1526:" by Kazuko Tsurumi
1522:by Masao Gamo and "
1443:on 12 February 2020
1245:Hyphenated American
1068:(1928–2004), artist
1013:Notable individuals
153:Japanese Brazilians
3328:Dominican Republic
2313:"Takuji Yamashita"
2246:on 8 February 2012
1990:The New York Times
1970:The New York Times
1599:3 May 2009 at the
1275:Japanese Brazilian
1088:Avery Fisher Prize
933:Theodore Roosevelt
260:Japanese Peruvians
234:Japanese Canadians
187:Japanese Americans
163:
52:
21:Issei (given name)
3912:Japanese diaspora
3874:
3873:
3784:fourth generation
3764:second generation
3738:
3737:
3606:Sakhalin Japanese
3450:
3449:
3278:Japanese diaspora
3237:
3236:
2618:978-0-312-35464-0
2598:978-0-8453-4792-8
2582:978-0-252-06359-6
2562:978-0-8057-9242-3
2554:978-0-8057-7841-0
2538:978-0-87170-444-3
2510:978-1-55065-014-3
2494:978-1-55192-650-6
2478:978-0-8020-8225-1
2458:978-0-8248-1029-0
2438:978-0-7007-1487-2
2418:978-0-02-915370-3
2380:978-0-231-11189-8
2357:978-0-19-515941-7
2226:978-0-19-512423-1
1594:"What is Nikkei?"
1270:Japanese Canadian
615:
614:
378:Japanese-language
213:sugar plantations
120:, "generation").
3929:
3804:Related articles
3794:fifth generation
3774:third generation
3725:Papua New Guinea
3667:Marshall Islands
3645:
3644:
3614:
3376:British Columbia
3311:
3310:
3276:
3275:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3224:Washington, D.C.
2751:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2639:Embassy of Japan
2403:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2268:on 28 April 2012
2264:. Archived from
2255:
2253:
2251:
2242:. Archived from
2236:
2230:
2229:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2165:
2150:The Laryngoscope
2141:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2090:
2084:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2047:. 15 April 2009.
2034:
2028:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1954:
1943:DiscoverNikkei:
1941:
1935:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1873:on 17 April 2008
1869:, archived from
1860:
1854:
1836:Mercier, Laurie
1834:
1828:
1827:Spickard, p. 57.
1825:
1819:
1818:Spickard, p. 15.
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1727:, archived from
1717:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:. Archived from
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1221:Takuji Yamashita
1194:Jōkichi Takamine
1060:Kan'ichi Asakawa
1053:reliable sources
655:
649:
643:
637:
628:British Japanese
622:
610:
602:
600:
599:
593:
583:
575:
573:
572:
566:
556:
548:
546:
545:
539:
529:
521:
519:
518:
512:
500:
498:
497:
491:
471:
470:
463:was an image of
462:
456:
450:
448:
447:
441:
429:
423:
417:
404:
375:
373:
372:
366:
356:
354:
353:
347:
341:
339:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
285:Japanese numbers
274:Cultural profile
269:
254:
244:
228:
196:
181:
171:
147:
128:
119:
114:, "three", plus
113:
107:
99:
93:
87:
79:
69:
67:
66:
60:
47:Nipo-Brasileiros
43:
37:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3799:
3734:
3730:Solomon Islands
3676:
3636:
3608:
3553:
3446:
3337:
3302:
3281:
3270:
3268:
3238:
3233:
3140:
3079:
3051:
3028:Punjabi Mexican
3011:
2944:Southeast Asian
2938:
2853:
2752:
2743:
2690:
2688:Asian Americans
2685:
2646:Wayback Machine
2626:
2400:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2142:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2100:Wayback Machine
2091:
2087:
2078:Wayback Machine
2068:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2045:Wayback Machine
2035:
2031:
2025:Wayback Machine
2015:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1952:Wayback Machine
1942:
1938:
1933:Wayback Machine
1923:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1857:
1848:Wayback Machine
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1629:Discover Nikkei
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1601:Wayback Machine
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1536:
1516:Ikawa, Fumiko.
