Lavrentiy Beria - Knowledge

6218: 6185: 1667:, but also consistent with the standard Stalinist policy of deferring all decision-making (no matter how crucial or obvious) without official orders from higher authority. Beria's decision to avoid immediately calling a doctor was tacitly supported (or at least not opposed) by the rest of the Politburo, which was rudderless without Stalin's micromanagement and paralysed by a legitimate fear that he would suddenly recover and take reprisals on anyone who had dared to act without his orders. Stalin's suspicion of doctors in the wake of the Doctors' Plot was well known at the time of his sickness; his private physician was being tortured in the basement of the 6150: 6525: 6316: 1162:, who served as Minister of Education of the Georgian SSR. Beria ordered the executions of Devdariani's brothers George and Shalva. In 1935, Beria cemented his place in Stalin's entourage with a lengthy oration titled, "On the History of the Bolshevik Organisations in Transcaucasia" (later published as a book), which emphasised Stalin's role. It quoted from what purported to be police reports from early in the century, which identified Stalin, under his real name Jugashvili, as the leader of the Social Democrats (Marxists) in Georgia and Azerbaijan, though as the historian 6324: 2095:

to Viktor Abakumov, the former wartime head of SMERSH and now chief of the MGB – the successor to the NKVD. Abakumov was already aggressively building a case against Beria. Stalin, who was also seeking to undermine Beria, was thrilled by the detailed records kept by Sarkisov, demanding: "Send me everything this asshole writes down!" In 2003, the Russian government acknowledged Sarkisov's handwritten list of Beria's victims, which reportedly contains hundreds of names. The victims' names were also released to the public in 2003.

6616: 3687: 1282: 1179: 1094: 1660:. The latter two did not want to risk Stalin's wrath by entering his private rooms. Lozgachev tried to explain to Beria that the unconscious Stalin (still in his soiled clothing) was "sick and needed medical attention". Beria angrily dismissed his claims as panic-mongering and quickly left, ordering him, "Don't bother us, don't cause a panic and don't disturb Comrade Stalin!" Alexsei Rybin, Stalin's bodyguard, recalled, "No one wanted to telephone Beria, since most of the personal bodyguards hated Beria". 646: 663: 89: 679: 1715:, although others have argued that "the description we have of Stalin’s illness does not match the appearance or timeline of patients that experience severe warfarin or warfarin-related overdoses." Furthermore, towards the end of his life, Stalin was "obsessive about the possibility of being poisoned", and that given his paranoia, "it is difficult to imagine a scenario where Beria or another conspirator could have slipped an anticoagulant into his drink." 1830: 2072:, a well-known Soviet actress, under the pretence of bringing her to perform for the Politburo. Instead he took her to his dacha, where he offered to free her father and grandmother from prison if she submitted. He then raped her, telling her, "Scream or not, it doesn't matter". In fact, Beria knew that Okunevskaya's relatives had been executed months earlier. Okunevskaya was arrested shortly afterwards and sentenced to 1349:, a former high ranking party official, was sadistically beaten and had an eye gouged out by Rodos, in Beria's office, while Beria watched. He not only permitted and encouraged the beating of prisoners, but in some case carried it out in person. One prisoner who survived to give evidence in the 1950s, testified that he was brought to Beria's office and accused of plotting to blow up the Moscow metro, which he denied: 1151:, who wrote to Stalin and Ordzhonikidze in August 1932 asking to be allowed to resign because he could not work with Beria as his deputy. On 9 October 1932, Beria was appointed party leader for the whole Transcaucasian region. He also retained his post as First Secretary of the Georgian CP. In 1933, he promoted his old ally, Bagirov, to the head of the Azerbaijani communist party. He became a member of the 2050:

be taken to his dacha, where wine and a feast awaited them. After dining, Beria would take the women into his soundproofed office and rape them. Additionally, an American report from 1952 quoted a former Muscovite as having "learned from one of Beria's mistresses that it was Beria's habit to order various women to become intimate with him and that he threatened them with prison if they refused."

1305:". By 1938, however, the oppression had become so extensive that it was damaging the infrastructure, economy and even the armed forces of the Soviet state, prompting Stalin to wind the purge down. In September, Beria was appointed head of the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD, and in November he succeeded Yezhov as NKVD head. Yezhov was executed in 1940. 1515:(now Saint Petersburg) during the war, seemed the most likely candidate. After 1946, Beria formed an alliance with Malenkov to counter Zhdanov's rise. In January 1946, Beria resigned as chief of the NKVD while retaining general control over national security matters as Deputy Prime Minister and Curator of the Organs of State Security under Stalin. However, the new NKVD chief, 1902:

repeated these charges and made a number of further accusations, claiming that Beria had caused food shortages by undermining the Soviet collective farm system, and claimed his policies of liberalization (in which a number of Russian officials in Latvia were dismissed from their posts) were meant to incite ethnic hatred and undermine the friendship of the Soviet people.

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rest of Stalin's inner circle (even Molotov, saved from certain liquidation) stood sobbing unashamedly over the body, Beria reportedly appeared "radiant", "regenerated" and "glistening with ill-concealed relish". When Beria left the room, he broke the sombre atmosphere by shouting loudly for his driver, his voice echoing with what Stalin's daughter

1362:. Although he did not rise to full membership until 1946, he was by then one of the senior leaders of the Soviet state. In 1941, he was made a Commissar General of State Security, the highest quasi-military rank within the Soviet police system of that time. In 1940, the pace of the purges accelerated again. During this period, Beria supervised 1848:. Beria was taken completely by surprise. He asked, "What's going on, Nikita Sergeyevich? Why are you picking fleas in my trousers?" When Beria finally realised what was happening and plaintively appealed to Malenkov to speak for him, Malenkov silently hung his head and pressed a button on his desk. This was an arranged signal to 1708:. According to Radzinsky, Stalin was poisoned by a senior bodyguard. Beria's son, Sergo Beria, later recounted that after Stalin's death, his mother Nina told her husband that, "Your position now is even more precarious than when Stalin was alive." Some authors have claimed that Stalin "may have been poisoned" using the 1815:

Beria intended to send special MVD divisions to Moscow to help him seize power, and that several MVD agents had boasted that the MVD would become independent of Party bodies and "a regional MVD chief would no longer be answerable to the Party secretary." Within days, Khrushchev persuaded the other leaders to support a

2572:, the main character Ian Dunross received from Alan Medford Grant a set of secret documents regarding a Soviet spy-ring in Hong Kong code-named "Sevrin". The document was signed by an LB, believed by Grant (and the mysterious Tip Tok-Toh) to be Lavrentiy Beria (written as Lavrenti Beria in the novel). 2102:

villa (now the Tunisian embassy). Skulls, pelvises and leg bones were found. In 1998, the skeletal remains of five young women were discovered during work carried out on the water pipes in the garden of the same villa. In 2011, building workers digging a ditch in Moscow city centre unearthed a common

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Before and during the war, Beria directed Sarkisov to keep a list of the names and phone numbers of the women that he had sex with. Eventually, he ordered Sarkisov to destroy the list as a security risk, but Sarkisov retained a secret copy. When Beria's fall from power began, Sarkisov passed the list

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According to the testimony of Colonel Rafael Semyonovich Sarkisov and Colonel Sardion Nikolaevich Nadaraia – two of Beria's bodyguards – on warm nights during the war, Beria was often driven around Moscow in his limousine. He would point out young women that he wanted to

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After Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Beria's ambitions sprang into full force. In the uneasy silence following the cessation of Stalin's last agonies, he was the first to dart forward to kiss his lifeless form (a move likened by Montefiore to "wrenching a dead King's ring off his finger"). While the

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campaign, euphemistically termed the "struggle against rootless cosmopolitanism". Initially, 37 men were arrested, but the number quickly grew into hundreds. Scores of Soviet Jews were dismissed from their jobs, arrested, sent to the Gulag, or executed. The "plot" was presumably invented by Stalin. A

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Following Beria's arrest, the Politburo issued a decree formally removing him from his posts as a "traitor and capitalist agent" and accused him and his co-defendants of attempting to place the MVD above the party in a bid to seize power and liquidate the Soviet regime. A Pravda editorial on 10 July

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On 21 June 1953, Khrushchev was contacted by MVD Chief Timofei Strokach, a wartime colleague of his, who warned him that Beria was preparing for a coup in Moscow and had threatened him personally, saying "we shall expel you from the MVD, arrest you and allow you to rot in the camps." He claimed that

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kept at camps and prisons in western Belarus and Ukraine were enemies of the Soviet Union, and recommended their execution. Most of them were military officers, but there were also intelligentsia, doctors, priests, and others in a total of 22,000 people. With Stalin's approval, Beria's NKVD executed

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Beria's appointment marked an easing of the repression begun under Yezhov. Over 100,000 people were released from the labour camps. The government officially admitted that there had been some injustice and "excesses" during the purges, which were blamed entirely on Yezhov. But the liberalization was

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and numerous others had all confessed to counter-revolutionary (though the evidence against all of them was found, after Beria's execution, to have consisted of false confessions extracted under torture) but Orakhelashvili himself was holding out, though he repeatedly fainted under interrogation and

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called "the ring of triumph unconcealed". Alliluyeva noticed how the Politburo seemed openly frightened of Beria and unnerved by his bold display of ambition. "He's off to take power," Mikoyan recalled muttering to Khrushchev. That prompted a "frantic" dash for their own limousines to intercept him

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from 1943 to 1946; his relationship with Beria involved close collaboration (since Abakumov owed his rise to Beria's support and esteem) but also rivalry. Stalin had begun to encourage Abakumov to form his own network inside the MGB to counter Beria's dominance of the power ministries. Kruglov and

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development without approval from the Central Committee, which was "shocked" by the revelation. Beria had even scratched out the signature block for Malenkov's signature and signed it himself. "Evidently Beria had been confident enough of his ascent to power to assume that he would command sole

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for suggesting the leader required more bed rest. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that Beria had, immediately after Stalin's stroke, gone about "spewing hatred against and mocking him". When Stalin showed signs of consciousness, Beria dropped to his knees and kissed his hand. When Stalin fell

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His bodyguards reported that their duties included handing each victim a flower bouquet as she left the house. Accepting it implied that the sex had been consensual; refusal would mean arrest. Sarkisov reported that after one woman rejected Beria's advances and ran out of his office, Sarkisov

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Beria and all the other defendants were sentenced to death on the day of the trial. The other six defendants – Dekanozov, Merkulov, Vlodzimirsky, Meshik, Goglidze and Kobulov – were shot immediately after the trial ended. Beria was executed separately; he allegedly pleaded on his knees before

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Beria, as first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and an influential Politburo member, saw himself as Stalin's successor, while wider Politburo members had contrasting thoughts on future leadership. On 26 June 1953, Beria was arrested and held in an undisclosed location near Moscow.

