3469:
3439:
suggesting that the initial and final states in 113 and its daughter Db were the same for all three events. The decay of Db to Lr and Md was previously known, firmly anchoring the decay chain of 113 to known regions of the chart of nuclides. The JWP considered that the JINRâLLNL collaborations of 2004 and 2007, producing element 113 as the daughter of element 115, did not meet the discovery criteria as they had not convincingly determined the atomic numbers of their nuclides through cross-bombardments, which were considered necessary since their decay chains were not anchored to previously known nuclides. They also considered that the previous JWP's concerns over their chemical identification of the dubnium daughter had not been adequately addressed. The JWP recognised the JINRâLLNLâORNLâVanderbilt collaboration of 2010 as having discovered elements 117 and 115, and accepted that element 113 had been produced as their daughter, but did not give this work shared credit.
4096:: +1 and +3. The former results from the involvement of only the single p electron in bonding, and the latter results in the involvement of all three valence electrons, two in the s-subshell and one in the p-subshell. Going down the group, bond energies decrease and the +3 state becomes less stable, as the energy released in forming two additional bonds and attaining the +3 state is not always enough to outweigh the energy needed to involve the s-electrons. Hence, for aluminium and gallium +3 is the most stable state, but +1 gains importance for indium and by thallium it becomes more stable than the +3 state. Nihonium is expected to continue this trend and have +1 as its most stable oxidation state.
2137:
3972:
3902:
2664:, and 112. They then made a new attempt on element 113, using the same Bi + Zn reaction that the GSI had attempted unsuccessfully in 1998. Despite the much lower yield expected than for the JINR's hot fusion technique with calcium-48, the Riken team chose to use cold fusion as the synthesised isotopes would alpha decay to known daughter nuclides and make the discovery much more certain, and would not require the use of radioactive targets. In particular, the isotope 113 expected to be produced in this reaction would decay to the known Bh, which had been synthesised in 2000 by a team at the
4248:
4223:
4757:, a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility. In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles. They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.
1964:
1356:
4744:, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former). The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector.
2782:
3950:
the unconfirmed Nh and Nh, have also been reported to have half-lives of over a second. The isotopes Nh and Nh have half-lives of 0.90 and 0.12 seconds respectively. The remaining two isotopes have half-lives between 0.1 and 100 milliseconds: Nh has a half-life of 61 milliseconds, and Nh, the lightest known nihonium isotope, is also the shortest-lived, with a half-life of 1.4 milliseconds. This rapid increase in the half-lives near the closed neutron shell at
2037:
1724:
3422:
with the publication of the JWP reports, but IUPAC alone decided on an early release because the news of Riken being awarded credit for element 113 had been leaked to
Japanese newspapers. For the first time in history, a team of Asian physicists would name a new element. The JINR considered the awarding of element 113 to Riken unexpected, citing their own 2003 production of elements 115 and 113, and pointing to the precedents of elements
7406:
Brand, H.; Carlsson, B. G.; Cox, D.; Derkx, X.; Eberhardt, K.; Even, J.; Fahlander, C.; Gerl, J.; JĂ€ger, E.; Kindler, B.; Krier, J.; Kojouharov, I.; Kurz, N.; Lommel, B.; Mistry, A.; Mokry, C.; Nitsche, H.; Omtvedt, J. P.; Papadakis, P.; Ragnarsson, I.; Runke, J.; Schaffner, H.; Schausten, B.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Torres, T.; Traut, T.; Trautmann, N.; TĂŒrler, A.; Ward, A.; Ward, D. E.; Wiehl, N. (2013).
4802:. These fusion reactions can be divided into "hot" and "cold" fusion, depending on the excitation energy of the compound nucleus produced. "Cold fusion" in the context of superheavy element synthesis is a distinct concept from the idea that nuclear fusion can be achieved under room temperature conditions. In hot fusion reactions, light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated towards heavy targets (
3600:, Sweden, in June 2016 about the lack of openness involved in the process of approving new elements, and stated that she believed that the JWP's work was flawed and should be redone by a new JWP. A survey of physicists determined that many felt that the LundâGSI 2016 criticisms of the JWP report were well-founded, but that the conclusions would hold up if the work was redone, and the new president,
2949:
but not necessarily exclusive", and with the small number of atoms produced with neither known daughters nor cross-reactions the JWP considered that their criteria had not been fulfilled. The JWP did not accept the Riken team's claim either due to inconsistencies in the decay data, the small number of atoms of element 113 produced, and the lack of unambiguous anchors to known isotopes.
4475:(and thus diffused away too quickly to be detected) or, more plausibly, that pure nihonium was not very volatile and thus could not efficiently pass through the PTFE capillaries. Formation of the hydroxide NhOH should ease the transport, as nihonium hydroxide is expected to be more volatile than elemental nihonium, and this reaction could be facilitated by adding more
2101:, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival. The transfer takes about 10 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long. The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the
4782:. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect. The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later. JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element,
4786:; the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty"). This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992. The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.
2190:
actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects. Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei, as well as those closer to the expected island, have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.
3409:, Sweden, and at the GSI announced that they had repeated the 2003 Am + Ca experiment, confirming the findings of the JINRâLLNL collaboration. The same year, the 2003 experiment had been repeated at the JINR, now also creating the isotope 115 that could serve as a cross-bombardment for confirming their discovery of the
2846:, China, investigated the Am + Mg reaction, producing four atoms of Bh. All four chains started with an alpha decay to Db; three chains ended there with spontaneous fission, as in the 113 chains observed at Riken, while the remaining one continued via another alpha decay to Lr, as in the Bh chains observed at LBNL.
3507:, until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a name is decided on. The recommendations were widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, but were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who called it "element 113", with the symbol of
7801:
Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; Benker, D. E.; Bennett, M. E.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Ezold, J. G.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Itkis, M. G.; Lobanov, Yuri V.; Mezentsev, A. N.; Moody, K. J.; Nelson, S. L.; Polyakov, A. N.; Porter, C. E.; Ramayya, A. V.; Riley, F. D.; Roberto,
7405:
Rudolph, D.; Forsberg, U.; Golubev, P.; Sarmiento, L. G.; Yakushev, A.; Andersson, L.-L.; Di Nitto, A.; DĂŒllmann, Ch. E.; Gates, J. M.; Gregorich, K. E.; Gross, C. J.; HeĂberger, F. P.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kratz, J. V.; Rykaczewski, K.; SchĂ€del, M.; Ă
berg, S.; Ackermann, D.; Block, M.;
3905:
A chart of heavy nuclides with their known and predicted half-lives (known nuclides shown with borders). Nihonium (row 113) is expected to be within the "island of stability" (white circle) and thus its nuclei are slightly more stable than would otherwise be predicted; the known nihonium isotopes are
3459:
has never been observed to decay. This study found reason to doubt and criticise the IUPAC approval of the discoveries of elements 115 and 117, but the data from Riken for element 113 was found to be congruent, and the data from the JINR team for elements 115 and 113 to probably be so, thus endorsing
3438:
The full JWP reports were published on 21 January 2016. The JWP recognised the discovery of element 113, assigning priority to Riken. They noted that while the individual decay energies of each nuclide in the decay chain of 113 were inconsistent, their sum was now confirmed to be consistent, strongly
2952:
In early 2009, the Riken team synthesised the decay product Bh directly in the Cm + Na reaction to establish its link with 113 as a cross-bombardment. They also established the branched decay of Db, which sometimes underwent spontaneous fission and sometimes underwent the previously known alpha decay
2943:
The JWP published its report on elements 113â116 and 118 in 2011. It recognised the JINRâLLNL collaboration as having discovered elements 114 and 116, but did not accept either team's claim to element 113 and did not accept the JINRâLLNL claims to elements 115 and 118. The JINRâLLNL claim to elements
2772:
and naming rights for the elements. According to the JWP criteria, a discovery must demonstrate that the element has an atomic number different from all previously observed values. It should also preferably be repeated by other laboratories, although this requirement has been waived where the data is
7561:
Dmitriev, S. N.; Oganessyan, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Shishkin, S. V.; Yeremin, A. V.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Chepygin, V. I.; Sokol, E. A.; Vostokin, G. K.; Aksenov, N. V.; Hussonnois, M.; Itkis, M. G.; GĂ€ggeler, H. W.; Schumann, D.; Bruchertseifer, H.; Eichler, R.; Shaughnessy, D. A.;
7472:
Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Akiyama, Takahiro; Goto, Sin-ichi; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kanungo, Rituparna; Katori, Kenji; Koura, Hiroyuki; Kudo, Hisaaki; Ohnishi, Tetsuya; Ozawa, Akira; Suda, Toshimi; Sueki, Keisuke; Xu, HuShan; Yamaguchi, Takayuki; Yoneda, Akira; Yoshida,
4482:
A 2017 experiment at the JINR, producing Nh and Nh via the Am+Ca reaction as the daughters of Mc and Mc, avoided this problem by removing the quartz surface, using only PTFE. No nihonium atoms were observed after chemical separation, implying an unexpectedly large retention of nihonium atoms on PTFE
3872:
Nihonium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesised in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Eight different isotopes of nihonium have been reported with atomic masses 278, 282â287, and 290 (Nh
2403:
to 113, while more neutrons were emitted in all other produced chains. This would have been the first report of a decay chain from an isotope of element 113, but it was not recognised at the time, and the assignment is still uncertain. A similar long-lived activity observed by the JINR team in March
2120:
provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically
4720:
It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to
4514:
has been suggested as a carrier gas for experiments on nihonium chemistry; this oxidises nihonium's lighter congener thallium to thallium(III), providing an avenue to investigate the oxidation states of nihonium, similar to earlier experiments done on the bromides of group 5 elements, including the
3949:
All nihonium isotopes are unstable and radioactive; the heavier nihonium isotopes are more stable than the lighter ones, as they are closer to the centre of the island. The most stable known nihonium isotope, Nh, is also the heaviest; it has a half-life of 8 seconds. The isotope Nh, as well as
2200:
The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed
2156:
Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus. Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart
7763:
Morimoto, Kouji; Morita, K.; Kaji, D.; Haba, H.; Ozeki, K.; Kudou, Y.; Sato, N.; Sumita, T.; Yoneda, A.; Ichikawa, T.; Fujimori, Y.; Goto, S.; Ideguchi, E.; Kasamatsu, Y.; Katori, K.; Komori, Y.; Koura, H.; Kudo, H.; Ooe, K.; Ozawa, A.; Tokanai, F.; Tsukada, K.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yoshida, A. (October
4179:
subshell effectively leads to a valence shell closing at the 7s 7p configuration rather than the expected 7s 7p configuration with its stable octet. As such, nihonium, like astatine, can be considered to be one p-electron short of a closed valence shell. Hence, even though nihonium is in
3442:
After the publication of the JWP reports, Sergey
Dimitriev, the lab director of the Flerov lab at the JINR where the discoveries were made, remarked that he was happy with IUPAC's decision, mentioning the time Riken spent on their experiment and their good relations with Morita, who had learnt the
3421:
In
December 2015, the conclusions of a new JWP report were published by IUPAC in a press release, in which element 113 was awarded to Riken; elements 115, 117, and 118 were awarded to the collaborations involving the JINR. A joint 2016 announcement by IUPAC and IUPAP had been scheduled to coincide
2948:
and group 5 elements by their chemical properties with enough confidence to allow this assignment. The decay properties of all the nuclei in the decay chain of element 115 had not been previously characterised before the JINR experiments, a situation which the JWP generally considers "troublesome,
2830:
compared to the more commonly used lead and bismuth targets, and it deteriorated significantly and became non-uniform in thickness. The reasons for this weakness are unknown, given that thallium has a higher melting point than bismuth. The Riken team then repeated the original Bi + Zn reaction and
2806:
of 115. This was valuable as none of the nuclides in this decay chain were previously known, so that their claim was not supported by any previous experimental data, and chemical experimentation would strengthen the case for their claim, since the chemistry of dubnium is known. Db was successfully
2269:, Soviet Union. Yields from cold fusion reactions were found to decrease significantly with increasing atomic number; the resulting nuclei were severely neutron-deficient and short-lived. The GSI team attempted to synthesise element 113 via cold fusion in 1998 and 2003, bombarding bismuth-209 with
2201:
caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.
2193:
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined. (That all decays within a decay
2096:
The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam. In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products) and transferred to a
7709:
Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ozeki, Kazutaka; Kudou, Yuki; Sato, Nozomi; Sumita, Takayuki; Yoneda, Akira; Ichikawa, Takatoshi; Fujimori, Yasuyuki; Goto, Sin-ichi; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kasamatsu, Yoshitaka; Katori, Kenji; Komori, Yukiko; Koura, Hiroyuki; Kudo, Hisaaki;
4730:
Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei. The first direct measurement of mass of a
4572:
In 2009, a team at the JINR led by
Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric Xe + Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as
2930:
was not observed in the second chain even after four alpha decays. A fifth alpha decay in each chain could have been missed, since Db can theoretically undergo alpha decay, in which case the first decay chain would have ended at the known Lr or No and the second might have continued to the known
2015:
Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus. This happens because
9571:
Aksenov, Nikolay V.; Steinegger, Patrick; Abdullin, Farid Sh.; Albin, Yury V.; Bozhikov, Gospodin A.; Chepigin, Viktor I.; Eichler, Robert; Lebedev, Vyacheslav Ya.; Mamudarov, Alexander Sh.; Malyshev, Oleg N.; Petrushkin, Oleg V.; Polyakov, Alexander N.; Popov, Yury A.; Sabel'nikov, Alexey V.;
4689:
This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle. Such separation can also be aided by a
3454:
takes place along the decay chain, which is not likely for odd nuclei, and the uncertainty of the alpha decay energies measured in the 113 decay chain was not small enough to rule out this possibility. If this is the case, similarity in lifetimes of intermediate daughters becomes a meaningless
3120:, and Riken had ordered the shutdown of the accelerator programs to save money, Morita's team was permitted to continue with one experiment, and they chose their attempt to confirm their synthesis of element 113. In this case, a series of six alpha decays was observed, leading to an isotope of
2189:
in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives. Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived
7992:
Gates, J. M.; Gregorich, K. E.; Gothe, O. .R; Uribe, E. C.; Pang, G. K.; Bleuel, D. L.; Block, M.; Clark, R. M.; Campbell, C. M.; Crawford, H. L.; Cromaz, M.; Di Nitto, A.; DĂŒllmann, Ch. E.; Esker, N. E.; Fahlander, C.; Fallon, P.; Farjadi, R. M.; Forsberg, U.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Loveland, W.;
4209:
of the metallic group 13 elements, even more electronegative than tennessine, the period 7 congener of the halogens: in the compound NhTs, the negative charge is expected to be on the nihonium atom rather than the tennessine atom. The â1 oxidation should be more stable for nihonium than for
4501:
disagrees significantly with previous theory, which expected a lower value of 14.00 kJ/mol. This suggests that the nihonium species involved in the previous experiment was likely not elemental nihonium but rather nihonium hydroxide, and that high-temperature techniques such as vacuum
3573:, one of the two Japanese pronunciations for the name of Japan. The discoverers also intended to reference the support of their research by the Japanese people (Riken being almost entirely government-funded), recover lost pride and trust in science among those who were affected by the
2777:
as parents or daughters of other nuclides produced by a different reaction) and anchoring decay chains to known daughter nuclides. For the JWP, priority in confirmation takes precedence over the date of the original claim. Both teams set out to confirm their results by these methods.
2394:
was observed which was thought to be the isotope 114: the results were published in
January 1999. Despite numerous attempts to repeat this reaction, an isotope with these decay properties has never again been found, and the exact identity of this activity is unknown. A 2016 paper by
2921:
Two atoms of 113 were detected. The aim of this experiment had been to synthesise the isotopes 113 and 113 that would fill in the gap between isotopes produced via hot fusion (113 and 113) and cold fusion (113). After five alpha decays, these nuclides would reach known isotopes of
4321:) are trigonal planar due to the increased steric repulsion between the peripheral atoms; accordingly, they do not show significant 6d involvement in their bonding, though the large 7sâ7p energy gap means that they show reduced sp hybridisation compared to their boron analogues.
