700:
mirjan (coral). It is a stone which has in it branches like those of a tree. After mineral life evolves vegetation. The evolution of vegetation culminates with a tree which bears the qualities of an animal. This is the date-palm. It has male and female genders. It does not wither if all its branches are chopped but it dies when the head is cut off. The date-palm is therefore considered the highest among the trees and resembles the lowest among animals. Then is born the lowest of animals. It evolves into an ape. This is not the statement of Darwin. This is what Ibn
Miskawayh states and this is precisely what is written in the Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa. The Muslim thinkers state that ape then evolved into a lower kind of a barbarian man. He then became a superior human being. Man becomes a saint, a prophet. He evolves into a higher stage and becomes an angel. The one higher to angels is indeed none but God. Everything begins from Him and everything returns to Him.
286:), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.
699:
state that God first created matter and invested it with energy for development. Matter, therefore, adopted the form of vapour which assumed the shape of water in due time. The next stage of development was mineral life. Different kinds of stones developed in course of time. Their highest form being
532:
423:. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla.
339:
marched towards the
Library of Rey, but Miskawayh managed to save it. After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath. In 975, he, along with him, left for
403:, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God. The Indian Islamic scholar
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to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic. After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of
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being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a
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419:) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a
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Britannica, The
Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ibn Miskawayh". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2023,
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258:. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the
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435:) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of
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He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including
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600:. Vol. 7 (New ed.). Leiden—New York: E.J. Brill. pp. 143a–144b.
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treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students.
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355:, claiming that some of his writings were used in the compilation of the
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222:: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name
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of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the
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687:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. pp. 290–291.
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531:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.; et al., eds. (1993).
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654:"The Cosmology of Ikhwan al-Safa', Miskawayh and al-Isfahâni"
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compared
Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought.
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Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb
Miskawayh al-Rāzī
537:(2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 143–144.
351:. Some contemporary sources associated him with the
747:
516:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Miskawayh
799:The Tajârib al-umam; or, History of Ibn Miskawayh
627:An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines
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802:(in Arabic). Vol. 5&6. London: Luzac.
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596:(1993). "Miskawayh". In H. A. R. Gibb (ed.).
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469:Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians
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16:Persian philosopher and historian ( 932–1030)
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792:Ibn Miskawaih, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1917) .
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780:Kitāb Tahdhīb al-akhlāq wa-taṭhīr al-aʻrāq
777:Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1329).
746:Emami, Abu'l-Qassem; Umar, Suheyl (2008).
737:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
135:Kitab al hayawan (The book of animal life)
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2152:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
2007:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
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534:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 7: Mif-Naz
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387:) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a
358:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1702:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
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2137:11th-century Arabic-language writers
2122:10th-century Arabic-language writers
725:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
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1986:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib
1875:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)
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451:) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an
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427:Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq
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302:control. Miskawayh may have been a
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2089:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba
455:translation from the Persian work
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2147:11th-century Iranian philosophers
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1979:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
2187:Iranian Arabic-language writers
2142:11th-century Iranian historians
2127:10th-century Iranian historians
1725:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
685:Historical Dictionary of Islam
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1:
1602:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
1592:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
1183:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
762:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
498:
432:تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق
2040:One Hundred and Twelve Books
1269:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
787:: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Ḥusaynīyah.
467:). One manuscript is titled
361:. Miskawayh died in 1030 at
254:is primarily in the area of
7:
2172:Iranian historians of Islam
2026:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
721:"Meskawayh, Abu' Ali Aḥmad"
481:
10:
2203:
1880:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)
1870:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)
1730:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana
1547:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
1447:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1361:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
709:
683:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2017).
598:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
321:. He was fluent enough in
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1823:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)
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443:Kitab al-Hikma al-Khalida
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652:Mohamed, Yasein (2000).
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331:Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid
152:(Experiences of Nations)
1279:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1228:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1188:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
518:. Accessed 12 May 2023.