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and Molotov, for which Stalin had been laying the groundwork in the year prior to his death. Shortly after Stalin's death, Beria announced triumphantly to the Politburo that he had "done in" and "saved all", according to Molotov's memoirs. The assertion that Stalin was poisoned by Beria's

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OGPU. In December 1926, he was appointed Chairman of the Georgian OGPU, and deputy chairman for the Transcaucasian OGPU. During his years at the helm of the Georgian OGPU, Beria effectively destroyed the intelligence networks that Turkey and Iran had developed in the Soviet Caucasus, while

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To consolidate power, Beria also took steps to recognise the rights of non-Russian nationalities. As a Georgian, he questioned the traditional policy of Russification and encouraged local officials to assert their own identities. He first turned to Georgia, where Stalin's fabricated

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Accounts of his downfall vary considerably. The historical consensus is that Khrushchev prepared an elaborate ambush, convening a meeting of the Presidium on 26 June, where he suddenly launched a scathing attack on Beria, accusing him of being a traitor and spy in the pay of

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and police forces, reported that more than 300 people had been arrested in Georgia in the previous few weeks. In June 1937, Beria said in a speech, "Let our enemies know that anyone who attempts to raise a hand against the will of our people, against the will of the party of

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During the postwar years, Beria supervised the establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and chose their Soviet-backed leaders. Starting in 1948, Abakumov initiated several investigations against these leaders, which culminated with the arrest in November 1952 of

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He was a magnificent specimen of the artful courtier, the embodiment of Oriental perfidy, flattery and hypocrisy who had succeed in confounding even my father, a man whom it was ordinarily difficult to deceive. A good deal that this monster did is now a blot on my father's

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Beria hit me in the face. After that, I was given 30 minutes to think in the next room, next to his office, from where the screams and groans of the beaten could be heard. An hour later, called to the office, I was met with the words of Kobulov: "What shall we start

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The cost of the war still weighed heavily on the Soviet economy. Beria craved the vast financial resources that another (more sustained) relationship with the U.S. could provide. According to some later sources, he ostensibly even considered giving the

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in Europe. Beria said of East Germany, "It is not even a real state but one kept in being only by Soviet troops." The East German uprising convinced Molotov, Malenkov and Bulganin that Beria's policies were dangerous and destabilizing to Soviet power.

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documentary, "Beria spent his nights having teenagers abducted from the streets and brought here for him to rape. Those who resisted were strangled and buried in his wife's rose garden." Vladimir Zharov, head of the Department of Forensic Medicine at

2065:, "Smith noted that Beria's escapades were common knowledge among embassy personnel because his house was on the same street as a residence for Americans, and those who lived there saw girls brought to Beria's house late at night in a limousine." 7727: 1759:, and a mass release of over a million prisoners was announced, although only prisoners convicted for "non-political" crimes were released. That amnesty led to a substantial increase in crime and would later be used against Beria by his rivals. 1472:("Task No. 1"), which built and tested a bomb by 29 August 1949. The project was extremely labour-intensive. At least 330,000 people, including 10,000 technicians, were involved. The Gulag system provided tens of thousands of people for work in 1491:. Although he had never held a traditional military command, he made a significant contribution to the victory of the Soviet Union in the war through his organisation of wartime production and his use of partisans. Abroad, Beria had met with 5200: 1614:", and providing weapons to Israel. Such charges deeply disturbed Beria, as he had directly ordered the sale of large amounts of Czech arms to Israel. Altogether, fourteen Czechoslovak communist leaders, eleven of them Jewish, were 1213:(1 December 1934), Beria was one of the few regional party leaders considered ruthless enough to purge the region under his control, without outside interference. On 9 July 1936, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the 1750:

Beria undertook some measures of liberalisation immediately after Stalin's death. He reorganised the MVD and drastically reduced its economic power and penal responsibilities. A number of costly construction projects, such as the

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and the remains buried in Communal Grave No. 3 at Donskoi Monastery Cemetery in Moscow. Beria's personal archive (said to have included "compromising" material on his former colleagues) was destroyed on Khrushchev's orders.

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only relative: arrests, torture and executions continued. On 16 January 1940, Beria sent Stalin a list of 457 "enemies of the people" of whom 346 were marked to be shot. They included Yezhov and his brother and nephews;

5214: 2168: 1590:, that Stalin had made Suslov his "secret heir". Evidently, Beria felt so threatened by Suslov that after his arrest in 1953, documents were found in his safe labelling Suslov the No. 1 person he wanted to "eliminate". 7192: 1344:

described being beaten on the spine and soles of his feet until "the pain was so intense that it felt as if boiling water was being poured on these sensitive areas." His interrogation record was signed by Shvartzman.

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In 1944, as the Soviet Union had repelled the German invasion, Beria was placed in charge of the various ethnic minorities accused of anti-sovietism and/or collaboration with the invaders, including the

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In the following months, Abakumov started carrying out important operations without consulting Beria, often working with Zhdanov, and on Stalin's direct orders. One of the first such moves involved the

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to move into Moscow to prevent security forces loyal to Beria from rescuing him. Many of Beria's subordinates, proteges and associates were also arrested and later executed, among them Merkulov,

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was found dead from a bullet wound. It was officially announced that he had committed suicide, and he was retrospectively denounced as an enemy of the people, but in 1961, the then head of the

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In October 1931, when Stalin proposed to appoint Beria Second Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party Central Committee and Second Secretary of the Transcaucasian party, the First Secretary

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Stalin's aide, Vasili Lozgachev, reported that Beria and Malenkov were the first members of the Politburo to see Stalin's condition when he was found unconscious. They arrived at Stalin's

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few days after Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, Beria freed all the arrested doctors, announced that the entire matter was fabricated, and arrested the MGB functionaries directly involved.

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began in 1951, when a number of the country's prominent Jewish physicians were accused of poisoning top Soviet leaders and arrested. Concurrently, the Soviet press began an anti-Semitic

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and then the head of the criminal forensics bureau, said a torture chamber existed in the basement of Beria's villa and that there was probably an underground passage to burial sites.

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As Beria's men were guarding the Kremlin at the time, he was held there in a special cell until nightfall and then smuggled out in the trunk of a car. He was taken first to the Moscow

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Calling a doctor was deferred for a full twelve hours after Stalin was rendered paralysed, incontinent and unable to speak. This decision is noted as "extraordinary" by the historian

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mistakenly handed her the flowers anyway. The enraged Beria declared, "Now, it is not a bouquet, it is a wreath! May it rot on your grave!" The NKVD arrested the woman the next day.

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and the arrest of many other members. After Zhdanov died in August 1948, Beria and Malenkov consolidated their power by means of a purge of Zhdanov's associates in the so-called "

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The first page of Beria's notice (oversigned by Stalin and several other officials), to kill approximately 15,000 Polish officers and some 10,000 more intellectuals in the

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who used his power to indulge himself in obsessive depravity". Despite evidence to the contrary, charges of sexual abuse were disputed by his wife Nina and his son Sergo.

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Khrushchev opposed the alliance between Beria and Malenkov, but he was initially unable to challenge them. Khrushchev's opportunity came in June 1953 when a spontaneous

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captured the city on 28 April 1920, he was saved from execution because there was not enough time to arrange his shooting and replacement; it may also have been that

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succeeded Beria as head of the Soviet nuclear weapons project. After a review of project documentation during the summer of 1953 it was found that Beria had started

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in August 1932, Stalin commented that "Beria makes a good impression. He is a good organizer, an efficient, capable functionary." But according to Stalin's daughter

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and initially the most powerful man in the post-Stalin leadership. Beria was second-most powerful, and given Malenkov's personal weakness, was poised to become the

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died suddenly. It was later reported that he was poisoned by Beria. His widow was later arrested, tortured, and made to watch their teenage son being tortured.

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region, descended from a noble Georgian family, and was a widow before marrying Beria's father, Pavle Beria (1872–1922), a landowner in Sukhumi Okrug, from the

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Beria expanded the system of forced labour, mobilizing millions of Gulag prisoners into wartime production. He also was in charge of NKVD units responsible for

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Lavrenty Beria, 1953. Stenographic Report of July's Plenary Meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Other Documents

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were classified as treason, though Beria had been acting on the orders of Stalin and Molotov. It was also alleged that Beria, who in 1942 helped organise

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alarmed Khrushchev, for whom Ukraine was a power base. Khrushchev then tried to draw Malenkov to his side, warning that "Beria is sharpening his knives".

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Evidence suggests that Beria also murdered some of these women. In 1993, construction workers installing streetlights unearthed human bones near Beria's

1952:, tried to let the Germans occupy the Caucasus. Beria's suggestion to his assistants that to improve foreign relations it was reasonable to transfer the 1086: 875: 2087:'s daughter on her beauty, Poskrebyshev quickly pulled her aside and instructed her, "Don't ever accept a lift from Beria". After taking an interest in 7812: 6965: 6952: 1122:, and Beria took personal charge of his security. Stalin was unimpressed by most of the local party leaders, chosen by the former Georgian party boss, 4670: 4224: 1260:

On 20 July, he wrote to Stalin to report that he had had 200 people shot, and was about to submit a list of another 350 who were also to be shot, and

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noted: "These new finds tell a different story and even speak another language from all police documents and Bolshevik reminiscences published while

4610: 1755:, were scrapped, and the remaining industrial enterprises became affiliated under other economic ministries. The Gulag system was transferred to the 918: 109: 1940:. It was alleged that he had maintained secret connections with foreign intelligence services. In particular, attempts to initiate peace talks with 7006: 6542: 6295: 7590: 6991: 6120: 5457: 1992:. In 1919, Beria worked in the security service of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Beria maintained that he was assigned to that work by the 1701: 324: 2091:'s daughter-in-law during a party at their summer dacha, Beria shadowed their car closely all the way back to the Kremlin, terrifying his wife. 1539:

Abakumov moved expeditiously to replace Beria's men in the security apparatus with new people. Very soon, Deputy Minister Stepan Mamulov of the

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and occupied the northern half of Korea from August 1945. Beria recommended that Stalin install a communist leader in the occupied territories.

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As "der Kleine Große Mann" ("the Little Big Man"), Beria appears as the abuser of one of the leading characters, Christine, in the 2014 novel

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Women also submitted to Beria's sexual advances in exchange for the promise of freedom for imprisoned relatives. In one case, Beria picked up

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successfully penetrating the governments of these countries with his agents. In March 1931, he was appointed head of the Transcaucasian OGPU.

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intervened. While in prison, Beria formed a connection with Nina Gegechkori (1905–1991), his cellmate's niece, and they eloped on a train.

