National Schism - Knowledge

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powers (non-Balkan) also attacked Serbia. Plus, according to the treaty of alliance, Serbia had to provide 150,000 soldiers against Bulgaria. Since a large German-Austrian army under Field Marshal August von Mackensen was poised to invade Serbia at the same time as Bulgaria, the king announced that Greece would not be aiding Serbia. Venizelos told Constantine that: "We should not allow Bulgaria to crush Serbia and expand overmuch so as to crush us tomorrow. At this point therefore you cannot depart from this policy: unless of course you are determined to set aside the Constitution, and assuming full responsibility by a Royal degree". Constantine replied: "You know, I recognize that I am bound to obey the popular verdict when it is a question of the internal affairs of the country; but when it is a question of foreign affairs, great international questions, I think that so long as I believe a thing is right or not right, I must insist upon its being done or not done, because I am responsible before God". In a desperate attempt to persuade Constantine to help Serbia, Grey sent him a letter reading: "If Greece prepared to give support as an ally to Serbia, now that she has been attacked by Bulgaria, His Majesty's Government will be prepared to give Cyprus to Greece. Should Greece join the Allies for all purposes, she would naturally have a share with them in advantages secured at end of war, but the offer of Cyprus is made by H.M. Government independently on condition that Greece gives immediate and full support with her army to Serbia". Both the King and his prime minister

1853:, while the Bulgarians occupied the eastern half of Greek Macedonia including the port of Kavala. In 1915, pro-royalist supporters such as Metaxas had assailed Venizelos for his willingness to cede Kavala and the eastern half of Greek Macedonia to Bulgaria, and now the situation was reversed with the Venizelists attacking the king for surrendering the same lands to the Bulgarians. The surrender of Fort Roupel marked the point of no return in relations between Venizelos and Constantine as the former was now convinced that the king was a traitor. The decision to surrender Fort Roupel was announced by the government as a counterbalance to the Allied presence in Thessaloniki, but there were other factors at play as well. By 1916, Constantine was willing to consider giving up parts of Macedonia to Bulgaria as the best way of weakening Venizelism. From the king's perspective, the loss of Macedonia, which was a stronghold of Venizelism, would be more than counter-balanced by the weakening of the Venizelist movement. According to the royal chronicler Zavitzianos, Constantine since 1915 (and especially after the failed operation in Gallipoli), had concluded that the victory of the Central powers was militarily certain, and he in no way wanted to bring Greece against Germany. He was only asked by the German military authorities to not allow Bulgarian troops enter in Greek territory, but he was ignored. 1520:. On 17 November 1914, Venizelos in a speech before Parliament stated that Greece would remain neutral in the war, but would also stand by its alliance with Serbia. He also warned that Bulgaria under the leadership of the Austrian-born King Ferdinand would inevitably at some point along the line attack Serbia together with the Austrian Empire to annex Serbian Macedonia. Venizelos predicted that Ferdinand, who just attacked Serbia and Greece in May 1913 in order to take all of Macedonia for Bulgaria, would after taking Serbian Macedonia then turn south to invade Greece with the aim of annexing Greek Macedonia. Venizelos also warned that the Ottoman Empire which had joined the war on Germany's side earlier that month "would destroy Hellenism in Asia Minor" if Germany won. Venzelos was alluding to the savage campaign of persecution launched by the Turkish nationalist Committee of Union and Progress against the Ottoman Greek minority in May 1914. He further warned that even if the Ottomans were defeated, then "Hellenism in Asia Minor would still fall under alien domination". Metaxas's opposition to a campaign in Anatolia poisoned his relationship with Venizelos, starting one of the most famous feuds in Greek history as the two men came to completely detest one another, to the point that if one was for something, the other was almost automatically against it. 1622:

Goudi coup had been a diminution of his power, and he was determined to use the intervention debate as a way of restoring the pre-1909 status quo. The Greek historian John Mavrogorado wrote that Venizelos had "to face a strong opposition, composed of jealous party leaders, great provincial families, party bosses, majors and lawyers, the whole network of party jobbery whose power had been endangered by the reforms of 1910–11; and this opposition of personal hostility to Venizelos was cleverly utilized by the German propaganda, which had only to identify the policy of loyalty to Serbia and to the Protecting Powers with the figure of Venizelos in order to make this mixed opposition into a compact body of opinion working in effect if not intention for Germany". Lloyd George sent a Venizelos a message via Zaharoff proposing that British and French troops land in Thessaloniki to march north to aid Serbia, which would hopefully also deter Bulgaria from joining the Central Powers. The failure of the Anglo-French attempt to take Constantinople, which ended with the stalemate of the Battle of Gallipoli was used by the king as a justification for his belief that Germany would win the war.

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against the Ionian Greeks. The "cleansing" operation caused the deaths of least 300,000 Ionian Greeks and as intended caused thousands more terrified refugees to flee across the Aegean Sea to Greece. In July 1914, the "cleansing operation" was stopped following very strong protests from the Russian, French and British ambassadors to the Sublime Porte with the French ambassador Maurice Bompard speaking especially strongly in defense of the Ionian Greeks. The increasing intolerance of the CUP regime towards minorities in Anatolia with a new emphasis upon Turkish nationalism in place of Ottomanism, as reflected in the slogan "Turkey for the Turks!" brought the subject of the Anatolian Greeks to the fore in Greece, with two options being available, namely to bring Greece to the Anatolian Greeks by annexing parts of Anatolia or bring the Anatolian Greeks to Greece with a population exchange.

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the politicization of the military that had begun with the 1909 coup, and from 1916 onward the military was divided between Venizelists and royalists, settling the stage for the frequent coups and attempted coups of the interwar period. The politicization of the Army led many officers to see themselves as the final arbiters of politics. More importantly, the National Schism had "legitimised the use of violence", and throughout the interwar period political violence frequently marred the scene. The increasing breakdown of social norms alongside the acceptance of violence as legitimate also led to calls for a fascist style dictatorship, and Kostis noted that Benito Mussolini was a much admired figure in the 1920s–30s Greece. The popularity of Mussolini occurred despite his irredentist policies as claimed parts of Greece such as the Ionian islands because they had once belonged to Venice.

186: 2174: 1386: 2120:. Constantine was a popular king, at least in "old Greece", and his departure was the scene of much sorrow in Athens. The royal chronicler Zavitzianos wrote: "Never was dethroned a more popular King". Venizelos took control of the government and pledged Greek support to the Entente. On 29 June 1917, Greece broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, the Austrian empire, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. In July the country officially declared war on the Central Powers. Most of the political opponents of Venizelos were exiled to Corsica (Metaxas, Gounaris, Dousmanis and others), were put in internal exile or put under house arrest. To the protests by the new King against the prosecutions, Venizelos replied: "These people are not politicians. They are criminals". 2015:(one of Constantine's closest aides and a future dictator of Greece). The Reservists, whose men were largely of lower-middle class origin, was an ultra-nationalist group which displayed proto-fascist tendencies. The uniformed Pan-Hellenic Reservists were the first mass movement in modern Greek history, and also marked the beginning of an embrace of violence as part of the political process. The Greek historian Kostas Kostis wrote the legacy of violence caused by the Balkan Wars "...helps explain with which they resorted to violence, even against their own compatriots: the Venizelists were merely enemies, much like the Bulgarians and the Turks. The fact that these opponents were unarmed citizens was of little importance." The group targeted Venizelist people in 1902: 1799:. In his speech, Venizelos warned that a German victory would be disaster for Greece. Venizelos warned that in the event of a German victory, then the Ottomans would wage genocide against the Greeks of Anatolia while allowing the Bulgarians to annex Serbian Macedonia would inevitably be followed up by demands for Greek Macedonia. After his speech, Venizelos was summoned to the royal palace, where the king told him that he was in disagreement with every point of his speech, and predicted that Germany would win the war. The king also made the claim that he was accountable only to God, not the people, leading Venizelos to say that Greece was not an absolute monarchy. Venizelos left 131: 158: 2089: 2166: 146: 2154: 1394: 1820:

kings" theory that had no place in a democracy. Kafandaris stated: "Such theories lead us to think that ideas once believed to have disappeared in the deep darkness of past human history are resurfacing again to influence contemporary life...Our system of government was modeled after that of Great Britain and is known as constitutional monarchy. In a constitutional monarchy the King is a passive instrument of the state in managing public affairs. All political authority is vested in the people and the members of parliament and government elected by the people".

1914: 1544:. A Greek native of Anatolia who hated the Ottoman Empire, Zaharoff was the principal financier behind Venizelos's Liberal Party. Lloyd George was a Welshman while Venizelos was a Cretan, making both men into outsiders in their respective nations, providing a bond between the two men. By 1914, Lloyd George emerged as the most powerful voice for Greece within the British cabinet. Lloyd George's advocacy of Britain ceding Cyprus to Greece in exchange for leasing the naval base at Arostoli endeared him to Venizelos. Furthermore, Lloyd George's support for the 2097: 171: 1968:. The people on the islands of Crete, Samos, Mytilini and Chios promptly declared their support for Venizelos and soon the revolutionary government had control of all the islands in the Aegean Sea except for the Cyclades (which were part of "old Greece", and therefore royalist). Gendarmes from Crete played a significant role in providing manpower for the revolutionary government, leading them to be hailed in Thessaloniki as the "Antigone of Greece". The first declaration of the revolutionary government reads: 37: 199: 1704:

the time, Schneck was described by one British journalist as "a great and mysterious power for evil who was leading the Greek nation astray and seducing it from the right path-from Venizelos and from the Entente". The head of Allied propaganda in Greece, a French naval officer, Captain de Roquefeil, was inept, leading Zaharoff to intervene as he argued that as a Greek he knew Greek mentalities far better than any Frenchman could. Antiwar and pro-German propaganda were made by newspapers

2044:"Cursed, Anathema to your family who soiled Greece with you. Anathema to your father who helped give you birth. Anathema to your mother who held such a snake in her womb...and to forever remain in the darkness of our religion, which you did not respect...to not find someone to close your eyes, even dead, to have your eyes open, so that you continue watching the country you betrayed. Anathema to your soul. Anathema to the chaos it will fall. Anathema to its memory. Anathema to you". 1977:

Despite expectations, Britain and France were slow to support the new government, and only on 20 October 1916 was it announced that Britain and France would subsidise the Thessaloniki government. Despite Venizelos's best effort to appear moderate, many people, especially in "Old Greece", saw the revolutionary government as the beginning of social breakdown. The King in Athens saw the National Defence as an anti-monarchist coup with "the support of Republican France".

