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716:) make them more capable of dealing with armed groups and with all types of violence. On the other hand, the necessity of a more stringent selection process for military service, especially in terms of physical prowess and health, restricts the pool of potential recruits in comparison to those from which a civilian police force could select.
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The growth and expansion of gendarmerie units worldwide has been linked to an increasing reluctance by some governments to use military units typically entrusted with external defence for combating internal threats. A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall
536:" forces (especially in the English-speaking world where policing is rarely associated with military forces) although this description rarely corresponds to their official status and capabilities. Gendarmes are very rarely deployed in military situations, except in humanitarian deployments abroad.
795:
influence for instance but, while Italy still has the
Italian equivalent known as the Carabinieri, with a second more specialized agency called Guardia di Finanza, Belgium and Austria's gendarmeries have merged with the civil police (in, respectively, 2001 and 2005). Many former French colonies,
704:, a heavily armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie, created a new seventh branch of service called the National Gendarmerie Division. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of the French gendarmerie.
697:, a gendarmerie service, was created on 19 June 1982. The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of the security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel, in the wake of growing unrest.
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In France, the gendarmerie is in charge of rural areas and small towns (typically less than 10,000 inhabitants) which represent 95% of the territory and close to 50% of the population. Besides its territorial organization, it has crowd and riot control units (the
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and they have been awarded the status of a regiment of dragoons, with a military battle standard displaying their battle honours following service in World War I. Those honours include
Northwest Canada, South Africa, The Great War, and the Second World War.
1206:
571:, France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Generally there is some coordination between ministries of defence and the interior over the use of gendarmes. In addition, some gendarmeries can be part of a civilian police force, such as the
674:— initially an armed force located in police barracks, routinely unarmed after the 1880s when most civil unrest had subsided. Some consider this a gendarmerie, although this is tendentious as the subsequent
1203:
609:
Since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as "gendarmerie", there are cases in which the term may become confusing. For instance, in the French-speaking
590:(GRC) (i.e., Royal Gendarmerie of Canada) because this force traditionally had some military-style functions (although separate from the Canadian Army), and have even been awarded
666:
performed a variety of functions as an armed rural constabulary, urban riot control units, frontier guards, intelligence agents and political police. Prior to the creation of the
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A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title "gendarmerie" for reasons of tradition. For instance, the French language title of the
712:
In comparison to civilian police forces, gendarmeries may provide a more disciplined force whose military capabilities (e.g., armoured group in France with
624:
In some cases, a police service's military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether a force should be defined as a gendarmerie (e.g. Mexico's
606:; however, it is classified as a "security force" not an "armed force", to exercise jurisdiction over the civilian population under Argentine law.
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under the authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie.
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The use of military organisations to police civilian populations is common to many time periods and cultures. Being a French concept, the
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is referred to in French as the
Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC). However the RCMP is a mainly civilian organisation within
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in conflict areas, a task which is suited to their purpose, training and capabilities. Gendarmeries are widely used for
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in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France), with additional duties as
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is a military force in terms of training, identity and public perception, and was involved in combat in the
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These forces are normally titled "gendarmerie", but gendarmeries may bear other titles, for instance the
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As a result of their duties within the civilian population, gendarmeries are sometimes described as "
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for the armed forces. It was introduced to several other
Western European countries during the
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617:). In Chile, the word "gendarmerie" refers for historic reasons to the prison service (the "
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was created by King
William I to replace the French Gendarmerie after French rule ended.
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Many countries that were once under French rule and influence have a gendarmerie. Italy,
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658:) are military units with quasi-police duties but historically, different bodies within
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The
Paradox of Gendarmeries : Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution
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of the Irish Free State were also uniformly armed but not described as a gendarmerie.
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Armed Forces in Law
Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective
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Forces de police et forces armées, sécurité et défense: où sont les frontières?
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Occupying Syria Under the French
Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation
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Military force also tasked with law enforcement among the civilian population
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1048:. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).
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A gendarmerie may come under the authority of a ministry of defence (e.g.
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This article is about the concept. For bodies called "Gendarmerie", see
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Accountability in
Namibia: Human rights and the transition to democracy
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214:
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685:, after numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between the
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750:), official buildings guard, honorary services and protection of the
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935:(1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57.
621:"), while the actual gendarmerie force is called the "carabineros".
38:
1227:"The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?"
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has been the most influential model for such an organisation.
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or "Magav", which is the gendarmerie branch of the civilian
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A similar concept exists in Eastern Europe in the form of
327:. In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French
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especially in Africa, also have gendarmeries. The Dutch
646:, were only defined as police for political reasons. In
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the "gendarmeries" are the uniformed civil police (see:
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until 1980). Some historical military units, such as
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960:
Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe
354:, which are present in many countries of the former
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193:
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245:
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63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
835:Gendarmes play an important role re-establishing
271:) is derived from the medieval French expression
1468:
1204:official website of the French Defence Ministry
230:duties among the civilian population. The term
26:"Gendarme" redirects here. For other uses, see
1090:(2001 ed.). Human Rights Watch. pp.
