165:
707:
256:
719:
588:
29:
352:. This adaptation of the cavalry lance to infantry use was largely tasked with stopping lance-armed cavalry charges. During the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, these weapons, both mounted and unmounted, were so effective that lancers and pikemen not only became a staple of every Western army, but also became highly sought-after mercenaries. (However, the pike had already been used by
686:) discarded the lance in the late 19th century, but in 1907, it was reissued for use by the front line of each squadron when charging in open formation. In its final form, the Russian lance was a long metal tube with a steel head and leather arm strap. It was intended as a shock weapon in the charge, to be dropped after impact and replaced by the sword for close combat in a
368:
centre of the shaft of such lances could be designed to be hollow, in order for it to break on impact, as a further safeguard against impalement. They were on average 3 meters (9.8 ft) long, and had hand guards built into the lance, often tapering for a considerable portion of the weapon's length. These are the versions that can most often be seen at
438:
tactic by most infantry forces would neuter much of the power of the lancer's breakneck charge, making them a non-cost effective type of military unit due to their expensive horses in comparison to cuirassiers and reiters, who usually charging only at a trot could make do with lower quality mounts.
693:
The relative value of the lance and the sword as a principal weapon for mounted troops was an issue of dispute in the years immediately preceding World War I. Opponents of the lance argued that the weapon was clumsy, conspicuous, easily deflected, and inefficient in a melee. Arguments favoring the
678:
from the beginning of the war. The combined effect was devastating, so much of the
British cavalry was deployed as mounted infantry, dismounting to fight on foot. For some years after the Boer War, the six British lancer regiments officially carried the lance only for parades and other ceremonial
367:
lance was a variation of the knight's lance which was modified from its original war design. In jousting, the lance tips would usually be blunt, often spread out like a cup or furniture foot, to provide a wider impact surface designed to unseat the opposing rider without spearing him through. The
50:. The "lances" depicted here are held with a one-handed over-the-head grip, and so their use is not the same as the "lances" of the later medieval period, when they were fitted with a "grapper" designed to engage a lance rest attached to the wielder's plate armour and used couched in the charge.
156:, since the lance was often a one-use-per-engagement weapon, becoming embedded in their targets or being broken on impact. Assuming the lance survived the initial impact without breaking, it could also prove inappropriate for more static, closer engagements where its length became a hindrance.
82:, a generic term meaning a spear or javelin employed by both infantry and cavalry, with English initially keeping these generic meanings. It developed later into a term for spear-like weapons specially designed and modified to be part of a "weapon system" for use couched under the arm during a
333:, with lancers in a double line, and the German method, with lancers drawn up in a deeper formation which was often wedge-shaped. It is commonly believed that this became the dominant European cavalry tactic in the 11th century after the development of the cantled saddle and stirrups (the
805:) as a service weapon until 1927, as did the British cavalry until 1928. The Argentine cavalry were documented as carrying lances until the 1940s, but this appears to have been used as part of recruit riding school training, rather than serious preparation for use in active service.
777:
With the advent of trench warfare, lances and the cavalry that carried them ceased to play a significant role. A Russian cavalry officer whose regiment carried lances throughout the war recorded only one instance where an opponent was killed by this weapon.
639:
subsequently adopted the lance as a primary weapon. After 1893 the standard German cavalry lance was made of drawn tubular steel, covered with clear lacquer and with a hemp hand-grip. At 3.58 meters (11.7 ft) it was the longest version then in use.
679:
duties. At the regimental level, training in the use of the lance continued, ostensibly to improve recruit riding skills. In 1909, the 2.7-meter (8.9 ft) bamboo or ash lance with a steel head was reauthorized for general use on active service.
792:
The cavalry branches of most armies which still retained lances as a service weapon at the end of World War I generally discarded them for all but ceremonial occasions during the 1920s and 1930s. There were exceptions during this era, such as the
328:
Formations of knights were known to use underarm-couched military lances in full-gallop closed-ranks charges against lines of opposing infantry or cavalry. Two variants on the couched lance charge developed, the French method,
618:
of 1870 saw the extensive deployment of cavalry armed with lances on both sides. While the opportunities for decisive use of this weapon proved infrequent during the actual conflict, the entire cavalry corps (93 regiments of
833:
was established, it was modeled after certain
British cavalry units that used lances. It made limited use of this weapon in small detachments during the 1870s, intended to impress indigenous peoples.
