2139:
2190:
2107:
757:
2171:
1878:
1121:
2244:
2123:
950:
2228:
1308:
611:
107:
93:
124:
2206:
372:
2331:
1507:("against our will"), citizens of re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine drafted into the Wehrmacht, became casualties. Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 (60,000 by aerial bombing, 60,000 in the resistance, and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces). Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1.9 million. Of this, around 240,000 died in captivity. An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war, 100,000 racial deportees, 60,000 political prisoners and 40,000 died as slave labourers.
1770:. They had to close their shutters or windows and turn off any light, to prevent Allied aircraft using city lights for navigation. The experience of the Occupation was a deeply psychologically disorienting one for the French as what was once familiar and safe suddenly become strange and threatening. Many Parisians could not get over the shock experienced when they first saw the huge swastika flags draped over the HĂ´tel de Ville and flying on top of the Eiffel Tower. The British historian
2721:
1667:
2077:. Out of a Jewish population in France in 1940 of 350,000, this means that somewhat less than a quarter died. While horrific, the mortality rate was lower than in other occupied countries (e.g. 75 percent in the Netherlands) and, because the majority of the Jews were recent immigrants to France (mostly exiles from Germany), more Jews lived in France at the end of the occupation than did approximately 10 years earlier when Hitler formally came to power.
1779:
unreal, but almost deliberately surreal, as if the unexpected conjunction of German and French, French and German, was the result of a Dada prank and not the sober record of history. This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940: seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar, living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre, no longer feeling at home in places they had known all their lives.
2084:
401:
354:
336:
1818:, which was difficult to acquire. People could write only to their family members, and this was only permissible using a pre-filled card where the sender checked off the appropriate words (e.g. 'in good health', 'wounded', 'dead', 'prisoner'). The occupied zone was on German time, which was one hour ahead of the unoccupied zone. Other policies implemented in the occupied zone but not in the free zone were a
877:. The French government undertakes to facilitate in every way possible the implementation of these rights, and to provide the assistance of the French administrative services to that end. The French government will immediately direct all officials and administrators of the occupied territory to comply with the regulations of, and to collaborate fully with, the German military authorities.
868:
remained under the authority of
Marshal PĂ©tain's Vichy regime. French sovereignty was to be exercised over the whole of French territory, including the occupied zone, Alsace and Moselle, but the third article of the armistice stipulated that French authorities in the occupied zone would have to obey
1778:
Even today, when people who are not French or did not live through the
Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the Champs Élysées or of Gothic-lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris, they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief. The scenes look not just
1783:
Ousby wrote that by the end of summer of 1940: "And so the alien presence, increasingly hated and feared in private, could seem so permanent that, in the public places where daily life went on, it was taken for granted". At the same time France was also marked by disappearances as buildings were
744:
remained sovereign as an independent state, though under heavy German influence due to the restrictions of the
Armistice (including a heavy tribute) and economic dependency on Germany. It constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres, approximately 45 percent of France, and included
2138:
123:
1749:, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers diverted especially meat to the black market, which meant that much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and
1607:
The census for 1 April 1941 show 25,071,255 inhabitants in the occupied zone (with 14.2m in the unoccupied zone). This does not include the 1,600,000 prisoners of war, nor the 60,000 French workers in
Germany or the departments of Alsace-Lorraine.
2010:("Obligatory work service, STO"), consisted of the requisition and transfer of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany against their will, for the German war effort. In addition to work camps for factories, agriculture, and railroads,
1091:
to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's
Germany, in contrast to "collaborators", people who merely cooperated out of self-interest. Examples of these are PPF leader
2189:
1496:
French had died (40,000 of these by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of
Operation Overlord). Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939–40. Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in the
2106:
4927:
3400:
5525:
3998:
1598:
of shows and plays, publishing and press, cinematographic works, and public advertising and speeches. The directors, chosen for their skills in civil matters, wore military dress and were subject to military regulation.
6091:
4564:
1806:
and railway bridges, in 1944, also took a heavy toll on civilian lives. For example, the 26 May 1944 bombing hit railway targets in and around five cities in south-eastern France, causing over 2,500 civilian deaths.
2022:. Beginning in 1942, many refused to be drafted to factories and farms in Germany by the STO, going underground to avoid imprisonment and subsequent deportation to Germany. For the most part, those "work dodgers" (
5530:
4003:
5555:
4028:
4920:
3393:
3021:
2170:
5560:
5540:
4033:
4013:
1730:
Hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. In the absence of meat and other foods including potatoes, people ate unusual vegetables, such as
1681:
on trucks and automobiles burned charcoal or wood pellets as a substitute to gasoline, and wooden soles for shoes were used instead of leather. Soap was rare and made in some households from fats and
4913:
3386:
514:; at the time both French and Germans thought the occupation would be temporary and last only until Britain came to terms, which was believed to be imminent. For instance, France agreed that its
5565:
4038:
1519:. There was one Propaganda battalion in each occupied country, headquartered in the main town or capital. This was further subdivided at the regional level. Headquarters for France was at the
1458:, or giving collateral or material aid to Resistance members. Others assisted in the escape of downed US or British airmen who eventually found their way back to Britain, often through Spain.
864:
France was roughly divided into an occupied northern zone and an unoccupied southern zone, according to the armistice convention "in order to protect the interests of the German Reich". The
5520:
3993:
1891:
1719:, and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread, meat, butter and cooking oil. The rationing system was stringent but badly managed, leading to malnourishment,
5550:
4023:
2035:
There were German reprisals against civilians in occupied countries; in France, the Nazis built an execution chamber in the cellars of the former
Ministry of Aviation building in Paris.
1548:("propaganda squadron") was a service charged by the German authorities with the propaganda and control of the French press and of publishing during the Occupation of France. Sections (
2323:, it was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation, and it grew from 500,000 men in the summer of 1944 to more than 1.3 million by
2537:
Schöttler, Peter (2003). "'Eine Art "Generalplan West": Die
Stuckart-Denkschrift vom 14. Juni 1940 und die Planungen für eine neue deutsch-französische Grenze im Zweiten Weltkrieg".
2556:
1066:
1489:, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. German anti-partisan operations claimed around 13,000-16,000 French victims, including 4,000 to 5,000 innocent civilians.
2205:
569:
dictatorship, where the actual sovereignty of the French government was seriously limited. Nazi rule was extended to the free zone when it was invaded by
Germany and Italy during
1989:. The use and abuse of Paris in the visitations of German forces during the Second World War led to a backlash; the intensive prostitution during the occupation made way for the
1708:. French farm production fell in half because of lack of fuel, fertilizer and workers; even so the Germans seized half the meat, 20 percent of the produce, and 80 percent of the
2227:
6051:
5870:
5775:
4524:
4343:
4248:
1859:, where the teaching elite was liquidated. Teachers were not imprisoned and the programs were not modified overall. In the private Catholic sector, many school directors hid
912:
2834:
2122:
985:, its security police. It also had at its disposal the support of the French authorities and police forces, who had to cooperate per the conditions set in the armistice, to
533:
that had dissolved in defeat. Though nominally extending its sovereignty over the whole country, it was in practice limited in exercising its authority to the free zone. As
2243:
1738:. Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, however, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of
2161:
6943:
6066:
4539:
3352:
7253:
5901:
5478:
5339:
5329:
5294:
4374:
3951:
3812:
3802:
3767:
1452:
Although the majority of the French population did not take part in active resistance, many resisted passively through acts such as listening to the banned BBC's
7268:
6723:
3360:
1462:
1352:
1757:
were also frequent practices during this period. These activities were strictly forbidden, however, and thus carried out at the risk of confiscation and fines.
5633:
4745:
4106:
2491:
654:
163:
5936:
5319:
4778:
4409:
3792:
1787:
With nearly 75,000 inhabitants killed and 550,000 tons of bombs dropped, France was, after
Germany, the second most severely bomb-devastated country on the
940:
5324:
5314:
3797:
3787:
5304:
5299:
3777:
3772:
1919:
1136:, German units were rotated to France to rest and refit. The number of troops increased when the threat of Allied invasion began looming large, with the
6010:
5289:
5168:
4754:
4483:
3762:
3641:
3049:
6153:
5805:
4626:
4278:
772:
1760:
During the day, numerous regulations, censorship and propaganda made the occupation increasingly unbearable. At night, inhabitants had to abide a
1616:
The life of the French during the German occupation was marked, from the beginning, by endemic shortages. They are explained by several factors:
1034:
participated with the Gestapo in seizing members of the resistance and minorities including Jews for shipment to detention centres, such as the
7258:
4687:
1638:, particularly amongst children, the elderly, and the more vulnerable sections of French society such as the working urban class of the cities.
1062:
602:. It formally existed from May 1940 to December 1944, though most of its territory had been liberated by the Allies by the end of summer 1944.
