1072:(NKGB). Departments of former GUGB were renamed directorates. For example, the foreign intelligence unit known as the Foreign Department (INO) became the Foreign Directorate (INU); the GUGB political police unit represented by the Secret Political Department (SPO) became the Secret Political Directorate (SPU), and so on. The former GUGB 4th Department (OO), was split into three sections. One section, which handled military counterintelligence in NKVD troops (former 11th Section of GUGB 4th Department OO) became the 3rd NKVD Department, or OKR (Otdel KontrRazvedki). The chief of OKR NKVD was Aleksander Belyanov.
334:
485:
51:
673:
1467:
2220:
668:
1295:
663:
1881:
3145:
678:
1325:. Evidence standards were very low: a tip-off by an anonymous informer was considered sufficient grounds for arrest. Use of "physical means of persuasion" (torture) was sanctioned by a special decree of the state, which opened the door to numerous abuses, documented in recollections of victims and members of the NKVD themselves. Hundreds of
1329:
resulting from such operations were later discovered throughout the country. Evidence exists that the NKVD committed mass extrajudicial executions, guided by secret "plans." Those plans established the number and proportion of victims (officially "public enemies") in a given region (e.g., the quotas
1945:
halted NKVD purges. From the 1950s to the 1980s, thousands of victims were legally "rehabilitated," i.e., acquitted with their rights restored. Many of the victims and their relatives refused to apply for rehabilitation, either out of fear or a lack of documents. The rehabilitation was not complete;
1059:
reached its height. In the years 1937 and 1938 alone, at least 1.3 million were arrested and 681,692 were executed for 'crimes against the state'. The Gulag population swelled by 685,201 under Yezhov, nearly tripling in size in just two years, with at least 140,000 of these prisoners (and likely
1051:
with a purge of the regional political police in the autumn of 1936 and formalized by a May 1939 directive of the All-Union NKVD by which all appointments to the local political police were controlled from the center, there was frequent tension between centralized control of local units and the
1949:
Very few NKVD agents were ever officially convicted of a particular violation of anyone's rights. Legally, those agents executed in the 1930s were also "purged" without legitimate a criminal investigation or court decision. In the 1990s and 2000s, a small number of ex-NKVD agents in the
2262:, internment camps set up at the end of World War II in eastern Germany (often in former Nazi POW or concentration camps) and other areas under Soviet domination, to imprison those suspected of collaboration with the Nazis, or others deemed to be troublesome to Soviet ambitions.
563:
25 September] 1917), turned into NKVD (People's
Commissariat of Internal Affairs) under a People's Commissar. However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by duties inherited from MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the
1756:, no evidence that which suggests that the Soviets specifically targeted German and Austrian Communists or others who perceived themselves as "anti-fascists" for deportations to Nazi Germany. Furthermore, many NKVD units later fought the Wehrmacht, for example the
2110:. The scientists were not prisoners, but the project was supervised by the NKVD because of its great importance and the corresponding requirement for absolute security and secrecy. The project also used information obtained by the NKVD from the United States.
1083:, or UOO NKVD USSR. The NKVMF, however, did not return to the NKVD until January 11, 1942. It returned to NKVD control on January 11, 1942, as UOO 9th Department controlled by P. Gladkov. In April 1943, Directorate of Special Departments was transformed into
1063:
On 3 February 1941, the 4th
Department (Special Section, OO) of the GUGB NKVD security service responsible for the Soviet Armed Forces military counterintelligence, consisting of 12 sections and one investigation unit, was separated from the GUGB NKVD USSR.
4200:
4386:
4401:
4391:
1851:
by Stalin's NKVD. The declaration stated that archival material "not only unveils the scale of his horrific tragedy but also provides evidence that the Katyn crime was committed on direct orders from Stalin and other Soviet leaders."
2617:: Many of the Americans asking to return home were communists who had voluntarily moved to the Soviet Union, while others moved to Soviet Union as skilled auto workers at the recently constructed GAZ automobile factory built by the
4205:
3920:
1079:(June 1941), the NKGB USSR was abolished, and on July 20, 1941, the units that formed the NKGB became part of the NKVD. The military CI was also upgraded from a department to a directorate and put in the NKVD organization as the
4160:
4280:
4215:
4065:
3995:
2922:"Eine "Morgengabe" Stalins an den Paktfreund Hitler? Die Auslieferung deutscher Emigranten an das NS-Regime nach Abschluß des Hitler-Stalin-Pakts – eine zwischen den Diktatoren arrangierte Preisgabe von "Antifaschisten"?"
1796:
decrees of 1941 and 1942, which aimed to raise troop morale through brutality and coercion. At the beginning of the war, the NKVD formed 15 rifle divisions, which grew by 1945 to 53 divisions and 28 brigades. Unlike the
628:(GUGB); the separate NKVD of the RSFSR was not resurrected until 1946 (as the MVD of the RSFSR). As a result, the NKVD also took over control of all detention facilities (including the forced labor camps, known as the
4235:
3910:
4396:
4190:
418:
in 1934. During the Great Purge in 1936–1938, on Stalin's orders, the NKVD conducted mass arrests, imprisonment, torture, and executions of hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens. The agency sent millions to the
4381:
3940:
1703:
government, using Soviet military aid to further Soviet influence. The NKVD established numerous secret prisons around Madrid, used to detain, torture, and kill hundreds of the NKVD's enemies, first focusing on
1775:
were used for rear area security, including preventing the retreat of Soviet army divisions. Though mainly intended for internal security, NKVD divisions were sometimes used at the front, for example during the
1564:; in the 1930s, he was responsible for funding anti-communist movements inside the USSR with the support of European governments. Kidnapped in Paris and brought to Moscow, where he was interrogated and executed.
414:, the ministry was tasked with regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, and its functions dispersed among other agencies before being reinstated as a
4528:
4345:
4245:
1067:
The official liquidation of OO GUGB within NKVD was announced on 12 February by joint order No. 00151/003 of NKVD and NKGB USSR. The rest of GUGB was abolished, and staff were moved to the newly created
4533:
4010:
3980:
4000:
1492:
were established in nearly every major
Western country, including the United States. The NKVD recruited agents for its espionage efforts from all walks of life, from unemployed intellectuals such as
1407:
to leave the USSR (their original U.S. passports had been taken for 'registration' purposes years before), none were issued. Instead, the NKVD promptly arrested the
Americans, who were all taken to
4523:
4441:
4421:
3861:
4255:
4060:
4135:
2191:
Note: In the first half of 1941 Vsevolod
Merkulov transformed his agency into separate commissariat (ministry), but it was merged back to the people's commissariat of Interior soon after the
4611:
1746:
to coordinate the pacification of Poland. The Soviet Union allegedly deported hundreds of German and
Austrian Communists to Nazi territories as unwanted foreigners. According to the work of
4290:
4155:
3960:
915:
335:
4265:
4035:
1087:
and transferred to the People's
Defense and Commissariates. At the same time, the NKVD was reduced in size and duties again by converting the GUGB to an independent unit named the NKGB.