7672: 6569: 6463: 5161: 1540: 914: 281: 152: 4827:(2010). "Raphael Lemkin and the Question of Genocide under Communist Regimes". In Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka; Dębski, Sławomir (eds.). 922: 7852: 7847: 7662: 5793: 5535: 1524: 4576: 7802: 6696: 5266: 4832: 2079:

Stalin and other high-ranking officials came to distrust Beria. In one instance, when Stalin learned that his then-teenage daughter,

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in 1924, after which up to 10,000 people were executed. Between 1924 and 1927, he was head of the secret political department of the

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With Stalin nearing 70, a concealed struggle for succession amongst his entourage dominated Soviet politics. At the end of the war,

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In July 1945, as Soviet police ranks were converted to a military uniform system, Beria's rank was officially converted to that of

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mines and for the construction and operation of uranium processing plants. They also constructed test facilities, such as those at

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was called off and the republic's key posts were filled by pro-Beria Georgians. Beria's policies of granting more autonomy to the

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exclaimed: "I refuse to work with that charlatan!" Ordzhonikidze also objected to the promotion. Kartvelishvili was replaced by

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17 March] 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician and one of the longest-serving and most influential of

2922: 2764: 1301:: the imprisonment or execution of a huge number, possibly over a million, of citizens throughout the Soviet Union as alleged " 5481: 5472: 5463: 7712: 5786: 5528: 5232: 4970: 4949: 4919: 4869: 4754: 4590: 4496: 4400: 3903: 3141: 1957: 1070:. The Cheka became heavily involved in the conflict, which resulted in the defeat of the Mensheviks and the formation of the 3710: 2583:

as part of the rise of main character Alexander Preobrazensky's father-in-law Marshall Zotov, a character who stands in for

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The testimony of Sarkisov and Nadaraia has been partially corroborated by Edward Ellis Smith, an American who served in the

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by Canadian playwright David Elendune. The play is a fictionalised account of the events leading up to Stalin's death.

2280: 1795: 1756: 1398: 1071: 886:. Beria was also responsible for supervising secret Gulag detention facilities for scientists and engineers, known as 7822: 6628: 6323: 5616: 5409: 5387: 5343: 5316: 5288: 5251: 5129: 5106: 4989: 4840: 4806: 4324: 4051: 3937: 3627: 3605: 3417: 3166: 3062: 2980: 2453: 2335: 1923: 1799: 1402: 1075: 645: 2499:, the plot of which revolves around Beria's alleged secret diaries recording his political and sexual depravities. 1618:

as part of Soviet policy to woo Arab nationalists, which culminated in the major Czech–Egyptian arms deal of 1955.

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had to be revived with camphor. Reputedly, Orakhelashvili's ear drums were perforated and his eyes gouged out.

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in the 1930s, and in 1938 was appointed head of the NKVD by Stalin. His ascent marked the end of the Stalinist

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grave near the same residence containing a pile of human bones, including two children's skulls covered with

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Laurentius", paired with the similarly black-clad cleric "Monsignor Henricus" of the Holy Office (i.e., the

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Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997)

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Lavrenty Beria performed by Bob Hoskins and other Russian historical celebrities played by foreign stars

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In 1919, at the age of 20, Beria started his career in state security when the security service of the

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reported that he had been murdered by Beria. On 27 December 1936, the head of the communist party of

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of people identified as "political enemies" from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia after Soviet

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Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

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Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7627: 5747: 5707: 4445:; Interview Report No.5 (Washington D.C.: United States Department of State, September 1952), p. 4. 4144: 2597: 2492: 2144: 1997: 1871: 1867: 1727:

and reappointed head of the MVD, which he merged with the MGB. His close ally Malenkov was the new

1543:(MVD) was the only close Beria ally left outside foreign intelligence, on which Beria kept a grip. 1214: 764: 634: 4798:

Inferno in Chechnya: The Russian-Chechen Wars, the Al Qaeda Myth, and the Boston Marathon Bombings

4386: 1158:

During this time, he began to attack fellow members of the Georgian Communist Party, particularly

7832: 7762: 7422: 7301: 6265: 6245: 5762: 3338: 2711: 2422: 2390: 2156: 2124: 1732: 1477: 1410: 1265: 1144: 856: 405: 7743:

Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

7752: 6441: 5632: 2431: 2318: 2084: 1949: 1664: 20: 7648:

Candidates of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

5447: 5175: 5095: 4316: 4306: 4043: 4035: 3208:"Записка Р.А. Руденко в ЦК КПСС о реабилитации А.И. Угарова и С.М. Соболева. 3 января 1956 г." 6645: 6363: 4796: 4340: 3159:

The KGB's Literary Archive, The Discovery of the Ultimate Fate of Russia's Suppressed Writers

1985: 1611: 1495:, the future leader of North Korea, several times when the Soviet troops had declared war on 555: 7473: 5458:

Annotated bibliography for Lavrentiy Beria from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

1317:

and his wife and teenage son, and dozens more former NKVD officers, and the renowned writer

7747: 7723:

Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

7637: 7632: 6784: 6509: 6494: 6484: 6368: 6129: 6036: 5607: 5567: 2524:. In the novel, both men are on the same side, serving an alternate-world Catholic Empire. 2073: 1909: 1454: 1406: 1269: 1148: 981: 852: 6534: 4824: 3091: 1421:

camps into wartime production. He took control of the manufacture of armaments, and (with

8: 7837: 7580: 7544: 7271: 7261: 7200: 6504: 6489: 6358: 6347: 6336: 6275: 6225: 5922: 4792: 3994:"Beria and Khrushchev: The Power Struggle over Nationality Policy and the Case of Latvia" 3616: 2628: 2373: 2368: 2270: 2080: 2069: 2042:

during the years he was NKVD chief. Montefiore concludes that the information "reveals a

1979: 1945: 1905: 1677: 1595: 1564: 1462: 1302: 1131: 1123: 1046:

hired him while he was still a student at the Polytechnicum. In 1920, he was enlisted in

848: 7728:

Members of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

5201:

Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization

3783: 3756: 1599: 796:, who serially raped scores of girls and young women, and murdered some of his victims. 7519: 7494: 7412: 7387: 7291: 7251: 7236: 6869: 6816: 6776: 6331: 6280: 5928: 5916: 5835: 5597: 5562: 5209: 5195: 5051: 5043: 4312: 4205: 3667: 2621: 2560: 2409: 2088: 1953: 1887: 1736: 1615: 1341: 1226: 1055: 1016: 974: 970: 930: 371: 7529: 7432: 7397: 7341: 7336: 7321: 7296: 6937: 6824: 6705: 6637: 6602: 6586: 6304: 6290: 6270: 6255: 6235: 6192: 6063: 6057: 5958: 5890: 5859: 5752: 5687: 5682: 5657: 5637: 5587: 5415: 5405: 5383: 5366: 5349: 5339: 5322: 5312: 5294: 5284: 5247: 5228: 5135: 5125: 5118: 5102: 5070: 5055: 5012: 4995: 4985: 4966: 4945: 4941:

The Gulag After Stalin: Redefining Punishment in Khrushchev's Soviet Union, 1953–1964

4915: 4896: 4886: 4865: 4846: 4836: 4812: 4802: 4750: 4586: 4492: 4396: 4320: 4232: 4197: 4047: 4013: 3933: 3923: 3919: 3899: 3788: 3672: 3623: 3601: 3507:

Next to Stalin: Notes of a Bodyguard. Toronto: Northstar Compass Journal, 1996, p. 61

3297: 3287: 3187: 3162: 3137: 3092:"Записка Л.П. Берии И.В. Сталину о "контрреволюционных" группах в Грузии* 20.07.1937" 3058: 2976: 2807: 2797: 2770: 2644: 2569: 2528: 2018: 1989: 1965: 1764: 1705: 1668: 1653: 1520: 1310: 1249: 1186: 993: 985: 938: 753: 6594: 5215:

Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s

4291: 3235:. Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press. 934: 7595: 7575: 7549: 7504: 7427: 7362: 7331: 7246: 7231: 6808: 6800: 6230: 6197: 6006: 6000: 5946: 5934: 5871: 5853: 5757: 5662: 5647: 5642: 5086:

The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-53: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953

5035: 4771: 4364: 4005: 3778: 3768: 3662: 3652: 3597: 3236: 3233:

White Spots – Black Spots: Difficult Matters in Polish-Russian Relations, 1918–2008

2636: 2542: 2521: 2207: 2162: 1895: 1697: 1657: 1622: 1572: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1363: 1314: 1159: 1127: 1098: 1011:

Beria attended a technical school in Sukhumi, and later claimed to have joined the

879: 748: 711: 4009: 1790:

for support from the United States, as had been received in the Second World War.

1358:

In March 1939, Beria was appointed as a candidate member of the Communist Party's

1281: 1178: 7585: 7539: 7514: 7509: 7417: 7372: 7357: 7281: 7276: 7266: 7241: 6947: 6730: 6721: 6713: 6352: 6341: 6285: 6030: 5952: 5883: 5877: 5847: 5742: 5727: 5712: 5697: 5672: 5582: 5572: 5494: 5064: 4960: 4939: 4909: 4880: 4744: 4606: 4572: 3970: 3281: 3254: 2855: 2791: 2552: 2458: 2443: 2313: 2115: 2104: 2043: 1859: 1855:

and a group of armed officers in a nearby room, who burst in and arrested Beria.

1834: 1807: 1692: 1528: 1496: 1422: 1382: 1322: 1218: 1190: 1082: 926: 867: 793: 620: 145: 6098: 4717: 3055:

The Road to Terror, Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939

2826: 2762: 1093: 7718:

Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union

7652: 7600: 7554: 7499: 7382: 7316: 7306: 7221: 6932: 6906: 6901: 6675: 6667: 6260: 6240: 6158: 6042: 6024: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5964: 5865: 5823: 5778: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5702: 5692: 5677: 5667: 5627: 5520: 5261: 5039: 2737: 2610: 2532: 2508: 2400: 2234: 2150: 2022: 2014: 1883: 1879: 1817: 1689: 1603: 1579: 1508: 1446: 1438: 1387: 1337: 1333: 1286: 1254: 1241: 1167: 989: 863: 828: 820: 568: 525: 245: 7621: 7524: 7402: 7392: 7367: 7311: 6981: 6884: 6862: 6833: 6792: 6163: 6018: 6012: 5970: 5841: 5612: 5602: 5592: 5419: 5370: 5326: 5026:

McDermott, K. (1995). "Stalinist Terror in the Comintern: New Perspectives".

4999: 4236: 4201: 4017: 3929: 2811: 2565: 2503: 2472: 2427: 2013:

collapsing to the floor wailing. He was shot through the forehead by General

1969: 1852: 1744: 1709: 1481: 1458: 1442: 1381:, Beria sent a note (no. 794/B) to Stalin in which he stated that the Polish 1261: 1234: 1182: 1163: 1115: 1102: 1051: 942: 781: 777: 317: 88: 5507: 5353: 5298: 5139: 4900: 4257: 4225:"Beria Trial Shows Army's Rising Role; BERIA TRIAL SHOWS ARMY'S RISING ROLE" 3657: 3301: 1551:

affair, which commenced in October 1946 and eventually led to the murder of

7377: 5897: 5829: 5767: 4582: 4392: 4368: 3792: 3676: 2640: 2590:

Beria is a significant character in the opening chapters of the 1998 novel

2547: 2477: 2395: 2356: 2322:. Although banned in the Soviet Union for its semi-allegorical critique of 2244: 2224: 1941: 1891: 1829: 1779: 1583: 1567:; the Party head in Leningrad, Pyotr Popkov; and the Prime Minister of the 1414: 1346: 1340:

were brutal torturers who were executed in the 1950s. The theatre director

1210: 1194: 1036: 966: 789: 693: 580: 545: 3418:"Unknown history. The "Gray Eminence" of the Soviet system Mikhail Suslov" 2316:

based the character of dictator Varlam Aravidze on Beria in his 1984 film

7407: 6048: 5976: 3773: 3240: 2576: 2517: 2414: 2361: 2346: 2169:

Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

2038:

At Beria's trial in 1953, it became known that he had committed numerous

2025:, who begged for his life before his execution in 1940. Beria's body was 1806:"serious prospects of national autonomy", possibly similar to the Soviet 1783: 1492: 1329: 1318: 1298: 1024: 1005: 816: 678: 662: 4209: 4185: 1913:

authority by the time the thermonuclear design was ready to be tested."

