Minimum wage - Knowledge

4883: 1403:, argues that the standard textbook model for the minimum wage is ambiguous, and that the standard theoretical arguments incorrectly measure only a one-sector market. Fields says a two-sector market, where "the self-employed, service workers, and farm workers are typically excluded from minimum-wage coverage ... one sector with minimum-wage coverage and the other without it ," is the basis for better analysis. Through this model, Fields shows the typical theoretical argument to be ambiguous and says "the predictions derived from the textbook model definitely do not carry over to the two-sector case. Therefore, since a non-covered sector exists nearly everywhere, the predictions of the textbook model simply cannot be relied on." 537:"It is a serious national evil that any class of his Majesty's subjects should receive less than a living wage in return for their utmost exertions. It was formerly supposed that the working of the laws of supply and demand would naturally regulate or eliminate that evil ... ... ultimately produce a fair price. Where ... you have a powerful organisation on both sides ... there you have a healthy bargaining ... . But where you have what we call sweated trades, you have no organisation, no parity of bargaining, the good employer is undercut by the bad, and the bad employer is undercut by the worst ... where those conditions prevail you have not a condition of progress, but a condition of progressive degeneration." 10710:

Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald's restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage 'premium' above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch-screen ordering, and there is near-full price pass-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.

726:, or £8.91 (for those aged 25+) in the United Kingdom—but also in terms of which pay period (for example Russia and China set monthly minimum wages) or the scope of coverage. Currently the United States federal minimum wage is $ 7.25 per hour, though most states have a higher minimum wage. However, some states do not have a minimum wage law, such as Louisiana and Tennessee, and other states have minimum wages below the federal minimum wage such as Georgia and Wyoming, although the federal minimum wage is enforced in those states. Some jurisdictions allow employers to count tips given to their workers as credit towards the minimum wage levels. 4789: 5218:, 90% of the economists surveyed agreed that the minimum wage increases unemployment among low-skilled workers. By 1992 the survey found 79% of economists in agreement with that statement, and by 2000, 46% were in full agreement with the statement and 28% agreed with provisos (74% total). The authors of the 2000 study also reweighted data from a 1990 sample to show that at that time 62% of academic economists agreed with the statement above, while 20% agreed with provisos and 18% disagreed. They state that the reduction on consensus on this question is "likely" due to the Card and Krueger research and subsequent debate. 5618: 4696: 4870:. They argued that the negative employment effects of minimum wage laws are minimal if not non-existent. For example, they look at the 1992 increase in New Jersey's minimum wage, the 1988 rise in California's minimum wage, and the 1990–91 increases in the federal minimum wage. In addition to their own findings, they reanalyzed earlier studies with updated data, generally finding that the older results of a negative employment effect did not hold up in the larger datasets. This had major implications on policy, challenging long-held economic views that increasing minimum wage led to 4966: 5225:(AEA). Whaples found that 47% respondents wanted the minimum wage eliminated, 38% supported an increase, 14% wanted it kept at the current level, and 1% wanted it decreased. Another survey in 2007 conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that 73% of labor economists surveyed in the United States believed 150% of the then-current minimum wage would result in employment losses and 68% believed a mandated minimum wage would cause an increase in hiring of workers with greater skills. 31% felt that no hiring changes would result. 10760:

wage increase might not be as great in reality as it looks on paper. In econospeak, the increase in their "real wage" — that is, their wage after accounting for the price of the stuff they buy — is not as high, because the cost of some of the stuff they buy, such as fast food, goes up too. ... "They still get a raise. They just don't get as big a raise as it may seem," he says. In effect, a minimum wage increase appears to be a redistribution of wealth from customers to low-wage workers. Ashenfelter says he thinks of it like a kind of sales tax.

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destitution for not taking the employment. As a result, jobseekers could spend more time looking for a more appropriate or satisfying job, or they could wait until a higher-paying job appeared. Alternatively, they could spend more time increasing their skills (via education and training), which would make them more suitable for higher-paying jobs, as well as provide numerous other benefits. Experiments on Basic Income and NIT in Canada and the United States show that people spent more time studying while the program was running.

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to minimum wages do not inhibit workplace participation or result in disemployment. This position was carried over to the 2017–18 and 2018–19 decisions and informed the decisions including the 2018–19 decision which delivered a minimum wage increase of 3% when the corresponding headline rate of inflation was 1.3%. In the annual minimum wage review decisions of 2019–20 and 2020–21, the FWC was considerably more constrained in setting minimum wages due to uncertain economic conditions during the

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protected by minimum wage laws. On the other side of the issue, low-wage employers such as restaurants finance the Employment Policies Institute, which has released numerous studies opposing the minimum wage. The presence of these powerful groups and factors means that the debate on the issue is not always based on dispassionate analysis. Additionally, it is extraordinarily difficult to separate the effects of minimum wage from all the other variables that affect employment.

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minimum wage by March 31 every year. The Minimum Wage Commission must submit the minimum wage bill within 90 days after the request has been received by the 27 committee members. If there is no objection, the new minimum wage will then take effect from January 1. The minimum wage committee decided to raise the minimum wage in 2018 by 16.4% from the previous year to 7,530 won (US$ 7.03) per hour. This is the largest increase since 2001 when it was increased by 16.8%.

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unemployment (teenagers without a job and looking for one). In contrast to the simple supply and demand diagram, it was commonly found that teenagers withdrew from the labor force in response to the minimum wage, which produced the possibility of equal reductions in the supply as well as the demand for labor at a higher minimum wage and hence no impact on the unemployment rate. Using a variety of specifications of the employment and unemployment equations (using

1480:, and hence training costs; raising the minimum wage may "render moot" the potential problem of recruiting workers at a higher wage than current workers; and minimum wage workers might represent such a small proportion of a business' cost that the increase is too small to matter. He admits that he does not know if these are correct, but argues that "the list demonstrates that one can accept the new empirical findings and still be a card-carrying economist." 666:, argued for the adoption of a minimum wage not only to support the worker, but to support their desired semi- and skilled laborers while forcing the undesired workers (including the idle, immigrants, women, racial minorities, and the disabled) out of the labor market. The result, over the longer term, would be to limit the nondesired workers' ability to earn money and have families, and thereby, remove them from the economists' ideal society. 5803: 2274: 818: 5789: 4810:

others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage. ... High minimum wages, however, particularly in rigid labour markets, do appear to hit employment. France has the rich world's highest wage floor, at more than 60% of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young. This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment: 26% for 15- to 24-year-olds."

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target those living in poverty, as many minimum wage earners are secondary earners in households with higher incomes. Some studies suggest that targeted income support programs, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the United States, may be more effective in addressing poverty. The effectiveness of minimum wage policies in reducing income inequality and poverty remains a subject of ongoing debate and research.

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businesses would pass some of those increased costs on to consumers in the form of higher prices, resulting in reduced demand, the CBO said. "Employers would consequently produce fewer goods and services, and as a result, they would tend to reduce their employment of workers at all wage levels," the report said. "Young, less educated people would account for a disproportionate share of those reductions in employment."

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can be more selective in those whom they employ thus the least skilled and least experienced will typically be excluded. An imposition or increase of a minimum wage will generally only affect employment in the low-skill labor market, as the equilibrium wage is already at or below the minimum wage, whereas in higher skill labor markets the equilibrium wage is too high for a change in minimum wage to affect employment.

5131:(OECD) released a report arguing that countries could alleviate teen unemployment by "lowering the cost of employing low-skilled youth" through a sub-minimum training wage. A study of U.S. states showed that businesses' annual and average payrolls grow faster and employment grew at a faster rate in states with a minimum wage. The study showed a correlation, but did not claim to prove causation. 880: 3881: 1503: 5244:

disagreed and the remaining respondents were uncertain or had no opinion on the question. 47% agreed with the statement, "The distortionary costs of raising the federal minimum wage to $ 9 per hour and indexing it to inflation are sufficiently small compared with the benefits to low-skilled workers who can find employment that this would be a desirable policy", while 11% disagreed.