4451:
4325:
4105:
2208:
Andrei Zhukov singlehandedly identified every single NKVD officer involved in 1930s arrests and killings by researching a Moscow archive. There are just over 40,000 names on the list.
4275:
1946:
in most cases, the formulation was "due to lack of evidence of the case of crime." Only a limited number of persons were rehabilitated with the formulation "cleared of all charges.".
4481:
4365:
1484:
During the 1930s, the NKVD was responsible for political murders of those Stalin believed opposed him. Espionage networks headed by experienced multilingual NKVD officers such as
4005:
4330:
4195:
1430:
The NKVD also served as an arm of the
Russian Soviet communist government for lethal mass persecution and destruction of ethnic minorities and religious beliefs, such as the
4305:
4165:
3331:
3110:
2233:
4350:
4175:
1839:, which were trying to separate from the Soviet Union, among others. The NKVD also executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1940–1941, including at the
3970:
3527:
1521:) unit organized overseas assassinations of political enemies of the USSR, such as leaders of nationalist movements, former Tsarist officials, and personal rivals of
908:
1419:
cars they had helped build, where they were tortured; nearly all were executed or died in labor camps. Many of the slain
Americans were dumped in the mass grave at
3156:
3104:
1808:, NKVD agents set fire to the Nazi headquarters and various other targets, eventually burning down much of the city center. Similar actions took place across the
1335:
1317:"), untold multitudes of people were sent to GULAG camps, and hundreds of thousands were executed by the NKVD. Formally, most of these people were convicted by
4340:
1848:
4591:
4145:
4090:
3292:
1809:
1616:, former General of the Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army, was active in organizing anti-communist groups with the support of French and British governments.
1342:
901:
2075:. Many scientists and engineers arrested for political crimes were placed in special prisons, much more comfortable than the gulag, colloquially known as
4666:
4656:
4601:
4210:
1080:
2081:. These prisoners continued their work in these prisons and were later released. Some of them became world leaders in science and technology. Among the
3300:
3287:
4636:
3821:
2060:. Mining, construction works (roads, railways, canals, dams, and factories), logging, and other functions of the labor camps were part of the Soviet
1824:
1750:
1415:
plant, suspected by Stalin of being 'poisoned' by
Western influences, were dragged off with the others to Lubyanka by the NKVD in the very same Ford
1090:
In 1946, all Soviet commissariats were renamed "ministries." Accordingly, the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR became the
586:. It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions if that was deemed necessary in order to "protect the Russian socialist-
4661:
4651:
4050:
3990:
3341:
3030:
3905:
3520:
3326:
2238:
4616:
4446:
4355:
4220:
3336:
632:), as well as the regular police. At various times, the NKVD had the following Chief Directorates, abbreviated as ""ГУ"ГУ"—Главное управление,
4075:
3900:
3321:
1280:, including authorized murders of many thousands of politicians and citizens, as well as kidnappings, assassinations, and mass deportations.
2521:
4621:
4456:
3277:
706:
540:
411:
202:
4170:
4150:
4030:
3783:
3614:
1091:
1069:
860:
819:
647:
479:
459:
455:
131:
125:
3082:
4491:
4070:
3985:
3849:
3513:
2068:
1847:
issued a declaration acknowledging Stalin's responsibility for the Katyn massacre and the execution of intellectual leaders and 22,000
1738:
Before the German invasion, to accomplish its own goals, the NKVD was prepared to cooperate even with such organizations as the German
1388:
1095:
625:
264:
4626:
4486:
4320:
4250:
4185:
4125:
3965:
3950:
3634:
3619:
2259:
2196:
839:
463:
3945:
3856:
3770:
1863:, which lasted until the early 1950s. NKVD also faced strong opposition in Poland from the Polish resistance movement known as the
1721:
1334:, etc., regardless of identity). The families of the repressed, including children, were also automatically repressed according to
1289:
887:
568:
staffed by proletarians were largely inexperienced and unqualified. Realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the
4631:
4310:
3975:
3930:
3660:
1392:
428:
3155:
For evidence on Soviet espionage in the United States during the Cold War, see the full text of Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks
4646:
4606:
3891:
1692:
2118:
The agency was headed by a people's commissar (minister). His first deputy was the director of State Security Service (GUGB).
4596:
4285:
3814:
3561:
3127:
3014:
2980:
2904:
2877:
2850:
2810:
2768:
2718:
2698:
2639:
2614:
2593:
2529:
2456:
2410:
2390:
2363:
2323:
2296:
544:
4115:
4040:
3871:
3737:
1508:
1400:
4547:
1052:
collusion of those units with local and regional party elements, frequently resulting in the thwarting of Moscow's plans.
4681:
4671:
4411:
4300:
4240:
4225:
1547:
621:
2546:
4426:
4360:
4260:
4180:
4140:
4120:
4080:
4045:
4025:
4020:
3609:
3390:
1185:
1134:
792:
2745:
The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, 1917–1940
4130:
3866:
3599:
3180:
3169:
1928:
752:
702:
624:
leaders soon came to call "the leading detachment of our party"), and the OGPU was incorporated into the NKVD as the
610:
569:
435:, to remote areas of the country, resulting in millions of deaths. Hundreds of thousands of NKVD personnel served in
352:
251:
90:
1910:
4431:
4085:
3807:
3719:
3652:
2488:
1396:
2471:
1588:, a Russian revolutionary and anti-Bolshevik terrorist lured back into Russia and allegedly killed in 1924 by the
4055:
3670:
1326:
4676:
4476:
4466:
3886:
3830:
3706:
3211:
2016:
1906:
415:
1391:
of the NKVD in 1937–1938 resulted in the execution of 111,091 Poles. Whole populations of certain ethnicities
1188:
of NKVD had its own ranking system before it was merged into the Soviet military standardized ranking system.
1124:, intelligence, counterintelligence, personal protection (of the leadership), and confidential communications.