31:
2826:
7049:
6615:
5677:
5178:
4150:
3651:
3223:
2058:. 13,152 Jews residing in the Paris region were victims of a mass arrest by pro-Nazi French authorities on 16 and 17 July 1942, known as the
394:
2462:
hero, was also condemned to death (14 August 1945), but his sentence was commuted to life three days later. Thousands of collaborators were
6148:
4621:
1926:
were also among the sought-after venues. A wide array of German units were rotated to France to rest and refit; the Germans used the motto
1620:
One of the conditions of the armistice was to pay the costs of the 300,000-strong occupying German army, which amounted to 20 million
106:
2563:
2663:
919:(Supreme Command for Naval Services in the Greater Paris Area) who in turn answered to a senior commander for all of France known as the
7278:
1282:
928:
2083:
1132:. 100,000 Germans were in the whole of the German-zone in France in December 1941. When the bulk of the Wehrmacht was fighting on the
7293:
6388:
5700:
4173:
2991:
927:, the "Admiral Frankreich" naval command was broken apart into smaller offices which answered directly to the operational command of
756:
17:
1877:
779:
border, and a 50-kilometre (31 mi) demilitarised zone along the same. It was expanded to all territory on the left bank of the
6177:
5712:
4946:
4650:
4185:
3419:
1120:
92:
2437:, where the last Vichy regime exiles, including Marshal PĂ©tain, were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the
1630:
was consequently established as 1 RM to 20 FF. This allowed German requisitions and purchases to be made into a form of organised
6214:
5941:
5921:
5845:
5545:
4414:
4394:
4318:
4018:
2379:
2212:
1655:
515:
5662:
4135:
7288:
6763:
6748:
6665:
5916:
5911:
5790:
5620:
4389:
4384:
4263:
4093:
2300:
438:
183:
5638:
4111:
1896:
1723:, and hostility to state management of the food supply. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer
949:
6516:
5667:
5657:
5535:
4140:
4130:
4008:
3295:
3274:
3085:
2608:
2521:
865:
854:
556:
While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France, the military administration in the occupied zone was a
7147:
5865:
5755:
5705:
4338:
4228:
4178:
3106:
3058:
1307:
1286:
5951:
4424:
6870:
6633:
6289:
6279:
5977:
5800:
5415:
4450:
4273:
3888:
1493:
1465:, counting between 100,000 and up to 400,000 combatants, were actively fighting the occupation forces. Supported by the
6718:
4680:
3312:
2746:
2304:
1360:
610:
5483:
5334:
3956:
3807:
811:
6690:
6675:
5946:
5672:
4419:
4145:
3333:
3254:
3207:
1970:
1268:
6138:
4611:
2468:
2315:
and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army (
1651:
The extreme shortage of petrol and diesel fuel. France had no indigenous oil production and all imports had stopped.
1016:
587:
on 8 November 1942. The Vichy government remained in existence, even though its authority was now severely reduced.
6958:
6799:
6753:
5855:
4969:
4848:
4328:
3442:
3246:
2073:, slightly below 77,500 of the Jews residing in France died during the war, overwhelmingly after being deported to
1220:
5651:
4905:
4799:
4124:
3378:
664:
5860:
5830:
4853:
4333:
4303:
2985:
Les bombardements alliés sur la France durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, Stratégies, bilans matériels et humains
5152:
3625:
1380:
in early 1943 and, by 1944, large remote areas were out of the German military's control and free zones for the
963:
In order to suppress partisans and resistance fighters, the military administration cooperated closely with the
247:
7263:
6978:
6553:
6015:
5840:
5785:
5117:
4488:
4313:
4258:
3590:
3008:
2739:
Konventioneller Krieg oder NS-Weltanschauungskrieg? Kriegführung und Partisanenbekämpfung in Frankreich 1943/44
2006:
1720:
1659:
1641:
The disorganisation of transport, except for the railway system which relied on French domestic coal supplies.
112:
6901:
6521:
6462:
6457:
5896:
5891:
5512:
5400:
5211:
4827:
4673:
4369:
4364:
3985:
3873:
3684:
3238:
2308:
2299:, ensuring continuity with the defunct Third Republic. It set about raising new troops to participate in the
2196:
2043:
1332:
1199:
1051:
749:
between the free zone and the occupied zone was a de facto border, necessitating special authorisation and a
6543:
5473:
3946:
1784:
renamed, books banned, art was stolen to be taken to Germany and as time went on, people started to vanish.
783:
river after its invasion together with Germany of Vichy France on 11 November 1942, except for areas around
7229:
6968:
6447:
6284:
6061:
6056:
6046:
5956:
5765:
5760:
5735:
5628:
4822:
4665:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4429:
4238:
4233:
4208:
4101:
2015:
1939:
1788:
1470:
1466:
1376:. The resistance intensified after it became clear the tide of war had shifted after the Reich's defeat at
1133:
1039:
377:
139:
7086:
6806:
6680:
6670:
6418:
6259:
6207:
6020:
5931:
5231:
4493:
4404:
3704:
2414:
2410:
2363:
1838:
1205:
6997:
6918:
6685:
6595:
6574:
6274:
6264:
6254:
6030:
6025:
5750:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5354:
5264:
4503:
4498:
4223:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3827:
3737:
1984:
1947:
1402:
4765:
2641:
Giorgio Rochat, (trad. Anne Pilloud), La campagne italienne de juin 1940 dans les Alpes occidentales,
169:
7177:
6933:
6848:
6821:
6738:
6533:
6378:
5961:
5647:
4434:
4120:
2812:"Statistiques récentes [La population de la France d'après le recensement du 1er avril 1941]"
2283:
in the summer of 1944. Most of France was liberated by September 1944. Some of the heavily fortified
1192:
1043:
746:
491:
275:
3154:
Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.
1347:
to remain passive against the German occupiers, began to mount actions against them. De Gaulle sent
869:
the military administration and that Germany would exercise rights of an occupying power within it:
98:
6758:
6728:
6333:
5745:
5172:
5082:
5067:
4218:
3645:
3555:
3540:
2059:
1446:
796:
1351:
back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to coordinate
7014:
6896:
6843:
6789:
6743:
6432:
5850:
5795:
5770:
4323:
4268:
4243:
3325:
2786:
2596:
2391:
2355:
2039:
38:
3186:
1852:
7119:
7081:
7039:
7024:
6816:
6638:
6538:
6200:
5501:
5102:
4701:
3974:
3575:
3368:
2860:
2811:
2047:
1571:(France Propaganda Department), which developed Nazi propaganda and censorship services called
1438:
1434:
1340:
1233:
1227:
1035:
1024:
807:
2660:
1312:
1057:
Some Frenchmen also volunteered directly in German forces to fight for Germany and/or against
638:
235:
7273:
7044:
7034:
6826:
6650:
6558:
6493:
5682:
5244:
5216:
4155:
3717:
3689:
2486:
2446:
2027:
1872:
1442:
1382:
1278:
530:
450:
341:
3338:
Shtasel, Rebecca. "Workers’ resilience in occupied France: workers in Le Havre, 1941–1942."
2627:
did not figure in the terms of the armistice, but was coined as a translation of the German
1996:
in 1946, which closed the bordellos and reduced raunchy stage shows to mere dancing events.
1430:
7283:
7069:
6610:
6548:
6437:
6328:
6174:
6133:
6096:
5825:
5606:
5259:
5221:
5142:
5137:
5057:
4647:
4606:
4569:
4298:
4079:
3732:
3694:
3615:
3610:
3530:
3153:
2339:
2268:
1855:. However, there was no resumption in ideology as in other occupied countries, for example
1377:
1336:
1020:
727:) consisted of the rest of northern and western France, including the two forbidden zones.
591:
469:("north zone") in November 1942, when the previously unoccupied zone in the south known as
5239:
3712:
3118:
3077:
2988:
2434:
1562:
1084:
944:
8:
7152:
7109:
7029:
6983:
6860:
6853:
6833:
6794:
6706:
6498:
6467:
6442:
6408:
6310:
6305:
5906:
5433:
5344:
5249:
5037:
5022:
5012:
4379:
3906:
3817:
3722:
3510:
3495:
3485:
2430:
2395:
2375:
1735:
1520:
1410:
1211:
986:
874:
630:
619:
584:
2351:
1863:
children (thus saving their life) and provided education for them until the Liberation.
858:
850:
657:, which was also responsible for civilian affairs in the 20-kilometre (12 mi) wide
7064:
7009:
6963:
6811:
6777:
6361:
5993:
5590:
5425:
5309:
5254:
5062:
5002:
4466:
4063:
3898:
3782:
3727:
3535:
3475:
3300:
3260:
2272:
2074:
2019:
1792:
1678:
1677:, or makeshift substitutes, took the place of many products that were in short supply;
1426:
980:
815:
692:
676:
650:
30:"Occupation of France" and "Occupied France" redirect here. For other occupations, see
5438:
3911:
1844:
1414:
846:
7210:
7192:
7187:
7172:
7157:
7096:
7059:
6973:
6906:
6884:
6865:
6733:
6660:
6483:
6383:
6269:
6249:
6226:
6101:
5127:
5052:
4832:
4806:
4574:
3600:
3525:
3329:
3317:
3308:
3291:
3270:
3264:
3250:
3203:
3182:
3139:
3102:
3081:
3054:
2742:
2604:
2517:
2463:
2458:, Vichy's prime minister in 1942–44. Marshal Pétain, "Chief of the French State" and
2406:
2402:
2394:-size when it had captured the Italian fort, had grown into a full-strength armoured
2371:
2278:
1754:
1621:
1576:
1422:
1398:
1391:
1324:
1302:
1184:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1097:
969:
873:
In the occupied region of France, the German Reich exercises all of the rights of an
838:
680:
668:
599:
595:
5007:
3480:
3200:
The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty
2600:
2590:
2481:
2284:
1241:
7124:
7076:
6948:
6923:
6413:
6169:
5047:
5017:
4935:
4642:
3520:
3490:
3408:
2686:
2459:
2387:
2288:
1962:
1848:
1803:
1387:
1076:
764:
These restrictions remained in place after Vichy was occupied and the zone renamed
511:
211:
193:
6586:
6425:
3305:
Collaboration in France: Politics and Culture during the Nazi Occupation 1940-1944
2785:
Military Intelligence Service (29 July 1943). "14. German Army Propaganda Units".