1519:, was not a supporter of Beria. Also by the summer of 1946 Beria's man, 7075:

Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance

6768: 5622: 4637:"Statesman Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria. Brief biography of Lavrenty Beria" 4308:

Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940

3134:

Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940

2668: 2466: 2437:

Beria appears in the third episode ("Superbomb") of the four-part 2007

2062: 1930: 1626: 1397:

of the Red Army and related industries. In February 1941, Beria became

1393:

From October 1940 to February 1942, the NKVD under Beria carried out a

1000:(1868–1955), was deeply religious and church-going. Marta was from the 31: 5120:

Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster

5047: 3323: 7027: 2520:); the one to whom Beria was compared by Stalin in our own timeline: 2513: 2481: 2323: 2026: 1975: 1512: 1434: 1359: 1206: 1197:

in 1936, the same year that Lakoba and Khanjian were killed by Beria.

1119: 1059: 1012: 958: 889: 800: 521: 5336:Кто вы, Лаврентий Берия? : неизвестные страницы уголовного дела 1926:

on 23 December 1953 with no defence counsel and no right of appeal.

876:

mass deportations of millions of ethnic minorities from the Caucasus

841:

deportations of hundreds of thousands of Poles, Balts, and Romanians

7047: 2970: 2927: 2708:"Manhattan Project: Espionage and the Manhattan Project, 1940–1945" 2606:

The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared

2537: 2331: 2108: 1787: 1712: 1649: 1378: 1297:

as deputy head of the NKVD. Under Yezhov, the NKVD carried out the

1230: 1074:. Between 1922 and 1924, Beria was deputy chairman of the Georgian 1032: 883: 812: 4850: 4816: 1735:

and ultimately leader himself. Khrushchev became Party Secretary.

941:, with the support of other members of the leadership and Marshal 788:(NKVD) from 1938 to 1946, during the country's involvement in the 5186:

Avtorkhanov, Abdurahman (1991). "The Mystery of Stalin's Death".

2827:"Багиров Мир Джафар Аббасович 1896–1956 Биографический Указатель" 2135:

Beria was stripped of all titles and awards on 23 December 1953.

1937: 1682: 1607: 1473: 1450: 1430: 962: 946: 933:

which briefly led the country in Stalin's place. In June 1953, a

39: 6471: 5277:ქიქოძე, გერონტი, თანამედროვის ჩანაწერები. – . – თბ. : არეტე 3207: 2286:

Medal "25 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution" (Mongolia)

212:

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union

5009:

The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s

4962:

The 100-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared

4388:

Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him

4292:"Лаврентия Берию в 1953 году расстрелял лично советский маршал" 2888: 2584: 2099: 1863: 1535: 1294: 1244:, the newly appointed People's Commissar for Internal Affairs ( 1201:

In the first couple of years of mass arrests of members of the

997: 807:

in 1920, and quickly rose through its ranks. He transferred to

541: 3757:"Tyrant's End: Did Joseph Stalin Die From Warfarin Poisoning?" 1718: 1118:

first met in summer 1931, when Stalin took a six-week rest in

7022: 6577: 5480:

Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence.

5471:

Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence.

5465:

The Reversal of the Doctors' Plot and Its Immediate Aftermath

5462:

Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence.

4042:(1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 3522: 3510: 2856:"Берия Лаврентий Павлович 1899–1953 Биографический Указатель" 1645: 1418: 1170:

was alive. The language sounds uncommonly like Beria's own."

1047: 1001: 844: 804: 7475:

18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4465: 4463: 4414: 4412: 3847: 3823: 3811: 3581: 3579: 3566: 3564: 3539: 3537: 2955:

Let History Judge, The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism

2923:"Ferien mit Stalin: Als Sotschi das Zentrum des Terrors war" 1996:

party, which subsequently merged with the Adalat Party, the

1205:

and Soviet government that began after the assassination of

1153:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1101:

sitting on Beria's lap, with Stalin (in the background) and

831:

of 22,000 Polish officers and intelligentsia, and after the

6886: 6658: 6564: 2763:Мікалай Аляксандравіч Зяньковіч; Николай Зенькович (2005). 2199:

Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"

2039: 2001: 1245: 1028: 726: 720: 666: 384:

14 November 1931 – 18 October 1932

224:

25 November 1938 – 15 January 1946

211: 7778:

People from Georgia (country) executed by the Soviet Union

5382:(in Russian). Moscow: International Democracy Foundation. 3397: 3231:

Rotfeld, Adam Daniel; Torkunov, Anatoly (14 August 2015).

2480:

based the coldly evil War Lord on Beria, even wearing his

1933:

was the chairman of the court. Beria was found guilty of:

7202:

19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

6759: 5402:Империя Сталина: Биографический энциклопедический словарь 5363:

Commissar: The Life and Death of Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria

4505: 4460: 4409: 3576: 3561: 3549: 3534: 3489: 3477: 3184:

The House of Government, A Saga of the Russian Revolution

3096:ЛУБЯНКА: Сталин и Главное управление госбезопасности НКВД 2438: 2404: 2386: 2119: 1972:

to Japan also formed part of the allegations against him.

1704:

was under the direct supervision of Beria and his deputy

1222: 729: 340:

15 January 1934 – 31 August 1938

4424: 2744: 1257:

and Stalin, will be mercilessly crushed and destroyed."

878:, actions which have been described by many scholars as 5378:

Yakovlev, A.N.; Naumov, V.; Sigachev, Y., eds. (1999).

4375:, trans. Ellen Dahrendorf, I. B. Tauris, London, p. 86. 3255:"Russian parliament condemns Stalin for Katyn massacre" 945:, removed Beria from power. He was arrested, tried for 5437:

The Victory of the National Policy of Lenin and Stalin

5377: 4443:

The Soviet Union as Reported by Former Soviet Citizens

3835: 3622:(autobiography, published 1967, London, written 1963) 3136:. Stanford CA: Hoover Institution Press. p. 186. 2971:

R.W.Davies; Oleg V. Khlevniuk; E.A.Rees, eds. (2003).

2718: 2575:

The arrest and execution of Beria is recreated in the

476:

22 March 1939 – 18 March 1946

7818:

Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union

7798:

People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union

5225:

The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945

4272: 3946: 3871: 3859: 3799: 3385: 3361: 3071: 1916:

Beria and his men were tried by a "special session" (

1672:

unconscious again, Beria immediately stood and spat.

1058:. At that time, a Bolshevik revolt took place in the 298:

19 March 1946 – 5 March 1953

153:

Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union

7858:

Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union

7773:

People executed for treason against the Soviet Union

7683:

First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union

4908:

Brent, Jonathan; Naumov, Vladimir Pavlovich (2003).

4724: 4448: 3186:. Prinveton, N.J.: Princeton U.P. pp. 841–842. 3027:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 472–3. 3004: 2193:

Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"

723: 717: 443:

18 March 1946 – 7 July 1953

5309:

The Unsleeping Eye: Secret Police and Their Victims

4685: 3373: 3025:

Three Who Made a Revolution, A Biographical History

2687:

This fits an account from Khrushchev's perspective.