4100:
3935:
3925:
3844:
3752:
573:
560:
556:
3189:
4230:
1733:
384:
368:
4511:
4335:
3876:
3729:
3594:
3251:
2921:
2543:
2183:
2041:
1593:
1500:. Besides the gathering of intelligence, these networks provided organizational assistance for so-called
1384:
727:
598:
404:
237:
2790:
2106:
After World War II, the NKVD coordinated work on Soviet nuclear weaponry under the direction of General
4295:
3714:
3034:
2072:
1813:
1633:
1435:
3056:
1105:, the MGB merged back into the MVD. The police and security services finally split in 1954 to become:
4471:
3955:
3742:
1620:
Prominent political dissidents were also found dead under highly suspicious circumstances, including
1443:
620:
In 1934, the NKVD of the RSFSR was transformed into an all-union security force, the NKVD (which the
431:
of hundreds of thousands of Poles, Balts, and Romanians, and millions of ethnic minorities from the
4270:
4110:
2243:
1891:
1856:
1836:
1757:
1696:
1420:
1416:
344:
2760:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
458:(NKGB). In March 1946, the People's Commissariats were renamed to Ministries; the NKVD became the
4436:
4315:
2571:
2570:, "In the underground one can meet only rats") – Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, p. 403,
2248:
1895:
1768:
1700:
1431:
302:
447:," preventing retreat. The agency was responsible for foreign assassinations, including that of
4641:
2094:
2089:, head designer of the Soviet rocket program and first human space flight mission in 1961, and
1404:
509:
3161:
2970:
2894:
2840:
2584:
2532:
2313:
2288:
Russian Lawyers and the Soviet State: The Origins and Development of the Soviet Bar, 1917–1939
2286:
1659:
conspiracy and a "Fascist Trotskyite plot" to destroy the Soviet Union. Soviet Consul General
3505:
3149:
3004:
2867:
2380:
2353:
2019:
and earlier its communist party along with training activists during World War II. The first
1902:
1805:
1561:
1543:
1439:
1314:
493:
2432:
1679:
were among the 435 alleged conspirators in the plot. Xinjiang came under Soviet influence.
1395:. Foreigners living in the Soviet Union were given particular attention. When disillusioned
4686:
4095:
3915:
3799:
2433:
Dual subordination ? The political police and the party in the Urals region, 1918–1953
2254:
2192:
1777:
1761:
1575:
1532:, a personal political enemy of Stalin and his most bitter international critic, killed in
1354:
1277:
1076:
17:
1313:
In implemention of Soviet internal policy towards perceived enemies of the Soviet state ("
8:
3571:
2225:
2020:
1978:
1828:
1804:
In enemy-held territories, the NKVD carried out numerous missions of sabotage. After the
1478:
505:
380:
360:
150:
1637:
1574:, fled to France after the Bolshevik takeover; responsible for funding and coordinating
4015:
3204:
2816:
2618:
2049:
1724:, and his colleagues were tortured and killed in an NKVD prison in Alcalá de Henares.
1709:
1513:
552:
524:
2024:
1366:
1238:
Senior Lieutenant of State Security (Junior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)
1109:
The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), responsible for the criminal militia and
3272:
3123:
3010:
2976:
2933:
2900:
2873:
2846:
2820:
2806:
2764:
2714:
2694:
2635:
2610:
2589:
2525:
2514:
2452:
2406:
2386:
2359:
2319:
2292:
2174:
2167:
2144:
2006:
1942:
1781:
1688:
1613:
1571:
1539:
1307:
583:
497:
484:
193:
1840:
1823:) carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. The targets included both
3788:
2798:
2567:
2107:
2099:
2053:
1621:
1485:
1424:
1358:
1121:
317:
293:
3111:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
2234:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag
3282:
3246:
3184:
2869:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
2758:
2711:
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
2550:
2475:
2339:
2160:
2151:
2061:
1860:
1772:
1705:
1660:
1607:
1589:
1579:
1489:
1470:
1455:
1408:
1273:
436:
400:
364:
231:
155:
1691:, the NKVD ran Section X, coordinating the Soviet intervention on behalf of the
1466:
3267:
3241:
3236:
2130:
2123:
2090:
2086:
1742:. In March 1940, representatives of the NKVD and the Gestapo met for a week in
1585:
1567:
1557:
1493:
1362:
1299:
1102:
1048:
957:ГУПВО – пограничной и внутренней охраны, of Border and Internal Guards (GUPVO,
489:
454:
Within 1941 and from 1943 to 1946, secret police functions were split into the
444:
396:
392:
225:
219:
2802:
667:
4586:
4580:
4562:
4549:
3536:
3316:
3219:
3197:
2937:
2654:, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), p. 18: NKVD expression for a political murder
2137:
1982:
1974:
1951:
1864:
1793:
1789:
1599:
1522:
1474:
1346:
1341:
The purges were organized in a number of waves according to decisions of the
1322:
1244:
Junior Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)
1222:
Lieutenant Colonel of State Security (Captain of State Security, before 1943)
672:
662:
376:
356:
145:
50:
3083:"Stalin's secret police finally named but killings still not seen as crimes"
1717:
1504:, where enemies of the USSR either disappeared or were openly liquidated.
1294:
1209:
Commissioner of State Security (Senior Major of State Security, before 1943)
3688:
3581:
3556:
3540:
3031:"Lviv museum recounts Soviet massacres | Центр досліджень визвольного руху"
2056:
were among the explicitly stated goals in the first laws concerning Soviet
2002:
1713:
1644:
1629:
1529:
1303:
757:
602:
448:
424:
388:
348:
206:
182:
165:
3177:
1985:, and other agents who provided valuable intelligence during World War II.
1225:
Major of State Security (Senior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)
4496:
3566:
3105:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Violence and terror
1652:
1533:
1497:
1350:
1318:
1056:
548:
372:
160:
4518:
3760:
3410:
Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance
2468:
2057:
1844:
1676:
1656:
1241:
Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)
3362:
2077:
1967:
1832:
1798:
1785:
1668:
1664:
1651:
received NKVD assistance to conduct a purge coinciding with Stalin's
1625:
1551:
1387:
related to persecution of entire ethnic categories. For example, the
1235:
Captain of State Security (Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)
993:ГУЛаг– Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей и колоний, (
944:
587:
559:
24 July] 1917) and Alexei Niketan (from 8 October [
536:
532:
2126:, both people's commissar of Interior and director of State Security
1880:
3642:
3382:
2747:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (2004), pp. 304–305
1855:
NKVD units were also used to repress the prolonged partisan war in
1743:
1672:
1648:
1331:
519:
440:
432:
4501:
4461:
2067:
The most unusual part of the NKVD's achievements was its role in
2045:
1739:
1451:
1374:
605:
formed, with the RSFSR as its largest member. The GPU became the
3006:
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
2585:
Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia.
1219:
Colonel of State Security (Major of State Security, before 1943)
1060:
many more) dying of malnutrition, exhaustion and the elements.
3144:
1370:
1110:
1084:
198:
170:
3535:
2544:Газовые душегубки: сделано в СССР (Gas vans: made in the USSR)
677:
3696:
3589:
3551:
3357:
2037:
1988:
Recruitment of important UK officials as agents in the 1940s.