1152:
he denied them lawful combatant status, and ordered them to be handed over to the
672:
7219:
7182:
7167:
7162:
7104:
7019:
6579:
6320:
5835:
5453:
5443:
5072:
4961:
4871:
4308:
3926:
3916:
3545:
3434:
3073:
2995:
2667:
2217:
2070:
1856:
1822:
from 10 p.m to 5 a.m, a ban on American films, the suppression of displaying the
1515:
Military propaganda for European countries under occupation was headquartered in
1421:. Large maquis where significant military operations were conducted included the
1335:
beyond those that had already gone into exile to join the Free French. After the
991:
720:
715:
703:
626:
615:
580:
430:
422:
207:
203:
73:
59:
6565:
5740:
4213:
2330:
1832:, and the banning of Vichy paramilitary organizations and the Veterans' Legion.
1589:
1463:
numerous factions of nationalists, anarchists, communists, socialists and others
768:("south zone"), and also placed under military administration in November 1942.
7142:
7137:
7129:
6953:
6911:
6488:
5875:
5810:
5448:
5269:
4787:
4348:
4283:
3921:
3742:
1992:
1978:
1799:
1558:
1406:
1216:
was sunk while trying to reach French Atlantic harbors after its commissioning.
1149:
1109:
1093:
853:. As it was done at the same place and in the same railroad carriage where the
834:
750:
659:
537:
was located in the occupied zone, its government was seated in the spa town of
156:
2909:
Mouré, "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940-1944)" pp 262-282,
2055:
1654:
Labour shortages, particularly in the countryside, due to the large number of
1503:
1331:
government in exile in London had little immediate effect, and few joined its
1101:
687:
were prohibited from returning to their homes, and it was intended for German
646:
7247:
7224:
7054:
6838:
6526:
5926:
5815:
5132:
5122:
5092:
5077:
5032:
4793:
4399:
4288:
3605:
3595:
3565:
3550:
3505:
3283:
2383:
2335:
2250:
2149:
2113:
2093:
2011:
1860:
1727:
a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases.
1705:
1565:) to monitor publications, shows, and radio broadcasts. They then set up the
1485:, they systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German
1454:
1418:
1257:
1253:
1167:
Some notable units and formations stationed in France during the occupation:
1161:
1080:
1000:
995:, "Night and Fog". It also had the help of notable French collaborators like
882:
831:
634:
4695:
3374:
An Unwelcome Visitor is a webpage relating Hitler's triumphal tour of Paris.
2896:
Kenneth Mouré, "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940-1944)",
1065:. Volunteers from this and other outfits later constituted the cadre of the
27:
Interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II
6938:
6643:
6600:
6400:
6371:
5780:
5147:
4992:
4937:
4887:
4771:
4253:
3620:
3465:
3410:
3026:
2455:
2451:
2438:
2180:
2176:
2129:
2097:
2090:
2051:
1974:
1935:
1915:
1882:
1828:
1746:
1715:
Faced with these difficulties in everyday life, the government answered by
1704:
production, which caused severe disruption to the household economy of the
1682:
1635:
1627:
1473:
that air-dropped weapons and supplies, as well as infiltrating agents like
1179:
1173:
996:
891:
741:
566:
550:
446:
442:
359:
261:
1712:. Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items.
1666:
1561:, the occupation authorities first relied on the German embassy in Paris (
802:
The Italian occupation zone was also occupied by Germany and added to the
6605:
6508:
6353:
6086:
5107:
5042:
4705:
4559:
3580:
3515:
2367:
2292:
1851:. Propaganda was present in education to train the young people with the
1823:
1701:
1626:
per day. The artificial exchange rate of the German currency against the
1498:
1486:
1348:
1328:
1273:
1245:
1137:
1011:
842:
684:
642:
5820:
4293:
2557:""La ligne de démarcation", Collection " Mémoire et Citoyenneté ", No.7"
2116:
not admitted here". Sign outside a restaurant in Paris, rue de Choiseul.
7114:
6343:
6128:
5112:
5097:
4997:
4893:
4872:
Battambang and Sisophon (Cambodia) * Luang Prabang and Champasak (Laos)
4601:
3585:
3570:
3470:
2734:
2343:
2320:
2195:
Execution chamber inspected by a Parisian policeman and members of the
1943:
1595:
1482:
1474:
1058:
1047:
924:
736:
573:
497:
473:
289:
146:
3053:, Dr David Picard, Professor Mike Robinson, Ashgate Publishing, 2012,
2640:
6452:
5194:
5027:
4987:
3667:
3500:
3460:
3243:"Morts d'inanition": Famine et exclusions en France sous l'Occupation
2858:
2234:
2145:
2063:
1951:
1771:
1766:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1372:
Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the
1344:
849:
respectively, signed it on 22 June 1940 at the Rethondes clearing in
827:
788:
731:
505:
3373:
2390:
almost four years earlier. The unit under his command, barely above
2046:
were in use in France during the occupation, the largest of them at
1586:
was led by a commander and employed some thirty people. There were
818:
and local Italian troops that became co-belligerents of the Allies.
490:
Its role in France was partly governed by the conditions set by the
6143:
5087:
4616:
3560:
2837:
Morts d'inanition: Famine et exclusions en France sous l'Occupation
2312:
2254:
2050:. In the occupied zone, as of 1942, Jews were required to wear the
1731:
1724:
1645:
1530:
1316:
1249:
560:
544:
2418:
1889:
One month after the occupation, the bi-monthly soldiers' magazine
1164:
and suppressing the resistance became heavier and heavier duties.
780:
6366:
6234:
2974:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 pages 171, 18 & 187-189.
2852:
2324:
2157:
1690:
1631:
1516:
1373:
1261:
964:
688:
449:
to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western
6192:
3288:
Marianne in Chains: In Search of the German Occupation 1940–1945
3142:
Case Study: The VĂ©lodrome d'Hiver Round-up: July 16 and 17, 1942
1918:
among the must-see locations in Paris. Famous clubs such as the
647:
subjecting their male population to German military conscription
6655:
6223:
5575:
4697:
4048:
3022:"Le Guide du soldat allemand Ă Paris, ou comment occuper Fritz"
2832:
2426:
2347:
1966:
1955:
1923:
1819:
1761:
1750:
1686:
1674:
1237:
1129:
1005:
955:
941:
Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy § France
2722:"The Civilian Experience in German Occupied France, 1940-1944"
1934:
to the city for their troops. Various famous artists, such as
1791:. Allied bombings were particularly intense before and during
1359:
into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the
745:
approximately 33 percent of the total French labor force. The
2784:
2422:
2004:
During the German occupation, a forced labour policy, called
1950:, a famous bordello on the Rue Lauriston, which was near the
1534:
1478:
538:
534:
1954:
headquarters and was often frequented by German troops. The
730:
The southern part of France, except for the western half of
590:
The German military administration in France ended with the
6928:
6338:
2651:. Mis en ligne le 6 juin 2008, consulté le 24 octobre 2008.
2296:
1885:
in June 1940, shortly after the German occupation of Paris.
1814:
between the north zone and the south zone also required an
1764:
and it was forbidden to go out during the night without an
1739:
1019:. The two main collaborationist political parties were the
1003:, along with collaborationists French auxiliaries like the
989:, anti-fascists and other dissidents, and vanish them into
784:
776:
2054:
and were only allowed to ride in the last carriage of the
1128:
The Wehrmacht maintained a varying number of divisions in
1104:. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among
2466:
by local Resistance forces in so-called "savage purges" (
637:
and returned to France after the First World War. It was
3198:
Talbot, C. Imlay; Duffy Toft, Monica (24 January 2007).
2018:
and other military facilities targeted by the Allies in
1958:
in Paris was not upheld as strictly as in other cities.
1477:
who provided tactical advice and specialist skills like
1144:
against German troops brought Hitler to condemn them as
1140:
marking its real beginning. The actions of Canadian and
663:
along the Atlantic coast. Another "forbidden zone" were
2885:
The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food
1802:
aiming at the systematic destruction of French railway
1670:
Rationing tickets for the French population, July 1944.
975:
915:
were coordinated through a central office known as the
3266:
France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise
2492:
Collaborationism in France during the Second World War
2327:, making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe.
1977:, gained notoriety among both French and German fans.
1644:
The cutting off of international trade and the Allied
1183:
operated from airfields in northern France during the
917:
Höheres Kommando der Marinedienststellen in Groß-Paris
655:
military administration in Belgium and Northern France
164:
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
3050:
Emotion in Motion: Tourism, Affect and Transformation
2791:(Technical report). War Department. p. 22–24. 30
1124:
Turkestani soldiers in northern France, October 1943.