785:(1919–1922), saw an unexpected revival of lances amongst the cavalry of the Turkish National Army. During the successful Turkish offensives of the final stages of the war across the open plains of
341:(which enabled better control of the mount). Cavalry thus outfitted and deployed had a tremendous collective force in their charge, and could shatter most contemporary infantry lines.
522:, having retained large formations of lance-armed cavalry when they had become more or less obsolescent elsewhere in Europe. Lancers became especially prevalent during and after the
643:
The
Austrian cavalry had included regiments armed with lances since 1784. In 1884, the lance ceased to be carried either as an active service or parade weapon. However the eleven
560:(1864–1870), the Paraguayan cavalry made effective use of locally manufactured lances, both of conventional design and of an antique pattern used by gauchos for cattle herding.
770:
being "hampered by their long lances and a good many threw them away". A major action involving repeated charges by four regiments of German cavalry, all armed with lances, at
132:
wherever suitable mounts were available. Lances were the main weapon of
Lancers of the medieval period and beyond, and so these troops also carried secondary weapons such as
611:'s forces in France. American troops had never previously used the lance in combat. The lances proved ineffective in battle and were replaced with carbine rifles in 1863.
924:"Arms and Armor—Common Misconceptions and Frequently Asked Questions | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
451:
powers started rearming their lancers with pistols, initially as an adjunct weapon and eventually as a replacement, with the
Spanish retaining the lance the longest.
579:
wood for lance shafts of varying lengths, each with steel points and butts, adopted by the uhlan regiments of the Saxon, WĂĽrttemberg, Bavarian, and
Prussian armies.
434:
openly encouraged its abandonment in the face of the pistol's greater armor piercing power, handiness and greater general utility. At the same time the adoption of
530:
and other types of cavalry used lances between 2 and 3 meters (6.6 and 9.8 ft) in length as their primary weapons. The lance was usually employed in initial
317:). The Byzantines used lances in both overarm and underarm grips, as well as being couched under the arm (held horizontally). The length of the standard
102:, small circular plates designed to prevent the hand sliding up the shaft upon impact. These specific features were in use by the beginning of the late
789:, Turkish mounted troops were armed with bamboo shafted-lances taken from military storage and inflicted heavy losses on the retreating Greek Army.
386:
As a small unit that surrounded a knight when he went into battle during the 14th and 15th centuries, a lance might have consisted of one or two
879:(spear-throwing sticks), but these are usually called "atlatl javelins". Some were not much larger than arrows, and were typically feather-
462:
nobility and general lower military technology level among its foes retained the lance to a considerable degree, with the famously winged
398:. Lances were often combined under the banner of a higher-ranking nobleman to form companies of knights that would act as an ad hoc unit.
372:
reenactment festivals. In war, lances were much more like stout spears, long and balanced for one-handed use, and with sharpened tips.
526:: a period when almost all the major European powers reintroduced the lance into their respective cavalry arsenals. Formations of
883:
like an arrow and unlike the vast majority of spears and javelins (one exception would be several instances of the many types of
797:, which retained the lance for combat use until either 1934 or 1937, but contrary to popular legend did not make use of it in
1418:
1402:
1382:
1346:
1317:
1280:
1235:
1120:
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483:
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1505:, originally published in 1920; University of Nebraska Press (reprint), 1990 (trans. J. Renfroe Walter). Volume III:
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1259:
1214:
1194:
1152:
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on 12 August 1914 was unsuccessful. Amongst the
Belgian defenders was one regiment of lancers who fought dismounted.
604:
690:. While demoralizing to an opponent, the lance was recognized as being an awkward encumbrance in forested regions.