1525:. Among the officially confirmed victims of such plots were:
1447:
1302:(middle) inspecting construction of what was then called the
1148:
1029:
994:
942:ГУРКМ – рабоче-крестьянской милиции, of Workers and Peasants
697:
629:
578:
528:
475:
420:
270:
3829:
2012:
Disruption of several confirmed plots to assassinate Stalin.
1606:, deliberately entered Russia in 1925, trying to expose the
1454:, and other religious organizations, an operation headed by
1411:
and later shot. American factory workers at the Soviet Ford
3778:
1801:, the NKVD did not field any armored or mechanized units.
1378:
930:
613:
of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the
606:
513:
576:
7 December] 1917) a secret political police, the
279:
Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GUPiVO).
4612:
People's commissariats and ministries of the Soviet Union
4506:
4201:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
3678:
3624:
2566:Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс… (
2003:
Collection of detailed nuclear weapons design information
1996:
1992:
1941:
After the death of Stalin in 1953, the new Soviet leader
1820:
1603:
1412:
1117:
1025:
882:
2842:
Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
966:ГУПО – пожарной охраны, of Firefighting Services (GUPO,
929:ГУГБ – государственной безопасности, of State Security (
351:
from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the
3157:
from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)
2797:, Princeton University Press, p. 115, 2018-12-31,
2097:
was also imprisoned in a sharashka and based his novel
1954:
were convicted of crimes against the local population.
1035:
Glavnoye upravleniye voyennoplennikh i internirovannikh
3057:"Russia: Stalin Called Responsible for Katyn Killings"
2379:
Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013).
2352:
Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013).
1966:
Establishment of a widespread spy network through the
1197:
Commissioner General of State Security (later in 1935)
3120:
The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945
2044:
and the development of remote areas. Colonization of
1546:
leader attempting to create a separatist movement in
307:
4387:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
2632:
The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia
2607:
The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia
2215:
1345:. Some examples are the campaigns among engineers (
4402:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
4006:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
2756:
1712:, then after late 1938 increasingly anarchists and
2865:
2177:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2170:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2154:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2147:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2140:, director of State Security (as the first deputy)
2036:The extensive system of labor exploitation in the
1747:
1179:
1128:
951:Glavnoye upravleniye raboče-krest'yanskoi militsyi
4166:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
3605:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
2838:
2378:
2351:
1655:in 1937. Sheng and the Soviets alleged a massive
1272:The main function of the NKVD was to protect the
936:Glavnoye upravleniye gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti
4578:
4392:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
3845:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
2957:The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War, 1941–45
2892:
2763:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 151.
601:, or GPU, of the NKVD of the RSFSR. In 1922 the
572:of the RSFSR established (20 December [
496:then head of SOU OGPU and deputy head OGPU, and
427:camps and, during World War II, carried out the
318:[nɐˈrodnɨjkəmʲɪsərʲɪˈatˈvnutrʲɪnʲɪɣdʲel]
31:People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)
3615:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
2450:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia
2239:Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services
975:ГУШосДор – шоссейных дорог, of Highways (GUŠD,
609:(Joint State Political Directorate), under the
2845:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 288–289.
2064:, and the NKVD had its own production plans.
1695:. NKVD agents acting in conjunction with the
1399:in the Soviet Union thronged the gates of the
1263:Junior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
1257:Senior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
1254:Master Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
367:functions. The NKVD is known for carrying out
3815:
3521:
3205:
2926:Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat
2896:Between Two Fires: Europe's Path in the 1930s
1033:
1016:
1007:
998:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
934:
909:
633:
439:divisions in defensive battles alongside the
410:First established in 1917 as the NKVD of the
326:
36:
27:Secret police of the Soviet Union (1934–1946)
4592:Law enforcement agencies of the Soviet Union
4206:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
3921:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
3407:Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure
2665:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
1024:ГУВПИ – военнопленных и интернированных, of
787:(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
541:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
527:of 1917 saw a seizure of state power led by
3220:People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (
2734:, New York: G. P. Putnam (1945), pp. 17, 22
2709:Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili,
2680:, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), pp. 232–233
2519:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis.
2291:. Princeton University Press. p. 230.
1909:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1461:
1423:, near Moscow. However, the people of the
480:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
4667:Government agencies disestablished in 1946
4657:1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
4602:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Russia
4341:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
4161:Installation and Special Construction Work
3822:
3808:
3528:
3514:
3212:
3198:
3178:Memorial: history of the OGPU/NKVD/MGB/KGB
2667:, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)
2345:
1957:
1727:
984:ГУЖД – железных дорог, of Railways (GUŽD,
916:
902:
826:(People's Commissariat for State Security)
492:, then (1924) 1st deputy head of SOU OGPU
290:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs
4281:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
4146:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
3761:Department of State Security (Securitate)
3610:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
3162:NKVD.org: information site about the NKVD
2951:
2949:
2947:
2311:
1929:Learn how and when to remove this message
1427:were still the majority of NKVD victims.
1206:Commissioner of State Security, 3rd Class
1203:Commissioner of State Security, 2nd Class
1200:Commissioner of State Security, 1st Class
359:organization, and thus had a monopoly on
4637:Political repression in the Soviet Union
4497:Standards and Product Quality Management
3831:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
3643:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
3600:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
3117:
2968:
2280:
2278:
2195:. In 1943 Merkulov once again split his
1465:
1369:during the Great Purge in the cities of
1293:
1290:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1070:People's Commissariat for State Security
1006:ГЭУ – экономическое, of Economics (GEU,
656:
645:
483:
469:
456:People's Commissariat for State Security
126:People's Commissariat for State Security
4662:Government agencies established in 1934
4652:1934 establishments in the Soviet Union
4216:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
4211:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
3996:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
3002:
2919:
2399:
2382:Understanding the Modern Russian Police
2355:Understanding the Modern Russian Police
1699:exercised substantial control over the
1671:, Mahmud Sijan, the official leader of
1283:
1260:Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)
1116:The USSR Committee for State Security (
1015:ГТУ – транспортное, of Transport (GTU,
1000:Glavnoye upravleniye lagerey i kolonii
14:
4579:
3779:Department of National Security (OZNA)
3122:(paperback). London: William Collins.
3080:
2959:, Osprey Publishing, (1989), pp. 21–22
2944:
2791:"4. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)"
2588:New York: Cambridge University Press.
2508:
2318:. Yale University Press. p. 125.