4731:
superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL. Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).
4054:
orbitals. Thus, nihonium is expected to be much denser than thallium, with a predicted density of about 16 to 18 g/cm compared to thallium's 11.85 g/cm, since nihonium atoms are heavier than thallium atoms but have the same volume. Bulk nihonium is expected to have a
2773:
of very high quality. Such a demonstration must establish properties, either physical or chemical, of the new element and establish that they are those of a previously unknown element. The main techniques used to demonstrate atomic number are cross-reactions (creating claimed
9572:
Sagaidak, Roman N.; Shirokovsky, Igor V.; Shumeiko, Maksim V.; Starodub, Gennadii Ya.; Tsyganov, Yuri S.; Utyonkov, Vladimir K.; Voinov, Alexey A.; Vostokin, Grigory K.; Yeremin, Alexander; Dmitriev, Sergey N. (July 2017). "On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113)".
4462:
The chemical characteristics of nihonium have yet to be determined unambiguously. The isotopes Nh, Nh, and Nh have half-lives long enough for chemical investigation. From 2010 to 2012, some preliminary chemical experiments were performed at the JINR to determine the
4111:
orbital is relativistically contracted. This is unique among the 7p element monohydrides; all the others have relativistic expansion of the bond length instead of contraction. Another effect of the SO interaction is that the NhâH bond is expected to have significant
4378:
Nihonium thus continues the trend down group 13 of reduced stability of the +3 oxidation state, as all five of these compounds have lower reaction energies than the unknown thallium(III) iodide. The +3 state is stabilised for thallium in anionic complexes such as
2020:âthe probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur. This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can
2743:
team observed four alpha decays from 113, creating a decay chain passing through Rg, Mt, and Bh before terminating with the spontaneous fission of Db. The decay data they observed for the alpha decay of Bh matched the 2000 data, lending support for their claim.
7802:
J. B.; Ryabinin, M. A.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Sagaidak, R. N.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Stoyer, M. A.; Subbotin, V. G.; Sudowe, R.; Sukhov, A. M.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; Utyonkov, Vladimir K.; Voinov, A. A.; Vostokin, G. K.; Wilk, P. A. (9 April 2010).
2789:(element 101) or earlier. The two chains with bold-bordered nuclides were accepted by the JWP as evidence for the discoveries of element 113 and its parents, elements 115 and 117. Data is presented as known in 2015 (before the JWP's conclusions were published).
7858:
K. Morita; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ozeki, Kazutaka; Kudou, Yuki; Sumita, Takayuki; Wakabayashi, Yasuo; Yoneda, Akira; Tanaka, Kengo; et al. (2012). "New
Results in the Production and Decay of an Isotope, 113, of the 113th Element".
2194:
chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.) The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the
4210:
tennessine. The electron affinity of nihonium is calculated to be around 0.68 eV, higher than thallium's at 0.4 eV; tennessine's is expected to be 1.8 eV, the lowest in its group. It is theoretically predicted that nihonium should have an
4184:
in group 17 has some group-13-like properties, as it has three valence electrons outside the 7s 7p closed shell.) Nihonium is expected to be able to gain an electron to attain this closed-shell configuration, forming the â1 oxidation state like the
4275:
character for nihonium. On the basis of the small energy gap between the 6d and 7s electrons, the higher oxidation states +3 and +5 have been suggested for nihonium. Some simple compounds with nihonium in the +3 oxidation state would be the trihydride
4471:(PTFE) capillaries at 70 °C by a carrier gas to the gold-covered detectors. About ten to twenty atoms of Nh were produced, but none of these atoms were registered by the detectors, suggesting either that nihonium was similar in volatility to the
2157:
and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning. As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from
4015:. In relation to nihonium atoms, it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels (stabilising those electrons), but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilised more than the other four. The stabilisation of the 7s electrons is called the
3962:
Very few properties of nihonium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production and the fact it decays very quickly. Properties of nihonium mostly remain unknown and only predictions are available.
4059:
crystal structure, like thallium. The melting and boiling points of nihonium have been predicted to be 430 °C and 1100 °C respectively, exceeding the values for indium and thallium, following periodic trends. Nihonium should have a
3585:, which he named "nipponium" with symbol Np after the other Japanese pronunciation of Japan's name. As Ogawa's claim had not been accepted, the name "nipponium" could not be reused for a new element, and its symbol Np had since been used for
9263:
Nash, Clinton S.; Bursten, Bruce E. (1999). "SpinâOrbit
Effects, VSEPR Theory, and the Electronic Structures of Heavy and Superheavy Group IVA Hydrides and Group VIIIA Tetrafluorides. A Partial Role Reversal for Elements 114 and 118".
4826:, they emit only one or two neutrons. Hot fusion produces more neutron-rich products because actinides have the highest neutron-to-proton ratios of any elements, and is currently the only method to produce the superheavy elements from
4072:
The chemistry of nihonium is expected to be very different from that of thallium. This difference stems from the spinâorbit splitting of the 7p shell, which results in nihonium being between two relatively inert closed-shell elements
3608:
that June, and set a five-month term to collect comments, after which the name would be formally established at a conference. The name was officially approved on
November 28, 2016. The naming ceremony for the new element was held in
3377:
This decay chain differed from the previous observations at Riken mainly in the decay mode of Db, which was previously observed to undergo spontaneous fission, but in this case instead alpha decayed; the alpha decay of Db to Lr is
2931:
long-lived Md, which has a half-life of 51.5 days, longer than the duration of the experiment: this would explain the lack of a spontaneous fission event in this chain. In the absence of direct detection of the long-lived
5297:
Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; MĂŒnzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; et al. (2016). "Remarks on the
Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120". In Peninozhkevich, Yu. E.; Sobolev, Yu. G. (eds.).
2831:
produced a second atom of 113 in April 2005, with a decay chain that again terminated with the spontaneous fission of Db. The decay data were slightly different from those of the first chain: this could have been because an
4026:, from 1 to 1/2 and 3/2 for the more and less stabilised parts of the 7p subshell, respectively. For theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s 7p
1892:
Very little is known about nihonium, as it has only been made in very small amounts that decay within seconds. The anomalously long lives of some superheavy nuclides, including some nihonium isotopes, are explained by the
2926:, assuming that the decay chains were not terminated prematurely by spontaneous fission. The first decay chain ended in fission after four alpha decays, presumably originating from Db or its electron-capture daughter Rf.
2651:
had been studying cold fusion reactions. Morita had previously studied the synthesis of superheavy elements at the JINR before starting his own team at Riken. In 2001, his team confirmed the GSI's discoveries of elements
2412:
The now-confirmed discovery of element 114 was made in June 1999 when the JINR team repeated the first Pu + Ca reaction from 1998; following this, the JINR team used the same hot fusion technique to synthesize elements
4042:. Both these levels are raised to be close in energy to the 7s ones, high enough to possibly be chemically active. This would allow for the possibility of exotic nihonium compounds without lighter group 13 analogues.
3460:
the IUPAC approval of the discovery of element 113. Two members of the JINR team published a journal article rebutting these criticisms against the congruence of their data on elements 113, 115, and 117 in June 2017.
2292:
was suggested as an ideal projectile, because it is very neutron-rich for a light element (combined with the already neutron-rich actinides) and would minimise the neutron deficiencies of the nuclides produced. Being
3538:, after the institute. After the recognition, the Riken team gathered in February 2016 to decide on a name. Morita expressed his desire for the name to honour the fact that element 113 had been discovered in Japan.
2976:
target necessary to complete the JINR's calcium-48 campaign to synthesise the heaviest elements on the periodic table. Two isotopes of element 117 were synthesised, decaying to element 115 and then element 113:
8507:
4563:
series). Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common languageâisotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively.
4049:
further down the periodic table, but calculations suggest nihonium has an atomic radius of about 170 pm, the same as that of thallium, due to the relativistic stabilisation and contraction of its 7s and
2007:
in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus. The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the
4081:). Nihonium is expected to be less reactive than thallium, because of the greater stabilisation and resultant chemical inactivity of the 7s subshell in nihonium compared to the 6s subshell in thallium. The
8137:
2129:. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons, and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238. In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding
4882:
Among the stable group 13 elements, only boron forms monomeric halides at standard conditions; those of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium form ionic lattice structures or (in a few cases) dimerise.
4003:. All the group 13 elements except boron are metals, and nihonium is expected to follow suit. Nihonium is predicted to show many differences from its lighter homologues. The major reason for this is the
3434:
where IUPAC had awarded joint credit to the JINR and LBNL. They stated that they respected IUPAC's decision, but reserved determination of their position for the official publication of the JWP reports.
4271:
Significant 6d involvement is expected in the NhâAu bond, although it is expected to be more unstable than the TlâAu bond and entirely due to magnetic interactions. This raises the possibility of some
3110:
The new isotopes 113 and 113 produced did not overlap with the previously claimed 113, 113, and 113, so this reaction could not be used as a cross-bombardment to confirm the 2003 or 2006 claims.
4822:. The fused nuclei produced have a relatively low excitation energy (~10â20 MeV), which decreases the probability that they will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the
5458:
3113:
In March 2010, the Riken team again attempted to synthesise Rg directly through the Tl + Zn reaction with upgraded equipment; they failed again and abandoned this cross-bombardment route.
4359:) with an additional NhâX bond involving the 7p orbital of nihonium perpendicular to the other two ligands. These compounds are all expected to be highly unstable towards the loss of an X
3946:(including nihonium) confirms that the stabilising effect is real, and in general the known superheavy nuclides become longer-lived as they approach the predicted location of the island.
2935:, these interpretations remain unconfirmed, and there is still no known link between any superheavy nuclides produced by hot fusion and the well-known main body of the chart of nuclides.
2826:
rather than a bismuth target, in an effort to directly produce Rg in a cross-bombardment as it is the immediate daughter of 113. The reaction was unsuccessful, as the thallium target was
3446:
The sum argument advanced by the JWP in the approval of the discovery of element 113 was later criticised in a May 2016 study from Lund
University and the GSI, as it is only valid if no
4467:
of nihonium. The isotope Nh was investigated, made as the daughter of Mc produced in the Am+Ca reaction. The nihonium atoms were synthesised in a recoil chamber and then carried along
7710:
Ooe, Kazuhiro; Ozawa, Akira; Tokanai, Fuyuki; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Yamaguchi, Takayuki; Yoshida, Atsushi (25 May 2009). "Decay Properties of Bh and Db Produced in the Cm + Na Reaction".
4205:, and astatine). This state should be more stable than it is for thallium as the SO splitting of the 7p subshell is greater than that for the 6p subshell. Nihonium should be the most
5205:
Keller, O. L. Jr.; Burnett, J. L.; Carlson, T. A.; Nestor, C. W. Jr. (1969). "Predicted Properties of the Super Heavy Elements. I. Elements 113 and 114, Eka-Thallium and Eka-Lead".
4479:
into the carrier gas. It seems likely that this formation is not kinetically favoured, so the longer-lived isotopes Nh and Nh were considered more desirable for future experiments.
3116:
After 450 more days of irradiation of bismuth with zinc projectiles, Riken produced and identified another 113 atom in August 2012. Although electricity prices had soared since the
3589:. In March 2016, Morita proposed the name "nihonium" to IUPAC, with the symbol Nh. The naming realised what had been a national dream in Japanese science ever since Ogawa's claim.
11190:
2016:
during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed. Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its
5328:
Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; MĂŒnzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; et al. (2016). "Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120".
7667:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Sagaidak, R.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Voinov, A.; Gulbekian, Gulbekian; et al. (2007).
7272:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkoy, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Gulbekian, G.; Bogomolov, S.; Mezentsev, A. N.; et al. (2004).
1925:, and nihonium is expected to be a post-transition metal as well. It should also show several major differences from them; for example, nihonium should be more stable in the +1
3954: = 184 is seen in roentgenium, copernicium, and nihonium (elements 111 through 113), where each extra neutron so far multiplies the half-life by a factor of 5 to 20.
2024:
through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.
4019:, and the separation of the 7p subshell into the more and less stabilised parts is called subshell splitting. Computational chemists see the split as a change of the second,
8163:
Forsberg, U.; Rudolph, D.; Fahlander, C.; Golubev, P.; Sarmiento, L. G.; Ă
berg, S.; Block, M.; DĂŒllmann, Ch. E.; HeĂberger, F. P.; Kratz, J. V.; Yakushev, A. (9 July 2016).
1975:. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.
4671:
reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.
7078:
7562:
Wilk, P. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Stoyer, M. A.; Wild, J. F. (2005). "Chemical identification of dubnium as a decay product of element 115 produced in the reaction Ca+Am".
6680:
8518:
7597:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Dmitriev, S.; Lobanov, Yu.; Itkis, M.; Polyakov, A.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Mezentsev, A.; Yeremin, A.; Voinov, A. A.; et al. (2005).
3468:
3455:
argument, as different isomers of the same nuclide can have different half-lives: for example, the ground state of Ta has a half-life of hours, but an excited state
2944:
115 and 113 had been founded on chemical identification of their daughter dubnium, but the JWP objected that current theory could not distinguish between superheavy
2798:
In June 2004 and again in December 2005, the JINRâLLNL collaboration strengthened their claim for the discovery of element 113 by conducting chemical experiments on
9137:
Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spinâorbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113â118)".
8141:
2815:(dubnium is known to be in group 5). Both the half-life and decay mode were confirmed for the proposed Db which lends support to the assignment of the parent and
5581:
3413:
isotope 117, as well as its daughter 113 as part of its decay chain. Confirmation of 115 and its daughters was published by the team at the LBNL in August 2015.
3401:
The Bk + Ca experiment was repeated at the JINR in 2012 and 2013 with consistent results, and again at the GSI in 2014. In August 2013, a team of researchers at
2671:
The bombardment of Bi with Zn at Riken began in September 2003. The team detected a single atom of 113 in July 2004 and published their results that September:
7993:
MacChiavelli, A. O.; May, E. M.; Mudder, P. R.; Olive, D. T.; Rice, A. C.; Rissanen, J.; Rudolph, D.; Sarmiento, L. G.; Shusterman, J. A.; et al. (2015).
6711:
4778:. There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers,
2198:
of the emitted particle). Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.
9615:
Tereshatov, E. E.; Boltoeva, M. Yu.; Folden III, C. M. (2015). "Resin Ion Exchange and Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Indium and Thallium from Chloride Media".
4997:
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).
2399:
et al. considered that the most likely explanation of the 1998 result is that two neutrons were emitted by the produced compound nucleus, leading to 114 and
5235:
Atarah, Samuel A.; Egblewogbe, Martin N. H.; Hagoss, Gebreyesus G. (2020). "First principle study of the structural and electronic properties of Nihonium".
1819:
Nihonium was first reported to have been created in experiments carried out between 14 July and August 10, 2003, by a RussianâAmerican collaboration at the
7765:
1897:" theory. Experiments to date have supported the theory, with the half-lives of the confirmed nihonium isotopes increasing from milliseconds to seconds as
8067:
1435:
5065:
2108:
Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost
7138:"Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions U, Pu, and Cm + Ca"
3942:" containing nuclides with half-lives reaching thousands or millions of years. The existence of the island is still unproven, but the existence of the
9765:
Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?".
5649:
4547:(element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than
4391:, and the presence of a possible vacant coordination site on the lighter T-shaped nihonium trihalides is expected to allow a similar stabilisation of
2429:+ Ca reactions. They then turned their attention to the missing odd-numbered elements, as the odd protons and possibly neutrons would hinder decay by
9889:
2761:
5466:
2072:. This happens in about 10 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus. The definition by the
4840:
2116:
and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited. Total
6047:
5169:
Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". In Barysz, Maria; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki (eds.).