1941:" (Εθνική Άμυνα), a secret pro-Venizelist military organization based in Thessaloniki by Venizelist officers, aiming to defend the Macedonian territory. The principal reason given for the coup was the desire to defend Greek Macedonia from the Bulgarians, and since the king was unwilling to do that, they had decided to take matters into their own hands. The coup succeeded to the extent that a second provisional government of Greece was formed by the group in 2056:"The obscure and ambiguous policy which Your Governments have pursued for over a year has led us to hostilities with our natural friends, the Powers of the Entente, whom we have so frequently assures of our good friendship, whilst—the most amazing thing—this same policy has driven us to non-resistance against the Bulgarians, our hereditary enemies, when they came and captured our forts, our Macedonian towns, half our war supplies and our soldiers". 1614:

actual leader then of the General Staff, and advisor of Venizelos, didn't agree with the Greek Prime Minister in the participation in the operation, believing it would fail because the Germans had already fortified the straits and Greece would be vulnerable to a Bulgarian attack, and decided to resign. Venizelos resigned also shortly afterwards (on March, 6), when the King decided Greece to not participate in the operation, and was replaced with

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compulsory population exchange with Bulgaria with the Greeks living in Kavala to be expelled and resettled in Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey). Venizelos' proposals were made known by the Press and caused a shock to the public, such as among ex-soldiers that had recently fought in the Balkan wars. Demonstrations took place in Kavala (with the presence also of the Muslim and Jewish communities), and elsewhere, against these proposals.

1289:. However, he also established a close relationship with the King, resisted calls to transform the revisionary assembly into a constitutional one, and even reinstated the Princes in their positions in the army, with Crown Prince Constantine as its Inspector-General. The reestablishment of the Princes in the Army, such as of royalist officers like Metaxas (whom Venizelos appointed as his adjutant) and 1445:. However, the Allies still wanted to keep Bulgaria neutral, and through King Ferdinand of Bulgaria was an Austrian, he was also known as "Foxy Ferdinand" due to his opportunistic and cunning qualities, leading to hopes that he might be bribed into remaining neutral. Venizelos was greatly disappointed that the Allies preferred to have Bulgaria neutral rather than having Greece fight on their side. 1684: 1354:, and were sending their own troops towards it. Eventually Venizelos prevailed, and the Greeks captured the city only a few hours before the arrival of the Bulgarians. This episode was not publicised at the time, and in the aftermath of the Wars, the two men, King and Prime Minister, both wildly popular, were seen as making up a formidable partnership at the helm of the Greek state. 1496:

under the grounds that Greece did not have the logistical capability to support an army in Anatolia nor the economic resources to win such a war. Only the fear of a British naval blockade led Metaxas to advocate neutrality, and otherwise he was for Greece entering the war on the side of the Central Powers. Additionally, the King was bribed by the

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Austria-Hungary. Beyond military considerations, there were personal reasons for the split between the king and the prime minister. Constantine had a basically autocratic personality and strongly disliked Venizelos as a person. Moreover, the king was a militaristic Germanophile who admired Prussian militarism and believed that the

2033:, refugees from Anatolia (who had escaped persecution by the Turks) living in Athens, were attacked by the Reservists as Venizelists. The attacks and murders against the refugees contributed to the identification of the refugees with Venizelism, and in the 1920s the refugees were one of the strongest Venizelist voting blocs. 1460:, and Constantine himself had been educated in Germany and admired German culture. On the other hand, he was descended on his father's side from the Glucksburgs of Denmark and on his mother's side from the Romanovs of Russia, spoke perfect English, was a frequent visitor to England and had relatives there. 2123:

Venizelos reestablished the parliament of May 1915, considering the existing one as unconstitutional. This was followed by a purging of the state bureaucracy, military and clergy of antivenizelists. The Venizelists quickly proved to be just as willing to persecute their opponents as the royalists had

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After these events, General Sarrail imposed martial law in Thessaloniki and on 21 June 1916, an Anglo-French ultimatum (considering themselves "protector powers" of the Greek state, since its establishment in 1832) was submitted to Constantine, demanding the dismissal of Zaimis, new elections and the

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By this point, Constantine had secretly promised both the German and Bulgarian ministers that Greece would not go to war against them. Germany had also promised to Constantine secretly that if Greece remained neutral, she would have Northern Epirus and Dodecanese after the war, such as the protection

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had seen Constantinople as the future capital of a new Roman empire. Italy was allied to Germany and Austria, but neutral; in an attempt to persuade the Italians to enter the war on their side, the Allies promised the Italians parts of Anatolia where the population was Greek, which was another reason

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However, it soon became apparent that the leadership of the League was not able to govern the country, and they looked for an experienced political leader, who would also preferably be anti-monarchist and not tainted by the "old-partyism" of the old system. The officers found such a man in the person

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The royalist governments in Athens, meanwhile, continued to negotiate with the Allies a possible entry in the war, with Constantine asking from them to not recognize the Venizelist government, while the Venizelists from Thessaloniki insisted that Constantine was deluding them and had no intention to

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Upon his arrival in Thessaloniki, Venizelos in a speech argued the war was a struggle for freedom and for the right of small nations to exist peacefully. Venizelos found himself having to organise and create a government with only the resources of the islands and part of Macedonia to pay for it all.

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prevented the Bulgarians from taking all of Macedonia. The Bulgarian occupation and the ethnic cleansing of Macedonia was considered to be intolerable, and finally certain Greek Army officers started to consider breaking their oaths to serve the king under the grounds if Constantine was unwilling to

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You have been the victim finally of your own quite human and not unnatural weakness. Accustomed to admire everything German, bewildered by the unrivalled German organization of military and other affairs of every sort, you not only expected a German victory, but you came to desire it, hoping that it

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government's position, as it was seen as a government directly appointed by the King, disregarding popular opinion. Venizelos complained that the Crown had intervened directly to interfere with election campaign, and as a result of Venizelos's call for a boycott, only a quarter of Greek men voted in

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Knowing of the strong anti-Slavic racism held by the Emperor Wilhelm II, Metaxas argued that Germany was the natural defender of "Hellenism against Slavism", and Germany would not permit Bulgaria to gain territory from a German-friendly Greece. Metaxas argued against a war against the Ottoman Empire

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As the nation polarized, the political fortunes of the great families were destroyed with each turn of the wheel. Particularly damaging was the existence of duplicate civil services and militaries, which increased the competition for government jobs. Additionally, the National Schism had encouraged

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The conflict between the Venizelos and the king in large part represented a conflict between a vision of Greece was expanding under a reformist government allied to Britain vs. another vision of Greece was "narrow, suspicious and defensive". For the King, everything that had happened since the 1909

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The monarchists blamed Venizelos as the one behind the idea of the blockade. It lasted 106 days in total, during which time no goods were allowed to enter or leave royalist-controlled ports that were under the control of the Athens government (Peloponnese, Cyclades and Central Greece), leading the

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On 19 August 1916, Constantine informed his royal chronicler Constantine Zavitzianos that he intended to keep control of military matters and the foreign policy, which were royal prerogatives as far as he was concerned, and that it did not matter how many people supported Venizelos. In a speech in

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Venizelos took advantage of this by forcing through a parliamentary motion (with a 37-vote margin) to declare war on Bulgaria. The invitation to the Allies by Venizelos enraged the King. The dispute between the Greek Prime Minister and the King reached its height shortly after and the King invoked

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By the fall of 1915, a propaganda war was being conducted in the Greek newspapers between Zaharoff, who used his vast wealth to start buying up newspapers to campaign for Venizelos vs. Baron von Schneck, the press attache at the German legation who purchased newspapers to campaign for the king. At

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Enver Pasha, the Ottoman Minister of War and a member of the triumvirate that ruled the Ottoman Empire decided in January 1914 to "cleanse" the Ionia area of Anatolia of its Greek inhabitants, and in May 1914 unleashed the dreaded "Special Organization" of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

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Venizelos asked Constantine for mobilization of the Army. Constantine agreed for defensive posture against Bulgaria, but insisted on the condition that Greece would not attack first. Constantine now announced that he wished to disregard the alliance with Serbia, stating that it not apply if other

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and Venizelos. Lloyd George, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (the British equivalent to a finance minister), was the leader of the "Radical" (left-wing) of the British Liberal Party and was world famous as the most charismatic man in British politics. Owing to the precarious nature of the British

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would not be defeated in the present war. The king had little respect for parliamentary government and preferred to deal with soldiers rather than politicians. Constantine, whose political style was fundamentally authoritarian, had been looking for an occasion to undo the "revolution" of 1909 for

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The act of entering the war and the preceding events resulted in a deep political and social division in post-World War I Greece. The country's foremost political formations, the Venizelist Liberals and the Royalists, already involved in a long and bitter rivalry over pre-war politics, reached a

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who felt that it is dishonorable to break treaties, and it was dangerous to allow Serbia to be occupied as now the Bulgarians could throw all their forces against Greece. A Liberal politician, George Kafandaris, charged in a speech that the royalists were promoting anachronistic "divine right of

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In the 1915 election, the royalist parties did best in "Old Greece" while the liberals did best in "New Greece". The newly returned prime minister forced the king to promise him that Greece would honor its alliance with Serbia if Bulgaria attacked, a promise the king had no intention of keeping.

