820:. The work consisted of a speller (published in 1783), a grammar (published in 1784), and a reader (published in 1785). His aim was to provide a uniquely American approach to education. His most important improvement, he claimed, was to rescue "our native tongue" from "the clamour of pedantry" that surrounded English grammar and pronunciation. He complained that the English language had been corrupted by the British aristocracy, which set its own standard for proper spelling and pronunciation. Webster rejected the notion that the study of Greek and Latin must precede the study of English grammar. The appropriate standard for the American language, argued Webster, was "the same republican principles as American civil and ecclesiastical constitutions." This meant that the people-at-large must control the language; popular sovereignty in government must be accompanied by popular usage in language.
1158:(1828) dictionaries, and finds a range of themes such as the politics of "American" versus "British" English and issues of national identity and independent culture. Austin argues that Webster's dictionaries helped redefine Americanism in an era of highly flexible cultural identity. Webster himself saw the dictionaries as a nationalizing device to separate America from Britain, calling his project a "federal language", with competing forces towards regularity on the one hand and innovation on the other. Austin suggests that the contradictions of Webster's lexicography were part of a larger play between liberty and order within American intellectual discourse, with some pulled toward Europe and the past, and others pulled toward America and the new future.
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854:. Most people called it the "Blue-Backed Speller" because of its blue cover and, for the next one hundred years, Webster's book taught children how to read, spell, and pronounce words. It was the most popular American book of its time; by 1837, it had sold 15 million copies, and some 60 million by 1890—reaching the majority of young students in the nation's first century. Its royalty of a half-cent per copy was enough to sustain Webster in his other endeavors. It also helped create the popular contests known as
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at their folly and shuns their errors: She founds her empire upon the idea of universal toleration: She admits all religions into her bosom; She secures the sacred rights of every individual; and (astonishing absurdity to
Europeans!) she sees a thousand discordant opinions live in the strictest harmony ... it will finally raise her to a pitch of greatness and lustre, before which the glory of ancient Greece and Rome shall dwindle to a point, and the splendor of modern Empires fade into obscurity.
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839:. Webster said that children pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master increasingly complex or abstract tasks. Therefore, teachers must not try to teach a three-year-old how to read; they could not do it until age five. He organized his speller accordingly, beginning with the alphabet and moving systematically through the different sounds of vowels and consonants, then syllables, then simple words, then more complex words, then sentences.
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to a failed romance. Turning to literary work as a way to overcome his losses and channel his ambitions, he began writing a series of well-received articles for a prominent New
England newspaper justifying and praising the American Revolution and arguing that the separation from Britain would be a permanent state of affairs. He then founded a private school catering to wealthy parents in
904:"In the choice of pieces", he explained, "I have not been inattentive to the political interests of America. Several of those masterly addresses of Congress, written at the commencement of the late Revolution, contain such noble, just, and independent sentiments of liberty and patriotism, that I cannot help wishing to transfuse them into the breasts of the rising generation."
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1000:. There he found the belief that a nation's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated with them shaped individuals' behavior. Thus, the etymological clarification and reform of American English promised to improve citizens' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and social stability. This presupposition animated Webster's
1325:, a result of intensive lobbying by Noah Webster and his agents in Congress. Webster also played a critical role lobbying individual states throughout the country during the 1780s to pass the first American copyright laws, which were expected to have distinct nationalistic implications for the young nation.
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emphasized the virtues of social control over human passions and individualism, submission to authority, and fear of God; they were necessary for the maintenance of the
American social order. As he grew older, Webster's attitudes changed from those of an optimistic revolutionary in the 1780s to those
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in 1781. There was no mention of God, the Bible, or sacred events. "Let sacred things be appropriated for sacred purposes", Webster wrote. As Ellis explains, "Webster began to construct a secular catechism to the nation-state. Here was the first appearance of 'civics' in
American schoolbooks. In this
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America sees the absurdities—she observes the kingdoms of Europe, disturbed by wrangling sectaries, or their commerce, population and improvements of every kind cramped and retarded, because the human mind like the body is fettered 'and bound fast by the chords of policy and superstition': She laughs
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Webster was by nature a revolutionary, seeking
American independence from the cultural thralldom to Europe. He aimed to create a utopian America, free from luxury and ostentation, and a champion of freedom. By 1781, Webster had an expansive view of the new nation. American nationalism was superior to
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For decades, he was one of the most prolific authors in the new nation, publishing textbooks, political essays, a report on infectious diseases, and newspaper articles for his
Federalist party. In 1799 Webster wrote two massive volumes on the causes of “epidemics and pestilential diseases”. Medical
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Webster's father never attended college, but he was intellectually curious and prized education. Webster's mother spent long hours teaching her children spelling, mathematics, and music. At age six, Webster began attending a dilapidated one-room primary school built by West
Hartford's Ecclesiastical
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In 1840, the second edition was published in two volumes. On May 28, 1843, a few days after he had completed making more specific definitions to the second edition, and with much of his efforts with the dictionary still unrecognized, Noah
Webster died. His last words were, "I am entirely submissive
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to providing an intellectual foundation for
American nationalism. From 1787 to 1789, Webster was an outspoken supporter of the new Constitution. In October 1787, he wrote a pamphlet entitled "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution Proposed by the Late Convention Held
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still ongoing, Webster was unable to find work as a lawyer. He received a master’s degree from Yale by delivering an oral dissertation to the graduating class. Later that year, he opened a small private school in western
Connecticut, which initially succeeded but was eventually closed, possibly due
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Nathan Austin has explored the intersection of lexicographical and poetic practices in American literature, and attempts to map out a "lexical poetics" using Webster's definitions as his base. Poets mined his dictionaries, often drawing upon the lexicography in order to express word play. Austin
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Lepore (2008) illustrates Webster's paradoxical views on language and politics and explains why his work was initially poorly received. Culturally conservative Federalists denounced the work as radical—too inclusive in its lexicon and even bordering on vulgar. Meanwhile, Webster's old foes the
311:, editor, and author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His "Blue-Backed Speller" books taught generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern
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and, because of food shortages and the possibility of a British invasion, many classes were held in other towns. Webster served in the Connecticut Militia. His father mortgaged the farm to send Webster to Yale, but after graduating, Webster had little contact with his family.