2516:(1st ed.). London: Allen Lane. pp. 105–6.
1910:, and became a success. Further guides, such as the
1843:("Marshall, here we are!"). The portrait of Marshal
2922:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 pages 157-159.
2647:, sur le site du Service historique de la DĂ©fense,
2429:(21 April 1945). On 22 April 1945, it captured the
2069:Overall, according to a detailed count drawn under
1594:(special directors) in charge of particular areas:
3353:Cliotexte: sources on collaboration and resistance
3164:Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.),
1042:, and other German concentration camps, including
760:German control post on the Demarcation Line, 1941.
5424:
3897:
2741:, MĂĽnchen, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007,
2444:Collaborators were put on trial in legal purges (
2417:, was the first Western Allied unit to reach the
1881:German soldiers talking with French women by the
1847:adorned the walls of classrooms, thus creating a
1079:in 1974, and after him, other historians such as
7245:
3197:
1397:The most important anti-partisan action was the
881:The military administration was responsible for
7254:German occupation of France during World War II
3259:
2706:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite Ă Vichy".
2291:until the German capitulation in May 1945. The
1942:, started their careers during the occupation.
7269:Military history of France during World War II
2961:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 page 170.
2948:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 page 158.
2935:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 page 159.
1405:. Other notable atrocities committed were the
1063:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
549:, and therefore it was more commonly known as
6208:
4921:
4681:
3394:
3224:Provisional Government of the French Republic
3099:Django – The Life and Music of a Gipsy Legend
3013:
857:when Germany surrendered, it is known as the
395:Provisional Government of the French Republic
6584:
6563:
6423:
5991:
5192:
4967:
4959:
4464:
3665:
3440:
3432:
2689:, sur le site de l'Université de Perpignan,
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2514:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation
1982:
1587:
1566:
1549:
1542:
1524:
1364:
571:
542:
523:
503:
495:
481:
479:("free zone") was also occupied and renamed
471:
463:
455:
167:
154:
144:
130:
65:
51:
2859:Marie Helen Mercier and J. Louise Despert.
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
1700:The Germans seized about 80 percent of the
1634:and resulted in endemic food shortages and
1027:(RNP), each with 20,000 to 30,000 members.
821:
558:
6215:
6201:
4928:
4914:
4688:
4674:
3401:
3387:
2983:Centre d'études d'histoire de la défense,
2972:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2959:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2946:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2933:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2920:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944
2900:, June 2010, Vol. 24 Issue 2, pp. 272-273
2708:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau?
461:was established in June 1940, and renamed
122:
2654:
2573:
2536:
2382:on 22 November 1944, thus fulfilling the
1441:. Major round-up operations included the
1067:33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
142:(yellow) occupation zones of France, the
3101:. p.344, Oxford University Press, 2006,
2767:
2758:
2705:
2530:
2358:as a symbol of peace and reconciliation.
2329:
2271:was the result of the Allied operations
1930:("everyone once in Paris") and provided
1876:
1665:
1306:
1296:
1119:
948:
885:in occupied France. It was divided into
845:and of the French government of Marshal
755:
609:
518:until the cessation of all hostilities.
2588:
1656:French prisoners of war held in Germany
1648:, restricting imports into the country.
830:following the defeats of May and June,
14:
7246:
5583:
5408:
5204:
4980:
4056:
3881:
3677:
3453:
3361:Cliotexte: daily life under occupation
3140:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence:
3007:See French language Knowledge article
2682:
2680:
2221:was responsible for military traffic..
1554:, "squadron") in each important town.
1160:. As the war went on, garrisoning the
826:After Germany and France agreed on an
753:from the German authorities to cross.
516:soldiers would remain prisoners of war
7259:French home front during World War II
6196:
4909:
4669:
3382:
3019:
2833:The American Historical Association.
2701:
2699:
2511:
2285:French Atlantic coast submarine bases
1866:
734:along the Atlantic coast, became the
714:
132:
2761:The Oxford Companion to World War II
2661:« L’occupation italienne »
2370:forces that had participated in the
1742:products permitted better survival.
1523:in Paris, with propaganda sections (
1115:
895:), in decreasing hierarchical order
855:armistice ending the First World War
3303:& Patrick Marsh (eds) (1989).
2861:"Effects of War on French children"
2677:
1906:) was first published by the Paris
1191:stayed there to defend against the
808:Italy's surrender in September 1943
775:consisted of small areas along the
605:
579:on 11 November 1942 in response to
24:
3232:
3042:
2696:
2634:
2450:), and a number were executed for
2162:German brothels in occupied France
1969:", performed by Reinhardt and the
1361:National Council of the Resistance
974:, the intelligence service of the
691:and annexation in the coming Nazi
435:Administration militaire en France
67:Administration militaire en France
25:
7305:
7279:World War II occupied territories
6222:
5363:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
4720:Military Administration in France
3836:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
3346:
3322:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944
3222:by de Gaulle, then leader of the
2809:
2592:France: the dark years, 1940-1944
1981:was even invited to play for the
1971:Quintet of the Hot Club of France
1835:Schoolchildren were made to sing
1685:. Coffee was replaced by toasted
1366:Conseil National de la RĂ©sistance
1343:, hitherto under orders from the
1319:, by German soldiers in July 1944
1269:157th Mountain (Reserve) Division
1244:in French Atlantic ports such as
1236:, between 60 and over 100 German
419:Military Administration in France
48:Military Administration in France
7294:1944 disestablishments in France
5851:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
4324:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
3247:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
3202:. Routledge, 2007. p. 227.
3020:Hetch, Emmanuel (October 2013).
2317:Armée française de la Libération
2295:declared the establishment of a
2242:
2226:
2204:
2188:
2169:
2137:
2128:French Jewish women wearing the
2121:
2105:
2082:
1892:Der Deutsche Wegleiter fĂĽr Paris
1401:. The most infamous one was the
1390:that provided ideal terrain for
1195:until it had to retreat in 1944.
934:
791:, which were added to Germany's
399:
370:
352:
334:
105:
91:
5831:Norway (Administrative Council)
4304:Norway (Administrative Council)
3216:
3191:
3171:
3158:
3147:
3133:
3111:
3091:
3063:
3001:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2803:
2751:
2728:
2714:
2152:that has been converted into a
1745:Some people benefited from the
1568:Propaganda-Abteilung Frankreich
1311:Roundup of French civilians in
1156:when captured and liable to be
953:Parade of the collaborationist
671:and roughly about half each of
427:Militärverwaltung in Frankreich
382:Italian military administration
53:Militärverwaltung in Frankreich
6554:Government of National Defense
3009:fr:bombardement du 26 mai 1944
2617:
2549:
2505:
2378:on 25 August 1944, went on to
2007:Service du Travail Obligatoire
1660:Service du travail obligatoire
1461:By the eve of the liberation,
1283:716th Static Infantry Division
945:Collaborationism § France
913:German naval affairs in France
184:German military administration
13:
1:
7289:1940 establishments in France
6463:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
6458:War of the Spanish Succession
5856:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
4329:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
3239:Isabelle von Bueltzingsloewen
3168:, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993
3080:London : Deutsch, 1989,
2987:, Conference of 6 June 2007,
2788:Tactical and Technical Trends
2309:French Forces of the Interior
2233:German soldiers and captured
1999:
1853:ideas of the new Vichy regime
1789:Western Front of World War II
1611:
1510:
1333:French Forces of the Interior
665:areas in north-eastern France
614:German soldiers march by the
32:Military occupation of France
5629:Army Group Rear Area Command
4936:Administrative divisions in
4742:Belgium and Northern France
4102:Army Group Rear Area Command
3409:Administrative divisions in
2693:, accessed 29 November 2008.
2674:. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
2293:Free French exile government
2262:
1940:Les Compagnons de la chanson
1602:
1492:At the end of the war, some
1471:Office of Strategic Services
1467:Special Operations Executive
1337:invasion of the Soviet Union
439:interim occupation authority
248:Carl-Heinrich von StĂĽlpnagel
7:
6011:Belgium and Northern France
5634:Belgium and Northern France
4484:Belgium and Northern France
4107:Belgium and Northern France
3369:NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940
3166:La France des années noires
3121:. Imperial War Museum. 2011
2757:Dear and Foot 2005, p. 321.
2643:Revue historique des armées
2494:, book by Bertram M. Gordon
2475:
2425:(19 November 1944) and the
2415:French 1st Armored Division
2409:on 15 August 1944, was the
2364:French 2nd Armored Division
2334:A plaque commemorating the
2297:provisional French Republic
2144:German soldiers entering a
1839:Maréchal, nous voilà !