344:
Because of the extreme stopping power of a thrusting spear, it quickly became a popular weapon of infantry in the
782:
852:
837:
818:
121:
592:
546:
231:. The term from the 17th century came to refer specifically to spears not thrown, used for thrusting by
2021:
2016:
557:
1479:
830:
510:
The mounted lancer experienced a renaissance in the 19th century. This followed on the demise of the
466:
having their glory period during the 17th and 18th centuries against a wide variety of enemy forces.
410:
technology spelled the end of the lance in
Western Europe, with newer types of heavy cavalry such as
334:
192:
840:, the North-West Mounted Police's descendant, employs ceremonial, though functional, lances made of
1058:
427:
1451:
444:
125:
1544:
694:
retention of the lance focused on the impact on morale of having charging cavalry preceded by "
659:
514:
and of body armor during the early 18th century, with the reintroduction of lances coming from
321:
is estimated at 2.5 meters (8.2 ft), which is shorter than that of the medieval knight of
20:
923:
431:
814:
743:
419:
169:
1443:
1328:
A British officer writing in 1917 referred to lancers as "our marvellous medieval regiments"
1744:
636:
353:
164:
8:
1475:
1444:
766:. In initial cavalry skirmishes in France this antique weapon proved ineffective, German
615:
239:. The longer types of thrusting spear used by infantry are usually referred to simply as
153:
1970:
1430:
1310:
The Last Great
Cavalry Charge - The Battle of the Silver Helmets - Halen 12 August 1914
859:, Australia, carry a lance with a navy blue and white pennant on ceremonial occasions.
600:
494:
and lance, probably independently, as
American cavalry of the time were armed with the
43:
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959:
944:
Ian Heath, page 33 "Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300", Wargames Research Group 1978"
214:
A lance in the original sense is a light throwing spear or javelin. The English verb
1519:
1008:
647:
regiments continued in existence until 1918, armed with the standard cavalry sabre.
1774:
735:
531:
345:
292:
196:
83:
654:, British troops successfully used the lance on one occasion - against retreating
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867:"Lance" is also the name given by some anthropologists to the light flexible
755:
549:. One of the four British regiments involved in the charge, plus the Russian
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491:
475:
435:
349:
244:
232:
78:
1910:
1900:
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1704:
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1619:
1009:"From Lance to Pistol: The Evolution of Mounted Soldiers from 1550 to 1600"
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272:
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184:
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103:
36:
1965:
1880:
1714:
1614:
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From Lance to Pistol: The Evolution of Mounted Soldiers from 1550 to 1600
841:
763:
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671:
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423:
391:
117:
95:
39:
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The Union Cavalry Comes of Age - Hartwood Church to Brandy Station, 1863
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During the late 3rd century the weapons of the cavalry attached to each
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1784:
1604:
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spurning the old one-use weapon and increasingly supplanting the older
415:
219:
141:
137:
91:
68:
1980:
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with its far greater emphasis on cavalry warfare, large population of
348:. These eventually led to the rise of the longest type of spears, the
1905:
1895:
1764:
1719:
1674:
1659:
1574:
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407:
698:" and on the effectiveness of the weapon against fleeing opponents.
1975:
1940:
1920:
1915:
1799:
1664:
1649:
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1413:
Alan Larsen & Henry Yallop, The Cavalry Lance, p. 16 and p.56,
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110:
109:
Though best known as a military and sporting weapon carried by
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1945:
1930:
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240:
206:
200:
133:
710:
Drawing from The War Illustrated representing a Russian Don
662:(21 October 1899). However, the Boers made effective use of
430:
continued to espouse the virtues of the lance, many such as
1990:
1644:
1529:
655:
576:
443:
heavy horse against their Royalist counterparts during the
338:
505:
1395:
Weapons & Equipment of the German Cavalry: 1935-1945
563:
The 1860s and 1870s saw the increasing common usage of
1187:
Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army 1868-1914
1090:. Philadelphia: City of Philadelphia. pp. 162–164
279:
and swords to sometimes include long reaching lances (
1431:
http://www.militariarg.com/cavalry-and-carriages.html
1357:Steven J. Zaloga, page 5 "The Polish Army 1939-45"
1308:Joe Robinson, Francis Hendriks and Janet Robinson,
553:who counter-attacked, were armed with this weapon.