289:
260:Refinement of Character
1906:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām
1818:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn
1808:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī
1787:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1782:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq
1612:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
1562:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
1523:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1391:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1218:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1040:Transcendent theosophy
474:كتاب آداب العرب والفرس
294:Miskawayh was born in
218:Muskūyah, 932–1030), (
2177:People from Ray, Iran
2033:Nabataean Agriculture
1972:Books of the Balances
1396:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
333:. In 966, a group of
171:Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
143:(Ethical Instruction)
2167:Islamic philosophers
1627:Reza Davari Ardakani
1503:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
1437:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1386:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1300:Afdal al-Din Kashani
749:"Abū ʿAlī Miskawayh"
581:Encyclopædia Iranica
493:List of Shia Muslims
2082:Turba Philosophorum
1931:Philosopher's stone
1813:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs
1587:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1508:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
1498:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
1457:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
967:Medieval psychology
939:Natural philosophy
448:كتاب الحكمة الخالدة
405:Muhammad Hamidullah
391:description of the
250:, his influence on
2074:Secret of Creation
2056:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2000:Five Hundred Books
1777:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1597:Abdolkarim Soroush
1442:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1356:Hajji Bektash Wali
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607:978-90-04-15610-4
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2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2091:(al-Nabarawi)
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2062:Sirr al-asrār
2059:
2057:
2055:
2054:Sirr al-asrār
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:Seventy Books
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:Book of Mercy
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Ibn al-Rassām
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
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1873:
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1868:
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1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
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1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
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1529:
1526:
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1399:
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1387:
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1382:
1379:
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1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:Shams Tabrizi
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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1290:
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1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Nasir Khusraw
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Ibn Miskawayh
1247:
1245:
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1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
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1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
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1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
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1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
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1084:
1082:
1079:
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1074:
1072:
1069:
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1064:
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1061:
1057:
1051:
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1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
986:
982:
976:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
954:
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948:
945:
943:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
812:
809:
801:
800:
795:
790:
786:
783:(in Arabic).
782:
781:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
744:
740:
734:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
701:
696:
690:
686:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
639:
633:
629:
628:
623:
622:Nasr, Hossein
617:
609:
603:
599:
595:
589:
583:
582:
577:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
546:
540:
536:
535:
530:
524:
517:
511:
509:
504:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
470:
462:
458:
454:
444:
441:
438:
428:
425:
422:
412:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
380:
377:
376:
370:
368:
365:, then under
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
345:
343:
338:
337:
332:
328:
327:Rukn al-Dawla
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:, then under
297:
287:
285:
283:
277:
274:
272:
265:تهذيب الأخلاق
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
209:
208:Ibn Miskawayh
198:
194:
191:
190:
182:
176:
172:
169:
168:
160:
157:Muslim leader
155:
151:
147:
140:تهذيب الأخلاق
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
58:
54:
49:
42:
38:
33:
23:Ibn Miskawayh
20:
2182:Shia Muslims
2088:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1889:14th century
1858:13th century
1832:12th century
1796:11th century
1755:10th century
1652:Partawi Shah
1647:Javadi Amoli
1632:Ahmad Fardid
1577:Martin Lings
1427:Hajji Bayram
1401:Ibn Taymiyya
1330:Omar Khayyám
1315:Ayn-al-Quzat
1310:Ahmad Yasavi
1248:
1223:Ibn Masarrah
1157:by century (
1155:Philosophers
1050:Contemporary
952:
919:
909:
872:
861:
798:
779:
761:
724:
698:
684:
678:
664:(4): 10–15.
661:
657:
647:
626:
616:
597:
588:
579:
548:. Retrieved
533:
528:
523:
468:
456:
442:
426:
410:
384:الفوز الأكبر
378:
356:
346:
334:
293:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:
259:
248:Neoplatonist
223:
216:مُسْکُـوْيَه
207:
206:
149:
145:
134:
67:Kakuyid Iran
48:Ziyarid Iran
2117:1030 deaths
1839:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1739:9th century
1718:8th century
1567:René Guénon
1557:Gohar Shahi
1493:Mulla Sadra
1417:Ibn Khaldun
1028:metaphysics
974:(mysticism)
956:(education)
934:Metaphysics
913:(dialectic)
899:Eschatology
876:(intellect)
727:. New York.