1242:stationed in submarine pens
1232:1943: At the height of the
629:had been annexed after the
10:
7310:
6944:French subdivisions by GDP
6691:2022 presidential election
6676:2017 presidential election
5513:Civil Administration Areas
5118:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
3986:Civil Administration Areas
3591:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
3070:Paris under the occupation
2401:The spearhead of the Free
2366:, tip of the spear of the
2179:strolling in front of the
2062:, and were transported to
2038:Many Jews were victims of
1985:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
1870:
1403:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
1300:
938:
859:Second Compiègne armistice
839:General Charles Huntzinger
36:
29:
7205:
7095:
7005:
6996:
6892:
6883:
6785:
6776:
6714:
6705:
6626:
6507:
6476:
6448:Second Hundred Years' War
6399:
6352:
6319:
6298:
6290:Liberalism and radicalism
6242:
6233:
6162:
6121:
6114:
6079:
6039:
6003:
5990:
5970:
5884:
5728:
5721:
5693:
5619:
5599:
5574:
5511:
5500:
5466:
5399:
5383:North Brabant and Limburg
5378:South Holland and Zeeland
5373:North Holland and Utrecht
5368:Gelderland and Overijssel
5353:
5282:
5230:
5191:
5161:
4958:
4945:
4880:
4864:
4841:
4815:
4712:
4635:
4594:
4587:
4552:
4512:
4476:
4463:
4443:
4357:
4201:
4194:
4166:
4092:
4072:
4047:
3984:
3973:
3939:
3872:
3856:North Brabant and Limburg
3851:South Holland and Zeeland
3846:North Holland and Utrecht
3841:Gelderland and Overijssel
3826:
3755:
3703:
3664:
3634:
3431:
3418:
3181:, no 273, mai–juin 1979,
2998:retrieved 5 November 2009
2687:La convention d'armistice
1983:
1904:The German Guide to Paris
1193:allied strategic bombings
841:, representatives of the
740:("free zone"), where the
620:Avenue des Champs-Élysées
583:, the Allied landings in
492:Armistice of 22 June 1940
313:
309:
299:
286:
271:
267:
257:
253:
241:
229:
225:
217:
199:
189:
178:
121:
87:
82:
46:
18:Nazi occupation of France
6719:Administrative divisions
5621:Military administrations
5153:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
4094:Military administrations
3626:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
3179:Historiens et GĂ©ographes
2645:, No. 250, 2008, pp77-84
2589:Jackson, Julian (2003).
2498:
2413:. Its leading unit, the
2289:stay-behind "fortresses"
2066:where they were killed.
1287:12th SS Panzer Division
822:Administrative structure
37:Not to be confused with
6939:Franc (former currency)
6544:Coup of 2 December 1851
6517:Long nineteenth century
4746:Military Administration
3326:Oxford University Press
3269:. New York: New Press.
2994:2 December 2008 at the
2672:resistance-en-isere.com
2666:13 January 2019 at the
2597:Oxford University Press
2512:Vinen, Richard (2006).
2183:in Paris, 23 June 1940.
2040:the Holocaust in France
1928:"Jeder einmal in Paris"
1557:After their victory in
1221:2nd SS Panzer Division
1017:Legionary Order Service
773:Italian occupation zone
649:.) The departments of
6959:Science and technology
6616:Provisional Government
6585:
6564:
6424:
5992:
5722:Puppet administrations
5526:Carinthia and Carniola
5193:
4968:
4960:
4940:and German occupations
4465:
4195:Puppet administrations
3999:Carinthia and Carniola
3666:
3441:
3433:
3413:and German occupations
2724:. Connecticut College.
2421:(25 August 1944), the
2359:
2096:made mandatory by the
1886:
1781:
1671:
1588:
1567:
1550:
1543:
1525:
1439:maquis de Saint-Marcel
1435:maquis du Mont Mouchet
1386:, so-called after the
1365:
1341:French communist party
1320:
1234:battle of the Atlantic
1228:4th SS Police Regiment
1125:
1036:Drancy internment camp
1025:National Popular Rally
960:
897:Oberfeldkommandanturen
879:
866:French colonial empire
810:, except for Corsica,
761:
724:
707:
651:Nord and Pas-de-Calais
623:
572:
559:
543:
524:
504:
496:
482:
472:
464:
456:
434:
426:
301:• Disestablished
168:
155:
145:
131:
66:
52:
39:French occupation zone
7264:Jewish French history
5173:Reichsfestung Belgrad
3646:Reichsfestung Belgrad
3342:34.2 (2020): 235-252.
3290:. London: Macmillan.
2816:Annales de GĂ©ographie
2487:Paris in World War II
2354:, and after the war,
2333:
2211:German road signs in
2199:after the liberation.
1932:"recreational visits"
1880:
1873:Paris in World War II
1776:
1669:
1443:Round up of Marseille
1310:
1301:Further information:
1297:Anti-partisan actions
1198:1941: Battlecruisers
1123:
952:
871:
759:
712:French pronunciation:
653:were attached to the
613:
531:French Third Republic
346:French Third Republic
200:Common languages
6764:World Heritage Sites
6681:Coronavirus pandemic
6175:Strength Through Joy
6134:Weather Station Kurt
5836:Norway (Quisling II)
5083:Munich–Upper Bavaria
5068:March of Brandenburg
4648:Strength Through Joy
4607:Weather Station Kurt
4309:Norway (Quisling II)
3556:Munich–Upper Bavaria
3541:March of Brandenburg
2625:ligne de démarcation
2301:advance to the Rhine
2269:Liberation of France
1812:ligne de démarcation
1501:forces. Some 40,000
1021:French Popular Party
622:in Paris, June 1940.
592:Liberation of France
521:The "French State" (
6902:Automotive industry
6686:2021 labor protests
6443:Peace of Westphalia
6311:History of Normandy
6306:History of Brittany
5994:Reichskommissariats
5826:Norway (Quisling I)
5756:Chechnya-Ingushetia
5416:Bohemia and Moravia
5401:Partial annexations
5212:Danzig–West Prussia
4842:Japanese occupation
4779:Reichsgau Oberrhein
4467:Reichskommissariats
4299:Norway (Quisling I)
4229:Chechnya-Ingushetia
3889:Bohemia and Moravia
3874:Partial annexations
3685:Danzig–West Prussia
2759:Dear; Foot (2005).
2569:on 24 January 2020.
2431:Sigmaringen enclave
2380:liberate Strasbourg
2356:a capital of Europe
2305:invasion of Germany
2044:concentration camps
2042:. Approximately 49
1914:, counted e.g. the
1800:Transportation Plan
1736:Jerusalem artichoke
1679:wood gas generators
1537:, and other towns.
1411:Le Paradis massacre
1154:SS security service
1106:collaborationnistes
1089:collaborationnistes
1087:have used the term
905:Kreiskommandanturen
814:by the landings of
812:which was liberated
702:The occupied zone (
667:, corresponding to
631:Franco-Prussian war
585:French North Africa
236:Otto von StĂĽlpnagel
138:: German (red) and
6969:Telecommunications
6671:2015 Paris attacks
6534:Revolution of 1848
6362:Visigothic Kingdom
5426:General Government
5103:Schleswig-Holstein
4816:Italian occupation
4755:Reichskommissariat
3899:General Government
3576:Schleswig-Holstein
3301:Gerhard Hirschfeld
3177:François Delpech,
3119:"NAZI PERSECUTION"
2883:E. M. Collingham,
2710:. Paris: Le Seuil.
2464:summarily executed
2407:landed in Provence
2360:
2060:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
2020:Operation Crossbow
1948:L'Étoile de Kléber
1887:
1867:Nightlife in Paris
1793:Operation Overlord
1672:
1447:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
1431:maquis des Glières
1427:maquis du Limousin
1339:in June 1941, the
1321:
1158:summarily executed
1126:
981:Sicherheitspolizei
961:
921:Admiral Frankreich
909:Ortskommandanturen
901:Feldkommandanturen
816:Free French forces
762:
716:[zonɔkype]
624:
218:Military Commander
7239:
7238:
7201:
7200:
6992:
6991:
6879:
6878:
6871:Political parties
6807:Foreign relations
6772:
6771:
6701:
6700:
6484:French Revolution
6438:Thirty Years' War
6419:Absolute monarchy
6384:Kingdom of France
6280:Foreign relations
6260:Political history
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6110:
6109:
6080:Other occupations
6075:
6074:
5986:
5985:
5701:Adriatic Littoral
5694:Operational Zones
5615:
5614:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5462:
5461:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5278:
5277:
5187:
5186:
4903:
4902:
4725:zone occupée/nord
4713:German occupation
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4583:
4582:
4553:Other occupations
4548:
4547:
4459:
4458:
4174:Adriatic Littoral
4167:Operational Zones
4088:
4087:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3935:
3934:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3751:
3750:
3660:
3659:
3318:Julian T. Jackson
3296:978-0-333-78230-9
3276:978-1-56584-439-1
3086:978-0-233-98511-4
3078:Jean-Pierre Azéma
2835:""Book Review of
2629:Demarkationslinie
2610:978-0-19-925457-6
2539:Sozial.Geschichte
2523:978-0-713-99496-4
2469:Ă©puration sauvage
2435:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2403:French First Army
2372:Normandy Campaign
2346:, the capital of
1920:Folies-Belleville
1804:marshalling yards
1693:, and sugar with
1584:Propagandastaffel
1577:regions of France
1573:Propagandastaffel
1563:HĂ´tel Beauharnais
1544:Propagandastaffel
1423:maquis du Vercors
1399:Battle of Vercors
1392:guerrilla warfare
1327:" by de Gaulle's
1325:Appeal of 18 June
1303:French Resistance
1210:. The battleship
1185:Battle of Britain
1146:irregular warfare
1142:British Commandos
1116:Occupation forces
1098:Robert Brasillach
1085:Jean-Pierre Azéma
970:Sicherheitsdienst
600:Provence landings
453:. This so-called
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
387:
386:
243:• 1942–1944
231:• 1940–1942
16:(Redirected from
7301:
7003:
7002:
6919:Economic history
6890:
6889:
6783:
6782:
6712:
6711:
6590:
6569:
6468:Seven Years' War
6433:Wars of Religion
6429:
6414:House of Bourbon
6409:Early modern era
6389:Fundamental laws
6265:Military history
6240:
6239:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6194:
6193:
6119:
6118:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5726:
5725:
5713:Alpine Foothills
5581:
5580:
5531:Gebiet Bialystok
5509:
5508:
5422:
5421:
5406:
5405:
5351:
5350:
5265:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
5228:
5227:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5143:Westphalia-South
5138:Westphalia-North
5058:Magdeburg-Anhalt
4978:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4907:
4906:
4849:French Indochina
4760:
4750:
4737:
4729:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4592:
4591:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4199:
4198:
4186:Alpine Foothills
4054:
4053:
4004:Gebiet Bialystok
3982:
3981:
3895:
3894:
3879:
3878:
3824:
3823:
3738:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
3701:
3700:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3616:Westphalia-South
3611:Westphalia-North
3531:Magdeburg-Anhalt
3451:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3365:
3357:
3280:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3195:
3189:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3107:978-01951-6752-8
3097:Michael Dregni:
3095:
3089:
3067:
3061:
3059:978-14094-2133-7
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2782:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2691:mjp.univ-perp.fr
2684:
2675:
2658:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2586:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2562:. Archived from
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2509:
2447:épuration légale
2386:made by General
2352:ElsaĂź-Lothringen
2246:
2230:
2208:
2192:
2173:
2141:
2125:
2109:
2086:
2016:V-1 launch sites
1988:
1987:
1963:Django Reinhardt
1933:
1900:
1849:personality cult
1826:and singing the
1593:
1570:
1553:
1546:
1528:
1388:maquis shrubland
1368:
1353:the eight major
1077:Stanley Hoffmann
956:Milice Française
851:Compiègne Forest
747:demarcation line
725:Besetztes Gebiet
718:
713:
606:Occupation zones
577:
564:
548:
527:
509:
501:
487:("south zone").