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should be simple and gave an orderly presentation of words and the rules of spelling and pronunciation. He believed that students learned most readily when he broke a complex problem into its component parts and had each pupil master one part before moving to the next.
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Vincent P. Bynack (1984) examines Webster in relation to his commitment to the idea of a unified American national culture that would stave off the decline of republican virtues and solidarity. Webster acquired his perspective on language from such theorists as
409:. He was born into an established family, and the Noah Webster House continues to highlight his life and serves as the headquarters of the West Hartford Historical Society. His father, Noah Webster Sr. (1722–1813), was a descendant of Connecticut Governor
1146:'s life and work; she once commented that the "Lexicon" was her "only companion" for years. One biographer said, "The dictionary was no mere reference book to her; she read it as a priest his breviary—over and over, page by page, with utter absorption."
373:. The following year, he started working on an expanded and comprehensive dictionary, finally publishing it in 1828. He was influential in popularizing certain American spellings. He played a role in advocating for copyright reform, contributing to the
1226:(KJV) as a base and consulted the Hebrew and Greek along with various other versions and commentaries. Webster molded the KJV to correct grammar, replaced words that were no longer used, and removed words and phrases that could be seen as offensive.
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on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology." He also added American words, like "skunk", that did not appear in British dictionaries. At the age of seventy, Webster published his dictionary in 1828, registering the copyright on April 14.
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Society. Years later, he described the teachers as the "dregs of humanity" and complained that the instruction was mainly in religion. Webster's experiences there motivated him to improve the educational experience of future generations.
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Despite its significant place in the history of American English, Webster's first dictionary sold only 2,500 copies. He was forced to mortgage his home to develop a second edition, and for the rest of his life he had debt problems.
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and, by 1785, he had written his speller, a grammar book and a reader for elementary schools. Proceeds from continuing sales of the popular blue-backed speller enabled Webster to spend many years working on his famous dictionary.
816:.They suffered from poorly paid staff, lacked desks, and used unsatisfactory textbooks imported from England. Webster thought that Americans should learn from American books, so he began writing the three volume compendium
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historians have considered him as “America’s first epidemiologist”. He was so prolific that a modern bibliography of his works spans 655 pages. He moved back to New Haven in 1798, and was elected as a Federalist to the
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and others, but was unable to find work as a lawyer. He found some financial success by opening a private school and writing a series of educational books, including the "Blue-Backed Speller". A strong supporter of the
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as the only true Americans." In 1837, Webster criticized his daughter Eliza for her support for the abolitionist movement, writing that "slavery is a great sin and a general calamity—but it is not
469:"disqualifies a man for business". He taught school briefly in Glastonbury, but the working conditions were harsh and the pay low. He resigned to study law. While studying law under future
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Education is useless without the Bible. The Bible was America's basic text book in all fields. God's Word, contained in the Bible, has furnished all necessary rules to direct our conduct.
345:, Webster later criticized American society as being in need of an intellectual foundation. He believed American nationalism had distinctive qualities that differed from European values.
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Gallardo, Andres. "The Standardization of American English." PhD dissertation State U. of New York, Buffalo 1980. 367 pp. DAI 1981 41(8): 3557-A. 8104193, focused on Webster's dictionary
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were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather ... he chose already existing options such as
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Webster's Speller was deliberately secular. It ended with two pages of important dates in American history, beginning with Columbus's discovery of America in 1492 and ending with the
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425:, captain of the town's militia, and a founder of a local book society, a precursor to the public library. After American independence, he was appointed a justice of the peace.
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sin, though it may prove to be a terrible calamity to us in the north. But we cannot legally interfere with the South on this subject. To come north to preach and thus disturb
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The Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific, Adapted to the Present State of Literature, Science, and Art; On the Basis of Webster's English Dictionary
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Vol. VI, No 2, Fall 2010 "Lessons from the Heart and Hearth of Colonial Philadelphia: Reflections on Education, As Reflected in Colonial Era Correspondence to Wives."