5564:'s IX Government. The purpose was to ensure fair remuneration for all workers, adjusting wages to labor and economic conditions and advocating for salary equity. It was set at 1,800 pesetas/month (25,200 pesetas/year, 12 monthly payments plus 2 extra payments, as its customary in Spain as to this day), equivalent to 10.80 euros at the time but only 400 euros in today's prices. 5349:

Bill Clinton. In 1986, President Reagan described the EITC as "the best anti poverty, the best pro-family, the best job creation measure to come out of Congress." The ability of the earned income tax credit to deliver larger monetary benefits to the poor workers than an increase in the minimum wage and at a lower cost to society was documented in a 2007 report by the

4687:, by boosting the search effort of job seekers, boost employment. Taken in sum with the previous section, the minimum wage in labor markets with frictions can improve employment and decrease the unemployment rate when it is sufficiently low. However, a high minimum wage is detrimental to employment and increases the unemployment rate. 10673:

increase in the prices of grocery products. This magnitude is consistent with a full pass-through of cost increases into consumer prices. We show that price adjustments occur mostly in the three months following the passage of minimum wage legislation rather than after implementation, suggesting that pricing of groceries is forward-looking.

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80 per cent, employees in the second year of full employment were eligible to earn 90 per cent and employees in structured training during working hours were eligible to earn 75, 80 or 90 per cent depending on their level of progression. This framework has since been abolished in place of a framework based on the age of the employee.

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market. … the direct results of minimum wage legislation are clearly mixed. Some workers, most likely those whose previous wages were closest to the minimum, will enjoy higher wages. Others, particularly those with the lowest prelegislation wage rates, will be unable to find work. They will be pushed into the ranks of the unemployed.

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tips in addition to their hourly wages. No significant differences existed among ethnic or racial groups; women were about twice as likely as men to earn minimum wage or less. In May 2022, the legislature of Hawaii passed a bill to raise the minimum wage to $ 18 by 2028, the highest state minimum wage in the United States. Governor

5345:, in that the refundable tax credit is usually only paid to households that have earned at least some income. This policy is more targeted against poverty than the minimum wage, because it avoids subsidizing low-income workers who are supported by high-income households (for example, teenagers still living with their parents). 5240:. 95 of the 605 signatories responded. They found that a majority signed on the grounds that it transferred income from employers to workers, or equalized bargaining power between them in the labor market. In addition, a majority considered disemployment to be a moderate potential drawback to the increase they supported. 1465:. For example, if management is forced to increase wages, management can pass on the increase in wage to consumers in the form of higher prices. Since demand for the product is highly inelastic, consumers continue to buy the product at the higher price and so the manager is not forced to lay off workers. Economist 500:, by employers who were thought to have unfair bargaining power over them. Over time, minimum wages came to be seen as a way to help lower-income families. Modern national laws enforcing compulsory union membership which prescribed minimum wages for their members were first passed in New Zealand in 1894. Although 493:. Minimum wage policies can vary significantly between countries or even within a country, with different regions, sectors, or age groups having their own minimum wage rates. These variations are often influenced by factors such as the cost of living, regional economic conditions, and industry-specific factors. 4785:, and linear vs. logarithmic specifications), they found that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage caused a 1 percent decrease in teenage employment, and no change in the teenage unemployment rate. The study also found a small, but statistically significant, increase in unemployment for adults aged 20–24. 4801:

Florida and better than in the US as a whole. When it comes to on-the-job training, some believe the increase in wages is taken out of training expenses. A 2001 empirical study found that there is "no evidence that minimum wages reduce training, and little evidence that they tend to increase training."

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estimated that incrementally raising the federal minimum wage to $ 15 an hour by 2025 would benefit 17 million workers but would also reduce employment by 1.4 million people. It would also lift about 900,000 people out of poverty and might raise wages for 10 million more workers, cause prices to rise

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However, the government officially admitted that the policy of raising the minimum wage to 10,000 won by 2020, which had been the initial target but which the government had been forced to forego, had also caused a great burden on self-employed businesses and deteriorated the job market. In addition,

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In the United States, earned income tax credit rates, also known as EITC or EIC, vary by state—some are refundable while other states do not allow a refundable tax credit. The federal EITC program has been expanded by a number of presidents including Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and

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restaurants in the US found that between 2016 and 2020, the cost of 10% minimum wage increases for McDonald's workers were passed through to customers as 1.4% increases in the price of a Big Mac. This results in minimum wage workers getting a lesser increase in their "real wage" than in their nominal

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With regard to the economic effects of introducing minimum wage legislation in Germany in January 2015, recent developments have shown that the feared increase in unemployment has not materialized, however, in some economic sectors and regions of the country, it came to a decline in job opportunities

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Various groups have great ideological, political, financial, and emotional investments in issues surrounding minimum wage laws. For example, agencies that administer the laws have a vested interest in showing that "their" laws do not create unemployment, as do labor unions whose members' finances are

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In 1995, Card and Krueger noted evidence of publication bias in time-series studies on minimum wages, which favored studies showing negative employment effects. A 2005 study by T.D. Stanley confirmed this bias and suggested no clear link between the minimum wage and unemployment. A 2008 meta-analysis

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This implies that the optimal search effort increases as the difference between the expected utility of the job holder and the expected utility of the job seeker grows. In fact, this difference actually grows with the wage. To see this, take the difference of the two discounted utilities to

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Raising the federal minimum wage to $ 15 an hour by 2025 would increase wages for at least 17 million people, but also put 1.4 million Americans out of work, according to a study by the Congressional Budget Office released on Monday. A phase-in of a $ 15 minimum wage would also lift some 900,000 out

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In the years following Franco's death in 1975, the minimum wage gradually increased, reaching 50.49 euros (8,400 pesetas) that year, which is equivalent to 657.23 euros in today's currency. Over the years, the minimum wage continued to rise, with several revisions along the way. In 2022, the Spanish

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The SMI can be revised semi-annually if the government's predictions about the consumer price index are not met. The amount set is a minimum wage, so it can be exceeded by a collective agreement or individual agreement with the company. The revision of the SMI does not affect the structure or amount

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As of April 2000, the government introduced a national minimum wage of €5.58 per hour. The minimum wage increased regularly in the period from 2000 to 2007 and reached €8.65 per hour in July 2007. As the global economic downturn hit the country in 2008, there was no further wage increases until 2016

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A 2011 study by Baskaya and Rubinstein found that federal minimum wage increases negatively impacted employment, particularly among teenagers. Other studies, including a 2012 study by Sabia, Hansen, and Burkhauser, found substantial adverse effects on low-skilled employment, particularly among young

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Brown et al. (1983) noted that time series studies to that point had found that for a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage, there was a decrease in teenage employment of 1–3 percent. However, the studies found wider variation, from 0 to over 3 percent, in their estimates for the effect on teenage

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The following mathematical models are more quantitative in orientation, and highlight some of the difficulties in determining the impact of the minimum wage on labor market outcomes. Specifically, these models focus on labor markets with frictions and may result in positive or negative outcomes from

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Minimum wage policies have been debated for their impact on income inequality and poverty levels. Proponents argue that raising the minimum wage can help reduce income disparities, enabling low-income workers to afford basic necessities and contribute to the overall economy. Higher minimum wages may

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labor and controlling the proliferation of sweatshops in manufacturing industries. The sweatshops employed large numbers of women and young workers, paying them what were considered to be substandard wages. The sweatshop owners were thought to have unfair bargaining power over their employees, and a

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This paper estimates the pass-through of minimum wage increases into the prices of US grocery and drug stores. We use high-frequency scanner data and leverage a large number of state-level increases in minimum wages between 2001 and 2012. We find that a 10% minimum wage hike translates into a 0.36%