485:
477:
467:
459:
403:
402:
391:
390:
374:
373:
356:
355:
338:
337:
331:
330:
315:
314:
295:11 November 1942
278:
276:Second Compiègne
182:Territory under
173:
160:
150:
136:
126:
109:
95:
77:
69:
63:
55:
44:
43:
21:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7235:
7234:
7215:
7197:
7178:Public holidays
7091:
7050:Life expectancy
6988:
6875:
6768:
6697:
6666:Great Recession
6639:Fourth Republic
6634:1900 to present
6622:
6539:Second Republic
6503:
6472:
6395:
6348:
6315:
6294:
6229:
6221:
6191:
6182:
6178:holiday resorts
6158:
6106:
6071:
6035:
5982:
5966:
5880:
5717:
5689:
5611:
5595:
5570:
5503:
5488:
5458:
5420:
5387:
5349:
5274:
5226:
5183:
5157:
5038:Halle-Merseburg
5023:Electoral Hesse
5013:Eastern Hanover
4950:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4904:
4899:
4876:
4865:Thai occupation
4860:
4837:
4823:Mainland France
4811:
4800:settlement zone
4766:Alsace-Lorraine
4758:
4748:
4735:
4727:
4708:
4694:
4664:
4655:
4651:holiday resorts
4631:
4579:
4544:
4508:
4455:
4439:
4353:
4190:
4162:
4084:
4068:
4043:
3976:
3961:
3931:
3893:
3860:
3822:
3747:
3699:
3656:
3630:
3511:Halle-Merseburg
3496:Electoral Hesse
3486:Eastern Hanover
3423:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3277:
3261:Philippe Burrin
3241:, (ed) (2005).
3235:
3233:Further reading
3230:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3196:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3074:Gilles Perrault
3068:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2996:Wayback Machine
2989:Defense.gouv.fr
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2831:
2827:
2822:(286): 155–156.
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2768:
2756:
2752:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2697:
2685:
2678:
2668:Wayback Machine
2659:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2587:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2478:
2376:liberated Paris
2313:military cadres
2265:
2258:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2218:Feldgendarmerie
2209:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2165:
2154:Soldatenbordell
2142:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2087:
2071:Serge Klarsfeld
2002:
1931:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1845:Philippe PĂ©tain
1614:
1605:
1575:in the various
1513:
1415:Maillé massacre
1305:
1299:
1118:
992:Nacht und Nebel
947:
937:
929:Navy Group West
875:occupying power
847:Philippe PĂ©tain
832:Colonel General
824:
711:
633:in 1871 by the
627:Alsace-Lorraine
616:Arc de Triomphe
608:
581:Operation Torch
529:) replaced the
510:leading to the
502:success of the
441:established by
400:
381:
371:
363:
353:
345:
335:
302:
292:
279:
274:
244:
232:
210:
206:
174:
170:Alsace-Lorraine
117:
116:
115:
110:
102:
101:
96:
78:
71:
64:
57:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7307:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7134:Cultural icons
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6954:Stock exchange
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6836:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6754:National parks
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6729:Climate change
6726:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6651:Fifth Republic
6648:
6647:
6646:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6559:Third Republic
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6494:First Republic
6491:
6489:Napoleonic era
6486:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6334:Greek colonies
6331:
6325:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6220:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5876:Zuyev Republic
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5766:Czechoslovakia
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
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5225:
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5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5189:
5188:
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5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Main Franconia
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5003:Cologne–Aachen
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4953:
4947:Administrative
4943:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4833:French Tunisia
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4807:French Tunisia
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4788:Zone interdite
4784:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4696:Occupation of
4693:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4645:
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4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4349:Zuyev Republic
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Czechoslovakia
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
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4181:
4170:
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4058:
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3990:
3988:
3979:
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3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Main Franconia
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Cologne–Aachen
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3426:
3420:Administrative
3416:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3348:
3347:External links
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:French History
3336:
3315:
3313:978-0854962372
3298:
3281:
3275:
3257:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3208:
3190:
3170:
3157:
3146:
3132:
3110:
3090:
3062:
3041:
3012:
3000:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2902:
2898:French History
2889:
2876:
2851:
2825:
2810:g, J. (1942).
2802:
2766:
2763:. p. 321.
2750:
2747:978-3486579925
2727:
2713:
2695:
2676:
2653:
2649:rha.revues.org
2633:
2616:
2609:
2572:
2548:
2529:
2522:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2482:HĂ´tel Terminus
2477:
2474:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2213:occupied Paris
2210:
2203:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2081:
2001:
1998:
1993:Marthe Richard
1979:Jean Reinhardt
1868:
1865:
1732:Swedish turnip
1664:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1521:Hotel Majestic
1512:
1509:
1481:operation and
1407:Tulle massacre
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1265:
1230:
1217:
1196:
1150:Commando Order
1117:
1114:
1110:anti-communism
1094:Jacques Doriot
1061:, such as the
1038:, en route to
1023:(PPF) and the
936:
933:
887:Kommandanturen
835:Wilhelm Keitel
823:
820:
751:laissez-passer
660:zone interdite
607:
604:
512:Fall of France
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
397:
388:
385:
384:
375:
367:
366:
357:
349:
348:
339:
327:
326:
321:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:25 August 1944
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
287:
284:
283:
280:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
258:Historical era
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
242:
239:
238:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
180:
176:
175:
166:, and annexed
157:zone interdite
127:
119:
118:
111:
104:
103:
97:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:
50:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7306:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
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7212:
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7149:
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7144:
7141:
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7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7085:
7083:
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7078:
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7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Birth control
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
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6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Constitutions
6788:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
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6713:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6692:
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6687:
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6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
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6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:Années folles
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:Second Empire
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:July Monarchy
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
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6479:
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6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:Ancien RĂ©gime
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6373:
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6369:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
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6090:
6088:
6085:
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6068:
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6053:
6050:
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6044:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5989:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Russia (KONR)
5935:
5933:
5932:Russia (ODNR)
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5652:zone réservée
5649:
5648:Atlantic Wall
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Burgundy (SS)
5472:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Upper Silesia
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Lower Silesia
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:Atlantic Wall
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4776:
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4757:
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4752:
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4726:
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4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4691:
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4608:
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4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Russia (KONR)
4408:
4406:
4405:Russia (ODNR)
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
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4360:
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4307:
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4300:
4297:
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4280:
4277:
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4260:
4257:
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4207:
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4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4125:zone réservée
4122:
4121:Atlantic Wall
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
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4081:
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4046:
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4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Burgundy (SS)
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
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3890:
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3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Upper Silesia
3599:
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3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
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3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
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3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Lower Silesia
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
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3404:
3399:
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3392:
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3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:0-19-820706-9
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:Robert Gildea
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:2-7535-0136-X
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3209:9781134210886
3205:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3155:
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3144:
3143:
3136:
3120:
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3104:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
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3056:
3052:
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3045:
3029:
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3023:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2997:
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2990:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2947:
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2893:
2886:
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2862:
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2692:
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2662:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2541:(in German).