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dictionaries trace their lineage to that of Webster, although many others have adopted his name, attempting to share in the popularity. He is buried in New Haven's
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As time went on, Webster changed the spellings in the book to more phonetic ones. Most of them already existed as alternative spellings. He chose spellings such as
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Noah's Ark New England Yankees and the Endless Quest: a Short History of the Original Webster Dictionaries, With Particular Reference to Their First Hundred Years
369:
476:, Webster also taught full-time in Hartford—a grueling experience that ultimately proved unsustainable. He quit his legal studies for a year and lapsed into a
759:. In 1822, his family moved back to New Haven, where Webster was awarded an honorary degree from Yale the following year. In 1827, Webster was elected to the
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newspaper. He became a prolific author, publishing newspaper articles, political essays, and textbooks. He returned to Connecticut in 1798 and served in the
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Later in life, Webster became more religious and incorporated religious themes into his work. However, after 1840, Webster's books lost market share to the
2467:
See Brian Pelanda, "Declarations of Cultural Independence: The Nationalistic Imperative Behind the Passage of Early American Copyright Laws, 1783–1787" 58
1057:. His goal was to standardize American English, which varied widely across the country. They also spelled, pronounced, and used English words differently.
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peace, when we can legally do nothing to effect this object, is, in my view, highly criminal and the preachers of abolitionism deserve the penitentiary."
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As a teacher, Webster grew dissatisfied with American elementary schools. They could be overcrowded, with up to seventy children of all ages crammed into
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1040:
522:, and emphasized widespread property ownership, a key element of Federalism. He was one of the few Americans who paid much attention to French theorist
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in 1791. However, by the 1830's he began to disagree with the movement's arguments that Americans who did not actively oppose the institution of
691:, which he edited for four years, writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials. He also published the semi-weekly publication
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in Glasgow published the first general dictionary of English that relied heavily upon pictorial illustrations integrated with the text. Its
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was designed to be easily taught to students, progressing according to age. From his own experiences as a teacher, Webster thought that the
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and was named by Webster as an executor of his will. Emily, their daughter, later married Rev. Abner Jackson, who became president of both
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at Philadelphia", published under the pen name "A Citizen of America". The pamphlet was influential, particularly outside New York State.
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1064:, England. His book contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before. As a
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The American Spelling Book: Containing the Rudiments of the English Language for the Use of Schools in the United States by Noah Webster
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In his early years, Webster was a freethinker, but in 1808 he became a convert to Calvinistic orthodoxy, and thereafter became a devout
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as "a pusillanimous, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot", "an incurable lunatic", and "a deceitful newsmonger ... Pedagogue and Quack."
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Declarations of Cultural Independence: The Nationalistic Imperative Behind the Passage of Early American Copyright Laws, 1783–1787
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Declarations of Cultural Independence: The Nationalistic Imperative Behind the Passage of Early American Copyright Laws, 1783–1787
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1049:, which took twenty-six years to complete. To evaluate the etymology of words, Webster learned twenty-eight languages, including
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526:. He was one of the few Americans to engage with French theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau, not for Rousseau's politics but for his
360:. Webster founded the Connecticut Society for the Abolition of Slavery in 1791 but later became somewhat disillusioned with the
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381:. While working on a second volume of his dictionary, Webster died in 1843, and the rights to the dictionary were acquired by
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Noah had two brothers, Abraham (1751–1831) and Charles (b. 1762), and two sisters, Mercy (1749–1820) and Jerusha (1756–1831).
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480:; he then found another practicing attorney to tutor him, and completed his studies and passed the bar examination in 1781.
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who preached the need to Christianize the nation. Webster viewed language as a means to control disruptive thoughts. His
1837:
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used Webster's for most of their text, adding some additional technical words that went with illustrations of machinery.
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1053:, Gothic, German, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, Dutch, Welsh, Russian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Persian, Arabic, and
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712:, especially their policy of neutrality between Britain and France, and he especially criticized the excesses of the
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1714:"Noah Webster Biography | Noah Webster House and West Hartford Historical Society | West Hartford, Connecticut (CT)"
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contained the greatest number of Biblical definitions given in any reference volume. Webster said of education,
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Bynack, Vincent P. (1984). "Noah Webster and the Idea of a National Culture: the Pathologies of Epistemology".
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Noah Webster and the First American Dictionary, Luisanna Fodde Melis, Rosen Publishing Group, New York, 2005
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to the will of God." He died later that evening. The rights to his dictionary were acquired by Charles and
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728:" that entered American politics and attacked President Washington, he condemned them. He later defended
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Deppman, Jed (2002). "'I Could Not Have Defined the Change': Rereading Dickinson's Definition Poetry".
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Websterisms: A Collection of Words and Definitions Set Forth by the Founding Father of American English
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900:(1785) was a reader designed to uplift the mind and "diffuse the principles of virtue and patriotism."