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Venizelos's reforms had broken the influence of the House of Glücksburg over the civil service and created a patronage machine loyal to himself. In a society where traditional clan and family loyalties often determined political loyalties, the creation of a patronage machine loyal to the Liberal

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By 1916 Greek had polarized to such an extent that neutrality was not longer possible, and everyone had to take a stand. Because the Orthodox church supported the king, the Venizelist movement took on an anti-clerical character. Opposition to Greece joining the war led the socialist movement to

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who rejected the Greek participation in the operation), argued that now was the time to enter the war. With the exceptions of Theotokis and Metaxas, all of the members of the Crown Council supported Venizelos at the second meeting of 20 February 1915, but the king remained opposed. Metaxas, the

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The disagreement had wider implications, since it would also affect the character and role of the king in the state. The dismissal of Venizelos by the King resulted in a deep personal rift between the two men, and in subsequent events their followers divided into two radically opposed political

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The division between Royalists and Venizelists even came to the United States and elsewhere with the Greek immigrants of that generation: immigrants favouring the two political camps would settle in nearby but carefully separated communities in American cities, often centred on competing Greek

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After the "Noemvriana", towards the end of 1916, France and Britain, after failing to persuade the royalist government to enter the war, officially recognized the "National Defence" government as the lawful government of Greece. Ιn retaliation, the "National Defence" government and the Entente

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At a dinner with the wealthy Delta family in April 1915, Venizelos stated that Lloyd George had promised him that Greece could have all the Greek-speaking parts of Anatolia if she entered the war, leading him to say that Greece would enter the war on the Allied side regardless of Constantine's

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persuaded Venizelos that if Greece entered the war, then it would have the support of the mighty British Empire. Venizelos was alarmed when he learned that the British and French had agreed that after the war, Russia would have Constantinople (modern Istanbul) together with the land around the

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to Bulgaria as the British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey had recommended, stating that this was a most painful sacrifice, but was necessary to protect the Greeks of Anatolia because if Greece did not enter the war "Hellenism in Asia Minor would be lost forever". Venizelos also planned a

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However, Constantine believed it was in the greater interests of Greece to remain neutral. His considerable military experience and knowledge made him especially conscious of the threat to Greece from Bulgaria's powerful military in the event that the Hellenic Army was engaged in a war with

1828:(as invited by Venizelos earlier), against Constantine's wishes, the Greek people supported the King's view that the Allies had violated the country's sovereignty. By the end of January 1916, there were 125, 000 French and 100, 000 British troops in Thessaloniki, having established so the 1213:

The main cause of the conflict was the dispute between Venizelos and King Constantine over power in Greece, in which the development of true representation had been slow since the creation of the state. Up until the 1870s and the King's acceptance of the principle that the leader of the

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You have been the victim of your military advisers, with the narrowness of the military understanding, and with the desire to establish an absolutism which should make them substantially masters of the situation, have persuaded you that Germany would emerge victorious from the European

1532:, badly divided between the Radicals on the left vs. the Liberal Imperialists on the right, Lloyd George had far more power than a normal Chancellor of the Exchequer. Lloyd George had first met Venizelos in December 1912, and the budding friendship between the two men was encouraged by 1335:, helped many forget his record in 1897. Constantine, now king, was being hailed as "laurel-crowned" and "Bulgar-slayer". It was however during this war that the first tension between Constantine and Venizelos surfaced, in a dispute over the army's course following the victory at 1428:

For the first two months of the war, the Ottoman Empire maintained a pro-German neutrality, and the British, French and Russian governments waged a campaign of appeasement to try keep the Ottomans neutral. On 18 August 1914, Venizelos told the British minister in Athens Sir

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You have been a victim of men who, in order to undo the work of the Revolution (of which tomorrow is the seventh anniversary) and to restore the old regime of corruption, have not hesitated to traffic the people's reverence for the Crown and their devotion to your

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In fall of 1915, Ferdinand after receiving promises from German and Austrian diplomats that he could have the parts of Serbia he coveted, decided to enter the war. Bulgaria declared war on Serbia, which posed an immediate threat to the newly gained province of

1991:. This army consisted mostly of volunteers, but in many cases the Venizelist officers of the Defence used violence in their territory against deserters or royalists, or even clergy who supported Constantine, leading to bloody events (Naxos, Chalkidiki etc.). 3058: 1794:

right that gave the monarch the right to dismiss a government. In December 1915 Constantine forced Venizelos to resign for a second time, after an anti-German speech of the later in the parliament, and dissolved the Liberal-dominated parliament, calling a

1593:. In these meetings, Venizelos presented his case for joining the Entente, a course of action which was opposed by opposition leader Theotokis, but Rallis supported. However, staunch opposition by the King, Army generals (including the General Staff and 1199:, consisting of Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, Crete, and the North Aegean islands, and the "Old Greece" which consisted of the pre-1912 territories. In general, people in "New Greece" were pro-Venizelist while people in "Old Greece" were much pro-royalist. 1301:

Party polarized Greek society between those who benefited from the patronage and who did not. Furthermore, those who felt excluded naturally looked towards the traditional dispenser of patronage, the royal family, to counterbalance the Liberals.

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With Venizelos' arrival, the League was sidelined, and the energetic and relatively young politician soon dominated Greek political life. His government carried out a large number of overdue reforms, including the creation of a revised

1762:. On 22 September, Bulgaria mobilized and began to mass troops on the border with Serbia. Since under the Serbian-Greek alliance committed each other to the defense of the other if attacked, Greece appeared to be on the brink of war. 1508:

argued that it was royal corruption with the "vast sums from Germany" that the king took was the most powerful reason for Constantine favoring neutrality, instead of the more altruistic reasons given by his admirers. According to

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took control of eastern Macedonia in May 1916, the public took similar outrage at the King's inability to defend Greek territory. Count Wilhelm von Mirbach, the German minister in Athens requested of the king the surrender of

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Many reformists and liberals viewed meddling by the monarchy in politics as deleterious. The negative public attitude towards the monarchy was strengthened by the defeat of the Greek army, headed by Constantine (then the

1365:, Venizelos was heavily criticised for being too compliant against Bulgaria. Bulgaria finally took the lands of Western Thrace, even though it had been captured by the Greek army during the war. As for the port city of 1823:

The tension between the two parties grew gradually over the course of the following year (1916) with both sides taking a more radical and divisive approach to the situation. When French and British forces landed in

1425:, had joined in on Germany's side. Hence, neutrality was the course favored by most pro-German Greeks, including the senior, German-educated, leadership of the General Staff, who had great influence over the King. 2189:

After the end of the war, the Venizelists published a "White Bible" (Λευκή Βίβλος), an album with all the treasonous, according to their opinion, actions of the royalists. In 1919 took place the trial of the

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On the other side, the royalists opposed the Venizelist governance since 1917 as "dictatorial". An assassination attempt on Venizelos took place in Paris by two royalist ex-officers after the signing of the

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and on 4 November 1914, Britain, France and Russia all declared war on the Ottomans. After the Ottoman decision to enter the war, the Allies were more open to making promises to Greece about fulfilling the

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that he wanted Greece to enter the war on the Allied side, but was curtly refused, saying the Allies preferred to keep the Ottoman Empire neutral. On 29 October 1914, the Ottomans attacked Russia in the

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in favour of Greece was crucial for keeping it. Venizelos in the parliament supported that it wasn't against the Greek interests if Bulgaria secured Thrace, because Greece would gain a "stable spine".

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and he resumed his post as Prime Minister, however Constantine delayed to ratify the appointment of the new government until August for health reasons (he barely escaped death). He had been ill with

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By August 1916, the Bulgarians had control of all of East Macedonia and part of West Macedonia, and had begun a process of ethnic cleansing, expelling all of the Greeks. Only the presence of the

4148: 1945:. The coup had taken place without Venizelos's knowledge, and he initially disapproved of a course of action that set Greece for a civil war. Venizelos, having worked hard to achieve an 1093:

to help Serbia, but the King refused to sign the conscription, accusing him of treason for the invasion in Salonika and forcing him to resign for a second time within that year (1915).

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in Parliament should be given the mandate to form a government, the formation of political groupings around a leader who could govern if this pleased the King meant that the supposedly

1849:, and the king duly ordered the garrison of the fort to surrender to a German-Bulgarian force. Without opposition, on 25 May 1916, 8,000 Greek soldiers at Fort Roupel surrendered and 2268:

Orthodox parishes. In some cases, the animosity and mistrust between such parishes has survived into the 21st century, long after the original political disagreement was forgotten.

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as politically illegitimate and treasonous. Constantine I, while in exile in Switzerland, continued to oppose the Greek participation in the war and to influence his supporters.

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left about 60 dead on the Allied side and 40 dead on the Greek side. Afterwards, a reign of terror was launched by the Reservists against the Venizelists in Athens. During the

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wishes. And if the king continued to block him, then Venizelos stated that he would push him aside just as he pushed his brother Prince George out as he was governor of Crete.

1513:

and monarchist writers, the loan of 40 million Reichsmark from Germany was to the Greek government without any term of neutrality, with better interest than the Allied offers.

2237:

etc.) and fled to Constantinople, where formed the "Democratic Defence", a military organization which criticized the actions of Constantine and the new royalist governments.

1573:

to be given to Bulgaria (so to join also the Allies) hoping for the post-war concessions in Asia Minor. In a memo to the king on 17 January 1915, Venizelos recommended ceding

2233:(a nickname of Constantine). With the return of Constantine, most of the officers that had participated in the National Defence were dismissed from the army, or left by own ( 2198:, the Noemvriana events, and the loan of 1915 from Germany. Many officers were convicted (including Dousmanis and Metaxas in absentia) together with as former prime minister 2131:

against Bulgarian and German forces in Macedonia and Bulgaria. During the conflict Greek forces participated in many victorious battles losing approximately 5,000 troops.