1023:). Beria had earlier worked for the anti-Bolshevik 714: 5117: 5094: 2620:(translated as "The Eighth Life (For Brilka)") by 1511:, who had served as the Communist Party leader in 1328:Some of the NKVD officers Beria promoted, such as 7688:First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party 6128: 5174:(in Russian). Sukhumi: Дом печати. Archived from 4480: 4478: 2975:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 182. 919:First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers 7619: 5808: 5550: 5159: 4030: 3336: 3000:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 15. 2920: 1652:at 03:00 on 2 March 1953, after being called by 4801:. University Press of New England. p. 67. 4578:Russia: A 1,000-Year Chronicle of the Wild East 3230: 952: 7768:People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm 5483:Summarization of Reports Preceding Beria Purge 5154:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 4475: 4120:"Abe Stein: The Downfall of Beria (July 1953)" 3286:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 122. 1824: 949:and other offences, and executed in December. 902:in 1945, and promoted to a full member of the 757: 74: 7808:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class 7793:People of World War II from Georgia (country) 7678:Executed Soviet people from Georgia (country) 7459: 7186: 6870: 6550: 6457: 6211:First Secretaries of Georgian Communist Party 6114: 5794: 5536: 5512: 5006: 4928: 4742: 3966:"History's forgotten people: Lavrentiy Beria" 3853: 3829: 3817: 3711:"New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned" 3704: 3702: 2973:The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36 2603:Beria is a minor character in the 2009 novel 2017:. His final moments bore great similarity to 1917: 1559:". Those executed included Zhdanov's deputy, 887: 738: 65: 7072:Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure 4304: 4250: 3156: 3052: 2881:"History's Forgotten People Lavrentiy Beria" 870:intelligence and sabotage operations on the 19:"Beria" redirects here. For other uses, see 7758:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union 6885:People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs ( 5333: 5208: 5194: 5185: 4907: 3693: 3131: 2714:– Office of History and Heritage Resources. 1719:First Deputy Premier and Soviet triumvirate 1407:Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union 853:Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union 749:[lɐˈvrʲenʲtʲɪjˈpavləvʲɪdʑˈbʲerʲɪjə] 7466: 7452: 7193: 7179: 6877: 6863: 6557: 6543: 6464: 6450: 6121: 6107: 5801: 5787: 5543: 5529: 5115: 5062: 4857: 4611:"The Secret Speech/The Scramble For Power" 4511: 4484: 4469: 4430: 4418: 3699: 3632: 3585: 3570: 3555: 3543: 3528: 3516: 3495: 3483: 3415: 3403: 2995: 2908: 2789: 2750: 1723:After Stalin's death, Beria was appointed 1700:and other authors. From 1939 to 1953, the 1688:Stalin's death prevented a final purge of 1468:In December 1944, the NKVD supervised the 786:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs 165:5 March – 26 June 1953 126:5 March – 26 June 1953 87: 7813:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner 5495:Newspaper clippings about Lavrentiy Beria 5241: 5097:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 5025: 5007:Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd, Eleonory (2013). 4882:Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin's Kremlin 4769: 4171:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3782: 3772: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3666: 3656: 3591: 3161:. London: The Harvill Press. p. 25. 3077: 2948: 2946: 855:later that year, he was appointed to the 5396: 5222: 5011:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 4958: 4823: 4791: 4730: 4667:"Good Night Uncle Joe – One Act Version" 4605: 4571: 4384: 4222: 3892:Communism and the Emergence of Democracy 3330: 3181: 3057:. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 304–05. 3053:J.Arch Getty, and Oleg V.Naumov (1999). 2957:. Nottingham: Spokesman. pp. 242–3. 2952: 2527:Beria is a significant character in the 2371:played Beria in the 2017 satirical film 1870:. Defence Minister Bulganin ordered the 1828: 1640:Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin 1293:In August 1938, Stalin brought Beria to 1280: 1177: 1109: 1092: 913:in March 1953, Beria became head of the 6178:Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee 5360: 5274: 5083: 4541: 4539: 4523: 4517: 4485:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (3 June 2010). 4258:"Citizen Kurchatov Stalin's Bomb Maker" 3379: 3283:Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 3132:Marc Jansen, and Nikita Petrov (2002). 2434:'s bodyguard Pincher represents Beria. 2187:Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus" 1606:. These men were frequently accused of 894:. From 1945, he personally oversaw the 7620: 5338:(in Russian). Moscow: Detektiv-Press. 5260: 5092: 4979: 4911:Stalin's Last Crime: The Doctor's Plot 4454: 4278: 4183: 3991: 3952: 3918: 3877: 3865: 3805: 3754: 3743: 3391: 3367: 3010: 2966: 2964: 2943: 2724: 2457:, Beria was portrayed by Polish actor 2204:Honorary State Security Officer, twice 2061:after the war. According to historian 1982:was classified as an act of terrorism. 1944:in 1941 through the ambassador of the 957:Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria was born in 16:Soviet secret police chief (1899–1953) 7447: 7174: 6858: 6538: 6445: 6102: 5782: 5524: 5511: 5445: 5433: 5306: 5267:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 4959:Jonasson, Jonas (11 September 2012). 4938:Hardy, Jeffrey S. (18 October 2016). 4937: 4878: 4710: 4659: 4629: 4333: 4305:Jansen, Marc; Petrov, Nikita (2002). 4284: 4216: 4092: 4086: 4060: 3958: 3889: 3841: 3734: 3708: 3638: 3435: 3416:Skvortsova, Elena (7 December 2021). 3409: 3349:from the original on 27 February 2014 3308: 3247: 3022: 2921:Berthold Seewald (10 February 2014). 2914: 2849: 2847: 2700: 2451:. In the 2008 BBC documentary series 2290: 2175:Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad" 2130: 1289:and other places in the Soviet Union. 1015:in March 1917 while a student in the 747: 7703:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides 7658:Commissars General of State Security 7093:Camps of Hydrotechnical Construction 5218:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5204:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4536: 4223:Schwartz, Harry (24 December 1953). 4173:. Simon & Schuster. p. 519. 3992:Loader, Michael (25 November 2016). 3279: 3116: 3037: 2873: 2853: 2824: 2730: 1502: 1461:. All these groups were deported to 7693:Former Georgian Orthodox Christians 5244:Khruschev Remembers: Last Testament 4929:Chang, June; Halliday, Jon (2005). 4069:"SOVIETS CHRONICLE DEMISE OF BERIA" 4066: 3755:Turner, Matthew D (16 March 2023). 2961: 2214: 2033: 1578:However, Beria was unable to purge 1276: 595:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13: 7673:Directors of intelligence agencies 6322: 6314: 6221:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 6216: 6188:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 6183: 6148: 5404:(in Russian). Veche. p. 605. 5311:. San Francisco: Encounter Books. 5147: 4524:Shepard, Robin (18 January 2003). 4168: 3737:My Father: Inside Stalin's Kremlin 2844: 2738:"Последние Годы Правления Сталина" 2345:Beria was played by British actor 2300:Beria is the central character in 2076:in the gulag, which she survived. 1248:), the ministry which oversaw the 1173: 874:. In 1943–1944, Beria oversaw the 847:camps. In 1941, Beria began a new 14: 7869: 7853:Executed suspected serial killers 7848:Executed Great Purge perpetrators 7663:Communists from Georgia (country) 5427: 5124:. Boston: Little Brown & Co. 4770:Alexander, Scott (22 June 2016). 4526:"Beria's terror files are opened" 4488:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 3089: 2796:. New York: Vintage. p. 67. 2454:World War II: Behind Closed Doors 2241:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 2231:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 2221:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 2181:Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" 1950:the defence of the North Caucasus 1924:Supreme Court of the Soviet Union 1696:associates has been supported by 1633: 1386:them in what became known as the 7803:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 7023:Camps and Places of Imprisonment 6614: 6523: 5281:Writings of Contemporary Records 5160:Antonov-Ovseenko, Anton (2007). 4982:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant 4693:"Festival de Cannes: Repentance" 4669:. stageplays.com. Archived from 3739:. Gerald Duckworth, and Co. Ltd. 3337:Mark O'Neill (17 October 2010). 1919:специальное судебное присутствие 1268:, Maria Orakhelashvili, wife of 1081:He then led the repression of a 1066:, and the Red Army subsequently 710: 677: 661: 644: 7643:Atheists from Georgia (country) 5190:(in Russian). pp. 194–233. 5028:Journal of Contemporary History 4763: 4736: 4599: 4565: 4547:"Grim reminder of Beria terror" 4436: 4378: 4358: 4298: 4177: 4162: 4137: 4112: 4024: 3985: 3912: 3883: 3728: 3709:Wines, Michael (5 March 2003). 3610: 3501: 3465: 3443:"Top 10 Odd Facts about Stalin" 3273: 3224: 3200: 3175: 3150: 3125: 3110: 3098:. Alexander Yakovlev Foundation 3083: 3046: 3031: 3016: 2989: 2902: 2681: 2138: 1978:. Beria's participation in the 1876:Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division 1741:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 833:occupation of the Baltic states 823:, whom Beria purged. After the 784:chiefs, serving as head of the 7843:Recipients of the Stalin Prize 7828:Soviet Georgian NKVD officials 7783:People from Gulripshi District 7090:Political Propaganda of Troops 7028:Workers' and Peasants' Militia 6153:Democratic Republic of Georgia 6139:Democratic Republic of Georgia 5446:——— (1950), 5365:. New York: The Macmillan Co. 4984:. Princeton University Press. 4785: 4749:. Frankfurter Verlagsanstalt. 4491:. Orion. pp. chapter 45. 4145:"CIA On The Beria Purge | PDF" 3339:"Kim Il-sung's secret history" 2818: 2783: 2756: 2512:, Lavrentiy Beria figures as " 2153:(1935, 1943, 1945, 1949, 1949) 1782:communist regime broke out in 1523:, was replaced as head of the 1403:Council of People's Commissars 1313:and his wife and teenage son, 1064:Democratic Republic of Georgia 1044:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 819:carried out by previous chief 1: 7048:Construction at the Far North 7038:State Filming and Cartography 6570:Soviet secret police agencies 5066:Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar 4858:Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1967). 4010:10.1080/09668136.2016.1257701 3157:Shentalinsky, Vitaly (1995). 2996:Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1968). 2694: 2663:Democracy and Totalitarianism 2487: 2380: 1980:purge of the Red Army in 1941 1872:Kantemirovskaya Tank Division 1846:British intelligence agencies 1616:tried, convicted and executed 1549:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 1375:Gestapo–NKVD Third Conference 1083:Georgian nationalist uprising 1078:(as Cheka had been renamed). 