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The Expert panel conducts yearly wage reviews, to determine if the minimum wage needs to be adjusted based on the economy's current and projected performance. The annual minimum wage review decisions in 2016–17 found, based on research tendered and submissions to the review, that moderate increases

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The legislative framework requires that, in setting minimum wages, the Expert Panel is required to take into account the current state of the economy, including inflation, business competitiveness, productivity and employment growth. In addition, the Expert panel must also consider the social goals

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Before the 2019, there existed specific categories of employees that earned sub-minimum wage rates, expressed as a percentage of the full rate of pay. Employees under the age of 18 were eligible to earn 70 per cent of the minimum wage, employees in the first year of employment were eligible to earn

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In 2013, a diverse group of 37 economics professors was surveyed on their view of the minimum wage's impact on employment. 34% of respondents agreed with the statement, "Raising the federal minimum wage to $ 9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low-skilled workers to find employment." 32%

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In 2014, in Seattle, Washington, liberal and progressive business owners who had supported the city's new $ 15 minimum wage said they might hold off on expanding their businesses and thus creating new jobs, due to the uncertain timescale of the wage increase implementation. However, subsequently at

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A 2017 study in Seattle found that increasing the minimum wage to $ 13 per hour led to reduced income for low-wage workers due to decreased hours worked, as businesses adjusted to higher labor costs. A 2019 study in Arizona suggested that smaller minimum wage increases might lead to slight economic

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model. A basic supply and demand model predicts that relative employment should have decreased in New Jersey. Card and Krueger surveyed employers before the April 1992 New Jersey increase, and again in November–December 1992, asking managers for data on the full-time equivalent staff level of their

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journal agrees with the studies above as it describes that there is not a significant employment change due to increases in minimum wage. The study illustrates that there is not a-lot of national generalisability for minimum wage effects, studies done on one country often get generalised to others.

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Some research suggests that the unemployment effects of small minimum wage increases are dominated by other factors. In Florida, where voters approved an increase in 2004, a follow-up comprehensive study after the increase confirmed a strong economy with increased employment above previous years in

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in the labor market, whereby the individual employer has some market power in determining wages paid. Thus it is at least theoretically possible that the minimum wage may boost employment. Though single employer market power is unlikely to exist in most labor markets in the sense of the traditional

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The supply and demand model implies that by mandating a price floor above the equilibrium wage, minimum wage laws will cause unemployment. This is because a greater number of people are willing to work at the higher wage while a smaller number of jobs will be available at the higher wage. Companies

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are now in effect in many jurisdictions, differences of opinion exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage. Additionally, minimum wage policies can be implemented through various methods, such as directly legislating specific wage rates, setting a formula that adjusts the minimum wage

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The cumulative budget deficit over the 2021–2031 period would increase by $ 54 billion. Increases in annual deficits would be smaller before 2025, as the minimum-wage increases were being phased in, than in later years. Higher prices for goods and services—stemming from the higher wages of workers

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Ashenfelter says the evidence from increased food prices suggests that basically all of the "increase of labor costs gets passed right on to the customers." But because low-wage workers are also usually customers at low-wage establishments, this suggests that any pay raise resulting from a minimum

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We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016–2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald's Basic Crew and prices of the

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In 2019, 1.6 million Americans earned no more than the federal minimum wage—about 1% of workers, and less than 2% of those paid by the hour. Less than half worked full time; almost half were aged 16–25; and more than 60% worked in the leisure and hospitality industries, where many workers received

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As of 1 January 2022, the minimum wage is €10.50. Those aged 20 and over are eligible to receive 100 percent of the minimum wage. Those under the age of 18 are eligible to receive 70 percent of the minimum wage, those aged 18 are eligible to receive 80 percent of the minimum wage and those aged 19

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program that combines on-the-job and classroom training. Having more skills makes workers more valuable and more productive, but having a high minimum wage for low-skill jobs reduces the incentive to seek education and training. Moving some workers to higher-paying jobs will decrease the supply of

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Minimum wage laws affect workers in most low-paid fields of employment and have usually been judged against the criterion of reducing poverty. Minimum wage laws receive less support from economists than from the general public. Despite decades of experience and economic research, debates about the

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The supply and demand model predicts that raising the minimum wage helps workers whose wages are raised, and hurts people who are not hired (or lose their jobs) when companies cut back on employment. But proponents of the minimum wage hold that the situation is much more complicated than the model

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A firm's cost is an increasing function of the wage rate. The higher the wage rate, the fewer hours an employer will demand of employees. This is because, as the wage rate rises, it becomes more expensive for firms to hire workers and so firms hire fewer workers (or hire them for fewer hours). The

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had minimum wages higher than the federal minimum. In January 2020, almost 90% of Americans earning just minimum wage got more than $ 7.25 an hour. The effective nationwide minimum wage (the wage that the average minimum-wage worker earns) was $ 11.80 in May 2019; this was the highest it had been

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Surveys of labor economists have found a sharp split on the minimum wage. Fuchs et al. (1998) polled labor economists at the top 40 research universities in the United States on a variety of questions in the summer of 1996. Their 65 respondents were nearly evenly divided when asked if the minimum

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In 2014, supporters of minimum wage cited a study that found that job creation within the United States is faster in states that raised their minimum wages. In 2014, supporters of minimum wage cited news organizations who reported the state with the highest minimum-wage garnered more job creation

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Studies from Denmark and Spain further highlighted that significant minimum wage increases could lead to substantial job losses, particularly among young workers. A 2021 study on Germany's minimum wage found that while wages increased without reducing employment, there were significant structural

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of labor, i.e. unemployment. The economic model of markets predicts the same of other commodities (like milk and wheat, for example): Artificially raising the price of the commodity tends to cause an increase in quantity supplied and a decrease in quantity demanded. The result is a surplus of the

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Among the indicators that might be used to establish an initial minimum wage rate are ones that minimize the loss of jobs while preserving international competitiveness. Among these are general economic conditions as measured by real and nominal gross domestic product; inflation; labor supply and

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Economists and other political commentators have proposed alternatives to the minimum wage. They argue that these alternatives may address the issue of poverty better than a minimum wage, as it would benefit a broader population of low wage earners, not cause any unemployment, and distribute the

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Until the mid-1990s, a general consensus existed among economists–both conservative and liberal–that the minimum wage reduced employment, especially among younger and low-skill workers. In addition to the basic supply-demand intuition, there were a number of empirical studies that supported this

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If a higher minimum wage increases the wage rates of unskilled workers above the level that would be established by market forces, the quantity of unskilled workers employed will fall. The minimum wage will price the services of the least productive (and therefore lowest-wage) workers out of the

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regarding minimum wage in more than 90 percent of all countries. In the European Union, 21 out of 27 member states currently have national minimum wages. Other countries, such as Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, and Italy, have no minimum wage laws, but rely on employer groups and

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While many Americans would see raises, the analysis showed a minimum-wage increase would cause prices to rise, the federal budget deficit to widen and overall economic output to slightly decrease over the next decade. ... Higher wages would increase the cost of producing goods and services, and

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on December 31, 1986. The Minimum Wage System began on January 1, 1988. At this time the economy was booming, and the minimum wage set by the government was less than 30 percent of that of real workers. The Minister of Employment and Labor in Korea asks the Minimum Wage Commission to review the

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Article 44 of the Lebanese Code of Labor states that, “the minimum pay must be sufficient to meet the essential needs of the wage-earner or salary-earner and his family,” and according to Article 46, “the minimum pay assessed shall be rectified whenever economic circumstances render such review

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Forbidding employers to pay less than a legal minimum is equivalent to forbidding workers to sell their labor for less than the minimum wage. The legal restriction that employers cannot pay less than a legislated wage is equivalent to the legal restriction that workers cannot work at all in the