1515:
1508:
1497:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1285:Japanese people
1230:
1154:Hikaru Nakamura
1133:Fujitaro Kubota
1099:Sessue Hayakawa
1093:Makoto Hagiwara
1056:
1021:
1015:
995:
983:Main articles:
981:
916:White Americans
896:
890:
862:
846:alien land laws
830:
818:Main articles:
816:
797:Commodore Perry
781:
772:
745:rite of passage
735:
710:
662:
594:
567:
540:
513:
492:
442:
402:Erizabesu Nisei
382:Japanese people
367:
348:
333:
305:
292:
281:
276:
262:
256:
236:
230:
189:
183:
155:
149:
135:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3866:Nihonjin gakkō
3863:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3840:Hoshū jugyō kō
3837:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3625:United Kingdom
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:São Paulo City
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:North Carolina
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:Indo-Caribbean
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Fuzhou/Hokchiu
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2636:
2625:
2624:External links
2622:
2621:
2620:
2600:
2584:
2564:
2540:
2512:
2496:
2480:
2460:
2440:
2420:
2404:
2399:978-0688050139
2398:
2386:Hosokawa, Bill
2382:
2359:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2304:
2279:
2231:
2225:
2201:
2188:
2156:(5): 532–537.
2136:
2116:
2104:
2085:
2083:. Summer 2008.
2062:
2049:
2029:
2009:
1975:
1955:
1936:
1917:
1898:
1883:
1855:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1799:
1784:
1772:
1754:
1741:
1712:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1617:
1605:
1586:
1574:
1549:
1534:
1506:
1482:
1469:
1454:
1428:
1414:
1400:
1384:
1381:Jornal Orebate
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1295:Model minority
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Asian Canadian
1237:
1235:Asian American
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1160:Yoichiro Nambu
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1023:The number of
1014:
1011:
980:
977:
892:Main article:
889:
886:
861:
858:
815:
812:
780:
777:
771:
768:
734:
731:
709:
703:
661:
658:
613:
612:
603:
586:
585:
576:
559:
558:
549:
532:
531:
522:
505:
504:
501:
484:
483:
477:
397:personal names
280:
277:
275:
272:
258:Main article:
255:
247:
232:Main article:
229:
221:
185:Main article:
182:
174:
151:Main article:
148:
140:
134:
131:
94:, "two", plus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3934:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:New Caledonia
3708:
3704:United States
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:United States
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:New York City
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Metro Detroit
3167:
3163:
3162:San Francisco
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Hoklo/Hokkien
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:Central Asian
2693:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:Appelo, Tim.
2066:
2059:
2058:Shin Koyamada
2053:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1703:Doi, Mary L.
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Miyoshi Umeki
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:Tamlyn Tomita
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:Shin Koyamada
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:Shizuko Hoshi
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
836:
829:
825:
821:
811:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
767:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
730:
728:
723:
719:
714:
707:
702:
698:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
654:
648:
642:
636:
635:
629:
624:
621:
609:
604:
592:
588:
587:
582:
577:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
538:
534:
533:
528:
523:
511:
507:
506:
502:
490:
486:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
461:
455:
440:
439:
432:
428:
422:
416:
410:
408:
403:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
365:
364:
358:
346:
331:
325:
319:
313:
303:
290:
286:
271:
268:
261:
253:
246:
243:
235:
227:
220:
216:
214:
209:
208:
207:City of Tokio
204:
200:
195:
188:
180:
173:
170:
159:
154:
146:
139:
130:
127:
121:
118:
112:
106:
105:
98:
92:
86:
85:
78:
73:
59:
58:
49:
48:
42:
36:
30:
26:
22:
3858:
3851:
3827:
3820:
3749:
3298:South Africa
3209:Philadelphia
3129:South Asians
3120:Stereotypes
3101:Demographics
2604:
2588:
2568:
2544:
2520:
2500:
2484:
2464:
2444:
2424:
2408:
2389:
2366:
2324:. Retrieved
2316:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2259:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2234:
2211:
2204:
2191:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2107:
2088:
2080:
2065:
2052:
2032:
2018:Mazie Hirono
2012:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1875:, retrieved
1871:the original
1865:
1858:
1850:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1775:
1766:
1749:
1744:
1733:, retrieved
1729:the original
1724:
1721:"Koga, Mary"
1715:
1707:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1589:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1500:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1447:20 September
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1431:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1203:
1187:
1178:George Shima
1166:Joseph Ogura
1114:
1105:Mazie Hirono
1045:dynamic list
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
968:
964:
962:
955:
951:
947:
943:
941:
928:
927:school. The
907:
897:
881:
877:
873:
871:
865:
863:
853:
849:
843:
839:
834:
831:
808:
805:
782:
773:
763:
757:
752:
748:
738:
736:
726:
721:
717:
712:
711:
705:
699:
695:
691:
688:World War II
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
625:
616:
482:description
433:
411:
407:Elizabeth II
405:means Queen
386:
362:
359:
282:
263:
237:
217:
205:
190:
164:
136:
122:
56:
53:
45:
35:Kassato Maru
25:
3743:Generations
3720:New Zealand
3609: [
3596:Netherlands
3519:Philippines
3502:South Korea
3497:North Korea
3408:Mexico City
3214:Puerto Rico
3157:Los Angeles
3065:Immigration
2997:Singaporean
2867:Bangladeshi
2859:South Asian
1945:Asakawa bio
1895:(abstract).