305:) almost exclusively, often in mixed formations of
283:). These required the use of both hands to thrust.
218:"fling, hurl, throw" is derived from the term (via
534:in close formation, with sabers being used in the
469:
1115:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press.
356:in antiquity to great effect, in the form of the
2003:
1429:Cavalry and carriages. Militariarg.com. (n.d.).
1209:Thomas Pakenham, pages 139-140, "The Boer War",
1035:Armies of the War of the Triple Alliance 1864-70
402:17th and 18th century decline in Western Europe
86:, being equipped with special features such as
120:, the use of lances was widespread throughout
1545:
191:or throwing spear; although according to the
375:
1474:
1468:
1446:The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873-1987
1273:British Cavalryman versus German Cavalryman
1002:
1000:
722:Russian lance "cavalry pike", type of 1910.
176:
1552:
1538:
1108:
1476:Scott-Giles, C. Wilfrid (Charles Wilfrid)
801:. The German cavalry retained the lance (
591:A lance head from the reenactment of the
1037:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 33 & 44.
1032:
997:
717:
714:cavalryman lancing a German infantryman.
705:
701:
586:
254:
211:), a Greek term for "spear" or "lance".
163:
27:
1339:Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919-22
1175:, Eleventh Addition, Volume XVI, p. 150
1087:Philadelphia in the Civil War 1861-1865
607:was equipped with lances modeled after
2004:
1270:
1147:. Verlag Militaria. pp. 126–128.
1083:
978:
506:19th century revival in Western Europe
1533:
1184:
1168:
1166:
1164:
953:
844:. They feature a crimped swallowtail
824:
1441:
1225:
1145:The German Cavalry from 1871 to 1914
1142:
1033:Esposito, Gabriele (24 March 2015).
887:bolt, a mechanically thrown spear).
682:The Russian cavalry (except for the
1228:A History of British Cavalry Vol. 4
808:
390:, the knight himself, one to three
247:, though many other terms existed.
13:
1492:
1161:
979:Dawson, Timothy (18 August 2009).
916:
582:
439:After the success of pistol-armed
422:type Medieval cavalry. While many
227:), as well as the rarer or poetic
175:The name is derived from the word
14:
2038:
1513:
1189:. Hippocrene Books. p. 112.
1059:"Rush's Lancers by Mort Kunstler"
605:6th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
502:, firing forward at full gallop.
250:
1373:Alan Larsen & Henry Yallop,
1250:Vladimir Littauer, pp. 115-116,
1006:
862:
726:Lances were still in use by the
545:saw the use of the lance in the
1435:
1423:
1407:
1387:
1367:
1351:
1331:
1322:
1302:
1289:
1264:
1244:
1219:
1203:
1178:
1136:
981:Byzantine Cavalryman c.900-1204
470:Indigenous use in North America
1295:Barbara W. Tuchman, page 280,
1275:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 32.
1102:
1077:
1051:
1026:
983:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 36.
972:
958:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 31.
947:
938:
853:New South Wales Mounted Police
456:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
286:
1:
954:Cowan, Ross (21 April 2015).
909:
855:, based at Redfern Barracks,
848:, red above and white below.
838:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
817:used a lance-like shaft as a
266:
1559:
1109:Wittenberg, Eric J. (2002).
207:
159:
7:
1484:. London, Dent. p. 41.
897:
547:Charge of the Light Brigade
10:
2043:
1450:. Bloomsbury USA. p.
1299:, Four Square Edition 1964
956:Roman Legionary AD 284-337
762:armies at the outbreak of
674:, and accurate long-range
558:War of the Triple Alliance
379:
201:
18:
16:Long spear used by cavalry
1843:
1567:
1503:History of the Art of War
1084:Taylor, Frank H. (1913).
831:North-West Mounted Police
376:Lance (unit organization)
335:Great Stirrup Controversy
1226:Anglesey, Marquess of.