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2443:"Copyright Act (1831), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450–1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer"
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Nathan W. Austin, "Lost in the Maze of Words: Reading and Re-reading Noah Webster's Dictionaries",
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A collection of essays and fugitiv writings: on moral, historical, political and literary subjects
1805:
444:. Webster enrolled at Yale just before his 16th birthday, and during his senior year studied with
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Collection of Essays and Fugitive Writings on Moral, Historical, Political, and Literary Subjects
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536:(1762), which influenced Webster in adapting his Speller to the stages of a child's development.
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The Forgotten Founding Father: Noah Webster's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture
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Scholars have long seen Webster's 1844 dictionary to be an important resource for reading poet
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Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in January 1825 in a boarding house in
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Mary (1799–1819) m. Horatio Southgate (1781–1864), son of Dr. Robert and Mary King Southgate
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Webster lacked clear career plans after graduating from Yale in 1779, later writing that a
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between the United States and Britain. As a result, he was repeatedly denounced by the
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Nelson, C. Louise. "Neglect of Economic Education in Webster's 'Blue-Backed Speller'"
2008:
McGuffey and His Readers: Piety, Morality, and Education in Nineteenth-Century America
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https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article-abstract/XX/2/97/847566?redirectedFrom=fulltext
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A Crisis of Community: The Trials and Transformation of a New England Town, 1815–1848
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calling for the abolition of slavery in accord with the Declaration of Independence.
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Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some of the insights currently associated with
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846:. Over the course of 385 editions in his lifetime, the title was changed in 1786 to
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2726:"Words as Social Control: Noah Webster and the Creation of the American Dictionary"
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2530:"Noah Webster's Linguistic Thought and the Idea of an American National Culture"
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Noah Webster and the American Dictionary, David Micklethwait, McFarland, 2005
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413:; his mother Mercy (Steele) Webster (1727–1794) was a descendant of Governor
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421:. His father was primarily a farmer, though he was also deacon of the local
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Noah Webster married Rebecca Greenleaf (1766–1847) on October 26, 1789, in
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sense, Webster's speller becoming what was to be the secular successor to
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European nationalism due to the perceived superiority of American values.
19:
For the Scottish author who wrote under the pseudonym "Noah Webster", see
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Republicans attacked the man, labeling him mad for such an undertaking.
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Noah Webster Collection, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst MA
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Journal of the Copyright Society of the US, Vol. 58, p. 431, 2011.
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574: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes
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58 Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. 431, 431–454 (2011).
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Letter from Webster to daughter Eliza, 1837, warning of perils of the
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recruited Webster to move to New York City and become an editor for a
3043:
A proposal for spelling reform from his younger and more radical days
2403:"The Long and Gruesome History of the Battle Over American Textbooks"
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were complicit in the system. In 1832, Webster wrote and published a
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1068:, Webster preferred spellings that matched pronunciation better. In
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newspaper. In December, he founded New York's first daily newspaper
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The First Part of the Grammatical Institute of the English Language
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As a Federalist spokesman, Webster defended the administrations of
527:
2089:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 125.
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Webster released his own edition of the Bible in 1833, called the
452:, a secret society at Yale. His four years at Yale overlapped the
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2193:
Lepore, Jill (2008). "Introduction". In Schulman, Arthur (ed.).
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In political theory, Webster downplayed virtue, a core value of
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in 1778. He passed the bar examination after studying law under
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1437:
2261:
Hancher, Michael (1998). "Gazing at the Imperial Dictionary".
405:, during the colonial-era. The area of his birth later became
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The Noah Webster House & West Hartford Historical Society
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Defining Noah Webster: Mind and Morals in the Early Republic.
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Algeo, John. "The Effects of the Revolution on Language," in
669:, but did not have substantial financial resources. In 1793,
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from the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
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Value of The Bible and Excellence of the Christian Religion
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Value of the Bible and Excellence of the Christian Religion
2900:
Miscellaneous papers on political and commercial subjects
1203:
of a pessimistic critic of man and society by the 1820s.
1045:. By 1807, he began work on a more extensive dictionary,
432:
At age fourteen, his church pastor began tutoring him in
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After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture
1983:
After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture
1265:, which omitted any reference to the role of slavery in
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Eliza Steele (1803–1888) m. Rev. Henry Jones (1801–1878)
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Noah Webster: The Life and Times of an American Patriot
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Commentary of a Speech by Noah Webster on July 4, 1802
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book in defense of the Bible and Christianity itself.
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Webster honored on a U.S. postage stamp issued in 1958
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Online Webster Bible Searchable by verse and keywords
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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2151:"Noah Webster | American lexicographer | Britannica"
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American Reformers: Early/Mid 1800s: Noah Webster. "
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notes: "It is often assumed that characteristically
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Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
2320:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 294.
1101:in 1843 from Webster's estate and all contemporary
2990:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 463.
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2313:
2111:
2005:
299:(October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was an American
1465:"Noah Webster and the Dream of a Common Language"
776:To the Friends of Literature in the United States
367:In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary,
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2768:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press.