1781:p. xxxviii.
1691:Kobayashi,
1679:Kobayashi,
1202:, actress;
1145:George Masa
1084:Midori Gotō
1078:Miki Gorman
1066:Norio Azuma
465:Meiji Japan
389:generations
279:Generations
3881:Categories
3754:immigrants
3649:Micronesia
3589:Düsseldorf
3219:Washington
3152:California
3040:Afro-Asian
3007:Vietnamese
2972:Indonesian
2934:Sri Lankan
2771:Hongkonger
2758:East Asian
2608:New York:
2518:. (1992).
2482:Miki, Roy
2448:Honolulu:
2370:New York:
2348:New York:
2339:References
2292:oscars.org
2038:Rena Inoue
1769:p. xxxvii.
1669:p. xxxiii.
1640:McLellan,
1612:McLellan,
1581:McLellan,
1518:"Reviews:
1188:Shin-issei
1121:Rena Inoue
1115:Shin-issei
1072:Jun Fujita
1043:This is a
1017:See also:
979:Internment
925:segregated
856:children.
475:Generation
457:and older
399:, such as
289:generation
142:Brazilian
3835:Japantown
3693:Melbourne
3688:Australia
3681:Elsewhere
3564:Belgium (
3529:Sri Lanka
3524:Singapore
3489:Indonesia
3479:Hong Kong
3430:Venezuela
3349:Argentina
3342:Elsewhere
3315:Caribbean
3184:Louisiana
3045:Amerasian
2987:Malaysian
2957:Cambodian
2909:Pakistani
2899:Maldivian
2877:Bhutanese
2844:Taiwanese
2837:Okinawans
2827:Mongolian
2820:in Hawaii
2808:in Hawaii
2766:Cantonese
2610:Macmillan
2468:Toronto:
2430:Routledge
2326:26 August
2297:21 August
1567:24 August
801:Meiji era
760:Mary Koga
434:The term
249:Peruvian
223:Canadian
203:steamship
176:American
3811:Dekasegi
3662:Kiribati
3566:Brussels
3534:Thailand
3509:Malaysia
3467:Shanghai
3415:Paraguay
3398:Colombia
3381:Montreal
3307:Americas
3229:Virginia
3189:Maryland
3106:Politics
3070:Military
2962:Filipino
2904:Nepalese
2894:Gujarati
2832:Ryukyuan
2803:Japanese
2776:Macanese
2642:Archived
2572:Urbana:
2428:London:
2388:(1969).
2317:Art Work
2197:Masi Oka
2096:Archived
2074:Archived
2041:Archived
2021:Archived
1998:citation
1948:Archived
1929:Archived
1909:(1999).
1877:25 April
1844:Archived
1779:Tamura,
1597:Archived
1467:, p. 231
1396:, p. 110
1330:Manzanar
1228:See also
1214:Sayonara
1172:Masi Oka
1139:Yoko Ono
793:citizens
785:Tokugawa
611:parent.
584:parent.
557:parent.
72:Japanese
3641:Oceania
3584:Germany
3549:Vietnam
3425:Uruguay
3386:Toronto
3354:Bolivia
3333:Jamaica
3179:Houston
3145:Regions
3057:History
2982:Laotian
2952:Burmese
2914:Punjabi
2872:Bengali
2849:Tibetan
2783:Chinese
2729:Turkmen
2272:30 June
2250:30 June
2172:1573950
2131:Reuters
2102:, 2009.
1914:p. 181.
1806:Yenne,
1030:nikkei.