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The Congressional Budget Office's 2019 report on a proposed $ 15 federal minimum wage predicted modest improvements in take-home pay for those who retained employment but warned of potential job losses, reduced hours, and increased costs of goods and services. Similarly, a 2019 study found that

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wrote in December 2013: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs....America's federal minimum wage, at 38% of median income, is one of the rich world's lowest. Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages,

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However, opponents contend that minimum wage increases can lead to job losses, particularly for low-skilled and entry-level workers, as businesses may be unable to afford higher labor costs and may respond by cutting jobs or hours. They also argue that minimum wage increases may not effectively

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establishes an Expert panel tasked with providing and maintaining a safety net of a fair minimum wage. The Expert panel is made up of the president of the panel, three full time commission members, and three part time commission members. All members must have experience in workplace relations,

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that periodically provides each citizen with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on frugally. Supporters of the basic-income idea argue that recipients of the basic income would have considerably more bargaining power when negotiating a wage with an employer, as there would be no risk of

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to the wages of more experienced workers who might already be earning the new statutory minimum wage, or slightly more. Among workers and their representatives, political considerations weigh in as labor leaders seek to win support by demanding the highest possible rate. Other concerns include

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and William Wascher reexamined Card and Krueger's results using payroll records from large fast-food chains, reporting that minimum wage increases led to decreases in employment. Their initial findings did not contradict Card and Krueger, but a later version showed a four percent decrease in

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Wellington (1991) updated Brown et al.'s research with data through 1986 to provide new estimates encompassing a period when the real (i.e., inflation-adjusted) value of the minimum wage was declining, because it had not increased since 1981. She found that a 10% increase in the minimum wage

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A 2010 study on the UK minimum wage found that it did not cause immediate price increases but led to faster price rises in sectors with many low-wage workers over the long term. A 2012 UK study (1997-2007) found the minimum wage reduced wage inequality and had neutral to positive effects on

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A 2019 paper in the Quarterly Journal of Economics argued that job losses in studies like those of Meer and West are driven by unrealistic assumptions and that minimum wage effects are more complex. Another 2013 study by Fang and Lin found significant adverse effects on employment in China,

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Additionally, the 2022 raise of the minimum wage revived the debate about the relationship between inflation and the SMI, with some arguing that the increase in the minimum wage could potentially contribute to inflation. The debate centres on whether it's a useful tool to help maintain the

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workers willing to accept low-skill jobs, increasing the market wage for those low skilled jobs (assuming a stable labor market). However, in that solution the wage will still not increase above the marginal return for the role and will likely promote automation or business closure.

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Estimated minimum wage effects on employment from a meta-study of 64 other studies showed insignificant employment effect (both practically and statistically) from minimum-wage raises. The most precise estimates were heavily clustered at or near zero employment effects (elasticity =

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Assume that the decision to participate in the labor market results from a trade-off between being an unemployed job seeker and not participating at all. All individuals whose expected utility outside the labor market is less than the expected utility of an unemployed person

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found that minimum wage increases did not have an impact on the overall number of low-wage jobs in the five years subsequent to the wage increase. However, it did find disemployment in 'tradable' sectors, defined as those sectors most reliant on entry-level or low-skilled labor.

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Modern economic theory predicts that although an excessive minimum wage may raise unemployment as it fixes a price above most demand for labor, a minimum wage at a more reasonable level can increase employment, and enhance growth and efficiency. This is because labor markets are

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wage should be increased. They argued that the different policy views were not related to views on whether raising the minimum wage would reduce teen employment (the median economist said there would be a reduction of 1%), but on value differences such as income redistribution.

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There used to be agreement among economists that the minimum wage adversely affected employment, but that consensus shifted in the early 1990s due to new research findings. According to one 2021 assessment, "there is no consensus on the employment effects of the minimum wage."

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employment. Another 2012 UK study found no "spill-over" effects from the minimum wage on higher-earning brackets. A 2016 US study associated the minimum wage with reduced wage inequality and possible spill-over effects, though these might be due to measurement error.

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They found that the higher cost of labor that results from increasing minimum wages gets passed on to consumers in the form of more expensive Big Macs. More specifically, they estimated that a 10% minimum-wage increase leads to a 1.4% increase in the price of a Big

5586:(Central Bank of Spain, by its initials in spanish) in 2019 on the impact of the 2017 increase in the minimum wage showed a negative effect on the probability of maintaining employment among affected workers, which was particularly significant for older workers. 5138:

when introduced in the UK in 1999, the Conservatives reversed their opposition in 2000. Accounts differ as to the effects of the minimum wage. The Centre for Economic Performance found no discernible impact on employment levels from the wage increases, while the

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of the promotion of social inclusion, the standard of living of the low paid, equal remuneration for work of equal or comparable value and reasonable wages for junior employees, employees whose jobs have training requirements and employees with disability. See

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After two years of constant financial meltdown, Lebanon as of 2021 is ranking as one of the 10 countries in the world with the lowest minimum wages because of the collapse of the local pound following the Lebanese financial crisis that started in August 2019.

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found prices in minimum wage sectors rose faster than other sectors, especially in the four years after its introduction. Neither trade unions nor employer organizations contest the minimum wage, although the latter had especially done so heavily until 1999.

717:

Minimum wage rates vary greatly across many different jurisdictions, not only in setting a particular amount of money—for example $ 7.25 per hour ($ 14,500 per year) under certain US state laws (or $ 2.13 for employees who receive tips, which is known as the

4833:

found that a large and persistent increase in the minimum wage in Hungary produced some disemployment, with the large majority of additional cost being passed on to consumers. The authors also found that firms began substituting capital for labor over time.

4892:

compared 288 pairs of contiguous U.S. counties with minimum wage differentials from 1990 to 2006 and found no adverse employment effects from a minimum wage increase. Contiguous counties with different minimum wages are in purple. All other counties are in

4825:

and discusses how minimum wages actually cause fewer jobs for low-skilled workers. Within the article it discusses a trade-off for low- to high-skilled workers that when the minimum wage is increased GDP is more highly redistributed to high academia jobs.

3679:

This result shows that the expected utility of unemployed workers is maximized when the minimum wage is set at a level that corresponds to the wage level of the decentralized economy in which the bargaining power parameter is equal to the elasticity

12390:

Ernie added up all the hours worked by these minimum wage workers. And he applied the relevant minimum wage depending on where those workers lived. And then finally, he just took the average pay of all the hours worked. That average was $ 11.80 an

5463:

in April 2000. Prior to this, minimum wages were set by industry-specific Joint Labour Committees. However, coverage for workers was low and the agreements were poorly enforced and moreover, those who were covered by agreements received low wages.

775:

In the business sector, concerns include the expected increased cost of doing business, threats to profitability, rising levels of unemployment (and subsequent higher government expenditure on welfare benefits raising tax rates), and the possible

10412: 5074:

Discriminates against, through pricing out, less qualified workers (including newcomers to the labor market, e.g. young workers) by keeping them from accumulating work experience and qualifications, hence potentially graduating to higher wages

4081: 2128: 10936: 4905:

A 2011 paper reconciled differences between datasets, showing positive employment effects for small restaurants but negative effects for large fast-food chains. A 2014 analysis found that minimum wage reduces employment among teenagers.

3370: 9199: 3527: 867:

commodity. When there is a wheat surplus, the government buys it. Since the government does not hire surplus labor, the labor surplus takes the form of unemployment, which tends to be higher with minimum wage laws than without them.

5324:

is a mechanism whereby the tax system can reduce the tax owed by a household to below zero, and result in a net payment to the taxpayer beyond their own payments into the tax system. Examples of refundable tax credits include the

4590: 758:

workers wages usually found in more industrialized countries. The latter situation in Southeast Asia and Latin America was publicized in the 2000s, but it existed with companies in West Africa in the middle of the 20th century.