2540:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:, among them
2453:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Oath of Kufra
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:the cathedral
2337:
2336:Oath of Kufra
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:). Thanks to
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Star of David
2092:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:was used for
2013:
2012:forced labour
2009:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:Crossing the
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:black markets
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:French people
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:SonderfĂĽhrers
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1538:
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1522:
1518:
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1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:Radio Londres
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Ascq massacre
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Saint-Nazaire
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Atlantic Wall
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:eastern front
1131:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Robert Paxton
1078:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:Maurice Papon
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:round up Jews
984:
982:
977:
973:
971:
966:
958:
957:
951:
946:
942:
935:Collaboration
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:civil affairs
878:
876:
870:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
758:
754:
752:
748:
743:
739:
738:
733:
728:
726:
722:
717:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Franche-Comté
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:German Empire
632:
628:
621:
617:
612:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
576:
575:
568:
565:
563:
562:
554:
552:
547:
546:
540:
536:
532:
528:
526:
525:État français
519:
517:
513:
508:
507:
500:
499:
493:
488:
486:
484:
478:
476:
475:
468:
466:
460:
458:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
383:
380:
376:
369:
368:
365:
362:
358:
351:
350:
347:
344:
340:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
294:
291:
285:
281:
277:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:
240:
237:
234:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
172:
171:
165:
161:
159:
158:
151:
149:
148:
141:
137:
135:
134:
125:
120:
114:
108:
100:
94:
86:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7274:Vichy France
7241:
7120:Coat of arms
7110:Architecture
7082:Social class
7040:Homelessness
7025:Demographics
6979:Trade unions
6912:Central bank
6854:criminal law
6817:Human rights
6800:presidential
6644:Algerian War
6627:Contemporary
6601:Vichy France
6596:World War II
6566:Belle Époque
6499:First Empire
6401:Early Modern
6372:West Francia
6139:Schatzgräber
5643:
5561:West Prussia
5541:Lower Styria
5479:Holland (SS)
5250:Upper Danube
5245:Lower Danube
5048:Hesse-Nassau
5018:East Prussia
4988:Baden-Alsace
4951:Nazi Germany
4949:divisions of
4938:Nazi Germany
4892:
4888:Vichy France
4796:coastal zone
4786:
4777:
4772:Gau Westmark
4770:
4753:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4702:its colonies
4612:Schatzgräber
4116:
4034:West Prussia
4014:Lower Styria
3952:Holland (SS)
3723:Upper Danube
3718:Lower Danube
3521:Hesse-Nassau
3491:East Prussia
3461:Baden-Alsace
3424:Nazi Germany
3422:divisions of
3411:Nazi Germany
3339:
3321:
3307:. Berg Pub,
3304:
3287:
3265:
3242:
3218:
3199:
3193:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3113:
3098:
3093:
3069:
3065:
3048:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3025:
3015:
3003:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2836:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2787:
2760:
2753:
2738:
2730:
2716:
2707:
2690:
2671:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2591:
2564:the original
2551:
2545:(3): 83–131.
2542:
2538:
2532:
2513:
2507:
2467:
2456:Pierre Laval
2452:high treason
2445:
2443:
2439:Hohenzollern
2400:
2361:
2316:
2307:, using the
2279:
2273:
2266:
2237:, July 1944.
2216:
2181:Eiffel Tower
2177:Adolf Hitler
2153:
2130:yellow badge
2098:Vichy regime
2068:
2052:yellow badge
2037:
2034:
2028:
2024:réfractaires
2023:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1975:Salle Pleyel
1960:
1946:lived above
1936:Yves Montand
1927:
1916:Moulin Rouge
1912:Guide aryien
1911:
1908:Kommandantur
1907:
1903:
1890:
1888:
1883:Moulin Rouge
1836:
1834:
1829:Marseillaise
1827:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1798:The Allies'
1797:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1747:black market
1744:
1729:
1714:
1699:
1683:caustic soda
1673:
1636:malnutrition
1628:French franc
1622:
1615:
1606:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1556:
1541:
1539:
1514:
1502:
1491:
1487:supply lines
1460:
1453:
1451:
1396:
1381:
1371:
1354:
1322:
1289:Hitlerjugend
1288:
1272:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1189:Luftflotte 3
1188:
1180:Luftflotte 3
1178:
1174:Luftflotte 2
1172:
1166:
1127:
1105:
1088:
1075:
1071:(1st French)
1068:
1056:
1031:
1029:
1012:Franc-Gardes
1010:
1004:
997:Paul Touvier
990:
979:
968:
962:
954:
920:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:Kommandantur
890:
886:
880:
872:
863:
825:
803:
801:
792:
770:
765:
763:
742:Vichy regime
735:
729:
708:zone occupée
701:
697:Neue Ordnung
696:
685:War refugees
658:
625:
589:
570:
557:
555:
551:Vichy France
522:
520:
489:
480:
470:
462:
457:zone occupée
454:
447:World War II
443:Nazi Germany
418:
416:
378:
364:Vichy France
360:
342:
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
282:22 June 1940
262:World War II
153:
143:
133:zone occupée
129:
7284:Axis powers
7230:WikiProject
7045:Immigration
7035:Health care
6897:Agriculture
6849:enforcement
6606:Free France
6575:World War I
6522:Restoration
6509:Late Modern
6379:Middle Ages
6354:Middle Ages
6339:Celtic Gaul
6016:Netherlands
5816:Netherlands
5556:Sudetenland
5504:occupations
5340:Vistulaland
5217:Sudetenland
5169:Prinz-Eugen
5073:Mecklenburg
4706:Axis powers
4489:Netherlands
4289:Netherlands
4029:Sudetenland
3977:occupations
3813:Vistulaland
3690:Sudetenland
3642:Prinz-Eugen
3546:Mecklenburg
3364:(in French)
3356:(in French)
3030:(in French)
2970:Ousby, Ian
2957:Ousby, Ian
2944:Ousby, Ian
2931:Ousby, Ian
2918:Ousby, Ian
2869:15 December
2844:15 December
2405:, that had
2368:Free French
2075:death camps
2056:Paris MĂ©tro
1895: [
1824:French flag
1702:French food
1689:mixed with
1504:malgré-nous
1499:Free French
1349:Jean Moulin
1329:Free France
1274:Panzer Lehr
1246:La Rochelle
1201:Scharnhorst
1138:Dieppe raid
1102:Marcel DĂ©at
1069:Charlemagne
843:Third Reich
797:and Corsica
643:Third Reich
319:Preceded by
7248:Categories
7173:Philosophy
7158:Literature
7070:secularism
6866:Parliament
6661:2005 riots
6611:Liberation
6477:Revolution
6344:Roman Gaul
6329:Prehistory
6285:Journalism
6149:Bassgeiger
6129:New Swabia
6097:San Marino
5922:Montenegro
5846:Montenegro
5668:Luxembourg
5546:Luxembourg
5330:Vandalland
5295:Beskidland
5222:Wartheland
5195:Reichsgaus
5008:DĂĽsseldorf
4894:Zone libre
4622:Bassgeiger
4602:New Swabia
4570:San Marino
4395:Montenegro
4319:Montenegro
4141:Luxembourg
4019:Luxembourg
3803:Vandalland
3768:Beskidland
3695:Wartheland
3668:Reichsgaus
3481:DĂĽsseldorf
3324:. Oxford:
3245:. Rennes:
3034:23 October
2735:Peter Lieb
2599:. p.
2344:Strasbourg
2321:Lend-Lease
2235:communists
2156:(military
2100:in France.
2029:maquisards
2000:Oppression
1944:Edith Piaf
1871:See also:
1755:cigarettes
1658:, and the
1623:Reichsmark
1612:Daily life
1596:censorship
1511:Propaganda
1483:demolition
1475:Nancy Wake
1437:, and the
1417:, and the
1383:maquisards
1378:Stalingrad
1355:RĂ©sistance
1279:XIXth Army
1059:Bolsheviks
1052:Mauthausen
1048:Buchenwald
978:, and the
939:See also:
925:Case Anton
889:(singular
737:zone libre
639:re-annexed
594:after the
574:Case Anton
498:blitzkrieg
494:after the
474:zone libre
290:Case Anton
147:zone libre
7030:Education
6984:Transport
6834:Judiciary
6795:Elections
6749:Mountains
6707:Geography
6453:Louis XIV
6243:Overviews
6170:Nordstern
6154:Edelweiss
6062:Turkestan
6052:Don-Volga
5952:Turkestan
5902:Cossackia
5841:Macedonia
5801:Lithuania
5706:Ljubljana
5591:Bialystok
5576:Districts
5240:Carinthia
5133:Weser-Ems
5123:Thuringia
5093:Pomerania
5078:Moselland
5033:Franconia
4643:Nordstern
4627:Edelweiss
4535:Turkestan
4525:Don-Volga
4425:Turkestan
4375:Cossackia
4314:Macedonia
4274:Lithuania
4179:Ljubljana
4064:Bialystok
4049:Districts
3713:Carinthia
3606:Weser-Ems
3596:Thuringia
3566:Pomerania
3551:Moselland
3506:Franconia
3187:0046-757X
3027:L'Express
2795:28 August
2623:The name
2441:dynasty.
2287:remained
2263:Aftermath
2251:army band
2146:synagogue
2064:Auschwitz
2026:) became
1952:Carlingue
1938:or later
1857:in Poland
1795:in 1944.
