Man-at-arms - Knowledge

511: 334:). Destriers were both rare and expensive, making up 5% of men-at-arms horses. Ayton also calculated the value of the average man-at-arm's horse in thirteen campaigns between 1282 and 1364, showing it varied between £7.6 and £16.4. In only two campaigns in the mid-14th century did the majority of horses cost more than £10. The horse was, therefore, a major item of expenditure in the equipment of a man-at-arms. It has been calculated that a French gendarme's horse in the mid-15th century cost the equivalent of six months' wages. The cost of horses meant that the professional soldier might not wish to risk his expensive asset in combat. A system evolved in the 13th century for employers to compensate for horses lost in action. In England this was called by the Latin name 374: 502:. The outnumbered Scots cavalry were easily driven off by the English horse (the Scots cavalry having lost heavily in an engagement the day before), the Scots then made a sudden advance with their massed pikemen. To slow their onset and give time for the English infantry to receive them the English heavy horse (men-at-arms and demi-lancers) were thrown against the pikes. The English cavalry crashed into the pikemen with great elan but sustained considerable losses. However, they halted the Scots attack, buying time for the English infantry and artillery to deploy effectively; the battle resulted in a heavy defeat for the Scots. 51: 701: 243: 1735: 605:, illustrates the demise of the heavy lancer. Navarre's cavalry were 1,300 armoured pistoleers whilst the Royalists under Joyeuse were 2,000 heavy lancers (gendarmes). Within a few minutes of combat the lancers had been routed, many being captured and held for ransom. All later French cavalry named 'gendarmes' were more lightly armoured, eventually becoming unarmoured, and employed firearms and a sword, rather than the heavy lance. 427:. Esquires were frequently of families of knightly rank, wealthy enough to afford the arms of a knight but who had thus far not been advanced to knightly status or perhaps had avoided it because they did not want the costs and responsibilities of that rank. Also found serving as men-at-arms were the lowest social group of the gentry, known by the 15th century simply as 636:, from the nationality of the soldiers who had originally composed them, but at that time they consisted entirely of French soldiers and officers. These four companies had a captain-general, who was the king. The fifth company was that of the queen and the others bore the name of the princes who respectively commanded them. This organisation was dissolved in 1788. 754:, which began with two charges by the French heavy cavalry against the center of the Spanish army, but these were scattered by Spanish heavy artillery and arquebus fire. The next assault tried to force the right flank, but many of the French cavalrymen fell into the Spanish trench and the attack was then broken by a storm of fire from the Spanish arquebusiers. 206:, and in English man-at-arms. This evolution differed in detail and timeline across Europe but by 1300, there was a clear distinction between the military function of the man-at-arms and the social rank of knighthood. The term man-at-arms thus primarily denoted a military function, rather than a social rank. 270:. The lance of the 14th century was essentially a simple spear, 12 ft (3.7 m) in length, usually of ash. In response to the development of improved armour, however, heavier lances weighing up to 18 kg (40 lb) were developed, combined with a new method of using them in conjunction with a 406:

knighted a number of his followers, as many as twenty on one occasion, though he could reasonably be expected to provide the income his created knights required to maintain their new status. Attempts to restrict the power of commanders to make knights would increase during the 16th century and by the

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In the second half of the century, these structures began to be supplemented by the practice of states hiring alongside companies individual men-at-arms, who were then grouped under a commander appointed by the state. These were originally recruited from men-at-arms whose company commander had died

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and men-at-arms was sometimes done in an ignoble manner, simply to increase the number of knights within an army (such practice was common during the Hundred Years' War). In chivalric theory, any knight could bestow knighthood on another, however, in practice this was usually done by sovereigns and

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then called for a counterattack against the now disorganized enemy by both the Spanish infantry and the heavy Spanish cavalry waiting in reserve. Mounted arquebusiers surrounded and routed the remaining French gendarmes, but the Swiss pikeman managed to retreat in a relatively organized fashion.