1132:

entities, had the aim to reclaim the trust of Entente along with the lost regions of Macedonia, and to regain control on northern Greece, gradually lost after the growing

3871: 1857:

demobilisation of the military. They instituted also a partial naval blockade to the Greek Kingdom. Italian forces also took the approval of the Triple Entente, entered

1656: 4105: 4340: 4141: 4415: 3671: 3794: 1832:. Constantine made diplomatic attempts to drive them out, but in December 1915, in a meeting in Paris, the Allies had decided to keep the front at all costs. 5175: 3192: 4330: 283: 4345: 4134: 3914: 3374: 1165: 506: 2210:, in August 1920. The next day a Venizelist crowd in Athens, believing Venizelos was killed, attacked offices and enterprises of antivenizelists, while 1960:

on 9 October 1916. He declared: "We are not against the King, but against the Bulgarians". Joining Venizelos in leading the new government were General

1949:

of Crete with Greece, was not keen on breaking up Greece. Only after much thought and deliberation did he decide to join the movement in Thessaloniki.

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Eight months later, in May and June 1916, the palace counterweighted the grip of the Entente in Salonika with the unconditional surrender of a strong

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is sworn in as King of Greece after the abdication and departure of his father in June 1917. Venizelos is present on the podium, to the King's right.

1294: 511: 1660:

Eleftherios Venizelos, the Greek Prime Minister, believed that Greece's interests were best served by entering the war on the side of the Allies.

1175:, the bitter effects of this division were the main features of Greek political life until the 1940s, and contributed to Greece's defeat in the 4824: 4750: 4489: 2072:

instituted a naval blockade, seized the royalist fleet and demanded the partial disarmament of the royalist forces and their withdrawal to the

2048:

The anathemas such as these reflected the very intense feelings that divided Greece by 1916. On the other side, feelings were just as intense.

1664:

Venizelos's resignation caused political dissension in Greece. A political battle between the conservatives and Venizelos' supporters forced a

921: 3500: 1850: 1554:

for Venizelos to advocate entering the war to secure Greek-speaking territories of Asia Minor before the Allies took them all for themselves.

1253:

at the Goudi barracks in Athens. The movement, which demanded reforms in government and military affairs, was widely supported by the public;

4054: 1882:

would enable you to concentrate in your own hands all the authority of the government, and substantially to set aside our free Constitution."

1618:. The new PM made statements to the Press about the proposals of Venizelos regarding Kavala increasing the social confusion and displeasure. 1516:

The Prime Minister, Venizelos, was strongly in favor of joining the Entente, as he believed that Greece would gain new lands and fulfill the

5272: 3954: 3412: 2256:. The National Schism was also one of the principal causes that led to the collapse of the Republic and the institution of the dictatorial 2240:

This enmity inevitably spread throughout the Greek society, inside the Army and creating so a deep rift that contributed decisively to the

398: 1779: 1558: 978: 204: 2116:, and after threats to bombard Athens if the King remained, Constantine left Greece on 14 June 1917 leaving the Crown to his second son 5252: 5150: 4157: 3539: 1125: 1109: 862: 175: 81: 3337: 2583:Το μυστικο δάνειο της κυβερνήσεως Σκουλούδη από την Γερμανία κατά τον Α΄ παγκόσμιο πόλεμο και οι πολιτικές του επιπτώσεις (1915–1917) 1796: 1350:

The anxiety of Venizelos was doubled by the fact that the Bulgarians had also set their eyes on Thessaloniki, the most important in

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among others. Many documents and papers were falsified also during this period and the propaganda war reached its peak.

4817: 4482: 3360: 2287: 2025:, the "November events", which were ignited by an armed confrontation between Greek reservists and French marines. The 1078: 4431: 3518: 540: 4943: 4613: 3968: 3509: 3505: 2363: 2140: 1815:

the election. The decision not to aid Serbia despite the alliance disillusioned certain Army officers led by General

1176: 1448:

King Constantine's German affiliations were exaggerated in the Entente's propaganda during the war. It is true that

5237: 4963: 4933: 4110: 916: 896: 4948: 4740: 4290: 3997: 3973: 3890: 2218: 971: 5262: 5247: 5232: 4973: 4376: 3637: 2307: 1476: 1389:

King Constantine I judged that Greece's interests were best served by remaining neutral in the First World War.

1073:'s combined attack), in September 1915, Venizelos achieved a vote on October 4 in the parliament for a call to 858: 479: 462: 321: 3664: 1901: 5267: 4958: 4810: 4725: 4475: 4451: 3880: 2113: 2108:; "The lies are at an end!" The dog that the Evzone is striking bears the face of King Ferdinand of Bulgaria. 1597:) forced Venizelos to draw back. Metaxas said during the council: "Nobody has the right to give Greek land." 1565:(currently part of Turkey). Venizelos felt this was very much in Greece's interests and attempted to force a 1357:

However, the antivenizelist opposition in the parliament gradually began rallying around the King. After the

901: 552: 1293:, caused protests by officers of the Military League (like Zorbas and Zymvrakakis), while the coming of the 5277: 5160: 4240: 4025: 3958: 3929: 3588: 3432: 2144: 1938: 1782:

and French troops to land in Thessaloniki, Macedonia in aid of Serbia, following their failed operation at

1639: 1605:

On 19 February, British and French warships entered the Dardanelles with the aim of taking Constantinople (

1570: 1188: 1184: 1152:

upon the (southern part of the) Greek kingdom, King Constantine abdicated on 11 June 1917 (his eldest son

5130: 4255: 3987: 3808: 3622: 2191: 2080:

population to suffer much hunger. This was to set a precedent for much of the future conflict in Greece.

1984: 1643: 3348:

Russia's New Offensive – The Russian Women's Battalion of Death I THE GREAT WAR Week 153 – The Great War

1778:

After his inability to sway Constantine to act against Bulgaria, Venizelos took a new route by allowing

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Venizelos stated that his win was the proof that the Greek people agreed with his pro-Entente policy.

5120: 4978: 4388: 4191: 3644: 3383: 1887: 1314: 1258: 1133: 1082: 854: 824: 527: 469: 2248:, and resulted in continued political and military unrest in the interwar years during the troubled 2036:

Royalist demonstrations broke out in "Old Greece" and the Orthodox Church at the orders of the king

1488:

some time. His favorite adviser on both political and military affairs was the Germanophile General

1104:

to the German-Bulgarian forces. The disagreements of the two men had now escalated towards a covert

5242: 5227: 5024: 5019: 4361: 4245: 3593: 2249: 2092:

The arrival of Venizelos to Athens with French ships, June 1917, after the departure of Constantine

1610: 1231: 1219: 1180: 844: 812: 1161: 4786: 4335: 4090: 3964: 3904: 3719: 3481: 3402: 2252:. A new assassination attempt of Venizelos took place in 1933, while the Venizelists attempted a 1582: 1274: 1254: 1144:

between Allied and royalist forces with dozens of casualties, some due to lynching by a royalist

1020: 878: 829: 738: 499: 484: 474: 432: 375: 370: 355: 348: 314: 217: 91: 45: 2182:

state of outright hatred towards each other. Both parties viewed the other's actions during the

1195:. The National Schism reflected the differences between the "New Greece" which gained after the 4928: 4760: 4730: 4679: 4608: 4315: 4305: 4270: 4075: 3789: 3573: 3295:

Mazower, Mark. "The Messiah and the Bourgeoisie: Venizelos and Politics in Greece, 1909–1912,"

2165: 1709: 1669: 560: 457: 452: 2153: 2127:

During the remaining 18 months of the war 10 divisions of the Greek army fought alongside the

1569:

through the Greek parliament to join the Allies. Venizelos had agreed that the Greek lands of

1160:

as king. Venizelos returned to Athens on 29 May 1917, and Greece, re-unified but under French

365: 5196: 5064: 5049: 5044: 4521: 4408: 4403: 4295: 4210: 4186: 4126: 4002: 3919: 3654: 3603: 3578: 3553: 2088: 2040:

Venizelos as a traitor. The anathema by the Orthodox bishop of Patras against Venizelos read:

1742: 1647: 1336: 1266: 1039: 1027: 1005: 226: 191: 41: 3276: 5191: 5054: 4897: 4833: 4745: 4735: 4628: 4371: 4280: 4220: 4030: 4020: 3632: 3563: 2257: 1965: 1869:

Athens on 27 August 1916, Venizelos for the first time publicly attacked the king, saying:

1692: 1393: 911: 849: 819: 494: 380: 230: 2060:

At the same time (November 1916), the National Defence Army attacked the Royalist Army at

1505: 8: 5089: 5069: 5029: 4862: 4456: 4325: 4265: 3924: 3885: 3744: 3608: 3427: 2241: 2199: 2158: 2117: 1913: 1566: 1510: 1340: 1157: 1153: 1058: 926: 780: 656: 634: 627: 427: 336: 97: 3992: 1172: 5094: 5059: 4988: 4983: 4689: 4674: 4654: 4633: 4603: 4383: 4235: 4215: 4049: 3799: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3739: 3729: 3617: 3583: 3558: 3461: 1961: 1816: 1755: 1724: 1696: 1615: 1606: 1524: 1351: 1324: 1101: 729: 447: 422: 385: 341: 234: 2341:

Kaloudis, George (December 2014). "Greece and The Road To World WAr I: To What End?".

