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wood production on a similar rotation. This is especially true if native species are used. In the case of exotic species, the habitat can be improved significantly if the impact is mitigated by measures such as leaving blocks of native species in the plantation or retaining corridors of natural forest. In Brazil, similar measures are required by government regulation.
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Once a plantation is established, managing it becomes an important environmental factor. The most critical aspect of management is the rotation period. Plantations harvested on more extended rotation periods (30 years or more) can provide similar benefits to a naturally regenerated forest managed for
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and bamboo plantations in India have given good results and an alternative crop solution to farmers of central India, where conventional farming was widespread. But due to the rising input costs of agriculture, many farmers have done teak and bamboo plantations, which require very little water (only
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crops produced to feed the population of the estate and the livestock. A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had 500 to 1,000 acres (2.0 to 4.0 km) or more of land and produced one or two cash crops for sale. Other scholars have attempted to define it by the
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Sugar plantations were highly valued in the
Caribbean by the British and French colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the use of sugar in Europe rose during this period. Sugarcane is still an important crop in Cuba. Sugar plantations also arose in countries such as Barbados and Cuba because
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Probably the most critical factor a plantation has on the local environment is the site where the plantation is established. In Brazil, coffee plantations would use slash-and-burn agriculture, tearing down rainforests and planting coffee trees that depleted the nutrients in soil. Once the soil had
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that formerly predominated with pine species. If a plantation is established on abandoned agricultural land or highly degraded land, it can increase both habitat and biodiversity. A planted forest can be profitably established on lands that will not support agriculture or suffer from a lack of
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northward. The enslavement of people was the norm in
Maryland and states southward. The plantations there were forced-labor farms. The term "plantation" was used in most British colonies but very rarely in the United Kingdom itself in this sense. There it was used mainly for
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Plantation owners extensively used enslaved
Africans to work on early plantations (such as tobacco, rice, cotton, hemp, and sugar plantations) in the American colonies and the United States, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas, and in European-occupied areas of Africa.
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These may be established for watershed or soil protection. They are established for erosion control, landslide stabilization, and windbreaks. Such plantations are established to foster native species and promote forest regeneration on degraded lands as a tool of
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during the first two years). Teak and bamboo have legal protection from theft. Bamboo, once planted, gives output for 50 years till flowering occurs. Teak requires 20 years to grow to full maturity and fetch returns.
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513:": they must work to pay off a debt at such punitive interest rates that it may never be paid off. Others work unreasonably long hours and are paid subsistence wages that (in practice) may only be spent in the
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of the natural endowments that they had. These natural endowments included soil conducive to growing sugar and a high marginal product of labor realized through the increasing number of enslaved people.
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237:, which produced large quantities of grain, wine, and olive oil for export. Plantation agriculture proliferated with the increase in international trade and the development of a
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The tree species used in a plantation are also an important factor. Where non-native varieties or species are grown, few native faunas are adapted to exploit these, and further
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in 1610, the original colonists were called "planters", and their fishing rooms were known as "fishing plantations". These terms were used well into the 20th century.
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allowed the flourishing of large plantations, where large numbers of enslaved
Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white
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Benger
Plantation, an 18th-century fishing plantation maintained by James Benger and his heirs at Ferryland. It was built on the site of a Georgia plantation.
526:("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at
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In modern use, the term usually refers only to large-scale estates. Before about 1860, it was the usual term for a farm of any size in the southern parts of
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Bristol's Hope
Plantation, a 17th-century fishing plantation established at Harbour Grace, created by the Bristol Society of Merchant-Adventurers.
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Aldhous, J. R. & Low, A. J. (1974). The potential of
Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Grand Fir, and Noble Fir in Britain.
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been sapped, growers would move on to another place. If a natural forest is cleared for a planted forest, then a reduction in
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In modern times, the low wages typically paid to plantation workers are the basis of plantation profitability in some areas.
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Today, as was also true in the past, there is a wide range of opinion as to what differentiated a plantation from a
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Everard, J. E. & Fourt, D. F. (1974). Monterey Pine and Bishop Pine as plantation trees in southern
Britain.