5087:

Results in higher prices for consumers, where products and services are produced by minimum-wage workers (though non-labor costs represent a greater proportion of costs to consumers in industries like fast food and discount

5035:

As a labor market analogue of political-economic protectionism, it excludes low cost competitors from labor markets and hampers firms in reducing wage costs during trade downturns. This generates various industrial-economic

3239: 5446:

The minimum monthly wage set at LBP 675,000, which valued USD 450 prior to the crisis, is barely reaching USD 30 nowadays. The currency has lost nearly 90% of its value and drove three quarters of residents into poverty.

5193:, "overall, the most up to date body of research from US, UK and other developed countries points to a very muted effect of minimum wages on employment, while significantly increasing the earnings of low paid workers." 5388:

advocate a wage subsidy program. A wage subsidy is a payment made by a government for work people do. It is based either on an hourly basis or by income earned. Wage subsidies lack political support from either major

10544: 5755:

In Australia, the Fair Work Commission (FWC) is responsible for determining and setting a national minimum wage as well as the minimum wages in awards setting wage rates for particular occupations and industries.

5106:

The impact of the minimum wage on family income distribution may be negative unless the fewer but better jobs are allocated to members of needy families rather than to, for example, teenagers from families not in

5283:

Proponents argue that a basic income that is based on a broad tax base would be more economically efficient than a minimum wage, as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing

9529: 5579:. While some argue that increasing the minimum wage can be a useful tool to increase the incomes of low-income families and reduce poverty, others have doubts about its effectiveness in achieving these goals. 5180:

According to a 2020 US study, the cost of 10% minimum wage increases for grocery store workers was fully passed through to consumers as 0.4% higher grocery prices. Similarly, a 2021 study that covered 10,000

11108: 5200:" a minimum wage increase of $ 0.50 reduces the probability an ex-incarcerated individual returns to prison within 3 years by 2.15%; these reductions come mainly from recidivism of property and drug crimes. 5005:

Increases incentives to take jobs, as opposed to other methods of transferring income to the poor that are not tied to employment (such as food subsidies for the poor or welfare payments for the unemployed).

4924:

In 2019, economists from Georgia Tech found that minimum wage increases could harm small businesses by increasing bankruptcy rates and reducing hiring, with significant impacts on minority-owned businesses.

3565: 4076: 1643: 4319: 3805:, an increase in the minimum wage improves the welfare of the unemployed – this suggests that minimum wage hikes can improve labor market efficiency, at least up to the point when bargaining power equals 10404: 5401:

Providing education or funding apprenticeships or technical training can provide a bridge for low skilled workers to move into wages above a minimum wage. For example, Germany has adopted a state funded

853:

curve is upward sloping, and is shown as a line moving up and to the right. If no minimum wage is in place, wages will adjust until the quantity of labor demanded is equal to quantity supplied, reaching

4466: 645:

It was not until the 1890s that the first modern legislative attempts to regulate minimum wages were seen in New Zealand and Australia. The movement for a minimum wage was initially focused on stopping

597:

reached England and decimated the population. The severe shortage of labor caused wages to soar and encouraged King Edward III to set a wage ceiling. Subsequent amendments to the ordinance, such as the

12464:

of poverty, according to the nonpartisan CBO. This higher federal minimum could raise wages for an additional 10 million workers who would otherwise make sightly above that wage rate, the study found.

11323: 10296: 8016: 835:

According to the supply and demand model of the labor market shown in many economics textbooks, increasing the minimum wage decreases the employment of minimum-wage workers. One such textbook states:

5304:. It is similar to a basic income or negative income tax system, except that it is normally conditional and subject to a means test. Some proposals also stipulate a willingness to participate in the 2908: 5568:

government set the minimum wage at 33.33 euros per day or 1,000 euros per month, effective from January 1. This represents a 47% increase from the previous minimum wage set in 2018 at 735.90 euros.

3024: 11464: 10389: 10319: 12478:"$ 15 Minimum Wage Would Cut Employment, Reduce Poverty, CBO Study Finds – Nonpartisan study says raising minimum wage would cost 1.4 million jobs but lift 900,000 people above the poverty line" 4086: 1648: 11534: 10217: 6824: 6449: 4681: 9876: 5430:

in 1995. Since then, it has been increasing, on average, every couple of years. The longest unchanged streak of the national minimum wage was between 1999 and 2003, when it was set at 5,000

4863:

restaurants both times. Based on data from the employers' responses, the authors concluded that the increase in the minimum wage slightly increased employment in the New Jersey restaurants.

613:, who was charged with setting the maximum wage, also began to set formal minimum wages. The practice was eventually formalized with the passage of the Act Fixing a Minimum Wage in 1604 by 11153: 8350:

Card and Krueger (2000) "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply" American Economic Review, Volume 90 No. 5. pg 1397–1420

10342: 9632: 9078: 5103:

As uncovered sectors of the economy absorb workers released from the covered sectors, the decrease in wages in the uncovered sectors may exceed the increase in wages in the covered ones;

4957:

by Doucouliagos and Stanley supported Card and Krueger's findings, showing little to no negative association between minimum wages and employment after correcting for publication bias.

1986: 3102: 10171: 8545:

Sabia, Joseph J.; Burkhauser, Richard V.; Hansen, Benjamin (April 2012). "Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small? New Evidence from a Case Study of New York State".

5164:

revised its opinion, and ascertained that "the impact of the introduction of the minimum wage on the total volume of work appears to be very limited in the present business cycle".

5143:

found that employers had reduced their rate of hiring and employee hours employed, and found ways to cause current workers to be more productive (especially service companies). The

9609: 5233:

and Stewart Dompe conclude, on the basis of previous surveys, "the average level of support for the minimum wage is somewhat higher among labor economists than among AEA members."

3244: 11065:

Fuchs, Victor R.; Krueger, Alan B.; Poterba, James M. (September 1998). "Economists' Views about Parameters, Values, and Policies: Survey Results in Labor and Public Economics".

4027: 738:, as of 2017, the minimum wage was Rs. 348/day. India also has one of the most complicated systems with more than 1,200 minimum wage rates depending on the geographical region. 10524: 9691: 8884: 5368:

Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark are developed nations where legislation stipulates no minimum wage. Instead, minimum wage standards in different sectors are set by

4619:

is the optimal search effort. This implies that a wage increase drives up job search effort and, therefore, the job finding rate. Additionally, the unemployment rate

3405: 1927: 8513: 3978: 4858:

gathered information on fast food restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania in an attempt to see what effect this increase had on employment within New Jersey via a

10541: 3832: 3803: 3707: 3556: 862:

on labor. Standard theory says that, if set above the equilibrium price, more labor will be willing to be provided by workers than will be demanded by employers, creating a

676:"It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country." 9399:

Von Wachter, Till; Taska, Bledi; Marinescu, Ioana Elena; Huet-Vaughn, Emiliano; Azar, José (5 July 2019). "Minimum Wage Employment Effects and Labor Market Concentration".

4617: 11130: 10496: 6483: 6399: 4491: 3865: 12477: 10437: 9736: 4850:

In 1992, the minimum wage in New Jersey increased from $ 4.25 to $ 5.05 per hour (an 18.8% increase), while in the adjacent state of Pennsylvania it remained at $ 4.25.

3770: 2204: 768:

demand; wage levels, distribution and differentials; employment terms; productivity growth; labor costs; business operating costs; the number and trend of bankruptcies;

4683:

A hike in the wage, which increases the search effort and the job finding rate, decreases the unemployment rate. So it is possible that a hike in the minimum wage

3955: 11345: 9525: 5177:

rates. The researchers say that for every one dollar increase, the annual suicide growth rate fell by 1.9%. The study covers all 50 states for the years 2006 to 2016.