827:in 1939, Beria organized the 110:First Deputy Chairman of the 94: 28:Eastern Slavic naming customs 7713:Marshals of the Soviet Union 7032:Border and Internal Security 5810:Premiers of the Soviet Union 5552:Marshals of the Soviet Union 5334:Sukhomlinov, Andrey (2004). 4944:. Cornell University Press. 4746:Das achte Leben (Für Brilka) 4743:Haratischwili, Nino (2014). 3280:Pohl, Jonathan Otto (1999). 2766:Самые секретные родственники 2618:Das achte Leben (Für Brilka) 2420:In the 1999 film adaptation 2340:Prize of the Ecumenical Jury 2019:those of his own predecessor 2004:Bolsheviks to establish the 1541:Ministry of Internal Affairs 1409:, he became a member of the 1021:Azerbaijan State Oil Academy 953:Early life and rise to power 915:Ministry of Internal Affairs 792:. Beria was also a prolific 7: 7668:Deaths by firearm in Russia 6319:Flag of Georgia (1990–2004) 6054:Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990) 5499:20th Century Press Archives 5227:. London: William Collins. 4933:. New York: Alfred a Knopf. 4772:"Interludeי: The Broadcast" 4617:. Season 2. Episode 17. BBC 4341:"Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich" 4294:(in Russian). 24 June 2010. 4190:Journal of Cold War Studies 4034:; Gordievsky, Oleg (1990). 3925:The Cold War: a new history 3641:"Stalin's mysterious death" 3474:, Karen Rasler et al. p. 39 2657:History of the Soviet Union 2650: 2264: 1825:Arrest, trial and execution 1525:Ministry for State Security 1489:Marshal of the Soviet Union 1373:On 5 March 1940, after the 1019:(subsequently known as the 900:Marshal of the Soviet Union 888: 683:Marshal of the Soviet Union 10: 7874: 7708:Heroes of Socialist Labour 7102:Railway Construction Camps 7099:Railway Construction Camps 7087:Railway Construction Camps 5361:Wittlin, Thaddeus (1972). 5242:Khruschev, Nikita (1977). 5151: 5116:Sudoplatov, Pavel (1995). 5063:Montefiore, Simon (2003). 5040:10.1177/002200949503000105 4861:Twenty Letters to a Friend 3896:Cambridge University Press 3620:Twenty Letters To A Friend 3023:Wolfe, Bertram D. (1966). 2998:Twenty Letters to a Friend 2790:Montefiore, Simon (2008). 2295: 2006:Azerbaijan Communist Party 1637: 1470:Soviet atomic bomb project 1193:during the opening of the 996:family; his mother, Marta 896:Soviet atomic bomb project 26:In this name that follows 25: 18: 7788:People from Sukhumi okrug 7563: 7482: 7350: 7209: 7109: 7015: 6974: 6925: 6894: 6845: 6758: 6695: 6657: 6623: 6612: 6576: 6521: 6480: 6472:First Secretaries of the 6430: 6376: 6327:Standard of the President 6303: 6205: 6172: 6137: 6088:Prime Ministers of Russia 6073: 5907: 5816: 5558: 5518: 5513:Links to related articles 5434:Beria, Lavrentiy (1936), 5275:Kikodze, Geronti (2003). 5270:. New York: Random House. 5084:Parrish, Michael (1996). 4385:Rayfield, Donald (2005). 4095:"Lavrenti Beria Executed" 3854:Kozlov & Gilburd 2013 3830:Kozlov & Gilburd 2013 3818:Kozlov & Gilburd 2013 2495:wrote a spy novel titled 2399:, Beria was portrayed by 2328:1987 Cannes Film Festival 1918: 1405:, and in June, following 1050:, the original Bolshevik 825:Soviet invasion of Poland 770:Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria 758: 739: 706:Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria 699: 689: 672: 657: 652: 640: 630: 609: 601: 590: 561: 551: 531: 509:Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria 504: 499: 495: 469: 458: 436: 421: 411: 399: 377: 365: 355: 333: 323: 313: 291: 280: 276: 272: 265: 261: 251: 239: 217: 210: 200: 188: 180: 158: 151: 141: 119: 108: 104: 86: 75: 66: 60: 53: 7823:Soviet Georgian generals 7044:Measurements and Weights 5474:Purge of L.P. Beria 5093:Rhodes, Richard (1995). 5088:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 4311:. Stanford, California: 3343:South China Morning Post 2674: 2145:Hero of Socialist Labour 1868:Moscow Military District 1753:Salekhard–Igarka Railway 1702:Soviet Poison Laboratory 1612:rootless cosmopolitanism 1586:speculates in his book, 1215:Armenian Communist Party 859:, overseeing security. 839:in 1940, he oversaw the 803:, Beria enlisted in the 759:ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია 740:Лаврентий Павлович Берия 635:Hero of Socialist Labour 552:Cause of death 459:Candidate member of the 327:Georgian Communist Party 286:of the Soviet Union 114:of the Soviet Union 7423:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 7302:Panteleimon Ponomarenko 3694:Brent & Naumov 2003 3658:10.4103/2152-7806.89876 3182:Slezkine, Yuri (2017). 2712:US Department of Energy 2391:The Plot to Kill Stalin 2336:Grand Prize of the Jury 2312:Georgian film director 2307: 2281:Order of the Red Banner 2256:Order of the Republic ( 2251:Order of the Red Banner 2157:Order of the Red Banner 2125:Moscow State University 1866:of the headquarters of 1739:became Chairman of the 1733:power behind the throne 1411:State Defense Committee 1266:Lavrenty Kartvelishvili 1145:Lavrenty Kartvelishvili 857:State Defense Committee 406:Lavrenty Kartvelishvili 325:First Secretary of the 282:Deputy Chairman of the 7096:Local Anti-Air Defense 6433:* Acting head of state 6328: 6320: 6222: 6189: 6154: 5486:, 17 August 1954. 5307:Stove, Robert (2003). 5223:Hastings, Max (2015). 5101:. Simon and Schuster. 4931:Mao: The Unknown Story 3894:. Cambridge, England: 3890:Wydra, Harald (2007). 3211:Исторические Материалы 2953:Medvedev, Roy (1976). 2631:science fiction novel 2326:, it premiered at the 2085:Alexander Poskrebyshev 1840: 1665:Simon Sebag Montefiore 1563:; the economic chief, 1356: 1290: 1198: 1189:, Lavrentiy Beria and 1141: 1106: 21:Beria (disambiguation) 7698:Genocide perpetrators 7591:Alexander Shcherbakov 7084:Military Construction 6646:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky 6326: 6318: 6220: 6187: 6152: 6078:First Deputy Premiers 5477:, 17 April 1954. 4885:. London: Duckworth. 4879:Beria, Sergo (2003). 4718:"The Death of Stalin" 4615:Russia, The Wild East 4184:Kramer, Mark (1999). 4040:KGB: The Inside Story 2302:Good Night, Uncle Joe 1986:Counter-revolutionary 1910:thermonuclear weapons 1832: 1351: 1303:enemies of the people 1284: 1181: 1136: 1110:Relations with Stalin 1096: 849:purge of the Red Army 772:; 29 March [ 556:Execution by shooting 7110:Territorial agencies 6785:Vladimir Semichastny 6510:Mamia Orakhelashvili 6495:Mamia Orakhelashvili 6485:Aleksandr Miasnikyan 5468:, 17 July 1953. 5398:Zalessky, Konstantin 5181:on 4 September 2015. 4980:Knight, Amy (1996). 4835:. pp. 121–122. 4793:Williams, Brian Glyn 4395:. pp. 466–467. 4093:Cavendish, Richard. 3774:10.7759/cureus.36265 3241:10.2307/j.ctt166grd4 2769:. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. 2596:by British novelist 2074:solitary confinement 2059:US embassy in Moscow 1988:activity during the 1839:cover, 20 July 1953. 1725:First Deputy Premier 1534:Abakumov had headed 1370:of those countries. 1270:Mamia Orakhelashvili 1149:Mamia Orakhelashvili 982:Republic of Abkhazia 616:Pavel Beria (father) 284:Council of Ministers 267:Additional positions 112:Council of Ministers 7581:Nikolai Voznesensky 7545:Nikolai Voznesensky 7272:Vyacheslav Malyshev 6505:Vissarion Lominadze 6490:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 6474:Transcaucasian SFSR 5210:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 5196:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 4697:festival-cannes.com 4673:on 20 December 2013 4032:Andrew, Christopher 3998:Europe-Asia Studies 3617:Svetlana Alliluyeva 3531:, pp. 638–641. 3519:, pp. 640–644. 2417:was cast as Beria. 2374:The Death of Stalin 2369:Simon Russell Beale 2271:Order of Sukhbaatar 2070:Tatiana Okunevskaya 1946:Kingdom of Bulgaria 1906:Vyacheslav Malyshev 1757:Ministry of Justice 1678:Svetlana Alliluyeva 1565:Nikolai Voznesensky 1463:Soviet Central Asia 1321:and the journalist 1124:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1087:Transcaucasian SFSR 992:). He grew up in a 988:, then part of the 843:to remote areas or 422:Full member of the 93:Official portrait, 7520:Vyacheslav Molotov 7495:Kliment Voroshilov 7413:Mir Jafar Baghirov 7388:Nikolai Patolichev 7292:Vyacheslav Molotov 7252:Demyan Korotchenko 7237:Kliment Voroshilov 7081:Military Logistics 6962:Aleksandr Kovalyov 6958:Vasiliy Chernyshov 6817:Vladimir Kryuchkov 6777:Alexander Shelepin 6329: 6321: 6223: 6190: 6155: 6130:Leaders of Georgia 5449:The Great Contrast 4965:. Hachette Books. 4825:Courtois, Stephane 4373:The Unknown Stalin 4313:Hoover Institution 4260:(documentary). PBS 4229:The New York Times 3920:Gaddis, John Lewis 3715:The New York Times 3261:. 26 November 2010 3042:. pp. 367–68. 2911:, pp. 124–125 2622:Nino Haratischwili 2558:In the 1981 novel 2502:At the opening of 2291:In popular culture 2165:, 1st class (1944) 2159:(1924, 1942, 1944) 2131:Honours and awards 2089:Kliment Voroshilov 1954:Kaliningrad Oblast 1888:Vladimir Dekanozov 1841: 1833:Lavrenty Beria on 1737:Kliment Voroshilov 1588:Neizvestnyi Stalin 1413:(GKO). During the 1342:Vsevolod Meyerhold 1291: 1240:In December 1936, 1227:Alexander Shelepin 1199: 1155:in February 1934. 1107: 1056:Mir Jafar Baghirov 1017:Baku Polytechnicum 975:Gulripshi District 971:Kutais Governorate 931:Vyacheslav Molotov 372:Candide Charkviani 7615: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7564:Candidate members 7530:Nikita Khrushchev 7441: 7440: 7433:Alexei Kirichenko 7398:Alexander Puzanov 7351:Candidate members 7342:Alexei Kirichenko 7337:Matvei Shkiryatov 7322:Nikita Khrushchev 7297:Mikhail Pervukhin 7287:Nikolai Mikhailov 7168: 7167: 7016:Main Directorates 6938:Mikhail Frinovsky 6852: 6851: 6825:Leonid Shebarshin 6706:Vsevolod Merkulov 6638:Felix Dzerzhinsky 6603:Felix Dzerzhinsky 6587:Felix Dzerzhinsky 6532: 6531: 6500:Rukholla Akhundov 6439: 6438: 6434: 6310: 6212: 6179: 6144: 6096: 6095: 5776: 5775: 5234:978-0-00-750374-2 4972:978-1-4013-0439-3 4951:978-1-5017-0604-2 4921:978-0-7195-5448-3 4871:978-0-06-010099-5 4756:978-3-627-02208-2 4609:(2 August 2011). 4592:978-1-4464-1688-4 4498:978-0-297-86385-4 4402:978-0-375-75771-6 4391:. New York City: 4169:Rhodes, Richard. 4004:(10): 1759–1792. 3928:. New York City: 3905:978-0-521-85169-5 3844:, pp. 23–24. 3735:Beria, S (2001). 3683:on 25 April 2012. 3639:Faria MA (2011). 3472:How Rivalries End 3453:on 10 August 2014 3316:"Wisdom of Korea" 3143:978-0-8179-2902-2 3119:Let History Judge 3040:Let History Judge 2727:, pp. 14–16. 2627:In the 2015–2017 2545:, as well as the 2529:alternate history 2441:docudrama series 2349:in the 1991 film 1990:Russian Civil War 1765:Mingrelian affair 1706:Vsevolod Merkulov 1654:Nikita Khrushchev 1521:Vsevolod Merkulov 1503:Post-war politics 1311:Mikhail Frinovsky 1187:Nikita Khrushchev 1126:, but writing to 994:Georgian Orthodox 939:Nikita Khrushchev 703: 702: 491: 490: 417:Petre Agniashvili 361:Petre Agniashvili 7865: 7596:Nikolai Bulganin 7576:Nikolai Shvernik 7550:Nikolai Bulganin 7505:Lazar Kaganovich 7468: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7428:Nikolai Shvernik 7363:Andrey Vyshinsky 7332:Nikolai Shvernik 7327:Dmitry Chesnokov 7257:Vasili Kuznetsov 7247:Lazar Kaganovich 7232:Nikolai Bulganin 7217:Vasily Andrianov 7195: 7188: 7181: 7172: 7171: 6975:NKVD Secretaries 6966:Vasiliy Karutsky 6953:Semyon Zhukovsky 6879: 6872: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6838: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6809:Viktor Chebrikov 6805: 6801:Vitaly Fedorchuk 6797: 6789: 6781: 6773: 6751: 6743: 6735: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6650: 6642: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6599: 6591: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6536: 6535: 6527: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6308: 6210: 6177: 6142: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6100: 6099: 6066:(Jan.