1772:Ian Ousby
1717:rationing
1710:Champagne
1695:saccharin
1603:Civilians
1559:June 1940
1345:Comintern
1313:Le Faouët
1223:Das Reich
1207:Gneisenau
1148:. In his
1096:, writer
1040:Auschwitz
923:. After
828:armistice
789:Marseille
732:Aquitaine
693:New Order
677:Champagne
506:Wehrmacht
465:zone nord
437:) was an
83:1940–1944
7220:Category
7153:Language
7065:Religion
7010:Abortion
6964:Taxation
6861:Military
6822:Intersex
6812:Politics
6778:Politics
6580:Interwar
6275:Economic
6270:Language
6255:Timeline
6163:Proposed
6144:Holzauge
6047:Caucasia
6040:Proposed
5978:Brittany
5971:Proposed
5962:Wallonia
5947:Slovakia
5897:Bulgaria
5871:Wallonia
5861:Slovakia
5776:Flanders
5658:Slovakia
5607:Brussels
5600:Proposed
5566:Zichenau
5536:Lorraine
5484:Lombardy
5467:Proposed
5355:Westland
5345:Wallonia
5325:Nordmark
5320:Gothland
5310:Flanders
5305:Burgundy
5283:Proposed
5255:Salzburg
5162:Proposed
5148:Westmark
5088:NSDAP/AO
4993:Bayreuth
4970:Altreich
4881:See also
4854:Cambodia
4749:(1940–4)
4736:(1942–4)
4733:zone sud
4728:(1940–4)
4636:Proposed
4617:Holzauge
4520:Caucasia
4513:Proposed
4451:Brittany
4444:Proposed
4435:Wallonia
4420:Slovakia
4370:Bulgaria
4344:Wallonia
4334:Slovakia
4249:Flanders
4131:Slovakia
4080:Brussels
4073:Proposed
4039:Zichenau
4009:Lorraine
3957:Lombardy
3940:Proposed
3828:Westland
3818:Wallonia
3798:Nordmark
3793:Gothland
3783:Flanders
3778:Burgundy
3756:Proposed
3728:Salzburg
3635:Proposed
3621:Westmark
3561:NSDAP/AO
3466:Bayreuth
3443:Altreich
3320:(2001).
3286:(2002).
3263:(1998).
3125:18 April
2992:Archived
2664:Archived
2476:See also
2396:division
2374:and had
2303:and the
2274:Overlord
2255:Bordeaux
1753:against
1725:calories
1646:blockade
1531:Bordeaux
1469:and the
1445:and the
1317:Brittany
1250:Bordeaux
1213:Bismarck
1015:and the
804:zone sud
793:zone sud
766:zone sud
689:settlers
681:Picardie
669:Lorraine
596:Normandy
561:de facto
545:Auvergne
483:zone sud
7211:Outline
7193:Theatre
7188:Symbols
7148:Gardens
7138:Fashion
7130:Cuisine
7097:Culture
7087:Welfare
7060:Poverty
6998:Society
6974:Tourism
6934:Exports
6907:Banking
6885:Economy
6844:history
6739:Islands
6734:Borders
6367:Francia
6321:Ancient
6299:Regions
6250:History
6235:History
6122:Founded
6102:Tunisia
6087:Finland
6057:Muscovy
6031:Ukraine
6026:Ostland
6004:Founded
5957:Ukraine
5927:Romania
5917:Hungary
5892:Belarus
5866:Ukraine
5791:Hungary
5771:Denmark
5761:Croatia
5751:Belarus
5746:Austria
5736:Albania
5729:Founded
5639:Croatia
5584:Founded
5434:Galicia
5409:Founded
5315:Galicia
5300:Brabant
5232:Austria
5205:Founded
5179:Holland
5108:Silesia
5043:Hamburg
4981:Founded
4828:Corsica
4704:by the
4595:Founded
4575:Tunisia
4560:Finland
4530:Muscovy
4504:Ukraine
4499:Ostland
4477:Founded
4430:Ukraine
4400:Romania
4390:Hungary
4365:Belarus
4339:Ukraine
4264:Hungary
4244:Denmark
4234:Croatia
4224:Belarus
4219:Austria
4209:Albania
4202:Founded
4112:Croatia
4057:Founded
3907:Galicia
3882:Founded
3788:Galicia
3773:Brabant
3705:Austria
3678:Founded
3652:Holland
3581:Silesia
3516:Hamburg
3454:Founded
2411:I Corps
2392:company
2388:Leclerc
2325:V-E day
2280:Dragoon
2257:, 1942.
2249:German
2158:brothel
1991:Loi de
1973:in the
1816:Ausweis
1774:wrote:
1767:Ausweis
1691:chicory
1632:plunder
1551:Staffel
1526:Staffel
1517:Potsdam
1494:580,000
1374:Gestapo
1262:Lorient
1238:U-boats
965:Gestapo
959:, 1944.
641:by the
618:on the
445:during
288:•
273:•
212:Occitan
190:Capital
140:Italian
7225:Portal
7125:Cinema
7105:Anthem
7077:Racism
7055:People
6949:Mining
6924:Energy
6759:Rivers
6724:Cities
6656:May 68
6227:topics
6224:France
6092:Monaco
6021:Norway
5942:Serbia
5912:Greece
5907:France
5885:Exiled
5786:Greece
5781:France
5678:Serbia
5673:Poland
5663:Greece
5644:France
5521:Alsace
5502:German
5454:Warsaw
5444:Lublin
5439:KrakĂłw
5335:Venice
5270:Vienna
5260:Styria
5113:Swabia
5098:Saxony
4998:Berlin
4759:(1944)
4698:France
4565:Monaco
4494:Norway
4415:Serbia
4385:Greece
4380:France
4358:Exiled
4259:Greece
4254:France
4151:Serbia
4146:Poland
4136:Greece
4117:France
3994:Alsace
3975:German
3927:Warsaw
3917:Lublin
3912:KrakĂłw
3808:Venice
3743:Vienna
3733:Styria
3586:Swabia
3571:Saxony
3471:Berlin
3332:
3311:
3294:
3273:
3253:
3206:
3185:
3105:
3084:
3057:
2887:(2011)
2745:
2607:
2520:
2460:Verdun
2427:Danube
2348:Alsace
2215:. The
2091:yellow
2048:Drancy
1967:Nuages
1965:song "
1956:curfew
1924:Bobino
1861:Jewish
1820:curfew
1762:curfew
1751:barter
1687:barley
1675:Ersatz
1433:, the
1429:, the
1425:, the
1413:, the
1409:, the
1357:groups
1267:1944:
1260:, and
1219:1942:
1171:1940:
1130:France
1044:Dachau
1032:Milice
1009:, the
1006:Milice
983:(SiPo)
967:, the
943:, and
907:, and
806:after
721:German
704:French
645:(thus
451:France
431:French
423:German
221:
208:French
204:German
179:Status
162:, the
152:, the
113:Emblem
74:French
70:
60:German
56:
7183:Sport
7168:Music
7163:Media
7020:Crime
6744:Lakes
6115:Other
5811:Lokot
5806:Lepel
5796:Italy
5683:Banat
5551:Posen
5449:Radom
5290:Banat
5028:Essen
4588:Other
4284:Lokot
4279:Lepel
4269:Italy
4156:Banat
4024:Posen
3922:Radom
3763:Banat
3501:Essen
2864:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2560:(PDF)
2499:Notes
2423:Rhine
2419:RhĂ´ne
2338:near
2150:Brest
1899:]
1582:Each
1535:Dijon
1529:) in
1479:radio
1323:The "
1258:Brest
1240:were
781:RhĂ´ne
539:Vichy
535:Paris
379:1943:
361:1942:
343:1940:
194:Paris
7143:Flag
6929:Euro
6827:LGBT
6067:Ural
5821:Nias
5741:Asch
4962:Gaus
4700:and
4540:Ural
4294:Nias
4214:Asch
3435:Gaus
3330:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3183:ISSN
3127:2012
3103:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3055:ISBN
3036:2013
2871:2007
2846:2007
2797:2019
2743:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2362:The
2350:and
2277:and
2267:The
2114:Jews
2089:The
1961:The
1740:milk
1734:and
1204:and
1108:was
1083:and
1050:and
1030:The
999:and
972:(SD)
837:and
787:and
785:Lyon
777:Alps
771:The
679:and
598:and
567:Nazi
417:The
128:The
99:Flag
7115:Art
6839:Law
2601:247
2472:).
2433:in
2342:of
2311:as
2253:in
2197:FFI
2148:in
1922:or
1369:).
1100:or
911:.
699:).
541:in
7250::
5650:‧
4123:‧
3328:.
3249:.
3076:;
3072:,
3024:.
2839:""
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2818:.
2814:.
2769:^
2737::
2698:^
2679:^
2670:,
2603:.
2595:.
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2543:18
2398:.
2164:).
2160:→
2032:.
1897:fr
1697:.
1579:.
1540:A
1533:,
1449:.
1394:.
1315:,
1285:,
1281:,
1277:,
1271:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1226:,
1187:.
1177:,
1112:.
1073:.
1054:.
1046:,
976:SS
931:.
903:,
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861:.
799:.
795:,
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710:,
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675:,
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