1910:" so this quotation should have a 'U' in clamour
1491:"Connecticut Births and Christenings, 1649–1906"
1251:Connecticut Society for the Abolition of Slavery
1042:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
673:lent him $ 1,500 (~$ 34,171 in 2023) to move to
370:A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language
2891:A grammatical institute of the English language
1469:Noah Webster and the Dream of a Common Language
818:A Grammatical Institute of the English Language
315:dictionary that was first published in 1828 as
2882:An American dictionary of the English language
2486:
2470:Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A.
1047:An American Dictionary of the English Language
806:Noah Webster, The Schoolmaster of the Republic
318:An American Dictionary of the English Language
282:An American Dictionary of the English Language
3023:Searchable Webster's 1828 wildcard dictionary
837:Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
393:Webster was born on October 16, 1758, in the
2782:"Noah Webster: America's Forgotten Linguist"
2632:
2114:Chronology of education in the United States
1764:
973:with its explicitly biblical injunctions."
920:, and Addison, as well as such Americans as
448:, Yale's president. He was also a member of
16:American lexicographer, reformer, and author
1940:
1938:
1898:Citing this article, "at first he kept the
388:
3118:English-language spelling reform advocates
2347:Webster's 1828 Dictionary - Online Edition
2103:
2003:
1321:was the first major statutory revision of
38:
2401:Covington, Abigail (September 27, 2022).
2400:
1150:explicates key definitions from both the
606:Webster's wife, Rebecca Greenleaf Webster
590:Learn how and when to remove this message
2942:) is being considered for deletion. See
2779:
2636:Noah Webster and the American Dictionary
2480:
1935:
1765:Micklethwait, David (January 21, 2005).
1300:
1277:. The textbook also "spoke of whiteness
1181:
1116:
1026:
800:
789:
770:
618:Emily Schotten (1790–1861), who married
601:
377:, the first major statutory revision of
271:
260:
173:
2758:
2723:
2702:
2260:
2236:The life and letters of Emily Dickinson
2207:
2087:The Story of America: Essays on Origins
2069:The Standardization of American English
1855:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1850:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter W"
797:drafts of dictionary entries by Webster
3163:People from West Hartford, Connecticut
3065:
2598:
2527:
2493:. Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
2445:. Copyrighthistory.org. Archived from
2192:
2109:
2084:
2032:
1966:
1946:A Companion to the American Revolution
1070:A Companion to the American Revolution
984:, which sold over 120 million copies.
766:
637:Frances Julianna (1793–1869), married
3038:Downloadable PDF of the Webster Bible
2844:Noah Webster: Schoolmaster to America
2814:
2697:Noah Webster Father of the Dictionary
2366:
1969:Noah Webster, schoolmaster to America
1948:. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p. 599
1035:In 1806, Webster published his first
908:Students received the usual quota of
749:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
693:The Herald, A Gazette for the country
3153:People from Glastonbury, Connecticut
3017:Searchable Webster's 1913 dictionary
3013:Searchable Webster's 1828 dictionary
2867:(1967), selections from his writings
2709:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2568:1979. chapter 6, interpretive essay
2490:The Romance of Wisconsin Place Names
2487:Robert E. Gard (September 9, 2015).
2249:Dissertation Abstracts International
1842:
1817:william greenleaf webster ellsworth.
1336:Dissertation on the English Language
747:Webster was elected a fellow of the
742:Connecticut House of Representatives
572:adding citations to reliable sources
543:
539:
358:Connecticut House of Representatives
59:Connecticut House of Representatives
3178:Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
3168:Writers from Amherst, Massachusetts
2340:
13:
3173:Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
2850:
1126:Dictionary of the English Language
842:The speller was originally titled
755:in 1812, where he helped to found
305:English-language spelling reformer
284:; the home was later relocated to
14:
3199:
2946:to help reach a consensus. ›
2919:
2877:, the famous Blue- Backed Speller
2627:Dictionary of American Biography,
2251:, 2005, Vol. 65 Issue 12, p. 4561
1801:Genealogy of the Greenleaf family
1462:
1328:
724:set up a network of pro-Jacobin "
643:Harriet (1797–1844), who married
3103:Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
3083:Abolitionists from New York City
2706:The Long Journey of Noah Webster
2668:(1984). 131 pp. Wester as author
2521:(1907–21). vol 18 section 25:33
2004:Westerhoff, John H. III (1978).
1971:. New York: Octagon. p. 86.
1602:The Long Journey of Noah Webster
1436:
1424:
1412:
782:for his first dictionary of the
548:
471:U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice
2865:Noah Webster: On Being American
2625:Malone, Kemp. "Webster, Noah,"
2535:Journal of the History of Ideas
2461:
2435:
2394:
2360:
2334:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2254:
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2201:
2186:
2168:
2143:
2078:
2061:
2035:Journal of the History of Ideas
2026:
1997:
1988:
1975:
1960:
1951:
1926:
1913:
1892:
1867:
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1625:
1616:
1607:
1594:
1585:
1394:, a town named for Noah Webster
726:Democratic-Republican Societies
559:needs additional citations for
169:
44:An 1833 portrait of Webster by
3004:Works by or about Noah Webster
2970:on the Merriam-Webster website
2367:Melis, Luisanna Fodde (2005).