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The number of men-at-arms would continue to fluctuate, dependent on military circumstances, into the 16th century. In the first quarter of the century, they varied between a peacetime minimum of 1500 lances in 1505 and a wartime maximum of 3847 in 1523. The changes were made both by raising and

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Social status affected the types of military service performed by men-at-arms. Garrison duty was considered unattractive and was often carried out by soldiers of lesser status. For example, the English garrison in the Scottish town of Roxburgh in 1301 consisted of just three knights compared to

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society of England was relatively rigid. One of the easiest ways for a man to improve his social rank was through military service; another method was through the church. In the Norman states, unlike in many other contemporary societies, the knighting of men of common birth who had demonstrated

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shilling). A man-at-arms was also recompensed differentially according to the quality of his principal war-horse, if the horse was to die or was killed in battle. An ordinary esquire might own a war-horse worth only five pounds whilst a great nobleman might own a horse worth up to 100 pounds.

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states. The greatest foes of the Spanish Christian knight were, above all, Muslims; who were a local and deeply entrenched enemy, not as distant as the 'infidel' was for the knights of other European regions. However, warfare between the Christian states of the Iberian Peninsula was also not

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and similar systems were in use in France and Italy. In order to secure this insurance scheme, the man-at-arms had the value of his horse assessed and details of its appearance recorded. The assessment system also allowed employers to insist on a minimum value (and hence quality) of horse be

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The social stratification of men who served as men-at-arms is illustrated by their rates of pay on campaign. In the mid 1340s a knight was paid two shillings a day, an ordinary man-at-arms was paid half this amount; for comparison a foot archer received two or three pence (12 pennies to the

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companies from the 14th to the 16th century. Although the man-at-arms always remained essentially a mounted soldier, in the 14th century, they often fought on foot, following the example of English mercenaries who, from the second half of the century, commonly fought there. The system of

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The proportion of knights among the men-at-arms varied through time. Between the 1280s and 1360s, figures between 20 and 30% were commonplace. Thereafter, there was a rapid decline, with the figure dropping to 6.5% in 1380. A slight rise is recorded to 8% at

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The horse was an essential part of a man-at-arm's equipment. The type of horse, however, varied according to wealth and status. Andrew Ayton in an in-depth study of English warhorses of the 13th and 14th centuries has shown that three types predominate: the

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Throughout the Medieval period and into the Renaissance the armour of the man-at-arms became progressively more effective and expensive. Throughout the 14th century, the armour worn by a man-at-arms was a composite of materials. Over a quilted

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When fighting on foot, men-at-arms initially modified their ordinary cavalry weapons. English men-at-arms in Italy in the 1360s are recorded as advancing in close order with two men holding a cavalry lance. On other occasions, such as at the

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Although a knight bachelor, a knight banneret and all grades of nobility usually served as men-at-arms when called to war, the bulk of men-at-arms from the later 13th century came from an evolving social group which became known as the

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of 1363 attempted to create a standing army of 6,000 men-at-arms, although it might not have achieved more than 3,000 in reality. In 1445, a more radical overhaul was attempted. 15 companies of the ordonnance were created, each of 100

303:, men-at-arms cut down their lances to a more manageable size of 5 ft (1.5 m). In the 15th century, the increased protection of plate armour led to the development of a specialist foot combat weapon, the two-handed 286:

enabled the mounted man-at-arms to enjoy a new effectiveness on the battlefields of the later 15th and 16th centuries. Not all men-at-arms in the 15th century carried the heavy lance. A lighter weapon called a

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in 1332, against the Scots, signalled a major change in the battlefield role of the English man-at-arms. This battle was the first major encounter where the tactical combination of dismounted men-at-arms with

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or contracts which gave the condottieri their name led to the construction of armies from a number of contract holders, usually grouped under a main contractor. Perhaps the best known of these is the

739:, during the middle of the 12th century Castilian Knights established a fortress, which would later be abandoned due to the threat of Muslim attack, then again within fifty years the castle of the 419:. The man-at-arms could be a wealthy mercenary of any social origin, but more often he had some level of social rank based on income, usually from land. Some came from the class known as 1778: 198:(true knights). As a fully armoured cavalryman could be of a lesser social status than a knight, an alternative term describing this type of soldier came into use which was, in French, 1783: 826:, which contained both fighting troops and headquarters staff, such as a marshal, chaplain, chancellors, cooks and servants. The size of squadrons varied but would contain about 25 477:. The English man-at-arms remained highly trained in mounted combat, though his use of the warhorse became largely confined to the pursuit of a broken enemy, skirmishing and in the 1696:

Rogers, Clifford J. (2008). "The Battle of Agincourt", in The Hundred Years' War (Part II): Different Vistas, ed. L. J. Andrew Villalon and Donald J. Kagay, Leiden: Brill: 37–132.