2284:
2113:
1477:(in background) and Stalin's daughter
1094:(MVD), while the NKGB was renamed the
711:(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)
543:(RSFSR). The Provisional Government's
4617:Intelligence services of World War II
4236:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
3911:Installation and Special Construction
3803:
3784:Directorate for State Security (UDBA)
3562:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
3509:
3193:
3170:MVD: 200-year history of the Ministry
3054:
2275:
2260:NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49
2005:from the U.S. and Britain during the
1991:Penetration of British intelligence (
1870:
316:
276:Main Directorate of Militsiya (GURKM)
4397:Construction in the Southern Regions
4191:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
4051:Electrical Power and Electrification
3991:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
3738:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
3428:Camps of Hydrotechnical Construction
1907:adding citations to reliable sources
1874:
1767:After the German invasion, the NKVD
1716:as objects of persecution. In 1937,
1682:
1276:of the Soviet Union through massive
1055:During Yezhov's time in office, the
799:(Main Directorate of State Security)
617:and various other responsibilities.
309:Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del
43:Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del
4622:Law enforcement in communist states
4382:Construction in the Eastern Regions
3941:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
3697:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
2663:John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr,
2315:Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator
2040:made a notable contribution to the
1349:), party and military elite plots (
1077:German invasion of the Soviet Union
1009:Glavnoye ekonomičeskoie upravleniye
960:GU pograničnoi i vnytrennei okhrany
762:(Joint State Political Directorate)
626:Main Directorate for State Security
622:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
298:Народный комиссариат внутренних дел
265:Main Directorate for State Security
38:Народный комиссариат внутренних дел
24:
4356:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
4221:Manufacture of Communication Media
3625:Committee for State Security (KGB)
3097:
1267:
1186:Main Directorate of State Security
1081:Directorate of Special Departments
1047:Until the reorganization begun by
1018:Glavnoye transportnoie upravleniye
25:
4698:
3901:Agricultural Products Procurement
3789:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
3661:Committee for State Security (DS)
3595:State Political Directorate (GPU)
3137:
3081:Walker, Shaun (6 February 2017).
3055:Barry, Ellen (26 November 2010).
2193:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union
2163:, people's commissar of Interior
2133:, people's commissar of Interior
2031:
551:(from March 1917) and then under
353:Joint State Political Directorate
91:Joint State Political Directorate
4627:Human rights in the Soviet Union
3971:Communication Equipment Industry
3720:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
3715:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
3620:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
3590:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
3358:Camps and Places of Imprisonment
3143:
2218:
2186:, people's commissar of Interior
2093:, the famous airplane designer.
1879:
1570:, Prime Minister of independent
1343:Politburo of the Communist Party
1158:Department of Civil Registration
888:Council of Ministers of the USSR
676:
671:
666:
661:
597:was reorganized in 1922, as the
416:commissariat of the Soviet Union
49:
4346:Tool and Tool Building Industry
3074:
3048:
3023:
2996:
2962:
2913:
2886:
2859:
2832:
2783:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2703:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2624:
2599:
2576:
2572:Full text of the book (Russian)
2560:
2537:
2481:
2462:
1675:province, Huang Han-chang, and
1582:, he was assassinated in Paris.
1562:Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army
1180:Ranking system (State Security)
1129:Main Directorates (Departments)
657:
566:Workers' and Peasants' Militias
462:(MVD), and the NKGB became the
4632:National security institutions
3986:Construction of Heavy Industry
3425:Political Propaganda of Troops
3363:Workers' and Peasants' Militia
2972:Smersh: Stalin's Secret Weapon
2495:Новая газета – Novayagazeta.ru
2442:
2425:
2416:
2372:
2332:
2305:
2251:, an NKVD case pursued in 1938
1769:evacuated and killed prisoners
892:(Committee for State Security)
868:(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
611:Council of People's Commissars
570:Council of People's Commissars
252:Council of People's Commissars
13:
1:
4647:1934 establishments in Russia
4607:Defunct intelligence agencies
4251:Mineral Fertilizer Production
4011:Construction of Tool-Machines
3981:Construction of Fuel Industry
3383:Construction at the Far North
3373:State Filming and Cartography
2899:. W. W. Norton. p. 308.
2340:KGB: The State Within a State
2268:
1843:. On November 26, 2010, the
1827:and members of non-communist
1101:In 1953, after the arrest of
1042:
738:(State Political Directorate)
4597:Soviet intelligence agencies
4001:Construction of Power Plants
3946:Cellulose and Paper Industry
3367:Border and Internal Security
3033:. 2019-01-15. Archived from
2757:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986).
2693:, St. Ermin's Press (2004),
1771:. During World War II, NKVD
1634:German Communist Party (KPD)
1142:Border and Internal Security
1092:Ministry of Internal Affairs
847:(Ministry of State Security)
545:Ministry of Internal Affairs
460:Ministry of Internal Affairs
383:and other operations on the
132:Ministry of Internal Affairs
7:
3931:Building Materials Industry
2872:. Basic Books. p. 73.
2866:Christopher Andrew (2000).
2405:Blank Pages by G.C.Malcher
2312:Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015).
2211:
2203:
2017:People's Republic of Poland
1995:) and counterintelligence (
1610:to avenge Savinkov's death.
1385:mass operations of the NKVD
1034:
1017:
1008:
999:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
935:
634:
599:State Political Directorate
391:. The head of the NKVD was
308:
10:
4703:
4682:Imprisonment and detention
4672:Civil rights and liberties
4091:Foreign Economic Relations
3437:Railway Construction Camps
3434:Railway Construction Camps
3422:Railway Construction Camps
2839:Robert W. Pringle (2015).
2582:Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011).
2103:on his experiences there.
1825:collaborators with Germany
1731:
1287:
1230:Mid-level commanding staff
1192:Top-level commanding staff
1149:Correction and Labor camps
1139:Workers-Peasants Militsiya
1096:Ministry of State Security
473:
464:Ministry of State Security
4529:Timber and Paper Industry
4410:
4374:
4286:Power and Electrification
4061:Electrotechnical Industry
3885:
3837:
3769:
3751:
3728:
3705:
3687:
3669:
3651:
3633:
3580:
3547:
3444:
3350:
3309:
3260:
3229:
2920:Mensing, Wilhelm (2006).
2893:David Clay Large (1991).
2803:10.1515/9780691184241-005
2621:. All were U.S. citizens.
2490:Человек в кожаном фартуке
2385:. CRC Press. p. 58.
2358:. CRC Press. p. 74.
1436:Ukrainian Orthodox Church
1154:Other smaller departments
555:(from 6 August [
523:. The subsequent Russian
327:
297:
271:Main Directorate of Camps
257:
247:
212:
188:
178:
141:
118:
100:
83:
65:
60:
48:
37:
35:
4457:Labour and Social Issues
4136:Housing and Architecture
4116:General Machine-Building
4066:Environmental Protection
3379:Measurements and Weights
3003:Sanford, George (2007).