8074:
4559:; sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical
2765:
9426:
Bae, Ch.; Han, Y.-K.; Lee, Yo. S. (18 January 2003). "SpinâOrbit and Relativistic Effects on Structures and Stabilities of Group 17 Fluorides EF
7137:
1987:, the greater the possibility that the two react. The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the
1983:
is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of
9511:
DĂŒllmann, Christoph E. (2012). "Superheavy elements at GSI: a broad research program with element 114 in the focus of physics and chemistry".
8543:
7273:
3914:, element 96, whose half-life is over ten thousand times longer than that of any subsequent element. All isotopes with an atomic number above
1287:
1758:
2253:. This creates fused nuclei with low excitation energies due to the stability of the targets' nuclei, significantly increasing the yield of
6869:
3604:, ruled that the proposed names should be released in a joint IUPAPâIUPAC press release. Thus, IUPAC and IUPAP publicised the proposal of
2230:
8801:
5536:; Dmitriev, S. N.; Yeremin, A. V.; et al. (2009). "Attempt to produce the isotopes of element 108 in the fusion reaction Xe + Xe".
9843:
4810:) that may fission, or alternatively emit several (3 to 5) neutrons. Cold fusion reactions use heavier projectiles, typically from the
3651:
1749:
8427:
8106:
4595:
The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the
8615:
4577:. In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, Pb + Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19
2068:, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a
6839:"Responses on the report 'Discovery of the Transfermium elements' followed by reply to the responses by Transfermium Working Group"
1399:
8037:
4891:
The opposite effect is expected for the superheavy member of group 17, tennessine, due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7p
4034:, the highest among the metals of group 13. Similar subshell splitting should exist for the 6d electron levels, with four being 6d
2960:, which would decay to elements 115 and 113 and bolster their claims in a cross-reaction. They were now joined by scientists from
8556:
Japanese scientists who discovered the atomic element 113 plan to name it "Nihonium", sources close to the matter said Wednesday.
2835:
escaped from the detector without depositing its full energy, or because some of the intermediate decay products were formed in
8910:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Sobiczewski, A.; Ter-Akopian, G. M. (9 January 2017). "Superheavy nuclei: from predictions to discovery".
7642:
7111:
5462:
2453:
2298:
2141:
1828:
1413:
9000:
9882:
9767:
9755:
9729:
9691:
9555:
9410:
9383:
9049:
8891:
5881:
5509:
5186:
5139:
5010:
2665:
4107:
of nihonium monohydride to be reduced by about 1 eV and the nihoniumâhydrogen bond length to decrease as the bonding 7p
3117:
2849:
In June 2006, the JINRâLLNL collaboration claimed to have synthesised a new isotope of element 113 directly by bombarding a
8827:
Forsberg, Ulrika (September 2016). "Recoil-α-fission and recoil-αâα-fission events observed in the reaction 48Ca + 243Am".
8110:
5905:
5777:
Wakhle, A.; Simenel, C.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (2015). Simenel, C.; Gomes, P. R. S.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (eds.).
2449:
2281:
2262:
2211:
1820:
1409:
9852:
5488:
Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U.; Borschevsky, A. (2018). "Electronic Structure of the Transactinide Atoms". In Scott, R. A. (ed.).
4427:
4418:
The +5 oxidation state is unknown for all lighter group 13 elements: calculations predict that nihonium pentahydride (NhH
2404:
1999 in the Pu + Ca reaction may be due to the electron-capture daughter of 114, 113; this assignment is also tentative.
2140:
Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the
5838:
7946:
7048:
5715:
4296:
3574:
1995:
into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to
1843:, Japan. The confirmation of their claims in the ensuing years involved independent teams of scientists working in the
1428:
8215:
5620:
9070:"Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding"
7525:
Karol, Paul J.; Barber, Robert C.; Sherrill, Bradley M.; Vardaci, Emanuele; Yamazaki, Toshimitsu (22 December 2015).
7021:
6310:
Aksenov, N. V.; Steinegger, P.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; et al. (2017). "On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113)".
5307:
3484:
2748:
of its daughter Db had not been previously known; the American team had observed only alpha decay from this nuclide.
1134:
97:
6428:
5431:
2768:(IUPAP) assembles to examine the claims according to their criteria for the discovery of a new element, and decides
9875:
9747:
9546:
Moody, Ken (30 November 2013). "Synthesis of Superheavy Elements". In SchÀdel, Matthias; Shaughnessy, Dawn (eds.).
6955:
Barber, Robert C.; GĂ€ggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich (2009).
5002:
4691:
2639:
While the JINRâLLNL collaboration had been studying fusion reactions with Ca, a team of Japanese scientists at the
8593:
6179:
6137:
2121:
predicted and have so far been observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion:
1901:
are added and the island is approached. Nihonium has been calculated to have similar properties to its homologues
9373:
4045:
Periodic trends would predict nihonium to have an atomic radius larger than that of thallium due to it being one
2819:
to elements 115 and 113 respectively. Further experiments at the JINR in 2005 confirmed the observed decay data.
2757:
2073:
1860:
7772:
8078:
6685:
4843:
in 1940, who did not get naming rights because they could not chemically separate and identify their discovery.
3644:
2044:
2003:
can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly
1742:
1349:
9476:
Tebbe, K.-F.; Georgy, U. (December 1986). "Die Kristallstrukturen von Rubidiumtriiodid und Thalliumtriiodid".
8164:
4740:
If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay
4434:
molecule and reduction to nihonium(III). Again, some stabilisation is expected for anionic complexes, such as
2057:
7970:
5783:
5742:
Kern, B. D.; Thompson, W. E.; Ferguson, J. M. (1959). "Cross sections for some (n, p) and (n, α) reactions".
2961:
2130:
9316:
Eichler, Robert (2013). "First foot prints of chemistry on the shore of the Island of Superheavy Elements".
9833:
4082:
3476:
9653:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties".
5173:. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. Springer. pp. 63â67.
3522:
Before the JWP recognition of their priority, the Japanese team had unofficially suggested various names:
2237:, Germany, from 1981 to 1996. These elements were made by cold fusion reactions, in which targets made of
11195:
6202:"Spontaneous fission modes and lifetimes of superheavy elements in the nuclear density functional theory"
4292:
3930:
for long. Calculations suggest that in the absence of other stabilising factors, elements with more than
3542:
was considered, making the connection to Japan easy to identify for non-Japanese, but it was rejected as
7187:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2000). "Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the Ca + Pu reaction: 114".
5032:
3918:
undergo radioactive decay with half-lives of less than 30 hours: this is because of the ever-increasing
2822:
In November and December 2004, the Riken team studied the Tl + Zn reaction, aiming the zinc beam onto a
11185:
8451:"The discoveries of uranium 237 and symmetric fission â From the archival papers of Nishina and Kimura"
7924:
6785:
5939:
5865:
5720:
4873:
The quantum number corresponds to the letter in the electron orbital name: 0 to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, etc.
4004:
1088:
5037:
4852:
Different sources give different values for half-lives; the most recently published values are listed.
4694:
and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.
2021:
8829:
7371:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
6437:
3637:
1735:
8398:
8372:
6928:
Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium".
5380:
1951:
1871:
in 2016, which was approved in the same year. The name comes from the common Japanese name for Japan
1488:
8551:
7916:
7304:
7226:"Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions Pu(Ca,xn)114 and Cm(Ca,xn)116"
6716:
4483:
surfaces. This experimental result for the interaction limit of nihonium atoms with a PTFE surface
4446:. The structures of the nihonium trifluoride and pentafluoride molecules are the same as those for
4020:
3383:
2297:, it would confer benefits in stability to the fused nuclei. In collaboration with the team at the
2136:
1217:
9036:. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. pp. 139â146.
8513:[From the Big Bang to the 113th element nihonium: element creation of 13.8 billion years]
8322:
7368:
6507:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
4099:
The simplest possible nihonium compound is the monohydride, NhH. The bonding is provided by the 7p
2316:
In 1998, the JINRâLLNL collaboration started their attempt on element 114, bombarding a target of
2084:
within 10 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire
9114:"Relativistic DFT and ab initio calculations on the seventh-row superheavy elements: E113 â E114"
7766:"Production and Decay Properties of Bh and its daughter nuclei by using the Cm(Na,5n)Bh Reaction"
7369:
Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011).
7334:
7170:
7086:
4766:
For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in
4468:
4211:
4046:
3500:
2177:
thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the
2144:
in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a
2017:
1068:
9840:
6838:
5573:
4214:
around 150 kJ/mol and an enthalpy of adsorption on a gold surface around â159 kJ/mol.
3559:
2811:(SF) activities and using chemical identification techniques to confirm that they behave like a
2064:
without formation of a more stable nucleus. Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few
1882:
8568:
6895:
5931:
5654:
4464:
4451:
4056:
2956:
In late 2009, the JINRâLLNL collaboration studied the Bk + Ca reaction in an effort to produce
2310:
2117:
2098:
1938:
1867:
of the discovery and naming rights for the element to Riken. The Riken team suggested the name
1503:
1095:
1080:
1056:
8581:
which is derived from Latin or French, Morita group leader seems to stick to his own language.
8342:
7598:
5932:"Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized"
1133:
8805:
8246:"Analysis of decay chains of superheavy nuclei produced in the Bk + Ca and Am + Ca reactions"
7527:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
6168:
6126:
4795:
4680:
This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.
4149:
4011:, because their electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms, at velocities close to the
3971:
3901:
2965:
2827:
2302:
1922:
1832:
1801:
9918:
9786:
9662:
9581:
9485:
9450:
9335:
9273:
9204:
9146:
9081:
8974:
8958:
8919:
8848:
8758:
8709:
8661:
8462:
8349:
8257:
8179:
8006:
7878:
7819:
7729:
7683:
7610:
7486:
7419:
7288:
7239:
7198:
7154:
7095:
6596:
6563:
6514:
6391:
6319:
6223:
5792:
5751:
5596:
5493:
4447:
4341:
4141:
3923:
3626:
3491:. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called
3456:
2004:
1421:
17:
8623:
6780:
1937:
than thallium. Preliminary experiments in 2017 showed that elemental nihonium is not very
8:
9798:
9709:
9347:
9193:"The chemistry of superheavy elements. III. Theoretical studies on element 113 compounds"
8327:
7787:
6404:
6379:
6052:
5986:
5645:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3890:
3451:
3379:
2927:
2808:
2769:
2745:
2624:
2430:
2246:
2186:
2182:
2126:
1894:
1864:
1634:
1368:
9790:
9674:
9666:
9585:
9489:
9454:
9339:
9277:
9208:
9150:
9085:
8978:
8923:
8852:
8770:
8762:
8713:
8673:
8665:
8466:
8261:
8183:
8010:
7882:
7823:
7733:
7687:
7614:
7490:
7423:
7292:
7243:
7202:
7158:
7099:
6600:
6567:
6518:
6395:
6323:
6227:
5796:
5755:
5600:
3597:
9810:
9776:
9632:
9597:
9528:
9351:
9325:
9242:"Quantum chemical modelling of electronic structure of nihonium and astatine compounds"
9222:
9162:
8935:
8864:
8838:
8782:
8727:
8646:
8483:
8450:
8165:"A new assessment of the alleged link between element 115 and element 117 decay chains"
7894:
7868:
7745:
7719:
7579:
7451:
6861:
6661:
6630:
6343:
6213:
6018:
5964:
5909:
5612:
5515:
5259:
4916:
4896:
4120:(head-on orbital overlap) in thallium monohydride (TlH). The analogous monofluoride (Nh
4008:
3943:
3938:
around 114 protons and 184 neutrons should counteract this instability, and create an "
2254:
2000:
1929:
than the +3 state, like thallium, but in the +1 state nihonium should behave more like
1206:
1200:
8428:"IUPAC Is Naming The Four New Elements Nihonium, Moscovium, Tennessine, And Oganesson"
2060:âand thus it is very unstable. To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may
11180:
10769:
9802:
9751:
9725:
9697:
9687:
9601:
9551:
9532:
9406:
9379:
9289:
9045:
8939:
8887:
8774:
8746:
8731:
8488:
7898:
7837:
7668:
7443:
7435:
7230:
7189:
7145:
6941:
6766:
6665:
6634:
6622:
6614:
6540:
6532:
6409:
6347:
6335:
6241:
6010:
5956:
5877:
5820:
5763:
5616:
5555:
5538:
5519:
5505:
5303:
5182:
5135:
5115:
5006:
4228:
4206:
4133:
4016:
3886:
2380:
2174:
2149:
2081:
1770:
1728:
1468:
1459:
1343:
1336:
1260:
717:
9814:
9636:
9355:
9226:
8986:
8868:
8860:
8786:
7803:
7749:
7583:
7575:
6865:
6480:
6022:
5968:
5913:
5688:
5300:
Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei
4171:
surfaces in thermochromatographical experiments is expected to be closer to that of
4103:
electron of nihonium and the 1s electron of hydrogen. The SO interaction causes the
10833:
10538:
10367:
10196:
10115:
10034:
10007:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9794:
9721:
9670:
9624:
9589:
9520:
9493:
9458:
9369:
9343:
9281:
9212:
9166:
9154:
9113:
9089:
9037:
8982:
8927:
8856:
8766:
8717:
8669:
8478:
8470:
8298:
8265:
8229:
8224:
8192:
8187:
8014:
7886:
7832:
7827:
7737:
7691:
7618:
7571:
7538:
7494:
7455:
7431:
7427:
7382:
7296:
7247:
7206:
7162:
7103:
7062:
7057:
6968:
6937:
6910:
6853:
6653:
6604:
6522:
6476:
6399:
6327:
6231:
6002:
5948:
5869:
5857:
5810:
5800:
5759:
5604:
5577:
5547:
5501:
5497:
5337:
5274:
5240:
5214:
5174:
5127:
5077:
4811:
4771:
4708:
4511:
4272:
4145:
3919:
3910:
The stability of nuclei quickly decreases with the increase in atomic number after
3878:
3593:
3504:
3387:
2836:
2816:
2400:
2250:
2077:
1996:
1809:
1597:
1185:
1073:
57:
9857:
9628:
8399:"Naming 113th element 'nihonium' a tribute to Japanese public support: researcher"
8223:. Nobel Symposium NS160 â Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements.
7056:. Nobel Symposium NS160 â Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements.
6462:
6436:. Dai 2 Kai Hadoron Tataikei no Simulation Symposium, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan.
5805:
5778:
3472:
2648:
2644:
1840:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9847:
9593:
9400:
8954:
6988:
Armbruster, Peter; Munzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements".
6893:
6712:"The Transfermium Wars: Scientific Brawling and Name-Calling during the Cold War"
6331:
6043:
5927:
5533:
5436:
5405:
5341:
4536:
4093:
3402:
3335:
3130:
2945:
2812:
2436:
The first report of element 113 was in August 2003, when it was identified as an
2284:
turned their renewed attention to the older hot fusion technique, in which heavy
2277:
2258:
2178:
2145:
2061:
1926:
1774:
1707:
1684:
1661:
1626:
1603:
1589:
1566:
1543:
1520:
1315:
1235:
9041:
9032:
StysziĆski, Jacek (2010). "Why do we Need Relativistic Computational Methods?".
8722:
8697:
8138:"Discovery and Assignment of Elements with Atomic Numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118"
7225:
7107:
5178:
4741:
4085:
for the Nh/Nh couple is predicted to be 0.6 V. Nihonium should be a rather
3975:
Atomic energy levels of outermost s, p, and d electrons of thallium and nihonium
9898:
9828:
9713:
8931:
8287:"Recommendations for the Naming of Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100"
8270:
8245:
8019:
7994:
7695:
7622:
7300:
7252:
7210:
7166:
6236:
6201:
6048:"How to Make Superheavy Elements and Finish the Periodic Table [Video]"
5990:
5551:
5278:
4799:
4503:
4430:, but also that both would be highly thermodynamically unstable to loss of an X
4104:
4012:
3601:
3578:
3531:
3356:
3315:
3294:
3274:
3233:
3192:
3171:
3151:
2832:
2602:
2523:
2396:
2195:
2009:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1797:
1128:
122:
9497:
8804:. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from
8696:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022).