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English men-at-arms before the second quarter of the 14th century were indistinguishable from their continental counterparts, serving as heavy cavalry on the field of battle. The

483:. In the late 15th century a resurgence in the effectiveness of the heavy lancer in combat took place in Europe. This was reflected to some extent in England, exemplified by 711:

had multiple factors contributing to the strong chivalric ethos exemplified by Spanish knights and men-at-arms. One factor leading to the prominence of chivalric orders in

129:, in the Middle Ages, there were numerous terms for this type of soldier, referring to the type of arms he would be expected to provide: In France, he might be known as a 473:-armed archers was deployed; the men-at-arms functioning as heavy close-combat infantry. This combination was later employed very effectively against the French in the 397:

ability and courage on the field of battle was possible. Although rare, some non-knightly men-at-arms did advance socially to the status of knights. The knighting of

536:. Up to the middle of the 14th century, they attended the royal army either in company of their feudal lords or as individuals. In 1351, the first in a series of 355:, horses. Horse armour was not at that time always made of metal, with leather and quilted fabric armour also in use. Metal horse armours were made from mail or 616:

on his accession to the throne found only eight companies of gendarmes surviving out of an original total of more than one hundred, but after the victory of

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In the 12th–13th century most of the prominent Spanish Knightly orders were formed. The early history of chivalric orders in the peninsula was unstable. In

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on the body and limbs. In the 15th century, full plate armour was developed, which reduced the mail component to a few points of flexible reinforcement.

620:(1690), which had been decided by their courage, he increased their number to sixteen. The four first companies were designated by the names of 365:. In the 15th century, plate armour for horses was introduced and was a common feature of the equipment of the gendarme into the 16th century. 1750: 858:. Towards the end of the 15th century, squadrons of men-at-arms begin to be organised into larger formations known as columns led by a senior 1755: 561:. In 1446, the scheme was extended to add another five companies, giving a total of 2,000 men-at-arms. Eventually, the number of these 214:

The military function that a man-at-arms performed was serving as a fully-armoured heavy cavalryman; though he could, and in the

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are often used interchangeably, but while all knights equipped for war were men-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.

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By the 1580s the traditional French gendarme, as a lance-armed heavily armoured cavalryman, was in sharp decline. The

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Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). Medieval warfare: theory and practice of war in Europe, 300–1500. Palgrave Macmillan.

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was proclaimed, attempting to regularise the organisation of men-at-arms into units of 25 to 80 combatants. New

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The last major battle in which English men-at-arms were prominent was fought against a Scottish army in 1547 at

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presented at muster. In 14th-century England, the minimum value appears in most cases to be 100 shillings (£5).

1716: 1691: 1629: 1562: 1543: 1517: 1487: 1437: 846:, a larger unit but still containing just one man-at-arms, and the recognition of two types of men-at-arms in 1793: 818:

In the 15th century, the structure of the companies changed. A company would be organised into a number of

20: 1788: 439:, perhaps because this was a royal army, but thereafter the figure continued to decline and by 1443, the 719:

in which Christian kingdoms attempted to regain land from, and eventually expel from the peninsula, the

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A military corps having such duties was first created in 1337 and was placed under the orders of the

316: 234:, characterised by less-extensive armour coverage and the use of weapons other than the heavy lance. 617: 750:

In the Italian Wars the Spanish man-at-arms was prominent in the campaigns. One example is at the

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As early as the late 13th century, Edward I decreed that all his men-at-arms should be mounted on

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the existence of a common enemy had some role in uniting Christian kingdoms in the cause of the

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covered the body, limbs and head. Increasingly during the century, the mail was supplemented by

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of three men, initially two fighting men and a page but later a man-at-arms, an armed servant (

484: 465: 656:. In 1626 after the abolition of the title of connétable, it was put under the command of the 1701:

The English aristocracy at war: from the Welsh wars of Edward I to the Battle of Bannockburn.