2969:Birstein, Vadim (2013).
2497:(in Russian). 2010-08-02
2489:
2478:DocumentsTalk.com, 2008.
2244:10th NKVD Rifle Division
1837:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1758:10th NKVD Rifle Division
1734:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
1697:Communist Party of Spain
1560:, former General of the
1462:International operations
1421:Yuzhnoye Butovo District
1367:used in the Soviet Union
756:of the Sovnarkom of the
535:, who established a new
4291:Pulp and Paper Industry
4241:Medium Machine-Building
4226:Meat and Dairy Industry
4156:Industrial Construction
2975:. Biteback Publishing.
2549:August 3, 2019, at the
2285:Huskey, Eugene (2014).
2249:Hitler Youth conspiracy
1958:Intelligence activities
1728:World War II operations
1720:, the secretary of the
1496:to aristocrats such as
1432:Russian Orthodox Church
1393:were forcibly resettled
1357:), and medical staff ("
1321:("triplets") – special
1249:Junior commanding staff
1214:Senior commanding staff
1120:), responsible for the
1111:correctional facilities
796:of the NKVD of the USSR
403:from 1938 to 1946, and
4534:Transport Construction
4492:Science and Technology
4361:Transport Construction
4266:Nuclear Power Industry
4261:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
4141:Heavy Machine Building
4046:Electrical Engineering
3431:Local Anti-Air Defense
3118:Hastings, Max (2015).
2713:, Basic Books (2000),
2634:Penguin Press (2008),
2609:Penguin Press (2008),
2448:Figes, Orlando (2007)
2437:Cahiers du monde russe
2422:ispravitelno-trudovykh
2095:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1760:, which fought at the
1578:organizations and the
1481:
1401:U.S. embassy in Moscow
1310:
1306:, 1935. Behind him is
1028:and interned persons (
547:(MVD), formerly under
516:police and set up the
510:Provisional Government
501:
106:; 78 years ago
71:; 90 years ago
4677:Freedom of expression
4326:Technical Cultivation
4106:Fruits and Vegetables
3743:Security Service (SB)
3419:Military Construction
2015:Establishment of the
1602:, a British agent of
1544:Ukrainian nationalist
1469:
1440:Roman Catholic Church
1315:enemies of the people
1297:
1145:Firefighting security
494:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
487:
470:History and structure
4524:Television and Radio
4276:Oil and Gas Industry
4056:Electronics Industry
3906:Agriculture and Food
3857:Presidential Council
3679:State Security (StB)
3445:Territorial agencies
3152:at Wikimedia Commons
2730:Barmine, Alexander,
2676:Barmine, Alexander,
2650:Barmine, Alexander,
2255:NKVD filtration camp
1903:improve this section
1829:resistance movements
1819:The NKVD (later the
1810:occupied Byelorussia
1778:Battle of Stalingrad
1762:Battle of Stalingrad
1706:Spanish Nationalists
1576:Georgian nationalist
1336:NKVD Order no. 00486
1284:Domestic repressions
1278:political repression
969:GU polaronic okhrany
648:Chronology of Soviet
635:Glavnoye upravleniye
488:Early NKVD leaders,
369:political repression
119:Superseding agencies
4563:55.7606°N 37.6281°E
4559: /
4375:Regional ministries
3572:Inner German border
3037:on January 15, 2019
2553:by Dmitry Sokolov,
2226:Soviet Union portal
2199:this time for good.
2114:People's Commissars
2021:President of Poland
1831:such as the Polish
1693:Spanish Republicans
1330:for clergy, former
978:GU šosseynykh doors
642:
506:February Revolution
500:chief of OGPU, 1924
445:blocking formations
399:from 1936 to 1938,
395:from 1934 to 1936,
381:counterintelligence
151:Intelligence agency
32:
4487:State of Emergency
4442:Defense Technology
4422:Building Materials
4366:Urban Construction
4076:Ferrous Metallurgy
3862:Federation Council
3416:Military Logistics
3297:Aleksandr Kovalyov
3293:Vasiliy Chernyshov
3183:2016-12-10 at the
3061:The New York Times
2955:Zaloga, Steven J.
2689:Orlov, Alexander,
2619:Ford Motor Company
2474:2020-10-08 at the
2439:22 (2001):423–446.
2023:after the war was
1871:Postwar operations
1643:Pro-Soviet leader
1550:; assassinated in
1514:special operations
1482:
1311:
1304:Moskva-Volga Canal
1184:In 1935–1945, the
1173:Special assignment
987:GU železnykh dorog
641:
553:Nikolai Avksentiev
525:October Revolution
504:After the Russian
502:
321:), abbreviated as
192:11-13 ulitsa Bol.
30:
4542:
4541:
4101:Forestry Industry
3936:Chemical Industry
3926:Aviation Industry
3797:
3796:
3503:
3502:
3351:Main Directorates
3273:Mikhail Frinovsky
3148:Media related to
3129:978-0-00-750374-2
3016:978-1-134-30299-4
2982:978-1-84954-689-8
2906:978-0-393-30757-3
2879:978-0-465-00312-9
2852:978-1-4422-5318-6
2812:978-0-691-18424-1
2770:978-0-521-25514-1
2719:978-0-465-00312-9
2699:978-1-903608-05-0
2691:The March of Time
2640:978-1-59420-168-4
2630:Tzouliadis, Tim,
2615:978-1-59420-168-4
2605:Tzouliadis, Tim,
2594:978-0-521-19196-8
2530:978-0-674-58749-6
2515:Timothy J. Colton
2457:978-0-8050-7461-1
2411:978-1-897984-00-0
2392:978-1-4398-0349-3
2365:978-1-4822-1887-9
2338:Yevgenia Albats,
2325:978-0-300-16694-1
2298:978-1-4008-5451-6
2175:Vsevolod Merkulov
2168:Vsevolod Merkulov
2145:Mikhail Frinovsky
2007:Manhattan Project
1943:Nikita Khrushchev
1939:
1938:
1931:
1782:Crimean offensive
1710:Spanish Catholics
1689:Spanish Civil War
1683:Spanish Civil War
1614:Alexander Kutepov
1540:Yevhen Konovalets
1403:to plead for new
1397:American citizens
1308:Nikita Khrushchev
926:
925:
684:
683:
650:security agencies
584:Felix Dzerzhinsky
498:Felix Dzerzhinsky
443:, as well as in "
429:mass deportations
345:interior ministry
306:
286:
285:
213:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
4694:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:55.7606; 37.6281
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4467:People's Control
4412:State Committees
4331:Textile Industry
4231:Medical Industry
4196:Machine Building
4171:Internal Affairs
4151:Higher Education
4086:Fishing Industry
4031:Defense Industry
3872:Security Council
3824:
3817:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3539:agencies in the
3530:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3310:NKVD Secretaries
3301:Vasiliy Karutsky
3288:Semyon Zhukovsky
3214:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3176:
3168:
3147:
3133:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2966:
2960:
2953:
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2917:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
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2857:
2856:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2732:One Who Survived
2728:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2687:
2681:
2678:One Who Survived
2674:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2652:One Who Survived
2648:
2642:
2628:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2580:
2574:
2568:Petro Grigorenko
2564:
2558:
2541:
2535:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2485:
2479:
2466:
2460:
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2440:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2396:
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2349:
2343:
2342:. 1995, page 101
2336:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2282:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2108:Pavel Sudoplatov
2100:The First Circle
2073:arms development
2027:, an NKVD agent.