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edited by Sidney Mintz and George Baca (University of South
Carolina Press; 2011) 176 pp. 1933 dissertation
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from the 17th into the 20th century. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the
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is a classic example of
Southern plantation architecture, built on an H-plan and completed in 1738 near
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agriculture rapidly expands across wet tropical regions and is usually developed at a plantation scale.
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Sea-Forest Plantation was a 17th-century fishing plantation established at Cuper's Cove (present-day
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Piggeon's Plantation, an 18th-century fishing plantation maintained by Ellias Piggeon at Ferryland.
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Sedjo, R. A. & Botkin, D. (1997). Using forest plantations to spare natural forests.
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824:, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (Washington DC).
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Savill, P. Evans, J. Auclair, D. Falk, J. (1997). Plantation Silviculture in Europe.
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will likely result. In some cases, their establishment may involve draining
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have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located.
989:, A Year in Jamaica: Memoirs of a girl in Arcadia in 1889 (Eland, 2013)
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The Seward Plantation is a historic Southern plantation-turned-ranch in
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Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction
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Plantation complexes were common on agricultural plantations in the
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1913 photo: African-Americans picking cotton on a plantation in the
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Pool Plantation a 17th-century fishing plantation maintained by
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Mockbeggar Plantation is an 18th-century fishing plantation at
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948:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 8.
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for wildlife and act as a buffer for native forests, reducing
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Back of the Big House, The Architecture of Plantation Slavery
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occurs. However, even non-native tree species may serve as
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In more recent times, overt slavery has been replaced by
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Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States
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The following three plantations are maintained by the
865:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–36.
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Tree plantations, in the United States often called
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Among the earliest examples of plantations were the
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2205:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
784:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
558:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
404:Before the rise of cotton in the American South,
213:noted, "farm" becoming the usual term from about
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2301:Slave health on plantations in the United States
520:In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an
625:, plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the
2306:Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
892:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p.
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1091:
835:"How Coffee Influenced The Course Of History"
412:were also sometimes called plantation crops.
373:are sometimes considered to be plantations.
3276:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
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613:Plantations are an important aspect of the
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822:History of Early American Landscape Design
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
917:Robert J. Vejnar II (November 6, 2008).
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537:and elsewhere in the Caribbean lived in
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679:Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
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27:Agricultural estate growing cash crops
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639:. Typically, the focus of a farm was
615:history of the Southern United States
1067:Criticism of industrial plantations.
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
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344:Plantings of the Pará rubber tree (
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794:Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
715:. The plantation was destroyed by
419:Harvesting tea in Bogor, West Java
401:, especially in historical usage.
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350:) are usually called plantations.
317:Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
25:
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3385:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
2481:List of sugars and sugar products
1372:Global Forest Information Service
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1029:Explorations in Economic History,
886:Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1929).
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556:This section is an excerpt from
533:Sugar workers on plantations in
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1054:Trends in Round wood production
889:Life and Labor in the Old South
752:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
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241:that followed the expansion of
52:needs additional citations for
1061:Advocates plantation forestry.
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681:as provincial heritage sites:
13:
1:
1071:NGO World Rainforest Movement
981:Quarterly Journal of Forestry
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2276:Slavery in the United States
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974:Forestry Commission Bulletin
944:Vlach, John Michael (1993).
789:Slavery in the United States
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3559:Agricultural establishments
923:The Encyclopedia of Alabama
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723:Other fishing plantations:
652:number of enslaved persons.
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32:Plantation (disambiguation)
10:
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3271:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
3251:Demerara rebellion of 1823
3231:1811 German Coast uprising
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2837:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
2281:Children of the plantation
1483:Growth and yield modelling
1020:Thompson, Edgar Tristram.
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627:Southeastern United States
617:, particularly before the
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142:are farms specializing in
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2043:Climate change portal
2018:
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602:. Until the abolition of
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293:environmental restoration
2697:High-fructose corn syrup
1629:Great Green Wall (China)
1202:Close to nature forestry
919:"Plantation Agriculture"
310:
3246:Colonial molasses trade
2702:High-maltose corn syrup
1663:Million Tree Initiative
1031:43 (Jan. 2006), 153–76.
1001:Oxford University Press
641:subsistence agriculture
150:, grow crops including
3506:Pure, White and Deadly
3286:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
3192:By region (historical)
2085:Environment portal
1517:Sustainable management
1412:Trillion Tree Campaign
592:Southern United States
587:
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446:natural regeneration.