1016:Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo
827:, first used as insignia by the French force.
1354:
594:and has retained its status as a regiment of
347:) adopted a gendarmerie after independence.
1225:Arcudi, Giovanni; Smith, Michael E. (2013).
423:
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1131:. Sage Publications India. pp. 90–94.
1018:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 44–49.
1013:
993:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
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284:
1361:
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1038:
431:Historically, the spelling in English was
404:heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth
1242:
1084:Binaifer Nowrojee, Bronwen Manby (1993).
823:A common gendarmerie symbol is a flaming
803:The national police force of Canada, the
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
762:Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne
670:in 1922, some policing was based on the
567:) or even both ministries at once (e.g.
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1014:Clark, John; Decalo, Samuel (2012).
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964:. Oxford University Press. pp.
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551:), a ministry of the interior (e.g.
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
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453:as the principal spelling, whereas
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747:Gendarmerie des transports aériens
331:and colonial possessions (such as
14:
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358:and its former allied countries.
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402:period, the term referred to a
48:needs additional citations for
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1032:
791:have had gendarmeries through
600:Argentine National Gendarmerie
435:, but now the French spelling
1:
1117:, August 23, 2014, pp. 30–31.
1058:. SSR Paper 8. Archived from
914:
805:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
584:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
372:is a singular extracted from
1244:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511
588:Gendarmerie royale du Canada
361:
21:Gendarmerie (disambiguation)
7:
862:
714:armoured personnel carriers
634:British South Africa Police
461:as the principal spelling.
158:Gendarmerie General Command
10:
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1039:Lutterbeck, Derek (2013).
857:European Gendarmerie Force
664:Special Corps of Gendarmes
145:on public order duties in
25:
18:
1376:
1156:"composition of the KFOR"
931:Lioe, Kim Eduard (2010).
656:Internal Troops of Russia
615:Gendarmerie (Switzerland)
442:Oxford English Dictionary
28:Gendarme (disambiguation)
831:Role in modern conflicts
811:. It is not part of the
672:Royal Irish Constabulary
315:that is responsible for
1127:Kumar, Kuldeep (2016).
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307:, the gendarmerie is a
279:, which translates to "
956:Emsley, Clive (1999).
611:Cantons of Switzerland
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989:Deep, Daniel (2012).
700:In 2014, the Mexican
695:People's Armed Police
345:Republic of the Congo
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879:List of gendarmeries
855:, sometimes via the
809:Public Safety Canada
760:), mountain rescue (
741:Gendarmerie maritime
573:Israel Border Police
439:is more common. The
325:Napoleonic conquests
160:trooper on guard at
57:improve this article
1487:Paramilitary police
619:Chilean Gendarmerie
305:Francophone nations
139:Members of Italy's
1209:2011-09-21 at the
1194:, n° 2, pp. 17–64.
1186:2016-10-18 at the
1065:on 8 December 2019
815:, but does have a
798:Royal Marechaussee
778:French Gendarmerie
764:) and security of
757:Garde Républicaine
727:Gendarmerie Mobile
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387:[ʒɑ̃d‿aʁm]
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1370:Military branches
1231:European Security
1179:Giovanni Arcudi,
1101:978-1-56432-117-6
1025:978-0-8108-7989-8
1000:978-1-107-00006-3
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1451:Space force
1411:Gendarmerie
1406:Coast guard
1396:Air defence
1279:Definitions
1257:Gendarmerie
1214:(in French)
884:Martial law
853:Ivory Coast
736:coast guard
628:, Brazil's
545:Netherlands
503:Netherlands
471:Carabinieri
459:gendarmerie
437:gendarmerie
425:Gendarmerie
410:, when the
392:men-at-arms
341:Ivory Coast
281:men-at-arms
226:force with
173:gendarmerie
142:Carabinieri
1471:Categories
1166:2012-03-21
1069:8 December
915:References
869:Carabinier
849:Yugoslavia
793:Napoleonic
451:gendarmery
433:gendarmery
383:pronounced
374:Old French
156:A Turkish
83:newspapers
1386:Air force
752:President
553:Argentina
366:The word
362:Etymology
303:and some
239:English:
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1184:Archived
1160:Archived
863:See also
689:and the
596:dragoons
534:military
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343:and the
329:mandates
233:gendarme
224:military
166:Istanbul
147:Florence
1431:Militia
1416:Marines
889:Militia
851:and in
843:and in
825:grenade
789:Austria
785:Belgium
768:sites.
643:Koevoet
565:Ukraine
557:Romania
541:Algeria
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493:Spain
479:Italy
457:uses
337:Syria
104:JSTOR
90:books
1436:Navy
1391:Army
1330:Data
1313:News
1133:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1071:2019
1050:ISBN
1020:ISBN
995:ISBN
970:ISBN
937:ISBN
909:SWAT
787:and
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563:and
547:and
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687:PLA
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