8068:"President's report to the meeting of the IUPAP Council and Commission Chairs"
7330:
6006:
5779:"Comparing Experimental and Theoretical Quasifission Mass Angle Distributions"
2040:
11174:
10992:
9806:
7439:
7387:
7370:
6973:
6956:
6657:
6618:
6587:
6536:
6467:
6413:
6339:
6245:
6014:
5960:
5824:
5559:
5116:"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties"
4754:
4560:
4540:
3427:
3046:
2982:
2858:
2803:
2461:
2317:
2053:
1988:
1844:
1781:
1493:
1298:
1166:
1149:
1038:
887:
9701:
8455:
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences
8303:
8286:
6914:
6857:
6763:
Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond
6252:
5952:
5873:
11046:
10875:
10580:
9980:
9913:
9524:
9293:
8778:
8492:
8373:"Proposed name for 113th element a fulfilled wish for Japanese researchers"
8107:"Discovery of the new chemical elements with numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118"
7890:
7841:
7741:
7447:
6741:[Popular library of chemical elements. Seaborgium (eka-tungsten)].
6544:
6527:
6502:
4823:
4807:
4476:
4061:
4031:
3979:
Nihonium is the first member of the 7p series of elements and the heaviest
3873:
and Nh are unconfirmed); they all decay through alpha decay to isotopes of
2785:
Summary of decay chains passing through isotopes of element 113, ending at
2781:
2657:
2294:
2102:
2012:. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.
1963:
929:
796:
570:
9112:
Zaitsevskii, A.; van WĂŒllen, C.; Rusakov, A.; Titov, A. (September 2007).
7596:
7543:
7526:
7274:"Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction Am(Ca,xn)115"
7271:
6957:"Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
4551:(although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than
4160:
O, which would be soluble in aqueous ammonia and weakly soluble in water.
11100:
11064:
11055:
10965:
10947:
10938:
9975:
9739:
8508:"Bikkuban kara 113-ban genso nihoniumu made, genso sĆsei no 138 oku-nen"
7499:
7474:
6896:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"
6176:
Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)
6134:
Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)
5244:
4556:
4506:
would be necessary to further probe the behaviour of elemental nihonium.
4153:
4152:) in solution, the Nh cation should instead hydrolyse all the way to the
4086:
4074:
3980:
3915:
3882:
3874:
3549:
3447:
3395:
3394:, which underwent the seventh alpha decay in the chain to the long-lived
3253:
3212:
3121:
2932:
2786:
2676:
2661:
2437:
2426:
2414:
2226:
2122:
1813:
1785:
1514:
1355:
1061:
1014:
971:
943:
936:
866:
852:
845:
112:
9744:
From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation
8474:
7475:"Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction Bi(Zn,n)113"
6759:ĐĐŸĐżŃĐ»ŃŃĐœĐ°Ń Đ±ĐžĐ±Đ»ĐžĐŸŃĐ”ĐșĐ° Ń
ĐžĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃĐ»Đ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐŸĐČ. ĐĄĐ”ŃДбŃĐŸ â ĐОлŃŃĐ±ĐŸŃĐžĐč Đž ЎалДД
5355:
5218:
5081:
4703:
Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example,
1171:
1430 K (1130 °C, 2070 °F)
11109:
11037:
11010:
10983:
10643:
10625:
10598:
10429:
10420:
10159:
9862:
9550:(2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 24â28.
9378:(2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 195, 233â235, 237â240.
6930:
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry
5815:
5608:
5131:
4704:
4548:
4181:
4180:
group 13, it has several properties similar to the group 17 elements. (
4164:
4117:
4030:. The first ionisation energy of nihonium is expected to be 7.306
3931:
3423:
3410:
3067:
3003:
2957:
2923:
2879:
2482:
2289:
978:
922:
901:
880:
619:
605:
584:
456:
449:
250:
9462:
9285:
9094:
9069:
7407:
6837:
Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T.; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1993).
6781:"Nobelium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
6626:
6609:
6582:
3386:
to be 10, or totally negligible. The resulting Md atom then underwent
1859:, as well as the original claimants in Russia and Japan. In 2015, the
11118:
11091:
11082:
10929:
10911:
10902:
10893:
10679:
10589:
10562:
10510:
10456:
10438:
10402:
10382:
10321:
10258:
10202:
10141:
10130:
10049:
10000:
9990:
9985:
9217:
9192:
9158:
4923:
4827:
4767:
4472:
4078:
3988:
3934:
should not exist. Researchers in the 1960s suggested that the closed
3586:
2973:
2969:
2850:
2445:
2441:
2418:
2306:
2234:
2069:
1906:
1793:
1473:
1304:
1022:
985:
964:
957:
838:
824:
817:
810:
647:
577:
556:
519:
477:
463:
435:
417:
373:
324:
280:
236:
227:
167:
6832:
6830:
6739:"ĐĐŸĐżŃĐ»ŃŃĐœĐ°Ń Đ±ĐžĐ±Đ»ĐžĐŸŃĐ”ĐșĐ° Ń
ĐžĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃĐ»Đ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐŸĐČ. ĐĄĐžĐ±ĐŸŃгОĐč (ŃĐșĐ°ĐČĐŸĐ»ŃŃŃĐ°ĐŒ)"
6681:"Exploring the superheavy elements at the end of the periodic table"
6079:
6067:
4247:
4222:
4128:(I) than thallium(I): the Nh ion is expected to more willingly bind
4124:) should also exist. Nihonium(I) is predicted to be more similar to
2972:, United States, who helped procure the rare and highly radioactive
10974:
10857:
10839:
10814:
10805:
10778:
10751:
10715:
10706:
10688:
10616:
10607:
10501:
10373:
10339:
10249:
10240:
10231:
10222:
10177:
10096:
10078:
10013:
9430:(E = I, At, and Element 117): Relativity Induced Stability for the
8843:
8645:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017).
6705:
6703:
6120:
6118:
6091:
5650:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist"
5572:
5258:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
4806:), creating compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40â50
4803:
4574:
4285:
4194:
4190:
4172:
4121:
4000:
3614:
2823:
2285:
2162:
2085:
1934:
1918:
997:
873:
782:
768:
752:
745:
724:
703:
675:
668:
654:
598:
591:
512:
410:
387:
317:
310:
303:
296:
264:
204:
190:
142:
9781:
9330:
9241:
8594:"IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118"
7873:
7724:
7560:
6456:
6454:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6218:
5980:
5978:
5895:
5893:
5356:"WebElements Periodic Table » Nihonium » the essentials"
3877:. There have been indications that nihonium-284 can also decay by
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11028:
11019:
11001:
10956:
10884:
10866:
10796:
10742:
10724:
10697:
10670:
10652:
10634:
10544:
10474:
10447:
10411:
10393:
10357:
10348:
10330:
10312:
10211:
10150:
10040:
9995:
9867:
9111:
7666:
6827:
6291:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
5991:"A History and Analysis of the Discovery of Elements 104 and 105"
5066:"Predicting the Properties of the 113â120 Transactinide Elements"
4819:
4552:
4516:
4507:
4308:
4198:
4186:
4137:
4113:
3992:
3582:
3534:, the "founding father of modern physics research in Japan"; and
3431:
3391:
3088:
3024:
2900:
2843:
2799:
2774:
2718:
2697:
2653:
2628:
2582:
2503:
2242:
2222:
2185:
suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an
2170:
2166:
2158:
2109:
2065:
1972:
1910:
1898:
1848:
1805:
1789:
1179:
915:
908:
894:
859:
803:
789:
738:
696:
682:
661:
640:
626:
612:
542:
491:
470:
442:
428:
401:
394:
380:
366:
287:
243:
160:
24:
8909:
6738:
6700:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6115:
5532:
2080:
can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not
10920:
10848:
10733:
10661:
10571:
10553:
10519:
10483:
10465:
10294:
10285:
10276:
10168:
10121:
10087:
10069:
10024:
8162:
7404:
6731:
6451:
6366:
5975:
5890:
4775:
4315:
4202:
4125:
3996:
3911:
2422:
2113:
2043:
of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the
1930:
1914:
1852:
1155:
831:
775:
689:
633:
563:
549:
526:
498:
484:
352:
345:
338:
257:
220:
197:
183:
151:
9570:
7995:"Decay spectroscopy of element 115 daughters: RgâMt and MtâBh"
7800:
6309:
6029:
3596:, complained at the Nobel Symposium on Superheavy Elements in
3485:
Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements
11134:
10823:
10528:
10186:
10060:
8695:
8544:"Japan scientists plan to name atomic element 113 'Nihonium'"
7669:"Synthesis of the isotope 113 in the Np + Ca fusion reaction"
6836:
6151:
4307:
electrons on the bonding. The heavier nihonium tribromide (Nh
4300:
4129:
4064:
of 20.8 GPa, about half that of thallium (43 GPa).
3984:
3610:
2807:
identified by extracting the final decay products, measuring
2740:
2640:
2313:, closing a proton shell, and more stable than element 113).
2266:
1902:
1856:
1836:
1824:
1404:
1387:
1101:
759:
533:
271:
176:
9614:
6380:"Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements"
5638:
4116:
character (side-on orbital overlap), unlike the almost pure
2165:(element 102), and by 30 orders of magnitude from
1835:, and on July 23, 2004, by a team of Japanese scientists at
10787:
10760:
10303:
10267:
10105:
9405:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 128â137.
8952:
7599:"Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction Am + Ca"
6954:
6672:
4815:
4544:
4168:
3406:
2391:
2270:
2238:
1984:
1158: (430 °C, 810 °F)
731:
710:
359:
331:
211:
81:
78:
72:
8214:
Forsberg, Ulrika; Fahlander, Claes; Rudolph, Dirk (2016).
7524:
6894:
Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1997).
6887:
5776:
5204:
4839:
Neptunium had been first reported at Riken by Nishina and
4092:
The metallic group 13 elements are typically found in two
2444:. Element 115 had been produced by bombarding a target of
10492:
9907:
9191:
Seth, Michael; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; FĂŠgri, Knut (1999).
7959:– via Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute.
7857:
7471:
6805:
6803:
6354:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5566:
3544:
2623:
Four further alpha decays were observed, ending with the
505:
63:
8217:
Congruence of decay chains of elements 113, 115, and 117
8213:
8038:"Element 113: Ununtrium Reportedly Synthesised In Japan"
7991:
7079:"Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the Ca + Pu Reaction"
6562:. 50th Anniversary of Nuclear Fission, Leningrad, USSR.
6281:
6279:
6199:
5855:
4999:
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
3556:
was chosen after an hour of deliberation: it comes from
3443:
basics of synthesising superheavy elements at the JINR.
11191:
Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure
4753:
Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist
9764:
9190:
7762:
7708:
7400:
7398:
6800:
6773:
6097:
5669:
5487:
5327:
5296:
5234:
2842:
In 2006, a team at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in
2456:
collaboration published its results in February 2004:
9708:
6580:
6276:
6264:
6103:
6085:
6073:
4303:
analogues are: this is due to the influence of the 6d
98:
75:
60:
9402:
Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium
6987:
6648:
Grant, A. (2018). "Weighing the heaviest elements".
5902:
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering
5741:
5716:"Something new and superheavy at the periodic table"
5490:
Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry
5257:
5030:
4175:
than that of thallium. The destabilisation of the 7p
4144:
is not. In contrast to Tl, which forms the strongly
3382:. The team calculated the probability of accidental
2756:
When the discovery of a new element is claimed, the
9841:
Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table
8882:Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D. (1994).
8644:
7395:
6815:
2181:for nuclei with about 280 nucleons. The later
84:
69:
66:
8953:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;
8881:
8422:
8420:
8250:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
3398:, which has a half-life of around thirteen years.
9368:
8886:(8th ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p. 623.
8647:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"
8616:"Naming ceremony held for new element 'nihonium'"
8032:
8030:
6200:Staszczak, A.; Baran, A.; Nazarewicz, W. (2013).
5984:
5260:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
4132:, so that NhCl should be quite soluble in excess
3617:, then the Crown Prince of Japan, in attendance.
2762:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2133:for each mode, but they can be tunneled through.
1958:
11172:
8561:
8244:Zlokazov, V. B.; Utyonkov, V. K. (8 June 2017).
8243:
6581:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Rykaczewski, K. P. (2015).
5410:American Elements: The Materials Science Company
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
4328:molecules can be considered as that of a linear
3697:
2853:-237 target with accelerated calcium-48 nuclei:
2643:Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in
2249:of 82 protons, are bombarded with heavy ions of
9107:
9105:
8799:
8698:"New isotope Mc produced in the Am+Ca reaction"
8417:
8075:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
7804:"Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number
7648:. 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference
7636:
7634:
7632:
6927:
6042:
5120:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry
5063:
3893:branch of nihonium-285 has also been reported.
3739:
3718:
3557:
2766:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
1971:reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a
1880:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9021:
8586:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8027:
5323:
5321:
5319:
3760:
3566:
1874:
9883:
9067:
8992:
8793:
7333:. The Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan.
5900:KrĂĄsa, A. (2010). "Neutron Sources for ADS".
5691:[Superheavy steps into the unknown].
5155:
3823:
3802:
3781:
3645:
1743:
1085:
9419:
9136:
9102:
8536:
7853:
7851:
7629:
5784:European Physical Journal Web of Conferences
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5064:Bonchev, Danail; Kamenska, Verginia (1981).
5001:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
3848:
3479:, celebrating the naming on 1 December 2016.
1941:; its chemistry remains largely unexplored.
1827:, Russia, working in collaboration with the
32:Chemical element with atomic number 113 (Nh)
9652:
9475:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9262:
9018:
8963:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"
8738:
8638:
8125:
8101:
8099:
8061:
8059:
6430:Fission properties of the heaviest elements
6297:
6258:
5644:
5316:
4586: pb), as estimated by the discoverers.
3896:
2231:GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
9890:
9876:
9392:
9063:
9061:
9031:
8744:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8321:Noorden, Richard Van (27 September 2012).
7910:
7908:
7408:"Spectroscopy of Element 115 Decay Chains"
7223:
7186:
7135:
7129:
7076:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6460:
6377:
3889:for this branch vary strongly by model. A
3652:
3638:
3416:
2407:
2288:targets were bombarded with lighter ions.
2105:, and the time of the decay are measured.
2088:and thus display its chemical properties.
1750:
1736:
1436:
1429:
1354:
16:"Uut" redirects here. For other uses, see
9780:
9718:The Transuranium People: The Inside Story
9504:
9425:
9329:
9216:
9093:
8905:
8903:
8842:
8721:
8505:
8482:
8302:
8284:
8269:
8228:
8191:
8140:. IUPAC. 30 December 2015. Archived from
8018:
7872:
7848:
7831:
7723:
7542:
7498:
7467:
7465:
7386:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7251:
7224:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2004).
7136:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2004).
7077:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1999).
7061:
6972:
6608:
6526:
6426:
6403:
6235:
6217:
5814:
5804:
5251:
5088:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5033:"transuranium element (chemical element)"
4457:
3926:cannot hold the nucleus together against
3906:too neutron-poor to be within the island.
2305:, United States, they made an attempt on
9510:
9300:
9244:. Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions
9186:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9176:
9130:
8826:
8096:
8065:
8056:
7861:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
7756:
7712:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
7640:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7479:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
6709:
6583:"A beachhead on the island of stability"
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4922:is a thallium(I) compound involving the
3970:
3900:
3467:
2780:
2135:
1962:
1863:recognized the element and assigned the
10990:
9315:
9239:
9058:
8998:
8680:
8320:
8316:
8314:
7914:
7905:
7643:"The discovery of element 113 at RIKEN"
7556:
7554:
7046:
7019:
7000:
6500:
5926:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4363:molecule and reduction to nihonium(I):
4291:). These molecules are predicted to be
3957:
2751:
1991:of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only
11173:
11044:
10873:
10578:
9681:
9539:
8900:
8884:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
8571:[Nihonium the most probable].
8442:
8278:
8066:McKellar, Bruce (22â23 October 2016).