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1536:
1527:
1508:
1483:
1456:
1022:
761:American Philosophical Society
1:
2931:
2633:Micklethwait, David (2005) .
2511:
1967:Warfel, Harry Redcay (1966).
1744:The Forgotten Founding Father
1544:The Forgotten Founding Father
1367:
1129:
1011:
893:, but this did not catch on.
652:William Greenleaf (1801–1869)
3158:People from Goshen, New York
3148:New York (state) Federalists
3033:Preface to the Webster Bible
2974:Connecticut Heritage website
2863:Homer D. Babbidge Jr., ed.,
2846:(1936), a standard biography
2724:Rollins, Richard M. (1976).
2703:Rollins, Richard M. (1980).
1374:Rudiments of English Grammar
1355:The Elementary Spelling Book
1305:A 1932 statue of Webster by
1296:
1263:History of the United States
1245:Initially supportive of the
1112:
852:The Elementary Spelling Book
665:Webster joined the elite in
661:Louisa Greenleaf (1808–1874)
440:to prepare him for entering
341:and the ratification of the
7:
3088:American Congregationalists
3019:—both in the public domain.
2314:Mary Babson Fuhrer (2014).
2110:Wright, Russell O. (2006).
1380:
1249:, Webster helped found the
1177:
614:. They had eight children:
10:
3204:
3053:The American Spelling Book
2926:Noah Webster Family Papers
2234:Martha Dickinson Bianchi,
1520:November 26, 2017, at the
1398:Daniel Webster Family Home
1349:The American Spelling Book
1311:West Hartford, Connecticut
1240:
1015:
949:He included excerpts from
848:The American Spelling Book
658:Henry Bradford (1806–1807)
485:American Revolutionary War
454:American Revolutionary War
407:West Hartford, Connecticut
383:George and Charles Merriam
343:United States Constitution
326:West Hartford, Connecticut
250:American Revolutionary War
71:1800; 1802 – 1807
18:
3098:American male journalists
2682:January 29, 2008, at the
2661:(1975), popular biography
2075:, accessed March 21, 2012
1957:Scudder 1881, pp. 245–52.
1804:. F. Wood. 1896. p.
1524:" accessed July 31, 2019.
978:McGuffey Eclectic Readers
720:. When French ambassador
460:
328:, Webster graduated from
265:A portrait of Webster by
255:
245:
237:
227:
222:
203:
191:
183:
159:Rebecca Greenleaf Webster
153:
143:
133:
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84:
79:
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64:
56:
52:
37:
30:
2944:templates for discussion
2780:Southard, Bruce (1979).
2067:Pearson, Ellen Holmes. "
1718:www.noahwebsterhouse.org
1471:. Connecticut Humanities
1449:
1172:
734:Jeffersonian Republicans
389:Early life and education
3123:English spelling reform
3108:Connecticut Federalists
3093:American lexicographers
2987:Encyclopædia Britannica
2858:Letters of Noah Webster
2641:McFarland & Company
2591:Leavitt, Robert Keith.
2575:March 31, 2008, at the
2210:Emily Dickinson Journal
2012:. Nashville: Abingdon.
982:William Holmes McGuffey
850:, and again in 1829 to
744:in 1800 and 1802–1807.
645:William Chauncey Fowler
639:Chauncey Allen Goodrich
3188:Yale University alumni
2856:Harry R. Warfel, ed.,
2528:Bynack, V. P. (1984).
2238:(1924) p. 80 for quote
1314:
1229:In 1834, he published
1216:
1191:
1135:
1032:
971:The New England Primer
906:
889:to the older spelling
809:
798:
787:
753:Amherst, Massachusetts
612:New Haven, Connecticut
607:
506:Webster dedicated his
504:
467:liberal arts education
293:
278:New Haven, Connecticut
269:
127:New Haven, Connecticut
3113:Converts to Calvinism
2995:Works by Noah Webster
2981:"Webster, Noah"
2222:10.1353/edj.2002.0005
2118:. McFarland. p.
2085:Lepore, Jill (2012).
1319:Copyright Act of 1831
1304:
1273:characterizations of
1247:abolitionist movement
1212:
1185:
1120:
1107:Grove Street Cemetery
1030:
902:
898:Grammatical Institute
814:one-room schoolhouses
804:
793:
774:
751:in 1799. He moved to
695:, later known as the
688:Commercial Advertiser
667:Hartford, Connecticut
605:
524:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
499:
423:Congregational church
375:Copyright Act of 1831
275:
264:
138:Grove Street Cemetery
3138:Linguists of English
2602:(October 29, 2006).
2275:10.1353/bh.1998.0006
1879:search.amphilsoc.org
1875:"APS Member History"
1755:Rollins, (1980) ch 2
1694:Rollins (1980) p. 24
1463:Dobbs, Christopher.