1962:These included:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1883:
1875:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1661:Garegin Apresoff
1638:Willi Münzenberg
1622:Walter Krivitsky
1519:Inostranny Otdel
1486:Pavel Sudoplatov
1425:Soviet Republics
1389:Polish Operation
1161:Financial (FINO)
1122:political police
1037:
1020:
1011:
1002:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
938:
918:
911:
904:
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4415:and commissions
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4336:Timber Industry
4306:Rubber Industry
4246:Merchant Marine
4071:Foreign Affairs
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3283:Leonid Zakovsky
3256:
3247:Lavrentiy Beria
3225:
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3185:Wayback Machine
3174:
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3098:Further reading
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2161:Lavrentiy Beria
2152:Lavrentiy Beria
2116:
2062:planned economy
2034:
2025:Bolesław Bierut
1960:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1900:
1884:
1873:
1788:under Stalin's
1773:Internal Troops
1751:Wilhelm Mensing
1749:
1748:
1736:
1730:
1722:Trotskyist POUM
1685:
1608:Trust Operation
1590:Trust Operation
1580:August uprising
1490:Iskhak Akhmerov
1471:Lavrentiy Beria
1464:
1456:Yevgeny Tuchkov
1444:Greek Catholics
1409:Lubyanka Prison
1292:
1286:
1270:
1268:NKVD activities
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3398:Transportation
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3342:Stepan Mamulov
3339:
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3332:Mikhail Petrov
3329:
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3268:Nikolai Yezhov
3264:
3262:
3261:NKVD Collegium
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3252:Sergei Kruglov
3249:
3244:
3242:Nikolai Yezhov
3239:
3237:Genrikh Yagoda
3233:
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3138:External links
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2127:
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2091:Andrei Tupolev
2087:Sergey Korolev
2069:Soviet science
2042:Soviet economy
2033:
2032:Soviet economy
2030:
2029:
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2013:
2010:
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1989:
1986:
1973:Operations of
1971:
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1583:
1568:Noe Ramishvili
1565:
1558:Yevgeny Miller
1555:
1548:Soviet Ukraine
1542:, a prominent
1537:
1494:Mark Zborowski
1463:
1460:
1405:U.S. passports
1323:courts martial
1300:Genrikh Yagoda
1285:
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1274:state security
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1103:Lavrenty Beria
1049:Nikolai Yezhov
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512:dissolved the
490:Genrikh Yagoda
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397:Nikolai Yezhov
393:Genrikh Yagoda
365:state security
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3370:Fire Security
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3327:Isaak Shapiro
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3141:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3009:. Routledge.
3008:
3007:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:(in German).
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:Belknap Press
2520:
2516:
2511:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:Yakov Agranov
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:Willi Lehmann
1980:
1979:Red Orchestra
1976:
1975:Richard Sorge
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1952:Baltic states
1947:
1944:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:This section
1886:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1865:Armia Krajowa
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1794:Order No. 227
1791:
1790:Order No. 270
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:, and former
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Sidney Reilly
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:Joseph Stalin
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1475:Joseph Stalin
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Doctors' Plot
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:Shakhty Trial
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
927:
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
899:
897:
896:
889:
885:
884:
880:
877:
873:
872:
864:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
843:
842:
838:
835:
831:
830:
822:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
805:
795:
794:
790:
789:
783:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
766:
759:
755:
754:
750:
747:
743:
742:
734:
730:
729:
725:
721:
716:
715:
708:
704:
700:
699:
695:
692:
688:
687:
679:
674:
669:
664:
660:
659:
655:
652:
651:
644:
639:
636:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
590:revolution."
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:
515:
511:
508:of 1917, the
507:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Eastern Front
382:
379:, as well as
378:
377:Joseph Stalin
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:secret police
354:
350:
346:
339:
324:
319:
310:
304:
295:
291:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
248:Parent agency
246:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:Secret police
144:
140:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
121:
117:
111:15 March 1946
104:15 March 1946
103:
99:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
68:
64:
59:
52:
47:
44:
34:
19:
4544:
4432:Construction
4311:Shipbuilding
4271:Oil Industry
4111:Gas Industry
3976:Construction
3689:East Germany
3604:
3582:Soviet Union
3557:Iron Curtain
3541:Eastern Bloc
3487:Turkmenistan
3337:Pyotr Sharia
3221:
3175:(in Russian)
3167:(in Russian)
3119:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3087:The Guardian
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:
3050:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3025:
3005:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2971:
2964:
2956:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2895:
2888:
2868:
2861:
2841:
2834:
2824:, retrieved
2794:
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2759:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2710:
2705:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2631:
2626:
2606:
2601:
2583:
2578:
2562:
2557:, 09.10.2012
2554:
2539:
2518:
2510:
2499:. Retrieved
2494:
2483:
2464:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2401:
2381:
2374:
2354:
2347:
2334:
2314:
2307:
2287:
2207:
2190:
2189:
2117:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2035:
1961:
1948:
1940:
1925:
1916:
1901:Please help
1889:
1854:
1818:
1806:fall of Kiev
1803:
1766:
1737:
1686:
1645:Sheng Shicai
1642:
1630:Ignace Reiss
1619:
1530:Leon Trotsky
1518:
1512:
1509:intelligence
1506:
1502:wet business
1501:
1483:
1429:
1383:A number of
1382:
1340:
1319:NKVD troikas
1312:
1271:
1183:
1153:
1100:
1089:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1046:
943:
881:
875:
861:
854:
840:
833:
818:
812:
808:
791:
780:
779:
773:
769:
751:
745:
735:of the RSFSR
732:
726:
719:
696:
690:
646:
619:
614:
594:
592:
577:
565:
539:regime, the
517:
503:
453:
449:Leon Trotsky
425:forced labor
412:Russian SFSR
409:
389:World War II
361:intelligence
349:Soviet Union
322:
289:
287:
207:Soviet Union
189:Headquarters
183:Soviet Union
179:Jurisdiction
166:Border guard
76:10 July 1934
69:10 July 1934
42:
4687:Internments
4566: /
4316:State Farms
3567:Berlin Wall
3322:Yakov Deich
3066:17 November
2795:Secret Wars
2058:labor camps
1999:) services.