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Originally translated in English as "man-of-arms" but from the 16th century as "man-at-arms."

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Though in English the term man-at-arms is a fairly straightforward rendering of the French

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From the 14th to 16th century, the primary weapon of the man at arms on horseback was the

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This article is about a type of Medieval and Renaissance soldier. For other uses, see

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led by Sir John Hawkwood in the 14th century. Organisation of these companies was in

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evolved and this gave its name to a new class of a lighter-equipped man-at-arms, the

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but increasingly during the 14th century they were drawn from an evolving class of

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period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a "knight", or in Latin,

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in a company serving under a captain. Such men could serve for pay or through a

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or broken lances. At the same time, changes were seen in the components of the

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was used, and in England from the late 14th century, men-at-arms were known as

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as a collective noun, was the direct equivalent of the English 'man-at-arms'.

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Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994

822:. One of these would be the household squadron of the captain, known as the 479: 700: 519: 260: 223: 219: 215: 187: 544:

were issued occasionally to either reinforce or reform previous ones. The

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the higher nobility. It is recorded that the great mercenary captain Sir

292: 279: 227: 79: 59: 1759:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 573. 883: 667: 356: 288: 271: 231: 190:

knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between

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Armour for man-at-arms and fully barded horse, Royal Armory of Madrid

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French men-at-arms were, as elsewhere, drawn from the broad class of

428: 226:, the man-at-arms was gradually replaced by other cavalry types, the 102: 958: 744: 729: 566: 361: 323: 252: 157: 98: 1740:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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was abolished and the gendarmerie took over its duties in 1791.

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disbanding whole companies and by varying the number of men in

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Bell, Adrian; Curry, Anne; King, Andy; Simpkin, David (2013).

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Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience

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Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485

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Arms, armies and fortifications in the Hundred Years War.

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Military units and formations of the Early Modern period

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Fritze, Ronald H. and Robison, William B. (eds.) (2002)

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Military units and formations of the Hundred Years' War

1177: 937: 866:. A column typically contained eight to ten squadrons. 1264: 569:

would reach 15,816 men, including 2,636 men-at-arms.

101:, a member of a knight's or nobleman's retinue, or a 1446: 964: 586:

reduced the number of lances in each company by 20.

359:, with plate reserved for the head in the form of a 222:

often did, also fight on foot. In the course of the

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periods who was typically well-versed in the use of