1173:Encyclopædia Britannica
1065:. Vladimir Arts USA Inc
890:A "tilting-spear" is a
445:French Wars of Religion
223:
1481:Shakespeare's heraldry
723:
715:
660:Battle of Elandslaagte
596:
315:cursores et defensores
263:
177:
172:
51:
21:Lance (disambiguation)
1271:Steele, Alan (2022).
1185:Lucas, James (1987).
1143:Herr, Ulrich (2006).
815:United States Cavalry
721:
709:
702:World War I and after
590:
426:captains such as Sir
295:cavalry used lances (
258:
199:origin. Also compare
195:, the word may be of
170:Warring States period
167:
31:
1442:Ross, David (1988).
637:Imperial German Army
478:introduction of the
354:Philip II of Macedon
235:, and especially in
35:cavalry attacks the
19:For other uses, see
616:Franco-Prussian War
593:Eglinton Tournament
432:François de la Noue
154:hand-to-hand combat
46:as depicted in the
1337:Philip S. Jowett,
1297:The Guns of August
894:term for a lance.
829:When the Canadian
825:Mounted police use
724:
716:
670:, continuous-fire
635:) of the post-war
609:Napoleon Bonaparte
601:American Civil War
597:
394:, and possibly an
264:
173:
52:
44:Battle of Hastings
2022:Hunting equipment
2017:Medieval polearms
1999:
1998:
1610:Bohemian earspoon
1419:978-1-4728-1618-4
1403:978-0-88740-816-8
1383:978-1-4728-1618-4
1375:The Cavalry Lance
1347:978-1-4728-0684-0
1318:978-1-78155-183-7
1282:978-1-4728-4882-6
1237:978-0-436-27321-6
1122:978-1-43966-007-2
1044:978-1-4728-0725-0
990:978-1-84603-404-6
965:978-1-4728-0666-6
783:Greco-Turkish War
76:, from the Latin
54:The English term
2034:
1971:Torimono sandĹŤgu
1775:Scottish halberd
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1507:Medieval Warfare
1486:
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1063:vladimirarts.com
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933:
931:
920:
809:Use as flagstaff
696:a hedge of steel
676:repeating rifles
484:Native Americans
449:Western European
346:Late Middle Ages
337:), and of rowel
226:
210:
204:
203:
182:
58:is derived, via
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
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2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1839:
1745:Plançon à picot
1730:Ox tongue spear
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1558:
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1495:
1493:Further reading
1490:
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1393:Klaus Richter,
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1230:. p. 410.
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926:. Metmuseum.org
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900:
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827:
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704:
668:field artillery
652:Second Boer War
585:
583:Twilight of use
538:that followed.
524:Napoleonic Wars
508:
472:
404:
384:
382:Lances fournies
378:
307:mounted archers
289:
269:
262:lance head (pi)
253:
162:
90:to engage with
48:Bayeux Tapestry
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1499:DelbrĂĽck, Hans
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488:Plains Indians
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464:Polish hussars
428:Roger Williams
406:The advent of
403:
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380:Main article:
377:
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1755:Quarterstaff
1705:Lochaber axe
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1620:Brogit staff
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1111:
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1092:. Retrieved
1086:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
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1053:
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1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
980:
974:
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949:
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918:
904:Tent pegging
889:
875:) thrown by
866:
850:
835:
828:
812:
799:World War II
791:
780:
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695:
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681:
672:machine guns
649:
642:
613:
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509:
473:
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296:
290:
280:
273:Roman legion
270:
243:or later as
228:
215:
213:
174:
168:Lance head,
130:North Africa
108:
104:14th century
99:
96:breastplates
94:attached to
87:
77:
71:
62:
55:
53:
25:
1881:Fangtian ji
1715:Man catcher
1615:Brandistock
842:male bamboo
836:The modern
764:World War I
650:During the
629:cuirassiers
556:During the
543:Crimean War
424:Renaissance
416:cuirassiers
392:men-at-arms
287:Middle Ages
152:for use in
142:war hammers
138:battle axes
126:Middle East
118:men-at-arms
92:lance rests
40:shield wall
37:Anglo-Saxon
2006:Categories
1951:Sodegarami
1871:Dagger-axe
1830:Welsh hook
1825:War scythe
1805:Swordstaff
1785:Sparth axe
1605:Boar spear
1600:Bear spear
910:References
787:Asia Minor
474:After the
267:Late Roman
220:Old French
69:Old French
1906:Kama-yari
1896:Hoko yari
1765:Rhomphaia
1720:Menaulion
1675:Half pike
1660:Goedendag
1575:Ahlspiess
1377:, p. 76,
1341:, p. 47,
892:heraldric
819:flagstaff
490:used the
454:Only the
408:wheellock
319:kontarion
303:kontarion
293:Byzantine
216:to launch
160:Etymology
122:East Asia
100:vamplates
1976:Trishula
1941:Sasumata
1921:Naginata
1916:Nagamaki
1800:Spontoon
1735:Partisan
1665:Guisarme
1650:Fauchard
1630:Dane axe
1625:Corseque
1585:Bardiche
1568:European
1561:Polearms
1526:article)
1478:(1950).