1034:

in the period of 1910–1922 of which the tipping point was whether Greece should enter

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Serbia Is Invaded Once Again – The Entente Lands in Greece I THE GREAT WAR Week 63

2112:

The Venizelist-Entente blockade eventually succeeded in its aim. In June 1917 the

5104: 4923: 4755: 4694: 4684: 4664: 4398: 4366: 4300: 4080: 3827: 3774: 3724: 3659: 3627: 3513: 3260: 2322: 2012: 1862: 1594: 1489: 1472: 1406: 1250: 1246: 1070: 868: 754: 702: 293: 221: 163: 3338:

Nivelle's Spring Offensive – Royal Conspiracy In Greece I THE GREAT WAR Week 131

3323:

The Great War – A Crucial Test For Unity – Greece in WW1 I THE GREAT WAR Special

2280:

A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

5140: 4562: 4536: 4181: 3685: 3676: 3347: 3342: 2222: 2128: 2105: 1952:

With the backing of the Entente, Venizelos returned to the Greek mainland from

1841: 1786:, and after asking them if they could offer the 150,000 soldiers at the front. 1541: 1468: 1435: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1261:

as Prime Minister and accepted the dismissal of the Princes from the military.

1215: 1192: 1121: 1113: 1047: 1024: 996: 799: 711: 695: 331: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3313:

The Great War – Romanian & Greek Weapons of World War 1 feat. C&Rsenal

3312: 2214:

was murdered. Venizelos testified during the trial of the officers in France.

1858: 36: 5221: 5206: 5201: 4857: 4638: 4583: 4578: 4526: 3754: 3343:

The Merchant of Death – Basil Zaharoff I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1? – The Great War

2211: 1529: 1239: 1235: 1081:

between Greece and Serbia. The next day he was implicated in the invasion of

1066: 1043: 954: 326: 151: 3352: 1500:

into remaining neutral, secretly taking in 1915 a "loan" of 40 million gold

1156:

bypassed, for also being anti-Entente), and was succeeded by his second son

4953: 4918: 4887: 4791: 3842: 2004: 1942: 1906: 1825: 1791: 1759: 1688: 1421:

and because, from early on (October 1914), Greece's traditional enemy, the

1344: 1234:. Many of these hopes for reform were also shared by young officers in the 1227: 1086: 1074: 767: 3318:

The Great War – Greek Rifles and Pistols of World War 1 feat. C&Rsenal

4902: 4882: 4710: 4618: 4176: 3690: 3490: 3397: 2183: 2073: 2052:, the Greek ambassador in Rome sent a public letter to the King stating: 1957: 1846: 1718: 1557:

In January 1915, in an attempt to convince the Greeks to side with them,

1517: 1441: 1402: 1320: 1310: 1196: 1097: 1046:

King wanted Greece to remain neutral, which would favor the plans of the

1035: 873: 28: 5145: 4892: 4872: 4802: 4720: 4552: 4498: 4467: 4441: 4171: 4085: 3866: 3837: 3832: 3813: 3695: 3300: 2195: 2021: 2008: 1811: 1651: 1562: 1418: 1208: 1145: 1137: 614: 546: 2068:. This was the only battle between the armies of the two governments. 4516: 4070: 2011:-Επίστρατοι) was formed, in a number of Greek cities, led by Colonel 1783: 1504:

that went into his Swiss bank account. The Greek-Canadian journalist

1297:, was not welcomed by the Crown Prince and his German trained cycle. 1136:

had landed, one year earlier. After intense diplomatic negotiations,

1105: 906: 1925: 1281:, seemed to confirm his anti-monarchist and republican credentials. 1171:

Although Greece emerged victorious and secured new territory by the

4877: 4847: 4531: 4446: 2065: 2061: 2037: 1810:

The Liberals boycotted the new elections, which undermined the new

1673: 1332: 1149: 261: 4100: 1417:

was not an option, both because of Greece's vulnerability to the

108:

Official Greek entry in the war under Venizelos government (1917)

1893:

defend Greece, then they had a higher loyalty to defend Greece.

1327:, and the successes of the army in the field, especially in the 1238:, who felt humiliated by the defeat, and who were influenced by 4502: 2392: 2101: 2016: 2003:

In retaliation against the "National Defence" coup, a royalist

1800: 1574: 1464: 1453: 1366: 1278: 1141: 1042:

and wanted Greece to join the war on their side, while the pro-

170: 130: 4156: 1896: 1676:

since the Balkan wars and his health would never be the same.

1257:

was forced to give in to the military's demands. He appointed

254: 2194:("trial of the officers of GES"), regarding the surrender of 1953: 1804: 1736: 1397:

Demonstration in Athens in favour of Constantine, summer 1915

1270: 1117: 3112: 3110: 2630: 2628: 2518: 2516: 1835: 1683: 1611:

had promised Constantinople with the straits to the Russians

1523:

An important factor turned out to be the friendship between

4095: 1934: 2426: 2424: 2225:

described the shouts of the pro-royalist crowd in Athens:

3224: 3197: 3193:

O βασιλιάς Αλέξανδρος (1893– 1920) και το μοιραίο δάγκωμα

3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3134: 3107: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2961: 2959: 2923: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2690: 2688: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2540: 2513: 1471:, who were asking for support after they were invaded by 3214: 3212: 3097: 3095: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2889: 2887: 2503: 2501: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2380: 1956:

to lead the new provisional government at the head of a

1773: 2564: 2552: 2436: 2421: 1413:. Outright participation in the war on the side of the 3167: 3146: 3122: 3075: 3021: 3006: 2971: 2956: 2911: 2899: 2867: 2846: 2827: 2798: 2771: 2746: 2717: 2700: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2640: 2608: 2587: 2356:

History's Spoiled Children: The Story of Modern Greece

1929:

Antivenizelist poster on the "Anathema", December 1916

3236: 3209: 3092: 3033: 2935: 2884: 2528: 2498: 2471: 2448: 2404: 1108:. In August 1916, followers of Venizelos set up the 111:

Greece joins The Triple Entente (World War I) (1917)

3915:

Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)

2324:

Greece: the modern sequel, from 1831 to the present

2229:(the new lands gained by the Treaty of Sevres) and 1405:began, the Greek authorities had to choose between 1249:" was formed, and on 15 August 1909, they issued a 1010: 2398: 2320: 2083: 1581:Venizelos advised King Constantine to convene the 255:8,000 Greek soldiers surrendered to Central Powers 1629: 1549:Turkish Straits. Traditionally, the advocates of 1339:. Constantine wanted to march due north, towards 1323:, Constantine was immediately appointed again as 5219: 1758:, including the strategically important port of 1124:. This act, which effectively split Greece into 195: 1463:Greece had an ongoing mutual defense pact with 2177:Photo from the "trial of the six" in late 1922 1054:camps; this affected the wider Greek society. 4818: 4483: 4142: 4055:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 3382: 3368: 1905:Proclamation of the Venizelist government in 1295:French military mission to Greece (1911–1914) 972: 277: 3955:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3413:Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence 3328:The Great War – King Constantine I of Greece 1921:bombarding Athens during the November events 1380: 1110:Provisional Government of "National Defence" 48:(right) prior to the National Schism c. 1913 3265:, Thessaloniki: Institute of Balkan Studies 1897:Breakout of the National Defence government 4825: 4811: 4490: 4476: 4158:Provisional Government of National Defence 4149: 4135: 3375: 3361: 3291:Greece, 1915–1917, in the Russian archives 1987:were created to support the Allies at the 1222:was actually at the monarch's discretion. 979: 965: 284: 270: 35: 1836:Fort Roupel surrender and Allied reaction 1687:The "Triumvirate of National Defence" in 1668:. These elections were won by Venizelos' 1600: 1202: 16:1914–17 Greek political crisis during WWI 4832: 4497: 3477:December 1915 Greek legislative election 3203: 3180: 3161: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3086: 3069: 3027: 3015: 3000: 2988: 2965: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2878: 2861: 2840: 2821: 2809: 2792: 2780: 2765: 2740: 2711: 2694: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2634: 2619: 2602: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2522: 2507: 2492: 2480: 2465: 2415: 2340: 2321:Koliopoulos, G; Veremes, Thanos (2002), 2296: 2172: 2164: 2152: 2095: 2087: 1937:against the Royalist government by the " 1924: 1912: 1900: 1682: 1655: 1528:Liberal government under Prime Minister 1392: 1384: 1304: 1019:, was a series of disagreements between 3496:Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia 1561:offered Greece post-war concessions in 1100:along with half of the eastern part of 5220: 3418:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 3242: 3230: 3218: 3101: 3046: 2950: 2893: 2534: 2386: 2353: 1540:and the extremely wealthy arms dealer 4806: 4471: 4130: 3472:Establishment of the Macedonian front 3356: 2442: 2430: 2277: 2271: 2019:and nearby areas, culminating in the 1774:Establishment of the Macedonian front 265: 5126:First National Assembly at Epidaurus 3501:Surrender and internment of IV Corps 3258: 2343:International Journal on World Peace 2169:Return of Constantine, December 1920 1112:which included northern Greece, the 5273:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I 4116:Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece) 3467:May 1915 Greek legislative election 3262:Greece and the Great Powers 1914–17 1750:of the Greek population in Turkey. 1536:, the Greek wife of the Liberal MP 1361:and during the negotiations of the 291: 13: 3950:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 3252: 3059:Η επίθεση στην Απείρανθο της Νάξου 1998: 1038:. Venizelos was in support of the 14: 5289: 4944:National Progressive Center Union 4614:Politically Independent Alignment 4041:Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace 4012:Conference of London of 1921–1922 3306: 1585:, which he did. It met twice, on 1409:and aligning themselves with the 4964:Democratic Centre Union (Greece) 4457:Accession of Alexander of Greece 4111:Medal of Military Merit (Greece) 3886:Accession of Alexander of Greece 1030:regarding the foreign policy of 948: 596: 197: 184: 169: 156: 144: 129: 4741:Greek monarchy referendum, 1935 3998:1920 Greek legislative election 3983:League of Nations establishment 3186: 3052: 2576: 2134: 2084:Official Greek entry in the war 1273:politician, whose clashes with 5166:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 4969:Union of the Democratic Centre 3281:Greece and the First World War 3271:Greece and the First World War 2399:Koliopoulos & Veremes 2002 2244:, the 1922 Revolution and the 2007:unit called the "Reservists" ( 1630:The clash and schism of Greece 1477:Serbian Campaign (World War I) 1148:, and a subsequent five-month 1: 5253:History of Greece (1909–1924) 4726:Greco-Turkish war (1919-1922) 4452:French occupation of Thessaly 3969:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 3881:French occupation of Thessaly 3299:(1992) 35#4 pp. 885–904 2141:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 1803:and moved back to his native 1666:general election in June 1915 1452:was the sister of the German 677: 661: 645: 5161:11 September 1922 Revolution 5151:Movement of National Defence 4432:National Defence coup d'état 4026:11 September 1922 Revolution 3959:Southern Russia intervention 3930:Occupation of Constantinople 3519:National Defence coup d'état 3433:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 2145:11 September 1922 Revolution 2100:Greek war poster showing an 1840:However, later on, when the 1640:Movement of National Defence 1061:had entered the war against 7: 5131:3 September 1843 Revolution 4558:National Youth Organisation 4256:Alexandros Mazarakis-Ainian 3988:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 3974:Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 3809:Hellenic Army General Staff 3623:National Defence Army Corps 2297:Gigantes, Philippe (1977). 1985:National Defence Army Corps 1644:National Defence Army Corps 1168:on the side of the Allies. 1011: 10: 5294: 5136:23 October 1862 Revolution 4853:Modern Greek Enlightenment 4771:King's counter-coup (1967) 4599:United Opposition (Greece) 4394:Armée d'Orient (1915–1919) 4101:Allied cemetery of Moudros 3650:Armée d'Orient (1915–1919) 3408:Treaty of Bucharest (1913) 2231:"Long live the Koumparos!" 2219:November elections of 1920 2138: 1919:French battleship Mirabeau 1633: 1308: 1206: 1089:which would establish the 1065:(already in a siege under 5184: 5121:Greek War of Independence 5113: 4997: 4979:Liberal Alliance (Greece) 4959:Centre Union – New Forces 4911: 4840: 4779: 4703: 4647: 4571: 4545: 4509: 4424: 4389:Allied Army of the Orient 4354: 4200: 4164: 4063: 3938: 3855: 3704: 3645:Allied Army of the Orient 3538: 3527: 3441: 3390: 3384:Greece during World War I 1695:, Venizelos, and General 1381:Beginning of the conflict 1319:With the outbreak of the 1315:Greece in the Balkan Wars 1259:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis 1232:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 1146:paramilitary organization 1015:), also sometimes called 1000: 768:Frankish and Latin states 303: 253: 240: 211: 122: 52: 34: 26: 21: 5025:Epameinondas Deligeorgis 5020:Alexandros Mavrokordatos 4949:National Political Union 4939:Liberal Democratic Union 4362:Army of National Defence 4246:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos 3665:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 3594:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos 2373: 2250:Second Hellenic Republic 2114:French captured Thessaly 1889:Armées alliées en Orient 1220:parliamentary government 1181:Second Hellenic Republic 845:Second Hellenic Republic 5238:Constantine I of Greece 4934:National Unionist Party 4787:Greek language question 4336:Andreas Michalakopoulos 4106:Greek cemetery of Pirot 4091:Serbian Museum of Corfu 3965:Greek landing at Smyrna 3905:Battle of Skra-di-Legen 3891:Great Thessaloniki Fire 3720:Constantine I of Greece 3403:Treaty of London (1913) 3269:Leontaritis, George B. 2354:Kostis, Kostas (2018). 2327:, New York: NYC Press, 1933:August 30, 1916, saw a 1770:turned the offer down. 879:Third Hellenic Republic 859:Collaborationist regime 830:First Hellenic Republic 794:Venetian Ionian Islands 349:Serbian campaign (1915) 315:Serbian campaign (1914) 4974:Liberal Party (modern) 4761:Greek referendum, 1946 4731:Greek referendum, 1920 4680:Konstantinos Tsaldaris 4341:Konstantinos Angelakis 4316:Themistoklis Sophoulis 4306:Ptolemaios Sarigiannis 4271:Nikolaos Christodoulou 4076:Mikra British Cemetery 3790:Dimitrios Kalapothakis 3574:Nikolaos Christodoulou 2178: 2170: 2162: 2109: 2093: 2058: 2046: 1974: 1930: 1922: 1910: 1884: 1873:"King of the Hellenes! 1861:and took over most of 1851:transferred to Germany 1700: 1661: 1601:The Gallipoli campaign 1398: 1390: 1369:, the intervention of 1203:Source of the conflict 1197:Balkan Wars of 1912–13 1179:, the collapse of the 1138:an armed confrontation 212:Commanders and leaders 5263:Constitutional crises 5248:Greece in World War I 5233:Eleftherios Venizelos 5197:Free public education 5065:Themistoklis Sofoulis 5050:Eleftherios Venizelos 5045:Konstantinos Raktivan 4447:Anathema to Venizelos 4416:Democratic Battalions 4409:Macedonian Mule Corps 4404:British Salonika Army 4296:Neokosmos Grigoriadis 4291:Aristeidis Moraitinis 4251:Emmanouil Zymvrakakis 4211:Eleftherios Venizelos 4187:Anti-German sentiment 4003:1920 Greek referendum 3920:Armistice of Salonica 3672:Democratic Battalions 3655:British Salonika Army 3604:Neokosmos Grigoriadis 3579:Themistoklis Sofoulis 3569:Emmanouil Zymvrakakis 3554:Eleftherios Venizelos 3482:Serbian Army in Corfu 2278:Akçam, Taner (2007). 2227:"We don't want them!" 2176: 2168: 2156: 2099: 2091: 2054: 2042: 1981:support Constantine. 1970: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1871: 1686: 1659: 1648:Greece in World War I 1396: 1388: 1309:Further information: 1305:Balkan Wars (1912–14) 1267:Eleftherios Venizelos 1207:Further information: 1028:Eleftherios Venizelos 241:Casualties and losses 227:Eleftherios Venizelos 42:Eleftherios Venizelos 5268:Civil wars in Greece 5192:Democratic education 5055:Pavlos Kountouriotis 4919:Constitutional Party 4834:Liberalism in Greece 4746:4th of August Regime 4736:Great Fire of Smyrna 4629:Popular Social Party 4372:Archipelago Division 4281:Konstantinos Manetas 4221:Pavlos Kountouriotis 4165:Ideas & Policies 4031:Armistice of Mudanya 4021:Great fire of Smyrna 3795:Georgios Pesmazoglou 3633:Archipelago Division 3564:Pavlos Kountouriotis 2302:. London: Atheneum. 2258:4th of August Regime 1966:Pavlos Kountouriotis 1693:Pavlos Kountouriotis 1191:and the dictatorial 850:4th of August Regime 820:Septinsular Republic 507:Liberation of Serbia 399:Bulgarian occupation 231:Pavlos Kountouriotis 5278:Alexander of Greece 5176:Anti-Junta movement 5090:Georgios Papandreou 5070:Georgios Kafantaris 5030:Charilaos Trikoupis 4863:Liberal nationalism 4609:Freethinkers' Party 4326:Georgios Papandreou 4266:Evripidis Bakirtzis 3925:Armistice of Mudros 3745:Stefanos Skouloudis 3609:Georgios Papandreou 3428:Massacre of Phocaea 2282:. London: Picador. 