–Nov. 1991) 6060:(Jan.–Nov. 1991) 5943:(Mar.–June 1953) 5900:(Aug.–Dec. 1991) 5886:(Jan.–Aug. 1991) 5803: 5796: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5453: 5441: 5423: 5393: 5374: 5357: 5330: 5302: 5271: 5257: 5246:. Random House. 5238: 5219: 5205: 5191: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5143: 5123: 5112: 5100: 5089: 5080: 5069:. Random House. 5059: 5022: 5003: 4976: 4955: 4934: 4925: 4904: 4875: 4854: 4820: 4780: 4779: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4643:. 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Archived from 3312: 3306: 3305: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3193:978-06911-9272-7 3179: 3173: 3172: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2688: 2685: 2543:Harry Turtledove 2522:Heinrich Himmler 2497:The Beria Papers 2215:Soviet Republics 2163:Order of Suvorov 2034:Sexual predation 1960:to Finland, the 1921: 1920: 1896:Lev Vlodzimirsky 1862:and then to the 1808:satellite states 1698:Edvard Radzinsky 1658:Nikolai Bulganin 1600:Bedřich Geminder 1573:Mikhail Rodionov 1561:Alexey Kuznetsov 1557:Leningrad Affair 1553:Solomon Mikhoels 1415:Second World War 1383:prisoners of war 1315:Yefim Yevdokimov 1277:Head of the NKVD 1160:Gaioz Devdariani 1128:Lazar Kaganovich 1099:Svetlana Stalina 893: 880:ethnic cleansing 837:parts of Romania 790:Second World War 768: 761: 760: 751: 746: 742: 741: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 685: 681: 665: 653:Military service 648: 538: 535:23 December 1953 518: 516: 500:Personal details 487: 485: 481: 474: 454: 452: 448: 441: 414: 402: 395: 393: 389: 382: 368: 358: 351: 349: 345: 338: 328: 309: 307: 303: 296: 285: 263: 262: 254: 242: 235: 233: 229: 222: 203: 191: 176: 174: 170: 163: 137: 135: 131: 124: 113: 99: 96: 91: 79: 78: 77: 70: 69: 68: 51: 50: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7628:Lavrentiy Beria 7618: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7586:Georgy Malenkov 7571:Lavrentiy Beria 7559: 7540:Georgy Malenkov 7535:Lavrentiy Beria 7515:Anastas Mikoyan 7510:Mikhail Kalinin 7490:Andrey Andreyev 7478: 7472: 7442: 7437: 7418:Leonid Melnikov 7373:Nikolai Ignatov 7358:Leonid Brezhnev 7346: 7282:Anastas Mikoyan 7277:Leonid Melnikov 7267:Georgy Malenkov 7242:Semyon Ignatyev 7227:Lavrentiy Beria 7205: 7199: 7169: 7164: 7161:Karelia-Finland 7105: 7011: 6970: 6948:Leonid Zakovsky 6921: 6912:Lavrentiy Beria 6890: 6883: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6754: 6749: 6741: 6739:Lavrentiy Beria 6733: 6731:Semyon Ignatiev 6724: 6722:Sergei Ogoltsov 6716: 6714:Viktor Abakumov 6708: 6691: 6686: 6684:Lavrentiy Beria 6678: 6670: 6653: 6648: 6640: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6572: 6563: 6533: 6528: 6519: 6515:Lavrentiy Beria 6476: 6470: 6440: 6435: 6426: 6372: 6307: 6299: 6209: 6201: 6176: 6168: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6097: 6092: 6083:Deputy Premiers 6069: 5903: 5812: 5807: 5777: 5772: 5554: 5549: 5514: 5430: 5412: 5390: 5346: 5319: 5291: 5262:Kotkin, Stephen 5254: 5235: 5178: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5148:Further reading 5132: 5109: 5077: 5019: 4992: 4973: 4952: 4922: 4914:. John Murray. 4893: 4872: 4843: 4809: 4788: 4783: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4647:on 4 April 2023 4641:kaskadtuning.ru 4635: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585:. p. 396. 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4551:Herald Scotland 4545: 4544: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4512:Montefiore 2003 4510: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4476: 4470:Montefiore 2003 4468: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4431:Sudoplatov 1995 4429: 4425: 4419:Montefiore 2003 4417: 4410: 4403: 4383: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4221: 4217: 4182: 4178: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4073:Washington Post 4065: 4061: 4054: 4029: 4025: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3898:. p. 165. 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3753: 3744: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3645:Surg Neurol Int 3637: 3633: 3615: 3611: 3596: 3592: 3586:Montefiore 2003 3584: 3577: 3571:Montefiore 2003 3569: 3562: 3556:Montefiore 2003 3554: 3550: 3544:Montefiore 2003 3542: 3535: 3529:Montefiore 2003 3527: 3523: 3517:Montefiore 2003 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3496:Montefiore 2003 3494: 3490: 3484:Montefiore 2003 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3410: 3406:, p. 642n. 3404:Montefiore 2003 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3331: 3326:on 28 May 2013. 3314: 3313: 3309: 3294: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3130: 3126: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3051: 3047: 3036: 3032: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2969: 2962: 2951: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2919: 2915: 2909:Montefiore 2003 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2854:Zalessky, K.A. 2852: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2825:Zalessky, K.A. 2823: 2819: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2751:Alliluyeva 1967 2749: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2653: 2637:Scott Alexander 2553:John Birmingham 2490: 2459:Krzysztof Dracz 2444:Nuclear Secrets 2389:production of " 2383: 2314:Tengiz Abuladze 2310: 2298: 2293: 2267: 2217: 2141: 2133: 2116:Martin Sixsmith 2044:sexual predator 2036: 1958:part of Karelia 1884:Sergey Goglidze 1827: 1821:against Beria. 1804:Lithuanian SSRs 1721: 1642: 1636: 1529:Viktor Abakumov 1505: 1423:Georgy Malenkov 1399:deputy chairman 1323:Mikhail Koltsov 1279: 1219:Aghasi Khanjian 1203:Communist Party 1191:Aghasi Khanjian 1176: 1174:The Great Purge 1112: 955: 927:Georgy Malenkov 921:, and formed a 809:Communist Party 794:sexual predator 763: 744: 737:; Russian: 713: 709: 676: 626: 605:Nina Gegechkori 591:Political party 586: 540: 536: 520: 514: 512: 511: 510: 483: 479: 477: 475: 470: 450: 446: 444: 442: 437: 412: 400: 391: 387: 385: 383: 378: 366: 356: 347: 343: 341: 339: 334: 326: 305: 301: 299: 297: 292: 283: 268: 252: 240: 231: 227: 225: 223: 218: 201: 189: 184:Georgy Malenkov 172: 168: 166: 164: 159: 146:Georgy Malenkov 133: 129: 127: 125: 120: 111: 100: 97: 82: 73: 67:Лаврентий Берия 64: 56: 55:Lavrentiy Beria 47: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7871: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7833:Soviet rapists 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7763:Old Bolsheviks 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7601:Alexei Kosygin 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7555:Alexei Kosygin 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7500:Andrei Zhdanov 7497: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7383:Alexei Kosygin 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7317:Mikhail Suslov 7314: 7309: 7307:Maksim Saburov 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7222:Averky Aristov 7219: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7063:Transportation 7061: 7058: 7056:State Security 7053: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7007:Stepan Mamulov 7004: 6999: 6997:Mikhail Petrov 6994: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6933:Nikolai Yezhov 6929: 6927: 6926:NKVD Collegium 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6917:Sergei Kruglov 6914: 6909: 6907:Nikolai Yezhov 6904: 6902:Genrikh Yagoda 6898: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6822: 6814: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6782: 6774: 6765: 6763: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747:Sergei Kruglov 6744: 6736: 6728: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6676:Nikolai Yezhov 6673: 6668:Genrikh Yagoda 6664: 6662: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6634: 6632: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6583: 6581: 6574: 6573: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6364:Margvelashvili 6361: 6356: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6334: 6313: 6311: 6305:Modern Georgia 6301: 6300: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246:Kartvelishvili 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6215: 6213: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6195: 6182: 6180: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6147: 6145: 6143:Prime Minister 6135: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5909:First Deputies 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5492: 5487: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5455: 5443: 5429: 5428:External links 5426: 5425: 5424: 5410: 5394: 5388: 5375: 5358: 5344: 5331: 5317: 5304: 5289: 5283:]. Arete. 5272: 5258: 5252: 5239: 5233: 5220: 5206: 5192: 5183: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5130: 5113: 5107: 5090: 5081: 5076:978-1400076789 5075: 5060: 5034:(1): 111–130. 5023: 5018:978-1442618954 5017: 5004: 4990: 4977: 4971: 4956: 4950: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4905: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4864:. Hutchinson. 4855: 4841: 4821: 4807: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776:unsongbook.com 4762: 4755: 4735: 4723: 4709: 4684: 4658: 4628: 4598: 4591: 4564: 4535: 4516: 4514:, p. 508. 4504: 4497: 4474: 4472:, p. 507. 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4421:, p. 506. 4408: 4401: 4377: 4357: 4345:WW2 Gravestone 4332: 4325: 4297: 4283: 4281:, p. 523. 4271: 4249: 4215: 4176: 4161: 4136: 4111: 4085: 4059: 4052: 4023: 3984: 3957: 3955:, p. 189. 3945: 3938: 3911: 3904: 3882: 3880:, p. 190. 3870: 3868:, p. 187. 3858: 3856:, p. 114. 3846: 3834: 3832:, p. 112. 3822: 3820:, p. 111. 3810: 3808:, p. 184. 3798: 3742: 3727: 3698: 3686: 3631: 3609: 3590: 3588:, p. 650. 3575: 3573:, p. 649. 3560: 3558:, p. 571. 3548: 3546:, p. 640. 3533: 3521: 3509: 3500: 3498:, p. 605. 3488: 3486:, p. 639. 3476: 3464: 3434: 3408: 3396: 3394:, p. 151. 3384: 3372: 3370:, p. 143. 3360: 3329: 3307: 3293:978-0313309212 3292: 3272: 3246: 3223: 3199: 3192: 3174: 3167: 3149: 3142: 3124: 3121:. p. 264. 3109: 3082: 3078:McDermott 1995 3070: 3063: 3045: 3030: 3015: 3003: 2988: 2981: 2960: 2942: 2913: 2901: 2885:Sky History TV 2872: 2843: 2817: 2803:978-1400096138 2802: 2782: 2776:978-5948504087 2775: 2755: 2753:, p. 138. 2743: 2729: 2717: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2611:Jonas Jonasson 2568:, set in 1963 2533:alien invasion 2509:The Alteration 2489: 2486: 2403:. In the 1992 2401:E. G. Marshall 2382: 2379: 2330:, winning the 2309: 2306: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2253:(Georgian SSR) 2248: 2238: 2235:Azerbaijan SSR 2228: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2151:Order of Lenin 2148: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2035: 2032: 2023:Nikolai Yezhov 2015:Pavel Batitsky 2010: 2009: 1983: 1973: 1880:Bogdan Kobulov 1826: 1823: 1720: 1717: 1690:Old Bolsheviks 1638:Main article: 1635: 1634:Stalin's death 1632: 1604:Czechoslovakia 1602:and others in 1596:Rudolf Slánský 1580:Mikhail Suslov 1517:Sergei Kruglov 1509:Andrei Zhdanov 1504: 1501: 1447:Crimean Tatars 1388:Katyn massacre 1338:Bogdan Kobulov 1334:Lev Shvartzman 1278: 1275: 1250:state security 1242:Nikolai Yezhov 1175: 1172: 1111: 1108: 1008:ethnic group. 