1397:, p. 3,
1069:13 March
930:14 March
898:See also
885:ballista
881:fletched
869:javelins
684:Cossacks
625:dragoons
551:Cossacks
460:Szlachta
441:Huguenot
420:gendarme
370:medieval
365:jousting
277:javelins
237:jousting
229:to lance
111:European
88:grappers
1981:TsukubĹŤ
1891:Guandao
1886:Gichang
1866:Bisento
1810:Trident
1770:Sarissa
1760:Ranseur
1750:Pollaxe
1685:Javelin
1670:Halberd
1635:Doloire
1128:8 March
1094:8 March
1018:21 July
877:atlatls
846:pennant
760:Russian
748:Belgian
740:Spanish
736:Italian
732:Turkish
728:British
712:Cossack
658:at the
621:hussars
599:In the
532:charges
516:Hungary
476:Western
447:, most
412:reiters
388:squires
358:sarissa
331:en haie
311:lancers
224:lancier
197:Iberian
189:javelin
150:daggers
114:knights
42:at the
2027:Spears
1961:Sumpit
1956:Sovnya
1876:Dangpa
1861:Barcha
1835:Xyston
1820:Voulge
1795:Spetum
1780:Sovnya
1695:Kontos
1655:Glaive
1580:Atgeir
1458:
1417:
1401:
1381:
1361:
1345:
1316:
1279:
1258:
1234:
1213:
1193:
1151:
1119:
1041:
987:
962:
857:Sydney
768:uhlans
758:, and
756:German
752:Indian
744:French
633:uhlans
631:, and
603:, the
595:(1839)
569:bamboo
528:uhlans
520:Poland
496:pistol
486:, the
396:archer
298:kontos
281:contus
241:spears
208:lónkhē
183:— the
179:lancea
148:, and
134:swords
128:, and
124:, the
98:, and
84:charge
79:lancea
64:launce
33:Norman
2012:Lance
1986:Woldo
1966:Tabar
1946:Sibat
1936:Qiang
1931:Podao
1851:Arbir
1844:Asian
1790:Spear
1700:Lance
1680:Hasta
873:darts
772:Halen
688:melee
656:Boers
645:Uhlan
575:, or
573:beech
536:melee
500:sabre
480:horse
339:spurs
245:pikes
202:λόγχη
185:Roman
146:maces
73:lance
56:lance
1991:Yari
1926:Ngao
1911:Kudi
1740:Pike
1645:Falx
1640:Dory
1595:Bill
1456:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1130:2024
1117:ISBN
1096:2024
1071:2024
1039:ISBN
1020:2014
985:ISBN
960:ISBN
932:2011
851:The
813:The
781:The
614:The
577:pine
541:The
518:and
512:pike
498:and
414:and
350:pike
309:and
291:The
116:and
67:and
565:ash
492:bow
482:to
360:.)
301:or
193:OED
2008::
1901:Ji
1501:.
1454:.
1452:24
1312:,
1254:,
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750:,
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313:(
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