1018:Webster's Dictionary
685:, later renamed the
677:to edit the leading
620:William W. Ellsworth
568:improve this article
303:, textbook pioneer,
101:Western Division of
3183:Yale College alumni
2913:1790 edition online
2903:1802 edition online
2894:1800 edition online
2885:1848 edition online
2875:1836 edition online
2816:Unger, Harlow Giles
2473:431, 437–42 (2011)
2073:Teachinghistory.org
1919:See Brian Pelanda,
1724:on November 5, 2016
1685:Kendall, pp. 71–74.
1676:Kendall, pp. 69–71.
1667:Kendall, pp. 65–66.
1640:Kendall, pp. 58–59.
1591:Kendall, pp. 29–30.
1573:Kendall, pp. 22–24.
1564:Kendall, pp. 21–23.
1279:as the supreme race
1208:American Dictionary
1200:American Dictionary
808:, published in 1886
767:Blue-backed speller
339:American Revolution
241:Connecticut Militia
3133:Language reformers
3028:Webster Bible text
2905:mostly about banks
2760:Scudder, Horace E.
2731:American Quarterly
2695:Proudfit, Isabel.
2673:American Economist
2517:"Noah Webster" in
2449:on October 1, 2008
2178:New Haven Register
2155:www.britannica.com
1392:Webster, Wisconsin
1387:First Party System
1323:U.S. copyright law
1315:
1307:Korczak Ziółkowski
1224:King James Version
1192:
1136:
1078:American spellings
1033:
966:battle of Yorktown
936:Conquest of Canaan
927:Vision of Columbus
896:Part three of his
885:. He also changed
873:, and changed the
810:
799:
788:
698:New-York Spectator
671:Alexander Hamilton
608:
403:Connecticut Colony
395:Noah Webster House
379:U.S. copyright law
350:Alexander Hamilton
294:
290:Dearborn, Michigan
286:Greenfield Village
276:Webster's home in
270:
107:Connecticut Colony
2999:Project Gutenberg
2842:Warfel, Harry R.
2772:Snyder, K. Alan.
2664:Moss, Richard J.
2584:Kendall, Joshua.
2500:978-0-87020-708-2
2182:. April 10, 2011.
2129:978-0-7864-2502-0
2096:978-0-691-15399-5
1742:Kendall, Joshua,
1649:Kendall, p. 59-64
1600:Richard Rollins,
1542:Kendall, Joshua,
1275:African Americans
1196:Congregationalist
1066:spelling reformer
881:in words such as
714:French Revolution
706:George Washington
600:
599:
592:
540:Federalist editor
450:Brothers in Unity
280:, where he wrote
259:
258:
3195:
3008:Internet Archive
2991:
2983:
2839:
2811:
2769:
2755:
2720:
2688:Pelanda, Brian.
2675:, Vol. 39, 1995
2657:Morgan, John S.
2654:
2629:Volume 10 (1936)
2622:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2563:Ellis, Joseph J.
2559:
2505:
2504:
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2426:Florea, Silvia.
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2343:"Notable Quotes"
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1267:American history
1261:textbook titled
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1131:
957:and an essay by
784:English language
683:American Minerva
679:Federalist Party
632:Geneva, New York
626:in Hartford and
595:
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584:
581:
575:
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490:Goshen, New York
474:Oliver Ellsworth
415:William Bradford
354:Federalist Party
334:Oliver Ellsworth
309:political writer
223:Military service
177:
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99:October 16, 1758
98:
96:
89:Noah Webster Jr.
80:Personal details
69:
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2908:Webster, Noah.
2898:Webster, Noah.
2889:Webster, Noah.
2880:Webster, Noah.
2870:Webster, Noah.
2853:
2851:Primary sources
2836:
2787:American Speech
2776:(1990). 421 pp.
2744:10.2307/2712538
2717:
2684:Wayback Machine
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2577:Wayback Machine
2548:10.2307/2709333
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1613:Kendall, p. 54.
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1144:Emily Dickinson
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757:Amherst College
718:Reign of Terror
624:Trinity College
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1222:. He used the
1220:Common Version
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1016:Main article:
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2666:Noah Webster.
2663:
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2650:9780786421572
2646:
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2605:"Noah's Mark"
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2542:(1): 99–114.
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2197:. Free Press.
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2044:
2041:(1): 99–114.
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2019:0-687-23850-1
2015:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1985:(1979) p. 175
1984:
1978:
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1954:
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1941:
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1604:(1980) p. 19.
1603:
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1123:
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940:John Trumbull
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722:Citizen GenĂŞt
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675:New York City
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555:
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520:republicanism
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68:
63:
60:
55:
51:
47:
46:James Herring
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2985:
2968:Noah Webster
2949:Noah Webster
2937:
2909:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2843:
2820:
2794:(1): 12–22.
2791:
2785:
2773:
2765:Noah Webster
2764:
2735:
2729:
2705:
2696:
2672:
2665:
2659:Noah Webster
2658:
2635:
2626:
2615:. Retrieved
2609:
2600:Lepore, Jill
2592:
2585:
2565:
2539:
2533:
2518:
2489:
2482:
2468:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2437:
2427:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2369:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2336:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2266:
2263:Book History
2262:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2216:(1): 49–80.