990:Russian Empire 954: 951: 911:Stalin's death 829:Katyn massacre 821:Nikolai Yezhov 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 687: 686: 674: 670: 669: 659: 658:Branch/service 655: 654: 650: 649: 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7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753:NKVD officers 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7525:Joseph Stalin 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7403:Ivan Tevosian 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Nikolai Pegov 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7368:Arseny Zverev 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 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6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5617:Generalissimo 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5411:5-7838-0716-8 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5389:5-89511-006-1 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5345:5-89935-060-1 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5318:1-893554-66-X 5314: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5290:99940-745-6-3 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5253:0-517-17547-9 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5131:0-316-77352-2 5127: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5110: 5108:0-684-82414-0 5104: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4991:0-691-03257-2 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4842:9788389607850 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4808:9781611688016 4804: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4732: 4731:Jonasson 2012 4727: 4719: 4713: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4457:, p. 97. 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4433:, p. 97. 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4374: 4370: 4369:Medvedev, Roy 4366: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4326:0-8179-2902-9 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4259: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4165: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4100: 4099:History Today 4096: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4053:0-06-016605-3 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3941: 3939:1-59420-062-9 3935: 3931: 3930:Penguin Press 3927: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3767:(3): e36265. 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3628:0-06-010099-0 3625: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3606:0-385-47954-9 3603: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3168:1-86046-072-0 3164: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3064:0-300-07772-6 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3019: 3013:, p. 57. 3012: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2982:0-300-09367-5 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2598:Robert Harris 2595: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2566:James Clavell 2563: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2535:novel series 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2504:Kingsley Amis 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493:Alan Williams 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2473:The War Games 2469: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2428:George Orwell 2425: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2114:According to 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970:Kuril Islands 1967: 1963: 1962:Moldavian SSR 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1853:Georgy Zhukov 1851: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1769:Ukrainian SSR 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1745:head of state 1743:(the nominal 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710:anticoagulant 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623:Doctors' Plot 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1484:archipelago. 1483: 1482:Novaya Zemlya 1479: 1478:Semipalatinsk 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459:Volga Germans 1456: 1455:Pontic Greeks 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Shalva Eliava 1258: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1235:Nestor Lakoba 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Nestor Lakoba 1180: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1164:Bertram Wolfe 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:Joseph Stalin 1104: 1103:Nestor Lakoba 1100: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:secret police 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 950: 948: 944: 943:Georgy Zhukov 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 891: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872:Eastern Front 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:secret police 779: 778:Joseph Stalin 775: 771: 766: 755: 750: 734: 707: 698: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 633: 629: 622: 618: 615: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 564: 560: 557: 554: 550: 547: 543: 534: 530: 527: 523: 519:29 March 1899 507: 503: 498: 494: 473: 468: 465: 462: 457: 440: 435: 432: 429: 425: 420: 416: 410: 407: 404: 398: 381: 376: 373: 370: 364: 360: 354: 337: 332: 329: 322: 319: 318:Joseph Stalin 316: 312: 295: 290: 287: 279: 275: 271: 264: 260: 256: 250: 247: 244: 238: 221: 216: 213: 209: 205: 199: 196: 193: 187: 183: 179: 162: 157: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 123: 118: 115: 107: 103: 90: 85: 72: 63: 62: 59: 52: 49: 45: 41: 38: and the 37: 33: 29: 22: 7570: 7534: 7483:Full members 7378:Ivan Kabanov 7226: 7210:Full members 7152:Turkmenistan 7002:Pyotr Sharia 6911: 6738: 6683: 6595:Yakov Peters 6514: 6337:Shevardnadze 6332:Gamsakhurdia 6276:Shevardnadze 6266:Mirtskhulava 6250: 6207:Georgian SSR 6174:Georgian SSR 5940: 5889: 5652: 5598:Shaposhnikov 5568:Tukhachevsky 5482: 5473: 5464: 5448: 5436: 5401: 5379: 5362: 5335: 5308: 5280: 5276: 5265: 5243: 5224: 5213: 5199: 5187: 5176:the original 5167: 5162: 5119: 5096: 5085: 5065: 5031: 5027: 5008: 4981: 4961: 4940: 4930: 4910: 4881: 4860: 4829:Rafał Lemkin 4828: 4797: 4775: 4765: 4745: 4738: 4726: 4712: 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Retrieved 3342: 3332: 3324:the original 3319: 3310: 3282: 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3258: 3249: 3232: 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3210: 3202: 3183: 3177: 3158: 3152: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3100:. Retrieved 3095: 3090:Beria, L.P. 3085: 3073: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2972: 2954: 2933:. Retrieved 2926: 2916: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2884: 2875: 2863:. Retrieved 2859: 2834:. Retrieved 2830: 2820: 2793:Young Stalin 2792: 2785: 2765: 2758: 2746: 2732: 2720: 2702: 2683: 2661: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2615: 2604: 2602: 2592: 2589: 2581:Moscow Rules 2580: 2574: 2559: 2557: 2548:Axis of Time 2546: 2536: 2526: 2507: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2478:Philip Madoc 2471: 2465: 2464:In the 1969 2463: 2452: 2449:Boris Isarov 2447:, played by 2442: 2436: 2421: 2419: 2408: 2396:Playhouse 90 2394: 2385:In the 1958 2384: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2357:David Suchet 2352:Inner Circle 2350: 2344: 2317: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2245:Georgian SSR 2225:Armenian SSR 2210:(1949, 1951) 2208:Stalin Prize 2139:Soviet Union 2134: 2113: 2097: 2093: 2078: 2067: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2037: 2011: 1956:to Germany, 1942:Adolf Hitler 1915: 1904: 1900: 1892:Pavel Meshik 1857: 1842: 1835: 1816: 1813: 1792: 1778:against the 1773: 1761: 1749: 1722: 1687: 1674: 1662: 1643: 1620: 1592: 1587: 1584:Roy Medvedev 1577: 1569:Russian SFSR 1545: 1533: 1506: 1486: 1467: 1427: 1392: 1377:was held in 1372: 1364:deportations 1357: 1352: 1347:Robert Eikhe 1327: 1307: 1292: 1287:Katyn Forest 1259: 1239: 1211:Sergei Kirov 1200: 1195:Moscow Metro 1157: 1142: 1137: 1113: 1080: 1072:Georgian SSR 1062:-controlled 1041: 1037:Sergei Kirov 1031:. After the 1025:Mussavatists 1010: 978: 967:Sukhum Okrug 956: 908: 861: 811:work in the 798: 769: 705: 704: 694:World War II 546:Soviet Union 537:(1953-12-23) 471: 438: 413:Succeeded by 379: 367:Succeeded by 335: 293: 253:Succeeded by 219: 202:Succeeded by 160: 121: 98: 1940s 48: 43: 35: 7748:Mingrelians 7638:1953 deaths 7633:1899 births 7477:(1939–1952) 7408:Pavel Yudin 7204:(1952–1956) 6987:Yakov Deich 6762:(1954–1991) 6699:(1946–1954) 6661:(1934–1946) 6631:(1922–1934) 6580:(1917–1922) 6359:Saakashvili 6348:Saakashvili 6281:Patiashvili 6271:Mzhavanadze 6236:Gogoberidze 6051:(1989–1990) 6045:(1988–1990) 6039:(1985–1989) 6037:Murakhovsky 6033:(1985–1988) 6027:(1983–1985) 6021:(1982–1987) 6015:(1980–1986) 6009:(1976–1980) 6003:(1965–1973) 5997:(1965–1978) 5991:(1963–1965) 5985:(1960–1964) 5979:(1958–1960) 5973:(1957–1958) 5967:(1955–1957) 5961:(1955–1957) 5955:(1955–1964) 5949:(1953–1957) 5937:(1950–1955) 5931:(1942–1957) 5925:(1941–1946) 5923:Voznesensky 5919:(1934–1935) 5894:(Aug. 1991) 5880:(1985–1991) 5874:(1980–1985) 5868:(1964–1980) 5862:(1958–1964) 5856:(1955–1958) 5850:(1953–1955) 5844:(1941–1953) 5838:(1930–1941) 5832:(1924–1930) 5826:(1923–1924) 5633:Rokossovsky 4786:Works cited 4651:17 February 4455:Knight 1996 4279:Rhodes 1995 4264:12 February 4196:(2): 3–38. 3971:History.com 3953:Knight 1996 3878:Knight 1996 3866:Knight 1996 3806:Knight 1996 3696:, p. . 3447:Mix Top Ten 3427:22 February 3392:Knight 1996 3368:Knight 1996 3216:25 February 3011:Knight 1996 2935:6 September 2931:(in German) 2725:Knight 1996 2577:Robert Moss 2561:Noble House 2518:Inquisition 2423:Animal Farm 2415:Roshan Seth 2362:Red Monarch 2347:Bob Hoskins 1998:Ahrar Party 1818:coup d'etat 1784:East Berlin 1780:East German 1493:Kim Il Sung 1480:and in the 1330:Boris Rodos 1319:Isaac Babel 1299:Great Purge 1209:party boss 935:coup d'état 817:Great Purge 597:(1917–1953) 583:(1920–1953) 577:(1918–1920) 575:Azerbaijani 571:(1899–1917) 562:Citizenship 401:Preceded by 357:Preceded by 241:Preceded by 190:Preceded by 40:family name 7838:Spymasters 7622:Categories 7158:Tajikistan 7155:Uzbekistan 7149:Kyrgyzstan 7146:Kazakhstan 7131:Azerbaijan 7119:Belorussia 6943:Lev Belsky 6769:Ivan Serov 6353:Burjanadze 6342:Burjanadze 6309:Presidents 6286:Gumbaridze 6256:Charkviani 6193:Makharadze 6159:Ramishvili 6132:since 1918 6064:Doguzhiyev 5947:Kaganovich 5891:Doguzhiyev 5860:Khrushchev 5753:Akhromeyev 5713:Yakubovsky 5688:Moskalenko 5683:Yeryomenko 5658:Sokolovsky 5638:Malinovsky 5608:Vasilevsky 5588:Timoshenko 5563:Voroshilov 5452:, Marxists 5440:, Marxists 5152:See also: 4892:0715632051 4851:2012380710 4817:2015002114 4557:3 December 4242:23 October 3842:Hardy 2016 3422:sobesednik 3320:ysfine.com 3117:Medvedev. 3038:Medvedev. 2894:26 October 2695:References 2669:Kang Sheng 2635:by writer 2629:serialised 2551:series by 2488:Literature 2467:Doctor Who 2430:'s novel, 2381:Television 2338:, and the 2319:Repentance 2283:(Mongolia) 2063:Amy Knight 2000:, and the 1931:Ivan Konev 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