7944:
7660:
7462:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7328:
7260:
7217:
7180:
7070:
6948:
6757:"ĐĐșĐ°ĐČĐŸĐ»ŃŃŃĐ°ĐŒ" [Eka-tungsten].
6503:"Chemistry of the superheavy elements"
6360:
6285:
6270:
6109:
5686:
5463:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
5429:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5200:
5198:
5168:
5113:
5052:
4860:
4858:
3966:
2448:-243 with calcium-48 projectiles. The
2421:in 2000 and 2002 respectively via the
2299:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2273:-70; both attempts were unsuccessful.
2142:Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions
2091:
1829:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
11098:
11062:
11053:
10963:
10945:
10936:
9871:
9768:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
9738:
9545:
9398:
9318:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
9173:
9068:FĂŠgri Jr., Knut; Saue, Trond (2001).
9001:"What it takes to make a new element"
8946:
8499:
8448:
7507:
7337:from the original on 14 November 2021
7022:"What it takes to make a new element"
6875:from the original on 25 November 2013
6821:
6809:
6678:
6647:
6557:
6384:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
6166:
6124:
5899:
5713:
5406:"Nihonium (Nh) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS Âź"
5230:
5228:
4996:
4007:, which is especially strong for the
3983:element on the periodic table, below
2666:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1696:
1693:
1673:
1670:
1650:
1647:
1615:
1612:
1578:
1575:
1555:
1552:
1532:
1529:
1507:
1502:
11107:
11035:
11008:
10981:
10641:
10623:
10596:
10427:
10418:
9548:The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements
9240:Demidov, Yu. A. (15 February 2017).
8311:
8111:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
7971:"Existence of new element confirmed"
7794:
7551:
7050:The discovery of elements 107 to 112
6981:
6098:Zagrebaev, Karpov & Greiner 2013
5906:Czech Technical University in Prague
5026:
5024:
5022:
4951:
4798:, such as nihonium, are produced by
2263:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
2216:
2212:Discoveries of the chemical elements
1821:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1407:(Japan, first undisputed claim 2004)
11116:
11089:
11080:
10927:
10909:
10900:
10891:
10677:
10587:
10560:
10508:
10454:
10436:
10400:
10380:
10319:
10256:
10157:
10139:
10128:
10047:
9617:Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange
9443:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
7349:
6086:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000
6074:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000
5856:Loveland, W. D.; Morrissey, D. J.;
5582:"The identification of element 108"
5459:"Discovery of Elements 113 and 115"
5381:"Nihonium | Nh (Element) - PubChem"
5302:. Exotic Nuclei. pp. 155â164.
5285:
5195:
4855:
4499:(Nh) > 45 kJ/mol)
4428:square pyramidal molecular geometry
2433:and result in longer decay chains.
13:
11071:
10972:
10855:
10837:
10812:
10803:
10776:
10749:
10704:
10686:
10614:
10605:
10499:
10371:
10337:
10247:
10229:
10220:
10200:
10175:
9897:
7329:Morita, KĆsuke (5 February 2016).
5580:; Folger, H.; et al. (1984).
5225:
4906:is expected to be trigonal planar.
3575:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
3495:(with the corresponding symbol of
3118:2011 TĆhoku earthquake and tsunami
14:
11207:
11026:
11017:
10999:
10954:
10864:
10794:
10767:
10740:
10722:
10713:
10695:
10668:
10650:
10632:
10542:
10472:
10445:
10409:
10355:
10346:
10328:
10310:
10238:
10209:
10148:
10094:
10076:
10038:
10011:
9853:Discovery of Elements 113 and 115
9822:
9034:Relativistic Methods for Chemists
8999:Chapman, Kit (30 November 2016).
7973:. Lund University. 27 August 2013
7020:Chapman, Kit (30 November 2016).
6261:, pp. 030001-129â030001-138.
5689:"ĐĄĐČĐ”ŃŃ
ŃŃжДлŃĐ” ŃагО ĐČ ĐœĐ”ĐžĐ·ĐČĐ”ŃŃĐœĐŸĐ”"
5207:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
5171:Relativistic Methods for Chemists
5019:
3613:, Japan, on March 14, 2017, with
1952:Superheavy element § Introduction
1268:1st: 704.9 kJ/mol
10918:
10882:
10846:
10731:
10659:
10569:
10551:
10481:
10463:
10391:
10292:
10283:
10274:
10119:
10022:
9608:
9564:
9469:
9362:
9256:
9233:
8875:
8820:
8608:
8510:ăăăŻăăłăă ïŒïŒïŒçȘć
çŽ ăăăăŠă ăŸă§ăć
çŽ ć”æăźïŒïŒïŒććčŽ
8391:
8365:
8353:(in Japanese). 27 September 2012
8335:
8237:
8207:
8156:
7915:Chapman, Kit (8 February 2018).
5432:"Explainer: superheavy elements"
4915:The compound with stoichiometry
4909:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4846:
4833:
4246:
4221:
2173:(element 100). The earlier
2035:
1950:This section is an excerpt from
1723:
1722:
1280:3rd: 3020 kJ/mol
1274:2nd: 2240 kJ/mol
56:
10821:
10526:
10517:
10184:
10166:
10085:
10067:
9646:
9574:The European Physical Journal A
9074:The Journal of Chemical Physics
8987:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
8861:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025
8802:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides"
8622:. 15 March 2017. Archived from
8577:Rather than initially proposed
8569:"ăăăăŠă ăæć æ„æŹćăźæ°ć
çŽ ć称æĄăćœéæ©éąăïŒæ„ć
ŹèĄš"
7985:
7963:
7938:
7702:
7590:
7576:10.1070/MC2005v015n01ABEH002077
7473:Atsushi; Zhao, YuLiang (2004).
7322:
7040:
6921:
6686:Chemical & Engineering News
6641:
6574:
6551:
6494:
6427:Moller, P.; Nix, J. R. (1994).
6420:
6312:The European Physical Journal A
6303:
6193:
5920:
5831:
5770:
5735:
5707:
5526:
5481:
5451:
5423:
5398:
5373:
5348:
5003:Springer Science+Business Media
4814:, and lighter targets, usually
4789:
4760:
4747:
4734:
4724:
4714:
4697:
4683:
4674:
4589:
4566:
4529:
3592:The former president of IUPAP,
2257:. Cold fusion was pioneered by
2074:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
1944:
1861:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
10785:
10758:
10301:
10265:
10103:
10058:
9799:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001
9348:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012003
8751:Reports on Progress in Physics
8747:"Super-heavy element research"
8193:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.07.008
7833:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502
7432:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.112502
6405:10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005
5502:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2632
5330:The European Physics Journal A
4543:if its atomic number is high;
4324:The bonding in the lighter NhX
3885:-284, though estimates of the
3577:, and honour Japanese chemist
2045:Australian National University
1959:Synthesis of superheavy nuclei
1:
10490:
9686:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
9675:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001
9629:10.1080/07366299.2015.1080529
8771:10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036301
8674:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001
8550:. 8 June 2016. Archived from
8517:(in Japanese). Archived from
8506:En'yo, Hideto (26 May 2017).
8449:Ikeda, Nagao (25 July 2011).
7947:"SHE Research at RIKEN/GARIS"
6180:Université libre de Bruxelles
6138:Université libre de Bruxelles
5860:(2005). "Nuclear Reactions".
5070:Journal of Physical Chemistry
5031:Seaborg, Glenn T. (c. 2006).
4945:
3487:, nihonium would be known as
2962:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2309:(which was predicted to be a
1416:(US, first announcement 2003)
9834:The Periodic Table of Videos
8575:(in Japanese). 6 June 2016.
8230:10.1051/epjconf/201613102003
7063:10.1051/epjconf/201613106001
7028:. Royal Society of Chemistry
6942:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3
6560:Biomodal spontaneous fission
6461:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2004).
5764:10.1016/0029-5582(59)90211-1
4264:is predicted to be T-shaped.
4083:standard electrode potential
3526:, after their home country;
2938:
2793:
2627:of isotopes of element 105,
2261:and his team in 1974 at the
1796:of about 10 seconds. In the
7:
9399:Downs, A.J. (31 May 1993).
9197:Journal of Chemical Physics
9139:Journal of Chemical Physics
9042:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_3
8723:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306
7108:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154
5866:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5806:10.1051/epjconf/20158600061
5179:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2
4864:This isotope is unconfirmed
4067:
4005:spinâorbit (SO) interaction
3620:
3558:
3530:, after Japanese physicist
2052:The resulting merger is an
1881:
1350:hexagonal close-packed
1320:172–180 pm
1062:group 13 (boron group)
10:
11212:
10389:
10218:
10137:
10056:
10020:
9922:
9837:(University of Nottingham)
9684:Concepts of modern physics
9594:10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8
8020:10.1103/PhysRevC.92.021301
7925:Royal Society of Chemistry
7696:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011601
7623:10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611
7301:10.1103/PhysRevC.69.021601
7253:10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607
7211:10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604
7167:10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609
6961:Pure and Applied Chemistry
6903:Pure and Applied Chemistry
6846:Pure and Applied Chemistry
6786:Royal Society of Chemistry
6332:10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8
6237:10.1103/physrevc.87.024320
5940:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5552:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024608
5342:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4
4692:time-of-flight measurement
3633:List of nihonium isotopes
3624:
2837:metastable isomeric states
2221:The syntheses of elements
2209:
2205:
1949:
1771:synthetic chemical element
425:
293:
233:
173:
148:
22:
15:
11132:
10832:
10537:
10366:
10195:
10114:
10033:
10006:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9917:
9912:
9905:
9863:WebElements.com: Nihonium
9716:; Seaborg, G. T. (2000).
9498:10.1107/S0108270186090972
9375:Chemistry of the Elements
8745:Oganessian, Y.T. (2015).
8596:. IUPAC. 30 November 2016
6481:10.1088/2058-7058/17/7/31
6438:University of North Texas
6007:10.1524/ract.1987.42.2.57
5122:. Structure and Bonding.
5114:Fricke, Burkhard (1975).
4241:has a trigonal structure.
4167:behaviour of nihonium on
3678:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3567:
3463:
2320:with ions of calcium-48:
2276:Faced with this problem,
2034:
2029:
1967:A graphic depiction of a
1875:
1721:
1717:
1690:
1667:
1644:
1609:
1572:
1549:
1526:
1499:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1420:
1398:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1314:
1303:empirical: 170
1297:
1259:
1234:
1229:
1216:
1199:
1178:
1165:
1148:
1127:
1122:
1111:
1094:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1036:
1013:
128:
120:
111:
51:
46:
9846:7 September 2006 at the
9478:Acta Crystallographica C
8955:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik
8932:10.1088/1402-4896/aa53c1
8509:
8344:æ°ć
çŽ 113çȘăæ„æŹăźçșèŠçąșćźă« ćæă«ïŒćæć
8343:
8271:10.1088/1361-6471/aa7293
7641:Morimoto, Kouji (2016).
7564:Mendeleev Communications
7414:(Submitted manuscript).
7388:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01
7047:Hofmann, Sigurd (2016).
6974:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05
6710:Robinson, A. E. (2019).
6658:10.1063/PT.6.1.20181113a
6390:(1): 012005-1â012005-6.
6378:Oganessian, Yu. (2012).
5989:; Keller, O. L. (1987).
5862:Modern Nuclear Chemistry
5589:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik A
5385:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5279:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
4522:
4422:) and pentafluoride (NhF
4021:azimuthal quantum number
3922:of protons, so that the
3897:Stability and half-lives
2634:
2099:surface-barrier detector
1788:: its most stable known
1115:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3
23:Not to be confused with
9372:; Earnshaw, A. (1998).
8304:10.1351/pac197951020381
7945:Morita, Kosuke (2015).
7812:Physical Review Letters
7412:Physical Review Letters
7087:Physical Review Letters
6915:10.1351/pac199769122471
6858:10.1351/pac199365081815
5953:10.1351/pac199163060879
5874:10.1002/0471768626.ch10
5038:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4539:, an element is called
4469:polytetrafluoroethylene
4212:enthalpy of sublimation
3501:systematic element name
3417:Approval of discoveries
2408:JINRâLLNL collaboration
2245:, which are around the
1997:electrostatic repulsion
1104:] 5f 6d 7s 7p
9525:10.1524/ract.2011.1842
8323:"Element 113 at Last?"
7891:10.1143/JPSJ.81.103201
7742:10.1143/JPSJ.78.064201
6528:10.1098/rsta.2014.0191
5655:Bloomberg Businessweek
4830:(element 114) onwards.
4796:Transactinide elements
4458:Experimental chemistry
4284:), and trichloride (Nh
4057:hexagonal close-packed
3976:
3907:
3480:
2790:
2229:were conducted at the
2153:
1976:
1923:post-transition metals
1792:, nihonium-286, has a
1096:Electron configuration
8800:Sonzogni, Alejandro.
7544:10.1515/pac-2015-0502
6558:Hulet, E. K. (1989).
6463:"Superheavy elements"
6300:, p. 030001-125.
5494:John Wiley & Sons
3974:
3904:
3581:'s 1908 discovery of
3471:
2966:Vanderbilt University
2784:
2303:Livermore, California
2169:(element 90) to
2161:(element 92) to
2139:
1966:
1833:Livermore, California
1802:transactinide element
1784:113. It is extremely
1222:130 kJ/mol
8430:. IUPAC. 8 June 2016
8350:Nihon Keizai Shimbun
7778:on 21 September 2017
7500:10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593
7345:– via YouTube.
6765:] (in Russian).
6501:SchÀdel, M. (2015).
5469:on 11 September 2015
5245:10.1557/adv.2020.159
4902:is T-shaped, but TsF
4448:chlorine trifluoride
4340:species (similar to
3958:Predicted properties
3924:strong nuclear force
3627:Isotopes of nihonium
2752:Road to confirmation
2668:(LBNL) in Berkeley.
2280:and his team at the
2247:stable configuration
2076:(JWP) states that a
1921:. All but boron are
1808:. It is a member of
1422:Isotopes of nihonium
1218:Heat of vaporisation
18:Uut (disambiguation)
9858:Superheavy elements
9791:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z
9682:Beiser, A. (2003).
9667:2017ChPhC..41c0001A
9586:2017EPJA...53..158A
9490:1986AcCrC..42.1675T
9455:2003JPCA..107..852B
9437:Structure of (117)F
9340:2013JPhCS.420a2003E
9278:1999JPCA..103..402N
9209:1999JChPh.111.6422S
9151:2000JChPh.112.2684H
9086:2001JChPh.115.2456F
8979:2003NuPhA.729....3A
8924:2017PhyS...92b3003O
8853:2016NuPhA.953..117F
8763:2015RPPh...78c6301O
8714:2022PhRvC.106f4306O
8666:2017ChPhC..41c0001A
8475:10.2183/pjab.87.371
8467:2011PJAB...87..371I
8328:Scientific American
8262:2017JPhG...44g5107Z
8184:2016PhLB..760..293F
8144:on 31 December 2015
8011:2015PhRvC..92b1301G
7883:2012JPSJ...81j3201M
7824:2010PhRvL.104n2502O
7788:University of Mainz
7734:2009JPSJ...78f4201M
7688:2007PhRvC..76a1601O
7615:2005PhRvC..72c4611O
7491:2004JPSJ...73.2593M
7424:2013PhRvL.111k2502R
7331:"Q & A session"
7293:2004PhRvC..69b1601O
7244:2004PhRvC..69e4607O
7203:2000PhRvC..62d1604O
7159:2004PhRvC..70f4609O
7100:1999PhRvL..83.3154O
6990:Scientific American
6601:2015PhT....68h..32O
6568:1989nufi.rept...16H
6519:2015RSPTA.37340191S
6396:2012JPhCS.337a2005O
6324:2017EPJA...53..158A
6228:2013PhRvC..87b4320S
6053:Scientific American
5839:"Nuclear Reactions"
5797:2015EPJWC..8600061W
5756:1959NucPh..10..226K
5687:Ivanov, D. (2019).
5601:1984ZPhyA.317..235M
5534:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.
5430:KrÀmer, K. (2016).