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302:Sugar cane workers in
3296:Taiwan Sugar Railways
3236:Amelioration Act 1798
2010:Wood process engineer
1714:Urban forest inequity
1049:at Wikimedia Commons
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207:British North America
200:comparative advantage
198:policies and natural
2975:Unrefined sweeteners
2797:Crystalline fructose
2712:Inverted sugar syrup
2369:Lists of plantations
2338:Underground Railroad
1673:Shifting cultivation
1614:Forest fragmentation
1584:Carbon sequestration
1454:Woodland Carbon Code
1419:Forest certification
1327:Even-aged management
1242:Sustainable forestry
1059:Earth Repair Network
610:of enslaved people.
507:sharecropping system
337:plantation in rural
243:European colonialism
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3060:By region (current)
2960:Sugar confectionery
2333:Fugitive slave laws
1478:Formally designated
1322:Ecological thinning
1232:Plantation forestry
1140:Research institutes
1065:"Pulping the South"
925:. Auburn University
779:List of plantations
657:Society and culture
585:Independence, Texas
3464:Sweetened beverage
3291:Sugar Intervention
3199:Danish West Indies
3181:U.S. Sugar Program
2940:Cotton candy floss
2847:Plantation Reserve
2742:Steen's cane syrup
2200:Plantation economy
2071:Ecology portal
1604:Forest degradation
1599:Ecosystem services
1207:Community forestry
1017:39 (10): 15–20, 30
619:American Civil War
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194:and forest trees.
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2650:Barley malt syrup
2473:as food commodity
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2099:Plants portal
1885:green woodworking
1045:Media related to
955:978-0-8078-4412-0
903:978-0-316-70607-0
872:978-0-19-984328-2
719:invaders in 1696.
711:and his heirs at
670:was colonized by
623:temperate climate
451:biodiversity loss
441:to replace mixed
424:Ecological impact
239:worldwide economy
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812:
802:
764:
757:
750:
745:
743:
740:
709:Sir David Kirke
664:
659:
654:
653:
573:Lerty, Virginia
561:
553:
503:slavery-in-kind
477:
471:
435:loss of habitat
426:
379:
367:
356:
354:Oil palm plants
328:
319:
313:
262:
260:Tree plantation
256:
251:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:Residual sugar
3447:Sugars in wine
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Health effects
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3407:
3405:Flavored syrup
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3369:Treacle mining
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3139:Tongaat Hulett
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Sugarcane mill
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Molasses sugar
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:List of syrups
2636:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2554:Reducing sugar
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2495:Monosaccharide
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:South Carolina
2416:
2414:North Carolina
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Slave breeding
2293:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2182:
2181:The plantation
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2102:
2088:
2074:
2060:
2046:
2032:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Timber cruiser
1997:
1995:Shingle weaver
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1831:Rail transport
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:pulp and paper
1769:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Forest farming
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1690:slash-and-char
1687:
1685:slash-and-burn
1682:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Forest dieback
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
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1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1252:Urban forestry
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
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1168:
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1110:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1036:External links
1034:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1022:The Plantation
1018:
1011:
997:
995:978-1906011833
984:
977:
969:
968:
962:
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954:
936:
909:
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871:
850:
826:
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:Forest farming
770:
769:
755:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
728:
721:
720:
705:
698:
663:
660:
658:
655:
647:, with enough
569:Stratford Hall
562:
554:
552:
551:American South
549:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
425:
422:
381:These include
378:
375:
366:
363:
355:
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327:
324:
315:Main article:
312:
309:
258:Main article:
255:
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247:
135:
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40:
26:
9:
6:
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2:
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3531:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Robert Lustig
3493:
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3190:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:United States
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:British Sugar
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
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3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Sugar alcohol
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
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2930:
2926:
2920:
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2800:
2798:
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2725:
2723:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Glucose syrup
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Maesil-cheong
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
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2429:West Virginia
2427:
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2359:Sharecropping
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:Interregional
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2198:
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2188:Planter class
2186:
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2163:
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2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Rubber tapper
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
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1963:
1961:
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1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
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1936:
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1934:
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1918:Choker setter
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1757:Manufacturing
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1594:Deforestation
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1574:
1570:Environmental
1568:
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1471:reforestation
1469:
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1466:afforestation
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1275:Arboriculture
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1227:Permaforestry
1225:
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1210:
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196:Protectionist
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3504:
3354:Sugar people
3342:Sugar packet
3266:Molasses Act
3241:Blackbirding
3134:Illovo Sugar
3129:South Africa
3082:Wilmar Sugar
2877:Butterscotch
2872:Barley sugar
2777:
2692:Golden syrup
2670:Mogwa-cheong
2522:Disaccharide
2312:Slave trade
2286:Field slaves
2104:
2090:
2076:
2062:
2048:
2034:
2027:
2005:Tree planter
1985:Resin tapper
1965:Truck driver
1960:River driver
1709:Tree hugging
1694:
1677:
1644:timber mafia
1634:High grading
1619:Ghost forest
1589:Clearcutting
1512:Silviculture
1488:Horticulture
1332:Fire ecology
1247:Urban forest
1222:Mycoforestry
1182:
1178:Agroforestry
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1126:Forest areas
1124:
1117:
1039:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1000:
987:Lewes, Diana
980:
973:
967:Bibliography
945:
939:
927:. Retrieved
922:
912:
888:
881:
862:
853:
842:. Retrieved
838:
829:
821:
818:"Plantation"
813:
766:Trees portal
722:
695:King James I
676:
668:Newfoundland
665:
612:
608:forced labor
589:
542:
532:
521:
519:
511:debt bondage
502:
499:para-slavery
498:
496:
493:
489:
463:
448:
431:biodiversity
427:
403:
380:
377:Arable crops
368:
357:
345:
343:
320:
289:
282:
263:
235:Roman Empire
228:
211:Noah Webster
204:
192:rubber trees
139:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Plantation"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3569:Plantations
3500:John Yudkin
3410:Fruit syrup
3327:Sugar shack
3317:Added sugar
3256:Holing cane
3114:Philippines
3014:Casa-grande
2928:Other forms
2904:Sugar glass
2867:Sugar candy
2807:Gula melaka
2787:Candi sugar
2766:Solid forms
2757:Yacón syrup
2747:Table syrup
2722:Maple syrup
2675:Yuja-cheong
2645:Agave syrup
2580:Agave syrup
2549:Added sugar
2409:Mississippi
2347:Other labor
2291:House negro
2233:King Cotton
2029:WikiProject
1953:smokejumper
1933:Firefighter
1896:Occupations
1880:Woodworking
1461:Forestation
1392:restoration
1347:informatics
1212:Ecoforestry
1047:Plantations
1015:Environment
983:68: 111–25.
649:staple food
621:. The mild
459:edge effect
395:bell pepper
304:Puerto Rico
209:, with, as
140:Plantations
3553:Categories
3538:Production
3415:Date honey
3400:Cane knife
3337:Sugar nips
3026:Sugar bush
3009:Plantation
2997:Production
2892:Rock candy
2857:Preserving
2737:Pine honey
2682:Corn syrup
2570:Sugar beet
2221:Cash crops
1975:Lumberjack
1970:Log scaler
1853:engineered
1804:non-timber
1777:sawmilling
1729:Industries
1696:svedjebruk
1407:transition
1387:protection
1377:old-growth
1362:governance
1317:Dendrology
1267:management
1133:Ministries
1009:0198549091
1003:. Oxford.
844:2022-12-07
800:References
693:issued by
689:) under a
645:cash crops
266:tree farms
231:latifundia
190:, fruits,
172:sugar cane
144:cash crops
87:newspapers
3474:Sweetness
3469:Sweetener
3359:Sugar tit
3347:Sucrology
3322:Crop Over
3281:Sugar Act
3124:Sri Lanka
3109:Mauritius
3094:Caribbean
3067:Australia
2909:Sugarloaf
2827:Muscovado
2779:Peen tong
2717:Kuromitsu
2575:Sugarcane
2542:Trehalose
2505:Galactose
2488:Chemistry
2404:Louisiana
2255:Sugarcane
1923:Ecologist
1836:Tree farm
1737:Coppicing
1679:chitemene
1579:Acid rain
1527:allometry
1449:SmartWood
1397:secondary
1382:pathology
1357:inventory
1295:driftwood
1161:Arbor Day
929:April 15,
713:Ferryland
702:Bonavista
600:livestock
541:known as
455:corridors
443:hardwoods
391:pineapple
387:sugarcane
335:Sugarcane
188:oil palms
184:oil seeds
3528:Category
3488:Research
3332:Sugaring
3146:Tanzania
3021:Refinery
2989:Industry
2914:Wasanbon
2852:Powdered
2792:Chancaca
2732:Molasses
2624:Products
2600:Honeydew
2500:Fructose
2424:Virginia
2399:Kentucky
2321:Internal
2316:Atlantic
2124:Category
1938:handcrew
1908:Arborist
1903:Forester
1863:mahogany
1809:palm oil
1799:charcoal
1784:Products
1719:Wildfire
1532:breeding
1493:GM trees
1342:dynamics
1154:Journals
1147:Colleges
1107:Forestry
861:(2012).