1981: 1954: 5434:, and between 2015 and 2019 where it was set at 55,000 AMD. In November 2022, the national minimum wage was subject to the latest increase. It was set at 75,000 AMD. 3137: 3044: 2948: 2244: 1895: 689:

The first modern national minimum wages were enacted by the government recognition of unions which in turn established minimum wage policy among their members, as in

12868: 5594:

of those who retain their jobs, or it's not effective because it adds pressure to the growth of prices and increase the likelihood of inflation becoming entrenched.

4770:

in 1976 found that many of the benefits went to higher income families, and that teenagers were made worse off by the unemployment associated with the minimum wage.

3400: 3132: 505:

based on economic indicators, or having wage boards that determine minimum wages in consultation with representatives from employers, employees, and the government.

11096: 3734: 1636: 1609: 1578: 5236:

In 2007, Klein and Dompe conducted a non-anonymous survey of supporters of the minimum wage who had signed the "Raise the Minimum Wage" statement published by the

11441: 8316:

Neumark, David; Wascher, William (December 2000). "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Comment".

6775: 11171: 9776:

Kosteas, Vasilios D. "Minimum Wage." Encyclopedia of World Poverty. Ed. M. Odekon.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 2006. 719–21. SAGE knowledge. Web.

4637: 4486: 3998: 3104:. A hike in the minimum wage degrades the profitability of a job, so firms post fewer vacancies and the job finding rate falls off. Now let's rewrite 3064: 2928: 2224: 2168: 2148: 1875: 1855: 1835: 1815: 651:

minimum wage was proposed as a means to make them pay fairly. Over time, the focus changed to helping people, especially families, become more self-sufficient.

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economics, social policy or business, industry and commerce and can inform its decision making through commissioning a range of economic and social research.

4245:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}rV_{e}&=w+q(V_{u}-V_{e})\\rV_{u}&=\max _{\epsilon }\;z-\varphi (\epsilon )+\alpha \epsilon (V_{e}-V_{u})\end{aligned}}} 11778: 11319: 10723: 10566: 6304: 3930:

In the model just presented, the minimum wage always increases unemployment. This result does not necessarily hold when the search effort of workers is

1392:, and consequently empirical evidence hardly exists for that model. Graham White argues, partially on the basis of Sraffianism, that the policy of increased 6711: 5039:

Reduces quantity demanded of workers, either through a reduction in the number of hours worked by individuals, or through a reduction in the number of jobs.

1438:

and results in workers being paid less than their marginal value. Under the monopsonistic assumption, an appropriately set minimum wage could increase both

5843: 11472: 5989: 5739:, conducted as a minimum-wage increase was being considered in Congress, found 53% of respondents supporting an increase to $ 15 an hour and 45% opposed. 515:

scenarios, where individual employers have a degree of wage-setting power over the market as a whole. Supporters of the minimum wage say it increases the

12840: 12183:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

11986: 11910:"BOE-A-2015-11430 Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores" 10365: 11888:

Real Decreto-ley 3/2004, de 25 de junio, para la racionalización de la regulación del salario mínimo interprofesional y para el incremento de su cuantía

10379: 10311: 9126:

Megan de Linde Leonard; T. D. Stanley; Hristos Doucouliagos (September 2014). "Does the UK Minimum Wage Reduce Employment? A Meta-Regression Analysis".

1372:

The argument that a minimum wage decreases employment is based on a simple supply and demand model of the labor market. A number of economists, such as

5538:

of professional salaries being paid to workers when they are superior to the established minimum wage. Finally, the amount of the SMI is non-seizable.

5186:

wage, because any goods and services they purchase made with minimum-wage labor have now increased in cost, analogous to an increase in the sales tax.

911:,' asymmetric information, imperfect mobility, and the personal element of the labor transaction give some degree of wage-setting power to most firms. 11526: 10686: 6814: 5160:

particularly for temporary and part-time workers, and some low-wage jobs have disappeared entirely. Because of this overall positive development, the

3957:, which can be interpreted as the amount of time and/or intensity of the effort devoted to search. Assume that the arrival rate of job offers is 11556: 10221: 9648: 9358: 7883: 6422: 9868: 12889: 7057: 3899: 1521: 690: 11288:"Response to a Request by Senator Grassley About the Effects of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage Versus Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit" 11157: 10334: 10207:

Fiscal Policy Institute, "States with Minimum Wages Above the Federal Level have had Faster Small Business and Retail Job Growth," 30 March 2006.

9624: 8679: 7709: 4325: 511:

models suggest that there may be employment losses from minimum wages; however, minimum wages can increase the efficiency of the labor market in

9109: 12852: 12592: 12066: 11294: 6275: 5127:(ILO) argued that the minimum wage could not be directly linked to unemployment in countries that have suffered job losses. In April 2010, the 4255: 2930:

represents a minimum wage that applies to all workers, this equation completely determines the equilibrium value of the labor market tightness

1461:

Another reason minimum wage may not affect employment in certain industries is that the demand for the product the employees produce is highly

7636: 2846: 12501: 12419: 11687: 11664: 9638: 7689: 4902:

employment, with statistically significant disemployment effects in some cases. Card and Krueger rebutted these conclusions in a 2000 paper.

11503: 10076:

Partridge, M. D.; Partridge, J. S. (1999). "Do minimum wage hikes reduce employment? State-level evidence from the low-wage retail sector".

5021:

Increases technological development. Costly technology that increases business efficiency is more appealing as the price of labor increases.

4909:

Further studies using Card and Krueger's methodology supported their original findings, showing no negative effects on low-wage employment.

10163: 9191: 12218: 11033: 6945: 10271: 9605: 8951: 12898: 12452: 6509: 5032:

Minimum wage alone is not effective at alleviating poverty, and in fact produces a net increase in poverty due to disemployment effects.

4952:

A 2019 meta-analysis of developed countries reported minimal employment effects and significant earnings increases for low-paid workers.

13763: 13741: 6854: 6118: 5058:

Increases property crime and misery in poor communities by decreasing legal markets of production and consumption in those communities;

12907: 10748: 9845: 7517: 4642: 14667: 10521: 9683: 7005:"Provisional Minimum Wage Commission: Preliminary Views on a Bask of Indicators, Other Relevant Considerations and Impact Assessment" 5727:

and overall economic output to decrease slightly, and increase the federal budget deficit by $ 54 billion over the next 10 years. An

2538: 9818: 8520: 8225:

Card; Krueger (2000). "Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply".

4704:

Economists disagree as to the measurable impact of minimum wages in practice. This disagreement usually takes the form of competing

14511: 14073: 13188: 12817: 12557: 11238: 8447: 5692: 2953: 12436:

paid at or near the minimum wage, such as those providing long-term health care—would contribute to increases in federal spending.

12203:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

11863: 11265: 6668: 5526:

and business associations, for both permanent and temporary workers, as well as for domestic employees. It takes into account the

14692: 9286:

Doucouliagos, Hristos; Stanley, T. D. (2009). "Publication Selection Bias in Minimum-Wage Research? A Meta-Regression Analysis".

6475: 5711: 5169: 4882: 2546: 11710: 11122: 7730: 6391: 4252:

Therefore, the optimal search effort is such that the marginal cost of performing the search is equation to the marginal return:

14563: 14009: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13302: 10500: 6536: 5522:

The Spanish government sets the "Interprofessional Minimum Wage" (SMI) annually, after consulting with the most representative

5390: 2507: 556: 10427: 10252: 9732: 560: 9952: 9797: 9333: 7992: 7581: 7004: 6988: 6614: 6580: 6443: 6343: 6225: 6041: 5736: 5707:

peaked in 1968, at $ 1.60 ($ 14.00 in 2023). In 2009, it was increased to $ 7.25 per hour, and has not been increased since.