5360:www.webelements.com
5219:10.1021/j100700a029
5082:10.1021/j150609a021
4314:) and triiodide (Nh
4280:), trifluoride (NhF
4009:superheavy elements
3967:Physical and atomic
3944:superheavy elements
3940:island of stability
3928:spontaneous fission
3891:spontaneous fission
3659:
3452:internal conversion
3106:â 115 + α â 113 + α
3042:â 115 + α â 113 + α
2928:Spontaneous fission
2809:spontaneous fission
2770:scientific priority
2758:Joint Working Party
2746:Spontaneous fission
2625:spontaneous fission
2431:spontaneous fission
2255:superheavy elements
2187:island of stability
2183:nuclear shell model
2127:spontaneous fission
2092:Decay and detection
1895:island of stability
1261:Ionisation energies
1123:Physical properties
1112:Electrons per shell
43:
11196:Synthetic elements
8918:(2): 023003â1â21.
8626:on 28 January 2018
8573:The Sankei Shimbun
8524:on 29 January 2018
8285:Chatt, J. (1979).
8084:on 2 November 2020
6679:Howes, L. (2019).
6513:(2037): 20140191.
6363:, p. 432â433.
6167:Pauli, N. (2019).
6125:Pauli, N. (2019).
5868:pp. 249â297.
5714:Hinde, D. (2017).
5648:(28 August 2019).
5609:10.1007/BF01421260
5132:10.1007/BFb0116498
3977:
3908:
3632:
3481:
2791:
2154:
2150:quadrupole magnets
2148:in the former and
2001:strong interaction
1977:
1729:Category: Nihonium
1333:Natural occurrence
1192:16 g/cm
1020:
1005:
35:
11186:Chemical elements
11168:
11167:
11161:
11160:
11127:
11126:
9757:978-3-319-75813-8
9731:978-1-78-326244-1
9693:978-0-07-244848-1
9655:Chinese Physics C
9557:978-3-642-37466-1
9513:Radiochimica Acta
9484:(12): 1675â1678.
9463:10.1021/jp026531m
9412:978-0-7514-0103-5
9385:978-0-7506-3365-9
9286:10.1021/jp982735k
9203:(14): 6422â6433.
9095:10.1063/1.1385366
9051:978-1-4020-9974-8
8967:Nuclear Physics A
8962:
8893:978-1-4757-6918-0
8830:Nuclear Physics A
8708:(64306): 064306.
8702:Physical Review C
8654:Chinese Physics C
8256:(75107): 075107.
8178:(2016): 293â296.
8172:Physics Letters B
7999:Physical Review C
7718:(6): 064201â1â6.
7676:Physical Review C
7603:Physical Review C
7485:(10): 2593â2596.
7281:Physical Review C
7231:Physical Review C
7190:Physical Review C
7146:Physical Review C
6909:(12): 2471â2474.
6812:, pp. 38â39.
6610:10.1063/PT.3.2880
6206:Physical Review C
6169:"Nuclear fission"
5995:Radiochimica Acta
5883:978-0-471-76862-3
5539:Physical Review C
5511:978-1-119-95143-8
5496:. pp. 1â16.
5267:Chinese Physics C
5188:978-1-4020-9974-8
5141:978-3-540-07109-9
5012:978-1-4020-3555-5
4742:must be preserved
4707:is caused by the
4134:hydrochloric acid
4017:inert pair effect
3920:Coulomb repulsion
3887:partial half-life
3869:
3868:
3548:is considered an
3515:, or even simply
3477:Hiroshi Matsumoto
3086:â 117* â 117 + 4
3022:â 117* â 117 + 3
2898:â 113* â 113 + 3
2580:â 115* â 115 + 4
2501:â 115* â 115 + 3
2361:â 114* â 114 + 2
2251:period 4 elements
2217:Early indications
2175:liquid drop model
2050:
2049:
1764:
1763:
1713:
1712:
1344:Crystal structure
1230:Atomic properties
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1003:
993:
992:
719:Mercury (element)
11203:
11137:
11136:
11123:
11121:
11114:
11112:
11105:
11103:
11096:
11094:
11087:
11085:
11078:
11076:
11069:
11067:
11060:
11058:
11051:
11049:
11042:
11040:
11033:
11031:
11024:
11022:
11015:
11013:
11006:
11004:
10997:
10995:
10988:
10986:
10979:
10977:
10970:
10968:
10961:
10959:
10952:
10950:
10943:
10941:
10934:
10932:
10925:
10923:
10916:
10914:
10907:
10905:
10898:
10896:
10889:
10887:
10880:
10878:
10871:
10869:
10862:
10860:
10853:
10851:
10844:
10842:
10828:
10826:
10819:
10817:
10810:
10808:
10801:
10799:
10792:
10790:
10783:
10781:
10774:
10772:
10765:
10763:
10756:
10754:
10747:
10745:
10738:
10736:
10729:
10727:
10720:
10718:
10711:
10709:
10702:
10700:
10693:
10691:
10684:
10682:
10675:
10673:
10666:
10664:
10657:
10655:
10648:
10646:
10639:
10637:
10630:
10628:
10621:
10619:
10612:
10610:
10603:
10601:
10594:
10592:
10585:
10583:
10576:
10574:
10567:
10565:
10558:
10556:
10549:
10547:
10533:
10531:
10524:
10522:
10515:
10513:
10506:
10504:
10497:
10495:
10488:
10486:
10479:
10477:
10470:
10468:
10461:
10459:
10452:
10450:
10443:
10441:
10434:
10432:
10425:
10423:
10416:
10414:
10407:
10405:
10398:
10396:
10387:
10385:
10378:
10376:
10362:
10360:
10353:
10351:
10344:
10342:
10335:
10333:
10326:
10324:
10317:
10315:
10308:
10306:
10299:
10297:
10290:
10288:
10281:
10279:
10272:
10270:
10263:
10261:
10254:
10252:
10245:
10243:
10236:
10234:
10227:
10225:
10216:
10214:
10207:
10205:
10191:
10189:
10182:
10180:
10173:
10171:
10164:
10162:
10155:
10153:
10146:
10144:
10135:
10133:
10126:
10124:
10110:
10108:
10101:
10099:
10092:
10090:
10083:
10081:
10074:
10072:
10065:
10063:
10054:
10052:
10045:
10043:
10029:
10027:
10018:
10016:
9908:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9869:
9868:
9818:
9784:
9761:
9735:
9722:World Scientific
9705:
9678:
9641:
9640:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9370:Greenwood, N. N.
9366:
9360:
9359:
9333:
9313:
9298:
9297:
9266:J. Phys. Chem. A
9260:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9220:
9218:10.1063/1.480168
9188:
9171:
9170:
9159:10.1063/1.480842
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9118:
9109:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9065:
9056:
9055:
9029:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8960:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8907:
8898:
8897:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8846:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8808:on 7 August 2007
8797:
8791:
8790:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8725:
8693:
8678:
8677:
8651:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8554:on 9 June 2016.
8548:Mainichi Shimbun
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8523:
8516:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8318:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8222:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8195:
8169:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8134:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8113:. 6 January 2016
8103:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8083:
8077:. Archived from
8072:
8063:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8044:. September 2012
8034:
8025:
8024:
8022:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7951:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7912:
7903:
7902:
7876:
7855:
7846:
7845:
7835:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7777:
7771:. Archived from
7770:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7727:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7682:(1): 011601(R).
7673:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7647:
7638:
7627:
7626:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7558:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7537:(1â2): 139â153.
7522:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7469:
7460:
7459:
7402:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7366:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7309:
7303:. Archived from
7278:
7269:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7169:. Archived from
7142:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7116:
7110:. Archived from
7083:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7055:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7017:
6998:
6997:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6900:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6874:
6852:(8): 1815â1824.
6843:
6834:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6707:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6612:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6530:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6458:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6435:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6375:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6307:
6301:
6298:Audi et al. 2017
6295:
6289:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6259:Audi et al. 2017
6256:
6250:
6249:
6239:
6221:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6173:
6164:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6040:
6027:
6026:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5936:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5818:
5808:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5721:The Conversation
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5684:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5619:. Archived from
5586:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5465:. Archived from
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5325:
5314:
5313:
5294:
5283:
5282:
5264:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5213:(5): 1127â1134.
5202:
5193:
5192:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5111:
5086:
5085:
5076:(9): 1177â1186.
5061:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5028:
5017:
5016:
4994:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4913:
4907:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4793:
4787:
4772:Stockholm County
4764:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:weak interaction
4701:
4695:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4570:
4564:
4533:
4512:boron tribromide
4500:
4498:
4497:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4426:) should have a
4414:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4273:transition metal
4263:
4262:
4261:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4094:oxidation states
4038:and six being 6d
3879:electron capture
3850:
3825:
3804:
3783:
3762:
3741:
3720:
3699:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3598:BĂ€ckaskog Castle
3594:Cecilia Jarlskog
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3388:electron capture
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2764:(IUPAC) and the
2735:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2647:, Japan, led by
2619:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2401:electron capture
2378:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2078:chemical element
2058:compound nucleus
2039:
2038:
2027:
2026:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1800:, nihonium is a
1752:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1704:
1699:
1681:
1676:
1658:
1653:
1637:
1623:
1618:
1600:
1586:
1581:
1563:
1558:
1540:
1535:
1517:
1510:
1485:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1373:54084-70-7
1358:
1328:Other properties
1251:
1245:
1236:Oxidation states
1189:
1138:
1137:
1087:
1048:
1047:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
420:
413:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
290:
283:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
230:
223:
214:
207:
200:
193:
186:
179:
170:
163:
154:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
121:Nihonium in the
107:
102:
93:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
44:
42:
34:
11211:
11210:
11206:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11201:
11200:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11163:
11162:
11128:
11119:
11117:
11110:
11108:
11101:
11099:
11092:
11090:
11083:
11081:
11074:
11072:
11065:
11063:
11056:
11054:
11047:
11045:
11038:
11036:
11029:
11027:
11020:
11018:
11011:
11009:
11002:
11000:
10993:
10991:
10984:
10982:
10975:
10973:
10966:
10964:
10957:
10955:
10948:
10946:
10939:
10937:
10930:
10928:
10921:
10919:
10912:
10910:
10903:
10901:
10894:
10892:
10885:
10883:
10876:
10874:
10867:
10865:
10858:
10856:
10849:
10847:
10840:
10838:
10824:
10822:
10815:
10813:
10806:
10804:
10797:
10795:
10788:
10786:
10779:
10777:
10770:
10768:
10761:
10759:
10752:
10750:
10743:
10741:
10734:
10732:
10725:
10723:
10716:
10714:
10707:
10705:
10698:
10696:
10689:
10687:
10680:
10678:
10671:
10669:
10662:
10660:
10653:
10651:
10644:
10642:
10635:
10633:
10626:
10624:
10617:
10615:
10608:
10606:
10599:
10597:
10590:
10588:
10581:
10579:
10572:
10570:
10563:
10561:
10554:
10552:
10545:
10543:
10529:
10527:
10520:
10518:
10511:
10509:
10502:
10500:
10493:
10491:
10484:
10482:
10475:
10473:
10466:
10464:
10457:
10455:
10448:
10446:
10439:
10437:
10430:
10428:
10421:
10419:
10412:
10410:
10403:
10401:
10394:
10392:
10383:
10381:
10374:
10372:
10358:
10356:
10349:
10347:
10340:
10338:
10331:
10329:
10322:
10320:
10313:
10311:
10304:
10302:
10295:
10293:
10286:
10284:
10277:
10275:
10268:
10266:
10259:
10257:
10250:
10248:
10241:
10239:
10232:
10230:
10223:
10221:
10212:
10210:
10203:
10201:
10187:
10185:
10178:
10176:
10169:
10167:
10160:
10158:
10151:
10149:
10142:
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10122:
10120:
10106:
10104:
10097:
10095:
10088:
10086:
10079:
10077:
10070:
10068:
10061:
10059:
10050:
10048:
10041:
10039:
10025:
10023:
10014:
10012:
9901:
9896:
9848:Wayback Machine
9825:
9758:
9732:
9694:
9649:
9644:
9613:
9609:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9544:
9540:
9509:
9505:
9474:
9470:
9440:
9435:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9413:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9367:
9363:
9314:
9301:
9261:
9257:
9247:
9245:
9238:
9234:
9189:
9174:
9135:
9131:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9110:
9103:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9030:
9019:
9009:
9007:
9005:Chemistry World
8997:
8993:
8951:
8947:
8912:Physica Scripta
8908:
8901:
8894:
8880:
8876:
8825:
8821:
8811:
8809:
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8743:
8739:
8694:
8681:
8649:
8643:
8639:
8629:
8627:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8599:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8587:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8542:
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8537:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8514:
8511:
8504:
8500:
8447:
8443:
8433:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8345:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8319:
8312:
8291:Pure Appl. Chem
8283:
8279:
8242:
8238:
8220:
8212:
8208:
8198:
8196:
8167:
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8136:
8135:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8105:
8104:
8097:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8070:
8064:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8042:Huffington Post
8036:
8035:
8028:
7990:
7986:
7976:
7974:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7943:
7939:
7929:
7927:
7921:Chemistry World
7913:
7906:
7856:
7849:
7799:
7795:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7757:
7707:
7703:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7630:
7595:
7591:
7559:
7552:
7531:Pure Appl. Chem
7523:
7508:
7470:
7463:
7403:
7396:
7375:Pure Appl. Chem
7367:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7327:
7323:
7313:
7311:
7310:on 7 March 2020
7307:
7276:
7270:
7261:
7222:
7218:
7185:
7181:
7176:on 28 May 2008.
7173:
7140:
7134:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7117:on 30 July 2020
7114:
7081:
7075:
7071:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7031:
7029:
7026:Chemistry World
7018:
7001:
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6898:
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6888:
6878:
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6835:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6808:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6756:
6755:Reprinted from
6748:
6746:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6708:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6677:
6673:
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6499:
6495:
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6433:
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6421:
6376:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6292:
6284:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6212:(2): 024320â1.
6198:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6171:
6165:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6129:
6123:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6044:Chemistry World
6041:
6030:
5983:
5976:
5934:
5925:
5921:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5775:
5771:
5744:Nuclear Physics
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5685:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5646:Subramanian, S.
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5584:
5571:
5567:
5531:
5527:
5512:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5437:Chemistry World
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5379:
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5364:
5362:
5354:
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5326:
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5295:
5286:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5233:
5226:
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5112:
5089:
5062:
5053:
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4877:
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4856:
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4847:
4838:
4834:
4794:
4790:
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4761:
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4627:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
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4608:
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4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4537:nuclear physics
4534:
4530:
4525:
4510:saturated with
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4460:
4442:
4439:
4438:
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4433:
4425:
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4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4387:
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4383:
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4380:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4355:
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4350:
4348:
4345:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4297:trigonal planar
4290:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4207:electronegative
4178:
4159:
4110:
4102:
4070:
4053:
4041:
4037:
4029:
3969:
3960:
3899:
3870:
3864:
3839:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3658:
3629:
3623:
3564:
3466:
3419:
3403:Lund University
3369:
3367:
3366:
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3359:
3358:
3357:
3355:
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3347:
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3345:
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3328:
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3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3238:
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3235:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2941:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2828:physically weak
2817:daughter nuclei
2813:group 5 element
2796:
2754:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:â 113* â 113 +
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2637:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2410:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2259:Yuri Oganessian
2219:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2179:fission barrier
2131:energy barriers
2094:
2036:
2030:External videos
1961:
1955:
1947:
1927:oxidation state
1872:
1756:
1731:
1702:
1697:
1679:
1674:
1656:
1651:
1633:
1621:
1616:
1596:
1584:
1579:
1561:
1556:
1538:
1533:
1513:
1508:
1483:
1476:
1469:abundance
1442:
1424:
1408:
1360:
1359:
1316:Covalent radius
1293:
1247:
1241:
1183:
1131:
1041:
1037:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
994:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
418:
411:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
288:
281:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
228:
221:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
168:
161:
152:
143:
100:
95:
59:
55:
40:
37:Nihonium,
36:
33:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
11209:
11199:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11166:
11165:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11125:
11124:
11115:
11106:
11097:
11088:
11079:
11070:
11061:
11052:
11043:
11034:
11025:
11016:
11007:
10998:
10989:
10980:
10971:
10962:
10953:
10944:
10935:
10926:
10917:
10908:
10899:
10890:
10881:
10872:
10863:
10854:
10845:
10836:
10830:
10829:
10820:
10811:
10802:
10793:
10784:
10775:
10766:
10757:
10748:
10739:
10730:
10721:
10712:
10703:
10694:
10685:
10676:
10667:
10658:
10649:
10640:
10631:
10622:
10613:
10604:
10595:
10586:
10577:
10568:
10559:
10550:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10525:
10516:
10507:
10498:
10489:
10480:
10471:
10462:
10453:
10444:
10435:
10426:
10417:
10408:
10399:
10390:
10388:
10379:
10370:
10364:
10363:
10354:
10345:
10336:
10327:
10318:
10309:
10300:
10291:
10282:
10273:
10264:
10255:
10246:
10237:
10228:
10219:
10217:
10208:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10183:
10174:
10165:
10156:
10147:
10138:
10136:
10127:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10102:
10093:
10084:
10075:
10066:
10057:
10055:
10046:
10037:
10031:
10030:
10021:
10019:
10010:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9899:Periodic table
9895:
9894:
9887:
9880:
9872:
9866:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9838:
9824:
9823:External links
9821:
9820:
9819:
9762:
9756:
9736:
9730:
9710:Hoffman, D. C.