1505: 776:Men-at-arms formed the core troops of the Italian 443:mustered only 1.3% knights among his men-at-arms. 26:"Armsman" redirects here. Not to be confused with 666:. Its main mission was protecting the roads from 1765: 1592:Bosworth 1485: Last Charge of the Plantagenets 1648:History of the Art of War in the 16th Century 491:(1485) and the English cavalry charge at the 1465: 1317:, Charles Scribner’s Sons Ltd., p. 74, 1533: 1141: 1027: 1015: 1003: 452:twenty seven men-at-arms of lesser status. 411:'s reign, the practice had all but ceased. 246:Armour of an early 16th-century man-at-arms 1345: 640:Evolution into a paramilitary police force 1534:Edge, David; Paddock, John Miles (1988). 1474: 1111: 943: 330:and an animal simply known as a "horse" ( 1745: 1508:The Knight in Medieval England 1000–1400 1291: 743:was then rebuilt and became a fortified 699: 553:. Each lance contained a man-at-arms, a 509: 446: 372: 241: 49: 16:European fully-armoured heavy cavalrymen 1585: 295:, towards the end of the 15th century. 1766: 1660: 1634: 1552: 1536:Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight 1312: 1270: 1258: 1153: 282:. This combination of heavy lance and 1466:Church, S.; Harvey, R., eds. (1994). 1449:The Soldier in Later Medieval England 1427: 1706: 1650:, reprinted (ed.), Greenhill Books. 1575:, Greenwood Publishing, Westport CT 1503: 1183: 985:Church and Harvey (1994), pp. 48–49. 377:English man-at-arms, funerary brass 209: 1686:, New Haven: Yale University Press 724:uncommon. It can be argued that in 572: 13: 1595:. Campaign. Vol. 66. Oxford: 237: 14: 1805: 1555:The Age of Plantagenet and Valois 582:companies. In 1559, for example, 1733: 1646:Oman, Sir Charles W. C. (1998). 1530:Boydell & Brewer, Woodbidge. 1500:Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley. 1132:Church and Harvey (1994), p. 39. 1084:Ayton (1994), p. 196, Table 6.2. 1075:Ayton (1994),`p. 195, Table 6.1. 976:Church and Harvey (1994), p. 51. 834:or retired and so were known as 608: 459: 387: 1421: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1339: 1330: 1306: 1297: 1276: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1168: 1159: 1126: 1117: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1033: 842:, with the introduction of the 342: 1726: 988: 979: 970: 949: 925: 901: 876: 557:, three mounted archers and a 120: 1: 1622:Mercenaries and their Masters 1557:. London: Ferndale Editions. 1512:. Stroud, Glos: Alan Sutton. 914: 378: 368: 58:. The equipment is that of a 1470:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 1415:Mallett (1974), pp. 150–151. 1406:Mallett (1974), pp. 148–149. 1388:Mallett (1974), pp. 107–108. 1195:Prestwich (1996), pp. 51–52. 932:OED etymology of Man-of-arms 919: 850:; true men-at-arms known as 759:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 593:(October 20, 1587), between 505: 392:The social structure of the 332:L:equus Med Fr : chival 21:Man at arms (disambiguation) 7: 1397:Mallet (1974), pp. 112–113. 1165:Cooper (2008), pp. 119–120. 765: 689: 194:(non-noble cavalrymen) and 155:, and in various places, a 93:. A man-at-arms could be a 54:German man-at-arms 1498 by 10: 1812: 1703:Boydell Press, Woodbridge. 1639:. London: Herbert Jenkins. 1346:Tafiłowski, Piotr (2007). 1249:Gravett (2006), pp. 46–47. 1222:Fritze and Robison, p. 236 1204:Simpkin (2008), pp. 26–27. 1123:Ayton (1994), pp. 197–198. 955:Mallett (1974), pp. 31–32. 769: 693: 525: 314: 40: 25: 18: 1663:Renaissance France at War 1620:Mallett, Michael (1974). 1553:Fowler, Kenneth (1980) . 1379:Cooper (2008), pp. 76–77. 1370:Cooper (2008), pp. 76–81. 1350:. Zabrze: Inforeditions. 1313:Ludlow, James M. (1910), 1142:Edge & Paddock (1988) 1057:Rogers (2008), pp. 90–91. 1039:Vale (1981), pp. 114–119. 