2242:Asia Minor Disaster 2200:Stefanos Skouloudis 1363:Treaty of Bucharest 825:War of Independence 781:Early modern Greece 635:Helladic chronology 98:Alexander of Greece 60:1914/15 – July 1917 5095:Sofoklis Venizelos 5060:Nikolaos Plastiras 4984:Union of Centrists 4690:Perikles Ioannidis 4675:Alexandros Papagos 4655:Dimitrios Gounaris 4634:National Alignment 4604:Union of Royalists 4384:Cretan Gendarmerie 4331:Leonidas Embirikos 4241:Theodoros Pangalos 4236:Nikolaos Plastiras 4216:Panagiotis Danglis 4050:Treaty of Lausanne 3872:Battle of Katerini 3800:Spyridon Mercouris 3765:Georgios Theotokis 3760:Konstantinos Nider 3750:Stefanos Dragoumis 3740:Sofoklis Dousmanis 3730:Dimitrios Gounaris 3618:Cretan Gendarmerie 3589:Theodoros Pangalos 3584:Nikolaos Plastiras 3559:Panagiotis Danglis 3462:Gallipoli campaign 3297:Historical Journal 3233:, p. 264-265. 2445:, p. 105-106. 2433:, p. 103–104. 2389:, p. 277-278. 2299:I Should Have Died 2272:Books and articles 2179: 2171: 2163: 2110: 2094: 2064:aiming to capture 1962:Panagiotis Danglis 1931: 1923: 1911: 1817:Panagiotis Danglis 1722:and pro-Allied by 1701: 1697:Panagiotis Danglis 1662: 1616:Dimitrios Gounaris 1607:Gallipoli campaign 1525:David Lloyd George 1467:, a member of the 1399: 1391: 1325:commander-in-chief 1134:Army of the Orient 1021:King Constantine I 1017:The Great Division 1012:Ethnikós Dichasmós 730:Hellenistic Greece 235:Panagiotis Danglis 5258:Political schisms 5215: 5214: 5114:Historical events 5085:Dimitrios Psarros 5080:Georgios Kartalis 5040:Ioannis Psycharis 5015:Dionysios Solomos 5010:Theophilos Kairis 5005:Adamantios Korais 4912:Political Parties 4868:Liberal democracy 4800: 4799: 4766:Apostasia of 1965 4704:Historical events 4670:Panagis Tsaldaris 4624:Union of Populars 4589:Nationalist Party 4572:Political Parties 4465: 4464: 4346:Alexandros Zannas 4286:Theodoros Manetas 4276:Dimitrios Ioannou 4261:Dimitrios Psarros 4231:Georgios Kondylis 4124: 4123: 3896:Samarina Republic 3851: 3850: 3423:Protocol of Corfu 3259:Leon, GB (1974), 2358:. London: Hurst. 2334:978-0-8147-4767-4 2050:Lambros Koromilas 1768:Alexandros Zaimis 1571:eastern Macedonia 1506:Philippe Gigantès 1371:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1359:Second Balkan War 1329:Second Balkan War 1177:Greco-Turkish War 1120:, and sided with 1009: 989: 988: 955:Greece portal 835:Kingdom of Greece 743: 734: 725: 716: 707: 684: 668: 652: 569: 568: 260: 259: 118: 117: 102:Reunification of 70:Kingdom of Greece 5285: 5171:Greek Resistance 5075:Nikolaos Politis 5035:Emmanuel Rhoides 4827: 4820: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4660:Viktor Dousmanis 4492: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4355:Military support 4321:Nikolaos Politis 4151: 4144: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4086:Paionia Memorial 4036:Trial of the Six 3993:Treaty of Sèvres 3910:Vardar offensive 3819:Church of Greece 3785:Nikolaos Stratos 3780:Spyridon Lambros 3770:Dimitrios Rallis 3735:Viktor Dousmanis 3599:Nikolaos Politis 3536: 3535: 3491:Roupel surrender 3453:Serbian campaign 3377: 3370: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3287:Heinz A. Richter 3277:Driault, Edouard 3266: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3207: 3206:, p. 40-41. 3201: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3165: 3159: 3144: 3143:, p. 39-40. 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3119:, p. 37-38. 3114: 3105: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3073: 3072:, p. 36-37. 3067: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 3003:, p. 34-35. 2998: 2992: 2986: 2969: 2963: 2954: 2948: 2933: 2932:, p. 32-33. 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2865: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2825: 2824:, p. 29-30. 2819: 2813: 2807: 2796: 2795:, p. 24-25. 2790: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2744: 2738: 2715: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2638: 2637:, p. 16-17. 2632: 2623: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2549:, p. 12-13. 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2525:, p. 14-15. 2520: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2495:, p. 13-14. 2490: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2463: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2369: 2350: 2337: 2314: 2293: 2246:Trial of the Six 2208:Treaty of Sevres 2149:Trial of the Six 1989:Macedonian front 1939:National Defence 1909:, September 1916 1830:Macedonian front 1731:Eleftheros Typos 1636:Macedonian front 1538:Arthur Crosfield 1534:Domini Crosfield 1498:Auswaertiges Amt 1185:1925 Coup d'etat 1173:Treaty of Sèvres 1091:Macedonian front 1014: 1004: 1002: 1001:Εθνικός Διχασμός 981: 974: 967: 953: 952: 951: 891:History by topic 762:Byzantine Greece 741: 732: 723: 721:Classical Greece 714: 706:(1100 BC–750 BC) 705: 682: 681: 1750–1050 679: 675: 666: 665: 3100–1100 663: 659: 650: 649: 3100–1000 647: 643: 628:Greek Bronze Age 608:Neolithic Greece 600: 590: 572: 571: 564: 531: 520: 512:Vladai Uprising 418: 415:Macedonian front 406:Toplica Uprising 395:Austro-Hungarian 311: 298: 296: 286: 279: 272: 263: 262: 207: 203: 201: 200: 190: 188: 187: 174: 173: 162: 160: 159: 150: 148: 147: 134: 133: 54: 53: 44:(left) and King 39: 19: 18: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5243:Ioannis Metaxas 5228:1910s in Greece 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5180: 5156:National Schism 5109: 5105:Georgios Mavros 4993: 4924:Modernist Party 4907: 4836: 4831: 4801: 4796: 4775: 4756:Greek Civil War 4716:National Schism 4699: 4695:Georgios Rallis 4685:Georgios Grivas 4665:Ioannis Metaxas 4643: 4567: 4541: 4505: 4496: 4466: 4461: 4437:National Schism 4420: 4399:Maurice Sarrail 4367:Serres Division 4350: 4301:Napoleon Zervas 4196: 4160: 4155: 4125: 4120: 4081:Doiran Memorial 4059: 3934: 3847: 3775:Georgios Streit 3725:Ioannis Metaxas 3707: 3700: 3660:Maurice Sarrail 3628:Serres Division 3541: 3530: 3523: 3514:Northern Epirus 3437: 3386: 3381: 3309: 3255: 3253:Further reading 3250: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3168: 3160: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2972: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2860: 2847: 2839: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2747: 2739: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2641: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2609: 2601: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2422: 2414: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2335: 2310: 2290: 2274: 2184:First World War 2151: 2137: 2086: 2013:Ioannis Metaxas 2001: 1999:November events 1899: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1863:Northern Epirus 1838: 1776: 1691:. L-R: Admiral 1654: 1632: 1603: 1595:Ioannis Metaxas 1490:Ioannis Metaxas 1473:Austria-Hungary 1383: 1317: 1307: 1277:, the island's 1251:pronunciamiento 1247:Military League 1211: 1205: 1079:alliance treaty 1077:, honoring the 1071:Austria-Hungary 993:National Schism 985: 949: 947: 942: 941: 892: 884: 883: 855:Axis occupation 840:National Schism 815: 805: 804: 796: 790: 783: 773: 772: 764: 757: 755:Medieval Greece 747: 746: 742:(146 BC–330 AD) 735: 726: 724:(500 BC–323 BC) 717: 715:(800 BC–480 BC) 708: 703:Greek Dark Ages 698: 688: 687: 680: 669: 664: 653: 648: 637: 630: 620: 619: 610: 588: 581: 570: 565: 558: 557: 534:National Schism 525: 523: 514: 412: 410: 305: 299: 295:Balkans theatre 294: 292: 290: 233: 229: 222:Ioannis Metaxas 220: 198: 196: 194: 185: 183: 182: 178: 168: 164:Austria-Hungary 157: 155: 154: 145: 143: 142: 138: 128: 114: 85: 72: 40: 22:National Schism 17: 12: 11: 5: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Theriso revolt 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5100:Ioannis Zigdis 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751:Greece in WWII 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4594:People's Party 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4563:Organization X 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4537:Antiliberalism 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377:Crete Division 4374: 4369: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4014: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3976: 3971: 3962: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3838:Antivenizelism 3835: 3830: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3679: 3677:Basil Zaharoff 3674: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3638:Crete Division 3635: 3630: 3620: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3533: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3512:occupation of 3503: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3307:External links 3305: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3284: 3274: 3267: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3245:, p. 265. 3235: 3223: 3221:, p. 254. 3208: 3196: 3185: 3166: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3106: 3104:, p. 260. 3091: 3074: 3062: 3051: 3049:, p. 252. 3032: 3020: 3005: 2993: 2970: 2955: 2953:, p. 251. 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2896:, p. 278. 2883: 2866: 2845: 2826: 2814: 2797: 2785: 2770: 2745: 2716: 2699: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2639: 2624: 2607: 2586: 2575: 2573:, p. 179. 2563: 2561:, p. 137. 2551: 2539: 2537:, p. 249. 2527: 2512: 2497: 2485: 2470: 2447: 2435: 2420: 2403: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2351: 2338: 2333: 2318: 2308: 2294: 2289:978-0805086652 2288: 2273: 2270: 2223:Penelope Delta 2136: 2133: 2106:Central powers 2085: 2082: 2000: 1997: 1995:join the war. 1898: 1895: 1842:Central Powers 1837: 1834: 1792:constitutional 1775: 1772: 1631: 1628: 1602: 1599: 1542:Basil Zaharoff 1436:Black Sea Raid 1431:Francis Elliot 1423:Ottoman Empire 1415:Central Powers 1382: 1379: 1306: 1303: 1269:, a prominent 1216:majority party 1204: 1201: 1193:Metaxas Regime 1166:joined the war 1150:naval blockade 1114:Aegean Islands 1048:Central Powers 1025:Prime Minister 987: 986: 984: 983: 976: 969: 961: 958: 957: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 876: 874:Military Junta 871: 866: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 816: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 800:Ottoman Greece 797: 791: 788:Venetian Crete 784: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 758: 753: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 736: 733:(323 BC–31 BC) 727: 718: 712:Archaic Greece 709: 699: 696:Ancient Greece 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 670: 654: 638: 631: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 611: 606: 605: 602: 601: 593: 592: 583: 582: 575: 567: 566: 556: 555: 550: 543: 522: 521: 509: 504: 503: 502: 497: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 466: 465: 460: 455: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 409: 408: 391: 390: 389: 388: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 304: 301: 300: 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 258: 257: 251: 250: 247: 243: 242: 238: 237: 224: 214: 213: 209: 208: 205:United Kingdom 166: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 113: 112: 109: 106: 100: 94: 87: 78: 74: 73: 68: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5290: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5208: 5207:Progressivism 5205: 5203: 5202:Modernization 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929:Liberal Party 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4898:Press freedom 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878:Anti-nepotism 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858:Republicanism 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4639:National Hope 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584:English Party 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546:Organizations 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527:Family values 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4192:Greece in WWI 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3843:Germanophilia 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3755:Ion Dragoumis 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3273:(1990) 587 pp 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3204:Kaloudis 2014 3200: 3194: 3189: 3183:, p. 41. 