9706:
9692:
9679:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9607:
9563:
9556:
9538:
9503:
9468:
9449:(6): 852â858.
9438:
9433:
9427:
9418:
9411:
9391:
9384:
9361:
9299:
9272:(3): 402â410.
9255:
9232:
9172:
9129:
9101:
9057:
9050:
9017:
8991:
8945:
8899:
8892:
8874:
8819:
8792:
8737:
8679:
8637:
8607:
8585:
8560:
8535:
8498:
8461:(7): 371â376.
8441:
8416:
8390:
8364:
8334:
8310:
8297:(2): 381â384.
8277:
8236:
8206:
8155:
8124:
8095:
8055:
8026:
7984:
7962:
7937:
7904:
7867:(10): 103201.
7847:
7818:(14): 142502.
7793:
7755:
7701:
7659:
7628:
7589:
7550:
7506:
7461:
7418:(11): 112502.
7394:
7348:
7321:
7259:
7216:
7179:
7128:
7069:
7039:
6999:
6980:
6947:
6936:(2): 301â308.
6920:
6886:
6826:
6814:
6799:
6772:
6730:
6699:
6671:
6640:
6573:
6550:
6493:
6450:
6419:
6365:
6353:
6302:
6290:
6288:, p. 433.
6275:
6273:, p. 439.
6263:
6251:
6192:
6150:
6114:
6112:, p. 432.
6102:
6090:
6088:, p. 335.
6078:
6076:, p. 334.
6066:
6028:
5987:Hoffman, D. C.
5974:
5928:Wapstra, A. H.
5919:
5889:
5882:
5858:Seaborg, G. T.
5844:. pp. 7â8
5830:
5769:
5734:
5706:
5668:
5637:
5626:on 7 June 2015
5595:(2): 235â236.
5578:Armbruster, P.
5574:MĂŒnzenberg, G.
5565:
5525:
5510:
5480:
5450:
5422:
5397:
5372:
5347:
5315:
5308:
5284:
5250:
5224:
5194:
5187:
5154:
5140:
5087:
5051:
5018:
5011:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4932:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4895:orbital: thus
4892:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4854:
4845:
4841:Kenjiro Kimura
4832:
4800:nuclear fusion
4788:
4759:
4746:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4696:
4682:
4673:
4666:
4657:
4647:
4638:
4628:
4619:
4609:
4600:
4588:
4581:
4565:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4504:chromatography
4492:
4459:
4456:
4440:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4353:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4258:
4252:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4176:
4157:
4108:
4105:binding energy
4100:
4069:
4066:
4051:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4013:speed of light
3968:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3936:nuclear shells
3898:
3895:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3625:Main article:
3622:
3619:
3602:Bruce McKellar
3579:Masataka Ogawa
3532:Yoshio Nishina
3465:
3462:
3418:
3415:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3360:
3348:
3339:
3327:
3319:
3307:
3298:
3286:
3278:
3266:
3257:
3245:
3237:
3225:
3216:
3204:
3196:
3184:
3175:
3163:
3155:
3143:
3134:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3080:
3071:
3059:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3016:
3007:
2995:
2986:
2940:
2937:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2892:
2883:
2871:
2862:
2833:alpha particle
2795:
2792:
2753:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2722:
2710:
2701:
2689:
2680:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2594:
2586:
2575:
2566:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2515:
2507:
2495:
2486:
2474:
2465:
2409:
2406:
2397:Sigurd Hofmann
2388:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2337:
2328:
2218:
2215:
2207:
2204:
2196:kinetic energy
2152:in the latter.
2118:binding energy
2093:
2090:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2010:speed of light
1981:atomic nucleus
1969:nuclear fusion
1960:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1798:periodic table
1773:; it has the
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:Main isotopes
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:(extrapolated)
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:(extrapolated)
1203:
1201:Heat of fusion
1197:
1196:
1190:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1010:
995:
991:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
765:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
539:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
424:
422:
415:
407:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
292:
285:
277:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
232:
225:
217:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
174:
172:
165:
157:
156:
149:
147:
137:
126:
125:
123:periodic table
118:
117:
115:
109:
108:
53:
49:
48:
38:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11208:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11131:
11122:
11113:
11104:
11095:
11086:
11077:
11068:
11059:
11050:
11041:
11032:
11023:
11014:
11005:
10996:
10987:
10978:
10969:
10960:
10951:
10942:
10933:
10924:
10915:
10906:
10897:
10888:
10879:
10870:
10861:
10852:
10843:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10818:
10809:
10800:
10791:
10782:
10773:
10764:
10755:
10746:
10737:
10728:
10719:
10710:
10701:
10692:
10683:
10674:
10665:
10656:
10647:
10638:
10629:
10620:
10611:
10602:
10593:
10584:
10575:
10566:
10557:
10548:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10523:
10514:
10505:
10496:
10487:
10478:
10469:
10460:
10451:
10442:
10433:
10424:
10415:
10406:
10397:
10386:
10377:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10352:
10343:
10334:
10325:
10316:
10307:
10298:
10289:
10280:
10271:
10262:
10253:
10244:
10235:
10226:
10215:
10206:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10181:
10172:
10163:
10154:
10145:
10134:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10100:
10091:
10082:
10073:
10064:
10053:
10044:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10017:
10009:
10005:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9909:
9904:
9900:
9893:
9888:
9886:
9881:
9879:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9775:(1): 012001.
9774:
9770:
9769:
9763:
9759:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9680:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9661:(3): 030001.
9660:
9656:
9651:
9650:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9611:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9567:
9559:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9436:
9422:
9414:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9395:
9387:
9381:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9365:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9324:(1): 012003.
9323:
9319:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9259:
9243:
9236:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9133:
9115:
9108:
9106:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9064:
9062:
9053:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9006:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8949:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8906:
8904:
8895:
8889:
8885:
8878:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8831:
8823:
8807:
8803:
8796:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8757:(3): 036301.
8756:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8733:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8660:(3): 030001.
8659:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8625:
8621:
8620:News on Japan
8617:
8611:
8595:
8589:
8582:
8580:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8520:
8512:
8502:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8445:
8429:
8423:
8421:
8405:. 9 June 2016
8404:
8400:
8394:
8379:. 9 June 2016
8378:
8374:
8368:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8338:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8317:
8315:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8272:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8231:
8226:
8219:
8218:
8210:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8100:
8080:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8060:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8005:(2): 021301.
8004:
8000:
7996:
7988:
7972:
7966:
7948:
7941:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7911:
7909:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7854:
7852:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7797:
7789:
7774:
7767:
7759:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7644:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7609:(3): 034611.
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7557:
7555:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7468:
7466:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7401:
7399:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7287:(2): 021601.
7286:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7238:(5): 054607.
7237:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7197:(4): 041604.
7196:
7192:
7191:
7183:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7153:(6): 064609.
7152:
7148:
7147:
7139:
7132:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7080:
7073:
7064:
7059:
7052:
7051:
7043:
7027:
7023:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6995:
6991:
6984:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6831:
6824:, p. 40.
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6719:
6718:
6717:Distillations
6713:
6706:
6704:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6650:Physics Today
6644:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6588:Physics Today
6584:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6468:Physics World
6464:
6457:
6455:
6439:
6432:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6362:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6294:
6287:
6282:
6280:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6127:"Alpha decay"
6121:
6119:
6111:
6106:
6099:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5985:Hyde, E. K.;
5981:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5894:
5885:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5854:Published as
5840:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5546:(2): 024608.
5545:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5311:
5309:9789813226555
5305:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5276:
5273:(3): 030001.
5272:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4925:
4921:
4912:
4901:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4859:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:fourth period
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4756:
4755:Georgy Flerov
4750:
4743:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4592:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4561:superactinide
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4455:
4453:
4452:pentafluoride
4449:
4429:
4416:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4346:
4322:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4274:
4249:
4240:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:sigma bonding
4115:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3661:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3473:KĆsuke Morita
3470:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3352:
3331:
3311:
3290:
3270:
3249:
3229:
3208:
3188:
3167:
3147:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3104:
3084:
3063:
3044:
3040:
3020:
2999:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2896:
2875:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2804:decay product
2801:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:(JWP) of the
2759:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2714:
2693:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2649:KĆsuke Morita
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2598:
2542:
2539:
2519:
2499:
2478:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:plutonium-244
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2146:dipole magnet
2143:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:excited state
2046:
2042:
2041:Visualization
2033:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:cross section
2013:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:A superheavy
1974:
1970:
1965:
1953:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:United States
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:atomic number
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1757: |
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1494:product
1492:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:(Russia) and
1411:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:Atomic radius
1296:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:), (+5)
1250:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:Boiling point
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1150:Melting point
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:period 7
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:Atomic number
1035:
1024:
1016:
1012:
999:
996:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
889:Rutherfordium
886:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
540:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
427:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
335:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
291:
286:
284:
279:
278:
275:
270:
268:
263:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
235:
231:
226:
224:
219:
218:
215:
210:
208:
203:
201:
196:
194:
189:
187:
182:
180:
175:
171:
166:
164:
159:
158:
155:
150:
146:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
119:
116:
114:
110:
105:
104:
89:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
30:
26:
19:
11073:
9832:
9772:
9766:
9743:
9717:
9683:
9658:
9654:
9647:Bibliography
9620:
9616:
9610:
9580:(158): 158.
9577:
9573:
9566:
9547:
9541:
9519:(2): 67â74.
9516:
9512:
9506:
9481:
9477:
9471:
9446:
9442:
9431:
9421:
9401:
9394:
9374:
9364:
9321:
9317:
9269:
9265:
9258:
9246:. Retrieved
9235:
9200:
9196:
9142:
9138:
9132:
9120:. Retrieved
9077:
9073:
9033:
9008:. Retrieved
9004:
8994:
8970:
8966:
8948:
8915:
8911:
8883:
8877:
8834:
8828:
8822:
8810:. Retrieved
8806:the original
8795:
8754:
8750:
8740:
8705:
8701:
8657:
8653:
8640:
8628:. Retrieved
8624:the original
8619:
8610:
8598:. Retrieved
8588:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8563:
8555:
8552:the original
8547:
8538:
8526:. Retrieved
8519:the original
8501:
8458:
8454:
8444:
8432:. Retrieved
8407:. Retrieved
8403:The Mainichi
8402:
8393:
8381:. Retrieved
8377:The Mainichi
8376:
8367:
8355:. Retrieved
8348:
8337:
8326:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8253:
8249:
8239:
8216:
8209:
8197:. Retrieved
8175:
8171:
8158:
8146:. Retrieved
8142:the original
8115:. Retrieved
8086:. Retrieved
8079:the original
8046:. Retrieved
8041:
8002:
7998:
7987:
7975:. Retrieved
7965:
7953:. Retrieved
7940:
7928:. Retrieved
7920:
7864:
7860:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7796:
7786:– via
7780:. Retrieved
7773:the original
7758:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7679:
7675:
7662:
7650:. Retrieved
7606:
7602:
7592:
7567:
7563:
7534:
7530:
7482:
7478:
7415:
7411:
7378:
7374:
7339:. Retrieved
7324:
7312:. Retrieved
7305:the original
7284:
7280:
7235:
7229:
7219:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7171:the original
7150:
7144:
7131:
7119:. Retrieved
7112:the original
7094:(16): 3154.
7091:
7085:
7072:
7049:
7042:
7030:. Retrieved
7025:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6964:
6960:
6950:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6906:
6902:
6889:
6877:. Retrieved
6849:
6845:
6817:
6790:. Retrieved
6784:
6775:
6762:
6758:
6747:. Retrieved
6745:(in Russian)
6742:
6733:
6721:. Retrieved
6715:
6690:. Retrieved
6684:
6674:
6649:
6643:
6595:(8): 32â38.
6592:
6586:
6576:
6559:
6553:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6484:. Retrieved
6475:(7): 25â29.
6472:
6466:
6441:. Retrieved
6429:
6422:
6387:
6383:
6356:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6293:
6266:
6254:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6183:. Retrieved
6175:
6141:. Retrieved
6133:
6105:
6100:, p. 3.
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:. Retrieved
6051:
6001:(2): 67â68.
5998:
5994:
5944:
5938:
5922:
5901:
5861:
5846:. Retrieved
5833:
5788:
5782:
5772:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5725:. Retrieved
5719:
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5695:(in Russian)
5692:
5659:. Retrieved
5653:
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5621:the original
5592:
5588:
5568:
5543:
5537:
5528:
5489:
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5467:the original
5453:
5441:. Retrieved
5435:
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5409:
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5384:
5375:
5363:. Retrieved
5359:
5350:
5333:
5329:
5299:
5270:
5266:
5253:
5237:MRS Advances
5236:
5210:
5206:
5170:
5145:. Retrieved
5123:
5119:
5073:
5069:
5042:. Retrieved
5036:
4998:
4911:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4848:
4835:
4824:ground state
4791:
4783:
4779:
4762:
4749:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4699:
4685:
4676:
4591:
4568:
4531:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4477:water vapour
4461:
4417:
4403:and perhaps
4377:
4323:
4270:
4162:
4098:
4091:
4071:
4062:bulk modulus
4044:
4023:
3978:
3961:
3951:
3948:
3909:
3871:
3605:
3591:
3553:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3496:
3492:
3489:eka-thallium
3488:
3482:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3420:
3400:
3376:
3115:
3112:
3109:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2933:alpha decays
2920:
2848:
2841:
2821:
2802:, the final
2797:
2755:
2738:
2670:
2638:
2622:
2435:
2411:
2389:
2379:+ e â 113 +
2315:
2311:magic number
2295:doubly magic
2275:
2220:
2192:
2155:
2107:
2095:
2051:
2014:
1978:
1945:Introduction
1891:
1868:
1818:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1478:
1394:in Japanese)
1391:
1361:
1321:
1308:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1223:
1210:
1193:
1172:
1159:
1142:
1116:
1105:
1043:
950:
931:Darmstadtium
798:Protactinium
572:Praseodymium
29:
9714:Ghiorso, A.
9145:(6): 2684.
9122:17 February
9080:(6): 2456.
8837:: 117â138.
8600:30 November
8148:8 September
7955:4 September
7381:(7): 1485.
7314:13 December
6967:(7): 1331.
6879:7 September
6723:22 February
6486:16 February
6443:16 February
6361:Beiser 2003
6286:Beiser 2003
6271:Beiser 2003
6185:16 February
6143:16 February
6110:Beiser 2003
5816:1885/148847
5750:: 226â234.