1028:Edge & Paddock (1988) 1016:Edge & Paddock (1988) 1004:Edge & Paddock (1988) 811:and five of these made a 487:'s mounted charge at the 317:Horses in the Middle Ages 310: 1261:, pp. 101–2, 134–7. 1066:Ayton (1994), pp. 62–63. 994:Nicholson (2004), p. 55. 869: 674:was subordinated to the 563:gens d'ordonnance du roi 41:Not to be confused with 1756:Encyclopædia Britannica 1665:. Woodbridge: Boydell. 1624:, Bodley Head, London, 1526:Curry, A. (ed.) (1994) 1432:. Woodbridge: Boydell. 1348:Wojny włoskie 1494–1559 807:were grouped to form a 652:), and therefore named 603:French Wars of Religion 351:, that is armoured, or 186:. In the course of the 1707:Vale, Malcolm (1981). 1661:Potter, David (2008). 1480:War in the Middle Ages 1428:Ayton, Andrew (1994). 1174:Gravett (2006), p. 14. 1048:Mallett (1974), p. 37. 705: 630:Gendarmes bourguignons 523: 466:Battle of Dupplin Moor 384: 247: 109:obligation. The terms 86:and served as a fully- 63: 1711:. London: Duckworth. 1635:Martin, Paul (1968). 1482:. Oxford: Blackwell. 1430:Knights and Warhorses 1303:Prestage, pp. 81, 109 1231:Gravett (1999), p. 69 854:and lighter-equipped 703: 528:Gendarme (historical) 513: 447:Conditions of service 376: 245: 161:. In Italy, the term 53: 1794:Medieval occupations 1613:Gravett, C. (2006). 1587:Gravett, Christopher 1504:Coss, Peter (1993). 1282:Oman (1998), p. 475. 1213:Curry (1994), p. 24. 1102:Ayton (1994), p. 85. 1093:Vale (1981), p. 126. 141:, while in Germany, 1699:Simpkin, D, (2008) 1496:Cooper, S. (2008). 1476:Contamine, Philippe 1315:Age of the Crusades 1186:, pp. 127–133. 757:The Spanish leader 752:Battle of Cerignola 646:Constable of France 522:(mid 16th century). 493:Battle of the Spurs 301:Battle of Agincourt 1789:Combat occupations 1680:Prestwich, Michael 1637:Armour and Weapons 1498:Sir John Hawkwood. 1156:, pp. 140–41. 1114:, pp. 130–31. 1018:, pp. 99–118. 741:Order of Calatrava 706: 658:Maréchal of France 634:Gendarmes flamands 622:Gendarmes ecossais 524: 489:Battle of Bosworth 475:Hundred Years' War 385: 248: 64: 1597:Osprey Publishing 1538:. London: Defoe. 1357:978-83-89943-18-7 1240:Oman, pp. 293–295 1144:, pp. 61–62. 1006:, pp. 68–83. 967:, pp. 101–2. 732:and Reconquista. 680:French Revolution 626:Gendarmes anglais 591:Battle of Coutras 210:Military function 1801: 1760: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1722: 1709:War and Chivalry 1676: 1640: 1610: 1568: 1549: 1523: 1511: 1493: 1471: 1462: 1443: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1273:, pp. 80–3. 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1112:Contamine (1984) 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 992: 986: 983: 977: 974: 968: 965:Bell et al. 2013 962: 956: 953: 947: 944:Contamine (1984) 941: 935: 929: 908: 905: 899: 880: 696:Spanish chivalry 595:Henry of Navarre 573:The 16th century 441:Duke of Somerset 383: 380: 336:restauro equorum 192:milites gregarii 91:heavy cavalryman 1811: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1764: 1763: 1749:, ed. (1911). " 1734: 1732: 1729: 1719: 1673: 1617:Osprey, Oxford. 1607: 1565: 1546: 1520: 1490: 1459: 1451:. Oxford: OUP. 1440: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1292:Chisholm (1911) 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1010: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 984: 980: 975: 971: 963: 959: 954: 950: 942: 938: 930: 926: 922: 917: 912: 911: 906: 902: 881: 877: 872: 774: 768: 698: 692: 642: 611: 575: 530: 514:Fully armoured 508: 462: 449: 390: 381: 371: 349:equus coopertus 345: 319: 313: 278:) fixed to the 240: 238:Arms and armour 212: 196:milites nobiles 123: 46: 39: 36:Standard-bearer 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1809: 1808: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1762: 1761: 1747:Chisholm, Hugh 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1677: 1671: 1658: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1583: 1569: 1563: 1550: 1544: 1531: 1524: 1518: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1472: 1463: 1457: 1444: 1438: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1356: 1338: 1336:Barber, p. 147 1329: 1323: 1305: 1296: 1294:, Gendarmerie. 