2213:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2113:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2063:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1928:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1844:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1809:. Retrieved
1800:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1767:
1760:
1751:
1746:, pp. 147–49
1743:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
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1672:
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1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1495:FamilySearch
1494:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1458:
1373:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1316:
1290:
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1283:Anglo Saxons
1262:
1244:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1188:abolitionist
1166:
1160:
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1151:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1095:
1091:
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862:
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851:
847:
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841:
834:
828:
824:
822:
817:
811:
805:
778:, Webster's
775:
746:
738:
730:Jay's Treaty
703:
696:
692:
686:
682:
664:
609:
586:
577:
566:Please help
561:verification
558:
531:
517:
511:
507:
505:
500:
495:
482:
464:
442:Yale College
431:
427:
411:John Webster
392:
368:
366:
362:abolitionist
347:
330:Yale College
323:
316:
297:Noah Webster
296:
295:
281:
267:Samuel Morse
246:Battles/wars
198:Yale College
122:(1843-05-28)
120:May 28, 1843
66:
32:Noah Webster
25:
3078:1843 deaths
3073:1758 births
2932:‹ The
2617:January 20,
2453:December 9,
2412:December 7,
2386:December 9,
2269:: 156–181.
1811:December 9,
1784:December 9,
1728:January 27,
1431:Connecticut
1154:(1806) and
1152:Compendious
1051:Old English
1023:Publication
922:Joel Barlow
914:Shakespeare
795:Handwritten
786:, 1807–1808
528:pedagogical
446:Ezra Stiles
397:in western
3067:Categories
2512:References
1994:Ellis 175.
1932:Ellis 174.
1828:Ellis 199.
1368:Posthumous
1235:apologetic
1122:Title page
1074:John Algeo
1037:dictionary
1012:Dictionary
990:Maupertuis
959:Thomas Day
955:The Crisis
780:prospectus
710:John Adams
580:April 2017
512:Dictionary
478:depression
364:movement.
228:Allegiance
204:Occupation
193:Alma mater
148:Federalist
95:1758-10-16
2915:414 pages
2428:Americana
2352:April 10,
2283:161573226
2230:170669035
2135:April 13,
1859:August 7,
1703:Ellis 170
1443:Education
1419:Biography
1297:Copyright
1206:His 1828
1113:Influence
1062:Cambridge
994:Michaelis
951:Tom Paine
530:ideas in
483:With the
348:In 1793,
67:In office
21:Bill Knox
2934:template
2818:(1998).
2762:(1881).
2680:Archived
2573:Archived
2160:March 1,
1884:April 7,
1546:, p. 22.
1518:Archived
1500:July 24,
1475:July 24,
1381:See also
1190:movement
1178:Religion
1161:In 1850
1156:American
1072:(2008),
1055:Sanskrit
945:M'Fingal
942:'s poem
910:Plutarch
871:traveler
716:and its
399:Hartford
324:Born in
184:Children
103:Hartford
3006:at the
2936:below (
2860:(1953),
2752:2712538
2699:(1966).
2556:2709333
2407:Esquire
2055:2709333
1981:Ellis,
1405:Portals
1309:at the
1259:history
1255:slavery
1241:Slavery
1006:Grammar
1002:Speller
863:defense
829:Speller
825:Speller
508:Speller
178:
166:
162:
2953:Curlie
2939:Curlie
2832:
2808:454522
2806:
2750:
2713:
2647:
2588:(2011)
2554:
2497:
2475:online
2377:
2324:
2281:
2228:
2126:
2093:
2053:
2016:
1908:favour
1904:colour
1775:
1376:(1899)
1363:(1834)
1357:(1829)
1351:(1783)
1345:(1790)
1339:(1789)
1271:racist
998:Herder
996:, and
938:, and
887:tongue
883:center
869:, and
461:Career
215:Author
172:
154:Spouse
129:, U.S.
2826:Wiley
2804:JSTOR
2748:JSTOR
2552:JSTOR
2279:S2CID
2226:S2CID
2051:JSTOR
1853:(PDF)
1450:Notes
1233:, an
1173:Views
1086:check
918:Swift
867:color
533:Emile
438:Greek
434:Latin
176:)
168:(
164:
3015:and
2830:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2619:2023
2495:ISBN
2455:2011
2414:2022
2388:2011
2375:ISBN
2354:2019
2322:ISBN
2162:2022
2137:2012
2124:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1886:2021
1861:2014
1813:2011
1786:2011
1773:ISBN
1730:2017
1502:2015
1477:2015
1317:The
1084:and
1004:and
891:tung
823:The
708:and
510:and
436:and
174:1789
117:Died
85:Born
2997:at
2951:at
2796:doi
2740:doi
2544:doi
2271:doi
2218:doi
2071:,"
2043:doi
1906:or
1806:221
1291:our
1287:our
980:of
953:'s
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877:to
630:in
570:by
417:of
288:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