770:History
740:kanreki
133:History
3780:Yonsei
3770:Sansei
3714:France
3700:Hawaii
3630:London
3601:Russia
3572:France
3558:Europe
3539:Turkey
3493:Korea
3403:Mexico
3371:Canada
3359:Brazil
3286:Africa
3199:Nevada
3174:Hawaii
3116:Sports
3084:Topics
2929:Telugu
2919:Sindhi
2882:Indian
2815:Korean
2734:Uyghur
2719:Kyrgyz
2714:Kazakh
2709:Baloch
2704:Afghan
2616:
2596:
2580:
2560:
2552:
2536:
2508:
2492:
2476:
2456:
2436:
2416:
2396:
2378:
2355:
2223:
2170:
1907:et al.
1838:et al.
1808:p. 12.
1796:p. xv.
1735:10 May
1693:p. 58.
1681:p. 45.
1652:Itoh,
1642:p. 68.
1614:p. 37.
1583:p. 59.
1546:p. 18.
1503:p. 36.
1217:Japan.
1204:Sansei
991:, and
965:Issei,
952:Issei.
908:Issei.
826:, and
753:Nisei.
696:Issei.
674:ijusha
653:sansei
634:Nikkei
608:yonsei
581:sansei
564:Yonsei
537:Sansei
480:Cohort
438:nikkei
427:sansei
424:, and
393:reigns
330:yonsei
324:sansei
321:, and
104:sansei
3790:Gosei
3760:Nisei
3750:Issei
3672:Palau
3620:Spain
3613:]
3577:Paris
3514:Nepal
3484:India
3462:China
3393:Chile
3293:Egypt
3016:Other
2977:Karen
2967:Hmong
2924:Tamil
2793:Hakka
2739:Uzbek
2724:Tajik
2111:PBS:
1752:p. 7.
1654:p. 7.
1480:p. 1.
1365:Notes
1051:with
1034:issei
1025:issei
1007:Issei
1003:Issei
999:Nisei
969:Issei
948:Issei
944:Nisei
929:Issei
904:Asian
882:Issei
878:Issei
874:Issei
866:Issei
854:Nisei
850:Issei
835:Issei
789:Dutch
749:Issei
733:Aging
727:Issei
722:Meiji
718:Issei
713:Issei
708:women
706:Issei
692:Issei
684:Issei
678:Issei
670:Issei
666:Issei
660:Issei
650:, or
647:nisei
641:issei
620:nisei
591:Gosei
554:nisei
527:issei
510:Nisei
489:Issei
460:nisei
454:issei
421:nisei
415:issei
376:is a
363:Issei
345:gosei
318:nisei
312:issei
267:issei
252:issei
242:issei
226:issei
194:issei
179:issei
169:issei
145:issei
126:issei
84:nisei
77:Issei
57:Issei
41:issei
3845:list
3455:Asia
3420:Peru
3323:Cuba
3002:Thai
2992:Mien
2614:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2328:2015
2299:2011
2274:2009
2252:2009
2221:ISBN
2168:PMID
2004:link
1926:PANA
1879:2008
1737:2024
1569:2023
1449:2008
963:The
956:The
737:The
412:The
70:are
2374:.
2179:doi
2158:doi
2154:102
391:or
302:sei
117:sei
111:san
97:sei
3883::
3611:zh
2632:;
2612:.
2576:.
2532:.
2528:,
2472:.
2452:.
2432:.
2319:.
2315:.
2290:.
2219:,
2217:64
2166:.
2152:.
2148:.
2128:,
2000:}}
1996:{{
1987:,
1967:,
1757:^
1723:,
1560:.
1528:,
1509:^
1485:^
1379:,
1186:,
1113:,
987:,
914:.
822:,
656:.
644:,
598:五世
571:四世
544:三世
517:二世
496:一世
446:日系
418:,
371:一世
357:.
352:五世
337:四世
315:,
299:,
91:ni
65:一世
3568:)
3263:e
3256:t
3249:v
2680:e
2673:t
2666:v
2402:.
2330:.
2301:.
2276:.
2262:"
2258:"
2254:.
2199:.
2185:.
2181::
2174:.
2160::
2060:.
2027:.
2006:)
1571:.
1451:.
1425:.
1398:.
1055:.
601:)
595:(
574:)
568:(
547:)
541:(
520:)
514:(
499:)
493:(
449:)
443:(
368:(
355:)
349:(
340:)
334:(
306:)
296:世
293:(
108:(
88:(
62:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