1388:

argue, based on simulation results, that little of the empirical work done with the textbook model constitutes a potentially

545: 12265: 11987:"Un análisis del impacto de la subida del salario mínimo interprofesional en 2017 sobre la probabilidad de perder el empleo" 10452: 7477:

Anyadike-Danes, Michael; Godley, Wynne (1989). "Real Wages and Employment: A Sceptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work".

5111:

protected sector unless they can find employers willing to hire them at that wage. That may be seen as a legal violation of

630:

policies which disfavored regulations of wages (whether upper or lower limits). The subsequent 19th century saw significant

14568: 13456: 12938: 12876: 7325: 5731:

survey in August 2020 found that support for a rise in the federal minimum wage had grown substantially during the ongoing

12865: 12011: 11961:"BOE-A-2022-2851 Real Decreto 152/2022, de 22 de febrero, por el que se fija el salario mínimo interprofesional para 2022" 10051: 6586: 5173:

showed that in the United States, those states that have implemented a higher minimum wage saw a decline in the growth of

3241:

Using the relationship between the wage and labor market tightness to eliminate the wage from the last equation gives us:

7314:(1995) and S Machin and A Manning, 'Minimum wages and economic outcomes in Europe' (1997) 41 European Economic Review 733 5859: 4792:

CBO table illustrating projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income, under two scenarios

3672:{\displaystyle \eta (\theta )=-\theta {m'(\theta ) \over {m(\theta )}}\equiv -\theta {d \over {d\theta }}\log m(\theta )} 2533: 2308: 631: 6074:"The Econometrics and Economics of the Employment Effects of Minimum Wages: Getting from Known Unknowns to Known Knowns" 5934:

for more detailed findings from this study, including employment estimates on raising the wage to $ 10 or $ 12 per hour.

1790:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}rV_{e}&=w+q(V_{u}-V_{e})\\rV_{u}&=z+\theta m(\theta )(V_{e}-V_{u})\end{aligned}}} 849:

curve is therefore shown as a line moving down and to the right. Since higher wages increase the quantity supplied, the

11433: 10946: 8514:"Using Federal Minimum Wages to Identify the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment and Earnings Across the U.S. States" 6259: 4993:

Improves functioning of the low-wage labor market which may be characterized by employer-side market power (monopsony).

4888: 11398: 6767: 4032: 3776:

the unemployment rate, with an ambiguous impact on employment. When the bargaining power of workers is less than

14805: 13980: 13768: 13736: 12768: 12048: 10896:

Alston, Richard M.; Kearl, J. R.; Vaughan, Michael B. (May 1992). "Is There a Consensus Among Economists in 1990s?".

8209: 7661: 7335: 7230: 6911: 6742: 6546: 6519: 5777:

and the 2020–21 decision noted the uncertainty of the impact of increases in the minimum wages for youth employment.

5610: 5603: 5416: 5124: 5024:

Encourages people to join the workforce rather than pursuing money through illegal means, e.g., selling illegal drugs

4842:

Effect on employment can be low from minimum-wage policies, but these policies can also benefit welfare and poverty.

3917: 3867:, any increases in the minimum wage entails a decline in labor market participation and an increase in unemployment. 2417: 1539: 1469:

argues this explanation neglects to explain why the firm was not charging this higher price absent the minimum wage.

609:. An amendment to the Statute of Labourers in 1389 effectively fixed wages to the price of food. As time passed, the 478: 12656: 11208: 10189: 5896: 1396:, including the reduction of minimum wages, does not have an "intellectually coherent" argument in economic theory. 14790: 12058: 10138: 7924: 6312: 5630: 5360:

prefers cutting taxes on the poor and middle class instead of raising wages as an alternative to the minimum wage.

5144: 2679: 2551: 2402: 719: 702: 12709: 10574: 7861: 7821:

Wellington, Alison J. (Winter 1991). "Effects of the Minimum Wage on the Employment Status of Youths: An Update".

527:

because some low-wage workers "will be unable to find work ... will be pushed into the ranks of the unemployed".

14800: 13880: 12735: 10471: 6719: 4949:

A 2007 meta-analysis by Neumark found a consistent, though not always significant, negative effect on employment.

4797:

decreased the absolute teenage employment by 0.6%, with no effect on the teen or young adult unemployment rates.

2831: 2754: 681: 523:, reduces inequality, and boosts morale. In contrast, opponents of the minimum wage say it increases poverty and 8133:. International Economic Conference of Sibiu 2013 Post Crisis Economy: Challenges and Opportunities, IECS 2013. 14810: 14573: 13945: 13897: 13163: 13111: 12809: 9789:

Statutory Minimum Wage Controls: A Critical Review of Their Effects on Labour Markets, Employment & Incomes

7178:"Examining the Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on the Labor Market Participation of Families on Welfare" 5982: 5886: 3069: 2452: 2447: 920: 888: 706: 12674: 10869:

Kearl, J. R.; Pope, Clayne L.; Whiting, Gordon C.; Wimmer, Larry T. (May 1979). "A Confusion of Economists?".

10357: 10115: 14661: 14553: 13965: 13513: 12523: 12281:

By 1968, the minimum wage had reached its peak purchasing power of $ 1.60 per hour ($ 11.08 in 2016 dollars).

11364: 10923: 8715:

Overstreet, Dallin (2019). "The Effect of Minimum Wage on Per Capita Income in Arizona: Empirical Analysis".

8678:

Ekaterina Jardim; Mark C. Long; Robert Plotnick; Emma van Inwegen; Jacob Vigdor; Hilary Wething (June 2017).

8360:

Ropponen, Olli (2011). "Reconciling the evidence of Card and Krueger (1994) and Neumark and Wascher (2000)".

5794: 5222: 2739: 1384:, argue that that model, even given all its assumptions, is logically incoherent. Michael Anyadike-Danes and 655: 12764: 12614: 10186:

Rising Youth Unemployment During The Crisis: How To Prevent Negative Long-Term Consequences on a Generation?

8958: 7380:

Garegnani, P. (July 1970). "Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution".

7207:

Ehrenberg, R. and Smith, R. "Modern labor economics: theory and public policy", HarperCollins, 1994, 5th ed.

746:

Customs, tight labor markets, and extra-legal pressures from governments or labor unions can each produce a

14851: 14742: 13915: 12966: 12210: 12190: 11934: 11841: 11819: 10693: 10384: 5864: 5174: 2714: 605:

While the laws governing wages initially set a ceiling on compensation, they were eventually used to set a

8093: 7937: 7890: 5735:, with 72% of Americans in favor, including 62% of Republicans and 87% of Democrats. A March 2021 poll by 14727: 13940: 12801: 12414: 8787: 7506:"The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies" 7010:. Provisional Minimum Wage Commission, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Archived from 5723: 5486: 5350: 4003: 1581: 568: 12754: 10773: 9971: 8064: 7049: 14866: 14656: 14538: 14014: 13466: 13158: 13066: 11097:"Reasons for Supporting the Minimum Wage: Asking Signatories of the 'Raise the Minimum Wage' Statement" 10006: 9350: 8984: 8845:"Do Lower Minimum Wages for Young Workers Raise Their Employment? Evidence From a Danish Discontinuity" 7359:"OECD Statistics (GDP, unemployment, income, population, labour, education, trade, finance, prices...)" 5092:

A widely circulated argument that the minimum wage was ineffective at reducing poverty was provided by

3931: 2788: 2724: 1900: 1462: 1443: 924: 694: 11576: 8690: 3960: 734:

in its law in 1948. However, it is rarely implemented, even by contractors of government agencies. In

654:

In the United States, the late 19th-century ideas for favoring a minimum wage also coincided with the

14820: 14815: 14636: 14310: 14221: 14100: 12860: 12849: 12078: 8171:"Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania" 7081:"Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania" 6145:"Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania" 5502: 5297: 5237: 4859: 4788: 4779: 2744: 2472: 2412: 1419: 1407: 769: 599: 11287: 10020: 8885:"El Banco de España calcula que la subida del salario mínimo en 2019 restó al menos 100.000 empleos" 8467: 8278: 7628: 6279: 5100:

Employment may fall more than in proportion to the wage increase, thereby reducing overall earnings;

4946:

A 2013 meta-analysis of 16 UK studies found no significant employment effects from the minimum wage.