1849:Polish POWs
1714:Trotskyists
1653:Great Purge
1534:Mexico City
1507:The NKVD's
1498:Martha Dodd
1355:Order 00447
1351:Great Purge
1327:mass graves
1298:NKVD chief
1170:Secretariat
1057:Great Purge
865:of the USSR
844:of the USSR
823:of the USSR
784:of the USSR
549:Georgy Lvov
373:Great Purge
343:), was the
234:(1938–1946)
228:(1936–1938)
222:(1934–1936)
161:Gendarmerie
55:NKVD emblem
4581:Categories
4554:37°37′41″E
4551:55°45′38″N
4519:Statistics
4482:Metallurgy
4477:Publishing
4256:Metallurgy
3887:Ministries
3771:Yugoslavia
3493:Tajikistan
3490:Uzbekistan
3484:Kyrgyzstan
3481:Kazakhstan
3466:Azerbaijan
3454:Belorussia
3278:Lev Belsky
3102:See also:
3041:2020-11-17
2826:2022-02-07
2776:2010-12-31
2501:2019-01-21
2469:GUGB NKVD.
2269:References
2182:1945–1946
2173:1941–1943
2166:1938–1941
2159:1938–1945
2143:1937–1938
2136:1936–1937
2129:1936–1938
2122:1934–1936
2078:sharashkas
2052:, and the
1845:State Duma
1786:desertions
1784:. to stem
1732:See also:
1718:Andrés Nin
1701:Republican
1677:Hoja-Niyaz
1663:, General
1657:Trotskyist
1288:See also:
1075:After the
1043:Yezhov era
533:Bolsheviks
423:system of
4462:Logistics
4041:Education
3838:All-Union
3475:Lithuania
3230:Ministers
2938:0948-9878
2821:227568935
2596:. p. 217.
2524:, 1998. Ù
2459:, p. 234.
2083:sharashka
2050:Far North
1968:Comintern
1919:July 2015
1890:does not
1833:Home Army
1799:Waffen-SS
1669:Ma Shaowu
1665:Ma Hushan
1626:Lev Sedov
1552:Rotterdam
945:Militsiya
703:Sovnarkom
615:militsiya
588:communist
582:, led by
537:Bolshevik
518:People's
407:in 1946.
303:romanized
101:Dissolved
4512:Chairmen
4301:Railways
4096:Forestry
3961:Commerce
3916:Armament
3877:Premiers
3653:Bulgaria
3478:Moldavia
3387:Archives
3376:Highways
3181:Archived
2547:Archived
2472:Archived
2212:See also
2204:Officers
2054:Far East
1859:and the
1835:and the
1780:and the
1744:Zakopane
1673:Xinjiang
1649:Xinjiang
1536:in 1940.
1479:Svetlana
1363:Gas vans
948:(GURKM,
531:and the
520:Militias
441:Red Army
433:Caucasus
371:and the
194:Lubyanka
4437:Defense
4181:Justice
4121:Geology
4081:Finance
4036:Economy
4026:Defense
4021:Culture
3753:Romania
3707:Hungary
3635:Albania
3469:Estonia
3463:Armenia
3460:Georgia
3457:Ukraine
3395:Economy
2721:, p. 75
2046:Siberia
1977:, the "
1911:removed
1896:sources
1861:Baltics
1857:Ukraine
1814:Ukraine
1740:Gestapo
1687:In the
1636:member
1592:of the
1572:Georgia
1452:Judaism
1417:Model A
1375:Ivanovo
1098:(MGB).
886:of the
876:1954–91
855:1953–54
834:1946–53
813:1943–46
774:1941–43
770:1934–41
746:1923–34
731:of the
720:1922–23
705:of the
701:of the
691:1917–22
514:Tsarist
466:(MGB).
355:(OGPU)
347:of the
305::
294:Russian
273:(Gulag)
109: (
74: (
4472:Prices
4131:Health
4016:Cotton
3730:Poland
3472:Latvia
3451:Russia
3126:
3013:
2988:4 June
2979:
2936:
2932:(20).
2903:
2876:
2849:
2819:
2809:
2767:
2717:
2697:
2638:
2613:
2592:
2533:p. 286
2528:
2455:
2413:, p. 7
2409:
2389:
2362:
2322:
2295:
2197:agency
2048:, the
1438:, the
1434:, the
1377:, and
1371:Moscow
1332:nobles
1085:SMERSH
375:under
337:listen
267:(GUGB)
240:(1946)
199:Moscow
128:(NKGB)
93:(OGPU)
66:Formed
3552:Gulag
2817:S2CID
2150:1938
2085:were
2038:Gulag
1473:with
1448:Islam
1365:were
1353:with
1030:GUVPI
995:GULag
707:RSFSR
698:Cheka
630:gulag
595:Cheka
579:Cheka
529:Lenin
476:Cheka
421:Gulag
203:RSFSR
134:(MVD)
4587:NKVD
3892:list
3850:list
3401:Jail
3222:NKVD
3150:NKVD
3124:ISBN
3108:and
3068:2020
3011:ISBN
2990:2017
2977:ISBN
2934:ISSN
2901:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2765:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2071:and
1894:any
1892:cite
1812:and
1792:and
1708:and
1511:and
1488:and
1379:Omsk
1361:").
1026:POWs
931:GUGB
820:NKGB
809:1941
793:GUGB
781:NKVD
758:USSR
753:OGPU
733:NKVD
607:OGPU
603:USSR
593:The
574:O.S.
561:O.S.
557:O.S.
478:and
363:and
328:НКВД
323:NKVD
314:IPA:
288:The
142:Type
18:NKWD
2799:doi
2435:",
1997:MI5
1993:MI6
1981:,"
1905:by
1821:KGB
1647:in
1640:.
1604:MI6
1594:GPU
1413:GAZ
1118:KGB
883:KGB
862:MVD
841:MGB
728:GPU
387:of
4583::
3085:.
3059:.
2946:^
2930:20
2924:.
2815:,
2805:,
2793:,
2517:.
2493:.
2277:^
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1816:.
1764:.
1667:,
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1032:,
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2801::
2779:.
2504:.
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2368:.
2328:.
2301:.
2009:.
1970:.
1932:)
1926:(
1921:)
1917:(
1913:.
1899:.
1596:.
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1021:)
1012:)
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990:)
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