4515:superheavy
4473:noble gases
4148:hydroxide (
4087:noble metal
4075:copernicium
3932:103 protons
3883:copernicium
3875:roentgenium
3552:. The name
3550:ethnic slur
3528:nishinanium
3505:placeholder
3448:gamma decay
3411:element 117
3384:coincidence
3122:mendelevium
2964:(ORNL) and
2958:element 117
2787:mendelevium
2442:element 115
2440:product of
2438:alpha decay
2307:element 114
2123:alpha decay
2005:accelerated
1786:radioactive
1675:5.5 s?
1580:0.90 s
1557:123 ms
1509:2.0 ms
1362:(predicted)
1309:(predicted)
1282:(predicted)
1276:(predicted)
1270:(predicted)
1254:(predicted)
1224:(predicted)
1194:(predicted)
1184:(near
1173:(predicted)
1160:(predicted)
1143:(predicted)
1117:(predicted)
1106:(predicted)
1015:copernicium
973:Livermorium
945:Copernicium
938:Roentgenium
868:Mendelevium
854:Einsteinium
847:Californium
113:Mass number
11175:Categories
9623:(6): 607.
8844:1502.03030
8630:28 January
8528:28 January
8357:13 October
8117:14 January
8088:14 January
7917:"Nihonium"
7570:(1): 1â4.
7032:3 December
6822:Kragh 2018
6810:Kragh 2018
6692:27 January
6318:(7): 158.
6059:27 January
5947:(6): 883.
5848:27 January
5727:30 January
5699:2 February
5661:18 January
5630:20 October
5126:: 89â144.
4946:References
4705:beta decay
4465:volatility
4182:Tennessine
4165:adsorption
4154:amphoteric
4114:pi bonding
3731:Np(Ca,3n)
3666:Half-life
3380:well-known
2968:, both in
2924:lawrencium
2301:(LLNL) in
2290:Calcium-48
2278:Oganessian
2265:(JINR) in
2210:See also:
2056:âtermed a
1823:(JINR) in
1759:references
1652:9.5 s
1617:2.1 s
1534:61 ms
1369:CAS Number
1205:7.61
980:Tennessine
924:Meitnerium
903:Seaborgium
882:Lawrencium
621:Dysprosium
607:Gadolinium
586:Promethium
458:Technetium
451:Molybdenum
252:Phosphorus
9807:1742-6588
9782:1207.5700
9740:Kragh, H.
9602:125849923
9533:100778491
9331:1212.4292
8973:: 3â128,
8940:125713877
8732:254435744
7899:119217928
7874:1209.6431
7725:0904.1093
7440:0031-9007
6749:7 January
6666:239775403
6635:119531411
6619:0031-9228
6537:1364-503X
6414:1742-6596
6348:125849923
6340:1434-6001
6246:0556-2813
6219:1208.1215
6015:2193-3405
5961:1365-3075
5825:2100-014X
5791:: 00061.
5693:nplus1.ru
5617:123288075
5560:0556-2813
5520:127060181
5147:4 October
4924:triiodide
4828:flerovium
4804:actinides
4784:joliotium
4768:Stockholm
4721:form one.
4573:2.5
4371:â NhX + X
4299:as their
4079:flerovium
3989:aluminium
3710:Bi(Zn,n)
3681:reaction
3679:Discovery
3674:Discovery
3587:neptunium
3493:ununtrium
2974:berkelium
2970:Tennessee
2939:2009â2015
2851:neptunium
2794:2004â2008
2446:americium
2425:+ Ca and
2390:A single
2235:Darmstadt
2086:electrons
2070:gamma ray
1907:aluminium
1794:half-life
1698:2 s?
1474:half-life
1414:Livermore
1400:Discovery
1337:synthetic
1154:700
1023:flerovium
987:Oganesson
966:Moscovium
959:Flerovium
840:Berkelium
826:Americium
819:Plutonium
812:Neptunium
649:Ytterbium
579:Neodymium
558:Lanthanum
521:Tellurium
479:Palladium
465:Ruthenium
437:Zirconium
419:Strontium
375:Germanium
326:Manganese
282:Potassium
238:Aluminium
229:Magnesium
169:Beryllium
11181:Nihonium
9844:Archived
9829:Nihonium
9815:55434734
9748:Springer
9742:(2018).
9702:48965418
9637:94078206
9356:55653705
9294:27676357
9227:41854842
8957:(2003),
8869:55598355
8787:37779526
8779:25746203
8579:Japanium
8493:21785255
8409:29 April
8383:29 April
8048:22 April
7977:10 April
7930:20 March
7842:20481935
7782:28 April
7750:16415500
7584:98386272
7448:24074079
7341:28 April
7335:Archived
6996:: 36â42.
6870:Archived
6866:95069384
6545:25666065
6046:(2016).
6023:99193729
5969:95737691
5930:(1991).
5914:28796927
5473:15 March
5443:15 March
5415:24 April
5044:16 March
4780:nobelium
4295:and not
4293:T-shaped
4195:chlorine
4191:fluorine
4187:halogens
4173:astatine
4156:oxide Nh
4068:Chemical
4001:thallium
3981:group 13
3815:Mc(â,α)
3794:Mc(â,α)
3773:Mc(â,α)
3752:Mc(â,α)
3663:Isotope
3621:Isotopes
3615:Naruhito
3606:nihonium
3554:nihonium
3540:Japonium
3536:rikenium
3524:japonium
2824:thallium
2775:nuclides
2600:â 113 +
2521:â 113 +
2286:actinide
2163:nobelium
2110:nucleons
2066:neutrons
1939:volatile
1935:astatine
1919:thallium
1899:neutrons
1869:nihonium
1865:priority
1814:group 13
1810:period 7
1767:Nihonium
1640:–
1132:at
1019:nihonium
952:Nihonium
875:Nobelium
784:Actinium
770:Francium
754:Astatine
747:Polonium
726:Thallium
705:Platinum
677:Tungsten
670:Tantalum
656:Lutetium
600:Europium
593:Samarium
514:Antimony
412:Rubidium
389:Selenium
319:Chromium
312:Vanadium
305:Titanium
298:Scandium
266:Chlorine
206:Fluorine
192:Nitrogen
144:Hydrogen
47:Nihonium
11156:p-block
11151:d-block
11146:f-block
11141:s-block
9787:Bibcode
9663:Bibcode
9582:Bibcode
9486:Bibcode
9451:Bibcode
9336:Bibcode
9274:Bibcode
9248:12 June
9205:Bibcode
9167:9959620
9147:Bibcode
9082:Bibcode
9010:26 June
8975:Bibcode
8920:Bibcode
8849:Bibcode
8759:Bibcode
8710:Bibcode
8662:Bibcode
8484:3171289
8463:Bibcode
8258:Bibcode
8199:2 April
8180:Bibcode
8007:Bibcode
7879:Bibcode
7820:Bibcode
7764:2009).
7730:Bibcode
7684:Bibcode
7611:Bibcode
7487:Bibcode
7456:3838065
7420:Bibcode
7289:Bibcode
7240:Bibcode
7199:Bibcode
7155:Bibcode
7121:5 April
7096:Bibcode
6792:1 March
6769:. 1977.
6627:1337838
6597:Bibcode
6564:Bibcode
6515:Bibcode
6392:Bibcode
6320:Bibcode
6224:Bibcode
5908:: 4â8.
5793:Bibcode
5752:Bibcode
5597:Bibcode
5239:: 1â9.
4926:anion,
4820:bismuth
4517:dubnium
4508:Bromine
4199:bromine
4138:ammonia
3993:gallium
3583:rhenium
2953:to Lr.
2946:group 4
2844:Lanzhou
2629:dubnium
2386: ?
2243:bismuth
2206:History
2171:fermium
2167:thorium
2159:uranium
2114:protons
2082:decayed
2062:fission
1973:neutron
1911:gallium
1849:Germany
1806:p-block
1804:in the
1790:isotope
1378:History
1290:)
1240:(â1), (
1180:Density
1089:p-block
917:Hassium
910:Bohrium
896:Dubnium
861:Fermium
805:Uranium
791:Thorium
740:Bismuth
698:Iridium
684:Rhenium
663:Hafnium
642:Thulium
628:Holmium
614:Terbium
544:Caesium
493:Cadmium
472:Rhodium
444:Niobium
430:Yttrium
403:Krypton
396:Bromine
382:Arsenic
368:Gallium
289:Calcium
245:Silicon
162:Lithium
103:-nee-Ém
94:
25:niobium
9813:
9805:
9754:
9728:
9700:
9690:
9635:
9600:
9554:
9531:
9409:
9382:
9354:
9292:
9225:
9165:
9048:
8959:"The N
8938:
8890:
8867:
8812:6 June
8785:
8777:
8730:
8491:
8481:
8434:8 June
7897:
7840:
7748:
7652:14 May
7582:
7454:
7446:
7438:
6864:
6743:n-t.ru
6664:
6633:
6625:
6617:
6543:
6535:
6412:
6346:
6338:
6244:
6021:
6013:
5967:
5959:
5912:
5880:
5823:
5615:
5558:
5518:
5508:
5390:8 June
5365:8 June
5336:(52).
5306:
5185:
5138:
5009:
4776:Sweden
4203:iodine
4130:anions
4126:silver
4047:period
3999:, and
3997:indium
3912:curium
3861:Fl(e,Μ
3836:Fl(e,Μ
3788:α, SF
3767:α, EC
3761:0.90 s
3740:123 ms
3698:2.3 ms
3686:Value
3483:Using
3464:Naming
3430:, and
3364:α
3323:α
3282:α
3241:α
3200:α
3159:α
3128:113 â
2610:α
2531:α
2103:energy
2022:tunnel
1999:. The
1931:silver
1917:, and
1915:indium
1855:, and
1853:Sweden
1775:symbol
1727:
1694:synth
1671:synth
1648:synth
1613:synth
1576:synth
1553:synth
1530:synth
1386:After
1383:Naming
1307:
1209:
1207:kJ/mol
1182:
1141:solid
1086:
1069:Period
833:Curium
777:Radium
691:Osmium
635:Erbium
565:Cerium
551:Barium
528:Iodine
500:Indium
486:Silver
354:Copper
347:Nickel
340:Cobalt
259:Sulfur
222:Sodium
199:Oxygen
185:Carbon
153:Helium
92:
9811:S2CID
9777:arXiv
9633:S2CID
9598:S2CID
9529:S2CID
9352:S2CID
9326:arXiv
9223:S2CID
9163:S2CID
9117:(PDF)
8961:UBASE
8936:S2CID
8865:S2CID
8839:arXiv
8783:S2CID
8728:S2CID
8650:(PDF)
8522:(PDF)
8515:(PDF)
8221:(PDF)
8168:(PDF)
8082:(PDF)
8071:(PDF)
7950:(PDF)
7895:S2CID
7869:arXiv
7808:=117"
7776:(PDF)
7769:(PDF)
7746:S2CID
7720:arXiv
7672:(PDF)
7646:(PDF)
7580:S2CID
7452:S2CID
7308:(PDF)
7277:(PDF)
7174:(PDF)
7141:(PDF)
7115:(PDF)
7082:(PDF)
7054:(PDF)
6899:(PDF)
6873:(PDF)
6862:S2CID
6842:(PDF)
6767:Nauka
6761:[
6662:S2CID
6631:S2CID
6434:(PDF)
6344:S2CID
6214:arXiv
6172:(PDF)
6130:(PDF)
6019:S2CID
5965:S2CID
5935:(PDF)
5910:S2CID
5842:(PDF)
5624:(PDF)
5613:S2CID
5585:(PDF)
5516:S2CID
5263:(PDF)
4541:heavy
4523:Notes
4301:boron
4146:basic
3985:boron
3858:1998
3833:1999
3824:5.5 s
3812:2010
3803:9.5 s
3791:2010
3782:2.1 s
3770:2004
3749:2004
3728:2006
3719:61 ms
3707:2004
3676:year
3671:mode
3669:Decay
3611:Tokyo
3560:nihon
3513:(113)
3503:as a
3499:), a
2741:Riken
2641:Riken
2635:Riken
2267:Dubna
1903:boron
1883:nihon
1857:China
1837:Riken
1825:Dubna
1769:is a
1504:synth
1460:Decay
1405:Riken
1392:Nihon
1388:Japan
1352:(hcp)
1129:Phase
1100:[
1081:Block
1057:Group
761:Radon
535:Xenon
273:Argon
178:Boron
9803:ISSN
9752:ISBN
9726:ISBN
9698:OCLC
9688:ISBN
9552:ISBN
9407:ISBN
9380:ISBN
9290:PMID
9250:2017
9124:2018
9046:ISBN
9012:2024
8888:ISBN
8814:2008
8775:PMID
8632:2018
8602:2016
8530:2018
8489:PMID
8436:2016
8411:2018
8385:2018
8359:2012
8201:2016
8150:2018
8119:2018
8090:2018
8050:2013
7979:2016
7957:2018
7932:2018
7838:PMID
7784:2017
7654:2017
7444:PMID
7436:ISSN
7343:2017
7316:2019
7123:2017
7034:2016
6881:2016
6794:2020
6751:2020
6725:2020
6694:2020
6623:OSTI
6615:ISSN
6541:PMID
6533:ISSN
6488:2020
6445:2020
6410:ISSN
6336:ISSN
6242:ISSN
6187:2020
6145:2020
6061:2020
6011:ISSN
5957:ISSN
5878:ISBN
5850:2020
5821:ISSN
5729:2020
5701:2020
5663:2020
5632:2012
5556:ISSN
5506:ISBN
5475:2020
5445:2020
5417:2024
5392:2024
5367:2024
5334:2016
5304:ISBN
5183:ISBN
5149:2013
5136:ISBN
5046:2010
5007:ISBN
4818:and
4816:lead
4545:lead
4450:and
4405:NhCl
4276:(NhH
4254:NhCl
4169:gold
4163:The
4150:TlOH
4142:TlCl
4077:and
3689:ref
3509:E113
3475:and
3407:Lund
2739:The
2645:WakĆ
2454:LLNL
2450:JINR
2417:and
2392:atom
2282:JINR
2271:zinc
2241:and
2239:lead
2125:and
1993:fuse
1989:beam
1985:mass
1933:and
1841:WakĆ
1812:and
1780:and
1751:edit
1744:talk
1737:view
1489:mode
1410:JINR
1288:more
1246:), (
1186:r.t.
733:Lead
712:Gold
361:Zinc
333:Iron
213:Neon
99:nih-
9831:at
9795:doi
9773:420
9671:doi
9625:doi
9590:doi
9521:doi
9517:100
9494:doi
9482:C42
9459:doi
9447:107
9441:".
9344:doi
9322:420
9282:doi
9270:103
9213:doi
9201:111
9155:doi
9143:112
9090:doi
9078:115
9038:doi
8983:doi
8971:729
8928:doi
8857:doi
8835:953
8767:doi
8718:doi
8706:106
8670:doi
8479:PMC
8471:doi
8299:doi
8266:doi
8225:doi
8188:doi
8176:760
8015:doi
7887:doi
7828:doi
7816:104
7738:doi
7692:doi
7619:doi
7572:doi
7539:doi
7495:doi
7428:doi
7416:111
7383:doi
7297:doi
7248:doi
7207:doi
7163:doi
7104:doi
7058:doi
6969:doi
6938:doi
6934:261
6911:doi
6854:doi
6654:doi
6605:doi
6523:doi
6511:373
6477:doi
6400:doi
6388:337
6328:doi
6232:doi
6003:doi
5949:doi
5870:doi
5811:hdl
5801:doi
5760:doi
5605:doi
5593:317
5548:doi
5498:doi
5338:doi
5275:doi
5241:doi
5215:doi
5175:doi
5128:doi
5078:doi
4917:TlI
4893:1/2
4808:MeV
4582:-11
4557:112
4555:or
4553:100
4549:103
4535:In
4494:ads
4485:(âÎ
4436:NhF
4393:NhF
4381:TlI
4367:NhX
4349:AuF
4347:or
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