642:, page = 26
576:"Miskawayh"
465:جاویدان خرد
389:Neoplatonic
306:convert to
304:Zoroastrian
236:philosopher
197:Mulla Sadra
46:Parandak, (
2112:932 births
2106:Categories
1896:al-Jildakī
1710:Alchemists
1422:Yunus Emre
1366:Ibn Sab’in
1335:Suhrawardi
1325:Ibn Tufail
1244:Al-Ghazali
1198:Apharabius
1033:psychology
1003:Avicennism
865:(theology)
594:Arkoun, M.
544:9004094199
499:References
437:philosophy
187:Influenced
125:philosophy
2064:(al-Rāzī)
1865:al-Simāwī
1849:Artephius
1483:Mir Damad
1476:17th–19th
1410:14th–16th
1376:al-Abharī
1371:Ibn Arabi
1305:Ahi Evren
1264:Bahmanyār
1023:cosmology
1008:Averroism
941:(physics)
887:astrology
882:Cosmology
770:1875-9831
550:19 August
397:intellect
393:evolution
369:control.
240:historian
232:Buyid era
1936:al-iksīr
1919:Concepts
1320:Averroes
1259:Ibn Hazm
1254:Avicenna
1208:Al Amiri
1178:Al-Kindi
1171:9th–10th
1081:ʼIjtihād
1066:ʻAṣabīya
1059:Concepts
998:Farabism
953:Madrasah
760:(eds.).
719:(2002).
670:23076118
624:(1993).
482:See also
175:al-Kindi
117:medicine
113:Theology
75:Religion
35:Personal
1946:Athanor
1941:Alembic
1539:present
1101:Maslaha
985:Schools
972:Sufism
856:Alchemy
794:Caetani
710:Sources
461:Persian
367:Kakuyid
342:Baghdad
312:Baghdad
300:Ziyarid
246:. As a
228:Persian
212:Persian
109:History
27:مُسکویه
1926:Takwin
1131:Tawḥīd
1091:ʻIrfān
904:Ethics
862:Aqidah
849:Fields
768:
691:
668:
634:
604:
541:
453:Arabic
256:ethics
234:, and
226:was a
220:Arabic
121:ethics
95:Region
1956:Works
1537:20th–
1136:Ummah
1126:Shūrā
1121:Qiyās
1111:Qadar
1096:Ijmāʿ
1076:Iʻjaz
993:Early
947:Peace
929:Logic
910:Kalam
785:Cairo
752:. In
666:JSTOR
373:Works
336:ghazi
308:Islam
242:from
79:Islam
1467:Jami
1349:13th
1288:12th
1237:11th
1116:Qalb
1106:Nafs
1086:ʻIlm
1018:Sufi
920:Fiqh
766:ISSN
739:link
689:ISBN
632:ISBN
602:ISBN
552:2015
539:ISBN
316:emir
290:Life
238:and
123:and
99:Iran
59:1030
56:Died
40:Born
1071:Ḥāl
873:Aql
578:at
363:Ray
296:Rey
284:lāq
269:Tah
85:Era
65:, (
63:Ray
43:932
2108::
1159:CE
756:;
735:}}
731:{{
723:.
697:.
662:39
660:.
656:.
560:^
507:^
477:).
463::
344:.
282:kh
276:al
273:īb
271:dh
214::
195:,
173:,
119:,
115:,
111:,
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2072:(
2020:)
2016:(
1694:e
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1680:v
1161:)
871:'
830:e
823:t
816:v
772:.
741:)
672:.
640:.
610:.
554:.
471:(
459:(
445:(
429:(
413:(
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280:A
278:-
262:(
210:(
69:)
50:)
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