3182: 3181:Kaloudis 2014 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3164:, p. 40. 3163: 3162:Kaloudis 2014 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3141:Kaloudis 2014 3137: 3131:, p. 38. 3130: 3129:Kaloudis 2014 3125: 3118: 3117:Kaloudis 2014 3113: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3089:, p. 37. 3088: 3087:Kaloudis 2014 3083: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3070:Kaloudis 2014 3066: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3030:, p. 36. 3029: 3028:Kaloudis 2014 3024: 3018:, p. 35. 3017: 3016:Kaloudis 2014 3012: 3010: 3002: 3001:Kaloudis 2014 2997: 2991:, p. 34. 2990: 2989:Kaloudis 2014 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2968:, p. 33. 2967: 2966:Kaloudis 2014 2962: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2930:Kaloudis 2014 2926: 2920:, p. 39. 2919: 2918:Kaloudis 2014 2914: 2908:, p. 32. 2907: 2906:Kaloudis 2014 2902: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2881:, p. 31. 2880: 2879:Kaloudis 2014 2875: 2873: 2871: 2864:, p. 28. 2863: 2862:Kaloudis 2014 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2843:, p. 30. 2842: 2841:Kaloudis 2014 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2822:Kaloudis 2014 2818: 2812:, p. 27. 2811: 2810:Kaloudis 2014 2806: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2793:Kaloudis 2014 2789: 2783:, p. 29. 2782: 2781:Kaloudis 2014 2777: 2775: 2768:, p. 26. 2767: 2766:Kaloudis 2014 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2743:, p. 23. 2742: 2741:Kaloudis 2014 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2714:, p. 21. 2713: 2712:Kaloudis 2014 2708: 2706: 2704: 2697:, p. 22. 2696: 2695:Kaloudis 2014 2691: 2689: 2682:, p. 20. 2681: 2680:Kaloudis 2014 2676: 2670:, p. 16. 2669: 2668:Kaloudis 2014 2664: 2658:, p. 17. 2657: 2656:Kaloudis 2014 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635:Kaloudis 2014 2631: 2629: 2622:, p. 19. 2621: 2620:Kaloudis 2014 2616: 2614: 2612: 2605:, p. 11. 2604: 2603:Kaloudis 2014 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2571:Gigantes 1977 2567: 2560: 2559:Gigantes 1977 2555: 2548: 2547:Kaloudis 2014 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2523:Kaloudis 2014 2519: 2517: 2510:, p. 14. 2509: 2508:Kaloudis 2014 2504: 2502: 2494: 2493:Kaloudis 2014 2489: 2483:, p. 13. 2482: 2481:Kaloudis 2014 2477: 2475: 2468:, p. 12. 2467: 2466:Kaloudis 2014 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2418:, p. 10. 2417: 2416:Kaloudis 2014 2412: 2410: 2408: 2401:, p. 53. 2400: 2395: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2367: 2365:9781849048255 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2212:Ion Dragoumis 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:General Staff 2187: 2185: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2129:Allied forces 2125: 2124:been before. 2121: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2090: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2038:anathematised 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670:Liberal Party 1667: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:Crown Council 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:H. H. Asquith 1526: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469:Allied forces 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:Allied forces 1408: 1404: 1395: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275:Prince George 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1240:republicanism 1237: 1236:Hellenic Army 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1164:, officially 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:military fort 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Allied forces 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1007: 998: 994: 982: 977: 975: 970: 968: 963: 962: 960: 959: 956: 946: 945: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 888: 887: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 864: 860: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813:Modern Greece 809: 808: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 776: 769: 766: 763: 760: 759: 756: 751: 750: 740: 737: 731: 728: 722: 719: 713: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 692: 691: 674: 671: 658: 655: 642: 639: 636: 633: 632: 629: 624: 623: 616: 613: 612: 609: 604: 603: 599: 595: 594: 591: 585: 584: 579: 574: 573: 563: 562: 554: 551: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 538: 537: 535: 530: 529: 518: 513: 510: 508: 505: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 486: 485:Skra-di-Legen 483: 481: 480:2nd Crna Bend 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 464: 463:1st Crna Bend 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 417: 416: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 400: 396: 387: 384: 383: 382: 379: 377: 376:Great Retreat 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 352: 351: 350: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 316: 310: 309: 302: 297: 287: 282: 280: 275: 273: 268: 267: 264: 256: 252: 248: 245: 244: 239: 236: 232: 228: 225: 223: 219: 218:Constantine I 216: 215: 210: 206: 193: 181: 180:Supported by: 177: 172: 167: 165: 153: 141: 140:Supported by: 137: 132: 127: 126: 121: 110: 107: 105: 101: 99: 96:Accession of 95: 93: 92:Constantine I 89: 88: 86: 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46:Constantine I 43: 38: 33: 30: 25: 20: 5155: 4954:Centre Union 4888:Human rights 4792:Social order 4715: 4579:Napist Party 4522:Christianity 4436: 4313:Politicians: 4312: 4227: 4208:Triumvirate: 4207: 4045: 4016: 4007: 3978: 3945: 3900: 3876: 3862: 3823: 3804: 3715: 3681: 3613: 3549: 3528: 3486: 3457: 3448: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3270: 3261: 3238: 3226: 3199: 3188: 3136: 3124: 3065: 3054: 3023: 2996: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2817: 2788: 2675: 2663: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2488: 2438: 2394: 2382: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2323: 2315: 2301: 2298: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2254:coup in 1935 2239: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2204: 2188: 2180: 2135:Consequences 2126: 2122: 2111: 2104:against the 2078: 2070: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2005:paramilitary 2002: 1993: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964:and Admiral 1951: 1946: 1943:Thessaloniki 1932: 1907:Thessaloniki 1888: 1885: 1872: 1867: 1859:Argyrokastro 1855: 1839: 1826:Thessaloniki 1822: 1809: 1797:new election 1788: 1777: 1764: 1760:Thessaloniki 1752: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1710:Kalapothakis 1705: 1702: 1689:Thessaloniki 1678: 1663: 1624: 1620: 1604: 1580: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1522: 1515: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1462: 1447: 1440: 1427: 1400: 1375: 1356: 1349: 1345:Thessaloniki 1331:against the 1318: 1299: 1287:constitution 1283: 1263: 1244: 1228:Crown Prince 1224: 1212: 1170: 1095: 1087:Thessaloniki 1075:conscription 1056: 1052: 1016: 992: 990: 917:Constitution 839: 739:Roman Greece 559: 545: 541:Thessaloniki 533: 526: 524: 470:2nd Monastir 458:Kaymakchalan 453:Malka Nidzhe 413: 411: 393: 392: 356:2nd Belgrade 347: 346: 322:1st Belgrade 313: 312: 306: 179: 139: 123:Belligerents 80: 4903:Land reform 4883:Megali Idea 4711:Balkan Wars 4619:Greek Rally 4182:Pro-Entente 4177:Megali Idea 4064:Remembrance 3708:governments 3691:Megali Idea 3686:Pro-Entente 3398:Balkan Wars 3283:(1908–1923) 3243:Kostis 2018 3231:Kostis 2018 3219:Kostis 2018 3102:Kostis 2018 3047:Kostis 2018 2951:Kostis 2018 2894:Kostis 2018 2535:Kostis 2018 2387:Kostis 2018 2217:During the 2074:Peloponnese 1958:triumvirate 1847:Fort Roupel 1719:Kathimerini 1591:February 20 1587:February 18 1551:Megali Idea 1546:Megali Idea 1518:Megali Idea 1450:Queen Sofia 1442:Megali Idea 1337:Sarantaporo 1321:Balkan Wars 1311:Balkan Wars 1255:King George 1036:World War I 897:Agriculture 863:Free Greece 587:History of 515: [ 29:World War I 5222:Categories 5146:Goudi coup 4893:Secularism 4873:Venizelism 4721:Noemvriana 4553:Epistratoi 4499:Monarchism 4442:Noemvriana 4172:Venizelism 3867:Noemvriana 3833:Monarchism 3828:Neutrality 3814:Epistratoi 3696:Venizelism 3391:Background 2443:Akçam 2007 2431:Akçam 2007 2349:(4): 9–47. 2309:0689107668 2196:Fort Rupel 2139:See also: 2031:Noemvriana 2027:Noemvriana 2022:Noemvriana 2009:Epistratoi 1790:the Greek 1716:and later 1652:Noemvriana 1634:See also: 1563:Asia Minor 1511:Skouloudis 1502:Reichsmark 1458:Wilhelm II 1419:Royal Navy 1407:neutrality 1333:Bulgarians 1230:), in the 1209:Goudi coup 615:Pelasgians 547:Noemvriana 500:3rd Doiran 495:Dobro Pole 475:2nd Doiran 433:1st Doiran 381:Montenegro 176:Venizelist 82:Venizelist 4989:The River 4517:Tradition 4228:Officers: 4071:Zeitenlik 3939:Aftermath 2260:in 1936. 2159:Alexander 2118:Alexander 1876:person... 1784:Gallipoli 1756:Macedonia 1743:Makedonia 1403:Great War 1352:Macedonia 1291:Dousmanis 1162:armistice 1158:Alexander 1106:civil war 1102:Macedonia 1006:romanized 927:Ethnonyms 869:Civil War 428:Kosturino 366:Ovče Pole 90:Exile of 5185:Policies 4848:Centrism 4841:Ideology 4780:Policies 4532:Metaxism 4510:Ideology 3540:National 3529:National 3301:in JSTOR 2235:Kondylis 2066:Thessaly 2062:Katerini 1812:Royalist 1674:pleurisy 1341:Monastir 1189:Pangalos 1059:Bulgaria 937:Military 932:Language 902:Alphabet 673:Mycenean 641:Cycladic 578:a series 576:Part of 553:Thessaly 448:Monastir 423:Krivolak 386:Mojkovac 342:Kolubara 136:Royalist 84:victory 65:Location 27:Part of 3805:Support 3614:Support 3542:Defence 3506:Italian 2157:Prince 1780:British 1589:and on 1559:Britain 1401:As the 1122:Entente 1069:'s and 1067:Germany 1008:: 922:Economy 561:Albania 438:Florina 249:200-300 152:Germany 4998:People 4648:People 4503:Greece 4425:Events 4201:People 3856:Events 3716:People 3550:People 3531:Schism 3510:French 3442:Events 2362: 2331: 2306: 2286: 2147:, and 2102:Evzone 2017:Athens 1947:enosis 1801:Athens 1725:Ethnos 1714:Script 1706:Embros 1650:, and 1575:Kavala 1465:Serbia 1454:Kaiser 1367:Kavala 1279:regent 1271:Cretan 1183:, 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