738:See also
439:wetlands
371:orchards
365:Orchards
359:Oil palm
270:palm oil
224:forestry
215:Maryland
156:cannabis
117:May 2011
3479:Vinasse
3390:Bagasse
3378:Related
3310:Culture
3223:History
3036:Engenho
3004:Boilery
2970:Tuzemák
2935:Caramel
2862:Sucanat
2812:Jaggery
2802:Gelling
2752:Treacle
2727:Mizuame
2590:Coconut
2563:Sources
2537:Sucrose
2532:Maltose
2527:Lactose
2510:Glucose
2394:Georgia
2382:Florida
2377:Alabama
2269:Slavery
2260:Tobacco
2134:Outline
1948:lookout
1943:hotshot
1824:tanbark
1794:biomass
1789:biochar
1767:plywood
1752:Logging
1656:wilding
1305:log jam
1262:Ecology
820:in the
672:England
662:Fishing
604:slavery
544:bateyes
523:engenho
383:tobacco
249:By crop
233:of the
101:scholar
3509:(1972)
3437:Nectar
3425:Jallab
3209:Hawaii
3151:Uganda
3119:Rwanda
2897:Toffee
2842:Panela
2660:Cheong
2632:Syrups
2515:Xylose
2245:Indigo
2228:Cotton
1980:Ranger
1928:Feller
1913:Bucker
1819:rubber
1762:lumber
1572:topics
1559:volume
1554:height
1500:i-Tree
1337:Forest
1290:coarse
1285:Debris
1184:dehesa
1007:
993:
952:
900:
869:
717:French
687:Cupids
406:indigo
399:cotton
397:, and
369:Fruit
326:Rubber
306:, 1941
278:rubber
274:coffee
160:coffee
152:cotton
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3420:Grape
3104:India
3099:Kenya
3046:Zafra
3041:Batey
2919:White
2882:Candy
2817:Misri
2773:Brown
2707:Honey
2605:Maple
2585:Birch
2471:Sugar
1814:rayon
1549:girth
1544:crown
1505:urban
1402:stand
1310:slash
1300:large
1171:Types
1119:Index
805:Notes
666:When
631:elite
485:South
311:Sugar
276:, or
180:sisal
176:opium
168:cocoa
108:JSTOR
94:books
3204:Fiji
3089:Cuba
2887:Hard
2615:Malt
2610:Palm
2595:Date
2387:Leon
2250:Rice
2240:Hemp
1873:teak
1858:fuel
1848:Wood
1668:REDD
1522:Tree
1439:PEFC
1424:ATFS
1005:ISBN
991:ISBN
950:ISBN
931:2011
898:ISBN
867:ISBN
637:farm
598:for
596:pens
535:Cuba
433:and
410:rice
408:and
339:Cuba
284:Teak
80:news
3077:CSR
2950:Rum
2832:Nib
1444:SFI
1434:FSC
1429:CFS
1367:law
1352:IPM
1264:and
976:49.
894:338
839:NPR
501:or
280:.
164:tea
63:by
3555::
921:.
896:.
837:.
633:.
547:.
530:.
517:.
461:.
393:,
389:,
385:,
295:.
272:,
245:.
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
2463:e
2456:t
2449:v
2168:e
2161:t
2154:v
1099:e
1092:t
1085:v
958:.
933:.
906:.
875:.
847:.
704:.
697:.
575:.
560:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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