1284: 1275: 1263: 1251: 1242: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1206: 1197: 1188: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1146: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1020: 1008: 996: 987: 978: 969: 957: 948: 946:, p. 126. 936: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 910: 909: 900: 874: 873: 871: 868: 836:lanze spezzate 799:) and a page ( 770:Main article: 767: 764: 694:Main article: 691: 688: 670:. 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after the 672:maréchaussée 671: 663:Maréchaussée 661: 657: 653: 649: 643: 633: 629: 625: 621: 612: 588: 579: 576: 562: 545: 541: 537: 533: 531: 520:Italian Wars 497: 478: 463: 454: 450: 433: 413: 394:Anglo-Norman 391: 360: 348: 346: 343:Horse armour 335: 331: 320: 297: 283: 275: 265: 261:plate armour 249: 224:16th century 213: 204:gent d'armes 203: 199: 195: 191: 188:12th century 183: 177: 172: 168: 162: 156: 152: 146: 142: 136: 130: 126: 124: 114: 110: 67: 65: 47: 1751:Gendarmerie 1727:Attribution 1184:Coss (1993) 896:gendarmerie 888:gen d'armes 860:condottiero 778:condottiere 772:Condottieri 747:community. 717:Reconquista 676:gendarmerie 654:connétablie 555:coustillier 542:ordonnances 538:ordonnances 485:Richard III 409:Elizabeth I 382: 1431 293:demi-lancer 280:breastplate 257:mail armour 228:demi-lancer 121:Terminology 115:man-at-arms 97:, or other 80:Renaissance 68:man-at-arms 60:demi-lancer 1768:Categories 1718:0715610422 1692:0300076630 1630:0370105028 1564:0905746090 1545:1870981006 1519:075090996X 1489:0631131426 1439:0851157394 915:References 884:Old French 668:highwaymen 650:connétable 597:, and the 584:Francis II 580:ordonnance 565:raised by 546:ordonnance 480:chevauchée 369:In England 357:brigandine 289:demi-lance 272:lance rest 232:cuirassier 920:Citations 890:, plural 864:colonello 862:called a 820:squadrons 737:Calatrava 715:, is the 614:Louis XIV 518:from the 516:gendarmes 506:In France 437:Agincourt 429:gentlemen 421:serjeants 103:mercenary 1589:(1999). 1478:(1984). 848:condotte 813:bandiera 783:condotte 766:In Italy 745:monastic 730:Crusades 690:In Spain 567:Louis XI 495:(1513). 362:chamfron 324:destrier 253:gambeson 230:and the 158:bascinet 99:nobleman 88:armoured 1774:Cavalry 1744:: 1682:(1996) 856:elmetti 844:corazzo 801:ragazzo 618:Fleurus 471:longbow 425:esquire 407:end of 399:squires 328:courser 305:poleaxe 178:In the 164:barbuta 74:of the 72:soldier 32:Warrior 28:Soldier 1738: 1715: 1690: 1669: 1654: 1628: 1603: 1579: 1561: 1542: 1516: 1486: 1455: 1436: 1354: 1321: 797:piatto 721:Muslim 551:lances 417:gentry 353:barded 326:, the 311:Horses 173:spears 169:lances 138:glaive 111:knight 107:feudal 95:knight 70:was a 870:Notes 840:lanze 828:lanze 809:posta 805:lanze 803:). 5 792:lanze 726:Spain 713:Spain 709:Spain 284:arrêt 276:arrêt 268:lance 184:miles 153:Gleve 143:Spieß 132:lance 34:, or 1713:ISBN 1688:ISBN 1667:ISBN 1652:ISBN 1626:ISBN 1601:ISBN 1577:ISBN 1559:ISBN 1540:ISBN 1514:ISBN 1484:ISBN 1453:ISBN 1434:ISBN 1352:ISBN 1319:ISBN 882:The 824:casa 682:the 632:and 559:page 218:and 216:14th 148:Helm 113:and 84:arms 1753:". 894:or 202:or 171:or 151:or 135:or 78:to 1770:: 1599:. 886:: 830:. 815:. 628:, 624:, 431:. 379:c. 307:. 255:, 175:. 145:, 66:A 30:, 1721:. 1675:. 1609:. 1567:. 1548:. 1522:. 1492:. 1461:. 1442:. 1360:. 934:. 648:( 274:( 62:. 45:. 38:. 23:.

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