4752:

Effects on the skills of workers through job training and the deferring of work to acquire education

3808: 3779: 3683: 3532: 883:

Modern economics suggests that a moderate minimum wage may increase employment as labor markets are

14856: 14825: 14795: 14486: 14288: 14047: 14004: 13970: 13471: 13461: 13143: 12931: 12099: 12086: 11935:"Así ha evolucionado el Salario Mínimo en España desde el franquismo hasta los 1.080 euros de 2023" 5817: 5700: 5634: 5326: 5301: 5214: 5065: 4595: 2719: 2694: 2422: 2323: 2123:{\displaystyle r\Pi _{e}=y-w+q(\Pi _{v}-\Pi _{e}),\quad r\Pi _{v}=-h+m(\theta )(\Pi _{e}-\Pi _{v})} 1393: 496:

The movement for minimum wages was first motivated as a way to stop the exploitation of workers in

12406: 12239: 12149:"Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage | U.S. Department of Labor" 11820:"President Moon Jae-in apologizes for failing to keep the promise of a minimum wage of 10,000 won" 11733: 11495: 9467:"The Distributional Effects of Minimum Wages: Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data" 7678: 14876: 14871: 14752: 14631: 14533: 14471: 14283: 13910: 13797: 13731: 13644: 12369: 12341: 10626:"The Pass-Through of Minimum Wages into US Retail Prices: Evidence from Supermarket Scanner Data" 9840: 5617: 5553: 5513:

there are opinions from various media that the minimum wage law is not properly applied in Korea.

5135: 4695: 3837: 2734: 2263: 751: 29: 12315: 10922:

survey by Dan Fuller and Doris Geide-Stevenson using a sample of 308 economists surveyed by the

7651: 6217: 6211: 4933:

shifts in the economy, including reduced competition and increased commuting times for workers.

3742: 2176: 14606: 14558: 14528: 14365: 14333: 14323: 14140: 14125: 14105: 13987: 13758: 13753: 13028: 12774: 12201: 12181: 12082: 12042: 10015: 9224:

Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. (May 1995). "Time-Series Minimum-Wage Studies: A Meta-analysis".

9079:"The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment" 8462: 8273: 6941: 5891: 4775: 4709: 3940: 3559: 2699: 2669: 2661: 2432: 794:

also have a ripple effect, pushing up wages for those earning slightly above the minimum wage.

731: 12549: 11641: 11197:

David Scharfenberg (28 April 2014). "What The Research Says In The Minimum Wage Debate". WBUR.

10820: 10266: 9404: 8574: 6976: 6514:(2nd impression (with corrections) ed.). Geneva: International Labour Office. p. 1. 6251: 6245: 6073: 3365:{\displaystyle rV_{u}={\theta m(\theta )y+(r+q)z-\theta (r+q)h \over {r+q+\theta m(\theta )}}} 1959: 1932: 14846: 14548: 14543: 14481: 14426: 14375: 13997: 13528: 13501: 13173: 13101: 9813: 9763: 9718: 9526:"Holly Sklar, Small Businesses Want Minimum Wage Increase – Business For a Fair Minimum Wage" 7933: 7773:"Time-Series Evidence of the Effect of the Minimum Wage on Youth Employment and Unemployment" 5696: 5369: 5321: 3029: 2933: 2729: 2689: 2674: 2397: 2303: 2229: 1880: 1477: 1427: 710: 698: 621: 576: 12053:

Click on states on that map to see exact minimum wage info by state. See bottom of page for

9835: 7450:

Opocher, A.; Steedman, I. (2009). "Input price-input quantity relations and the numeraire".

6846: 5719:

since at least 1994, the earliest year for which effective-minimum-wage data are available.

4735:

Economists have done empirical studies on different aspects of the minimum wage, including:

3375: 3107: 14616: 14392: 14345: 14165: 14160: 13935: 13930: 13905: 13845: 13689: 13669: 13621: 13491: 13406: 13244: 11590: 11040: 10004:

Meer, Jonathan; West, Jeremy (2016). "Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment Dynamics".

9898:

Hashimoto, Masanori (1987). "The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes: Time-Series Evidence".

8677: 7505: 7138: 6208:"The Very Idea of Apply Economics: The Modern Minimum-Wage Controversy and Its Antecedents" 5549: 5527: 5357: 3712: 2778: 2709: 2528: 2363: 2333: 1614: 1587: 1556: 1373: 855: 639: 610: 12719:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", 8399:"Revisiting the Minimum Wage—Employment Debate: Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater?" 5691:

and a range of state and local laws. The first federal minimum wage was instituted in the

3522:{\displaystyle {(y-z) \over {r+q+\eta (\theta )\theta m(\theta )}}={h \over {m(\theta )}}} 8: 14861: 14521: 14516: 14454: 14402: 14120: 14088: 14078: 13960: 13950: 13481: 13476: 13297: 13277: 13198: 13118: 13096: 13076: 12924: 12482: 5827: 5633:. In states with lower or no minimum wage, federal rates apply to workers covered by the 5571:

There are several debates around the minimum wage in Spain, which focus on its impact on

5460: 5342: 5272: 5161: 5061:

Can result in the exclusion of certain groups (ethnic, gender etc.) from the labor force.

4782: 4759: 4743: 4729: 2824: 2704: 2358: 1431: 663: 12148: 11909: 11234: 8488: 7358: 5071:

Discourages further education among the poor by enticing people to enter the job market.

14621: 14585: 14449: 14338: 14318: 14191: 14155: 14042: 14024: 13955: 13591: 13451: 13431: 13386: 13287: 13272: 12893: 12866:

A $ 15 U.S. Minimum Wage: How the Fast-Food Industry Could Adjust Without Shedding Jobs

12814: 12502:"America's Hidden Common Ground on Economic Opportunity and Inequality – Public Agenda" 12401: 12399: 11960: 11752: 11261: 11074: 11014: 10979: 10905: 10878: 10851: 10801: 10663: 10093: 10033: 9923: 9915: 9447: 9303: 9268: 9233: 9143: 9125: 9059: 9012: 8866: 8825: 8769: 8732: 8660: 8562: 8480: 8428: 8398: 8333: 8291: 8242: 8182: 7838: 7803: 7795: 7753: 7532: 7490: 7432: 7397: 7293: 7158: 7112:"Minimum Wages and Employment: A Review of Evidence from the New Minimum Wage Research" 7092: 6819: 6688: 6207: 6156: 6093: 6047: 5880: 5766: 5334: 5309: 5140: 5018:

Removes low paying jobs, forcing workers to train for, and move to, higher paying jobs.

4965: 4721: 4622: 4471: 3983: 3049: 2913: 2607: 2467: 2209: 2153: 2133: 1860: 1840: 1820: 1800: 1483: 1400: 723: 516: 12293: 12037: 8170: 8143: 8126: 7976: 7255: 6897: 3895: 1517: 1472:

Three other possible reasons minimum wages do not affect employment were suggested by

620:

By the early 19th century, the Statutes of Labourers was repealed as the increasingly

14732: 14712: 14444: 14409: 14241: 14135: 14115: 14034: 13887: 13822: 13496: 13446: 13421: 13381: 13376: 13307: 13153: 12902: 12780: 12642: 11756: 11018: 10983: 10962:

Fuller, Dan; Geide-Stevenson, Doris (2003). "Consensus Among Economists: Revisited".

10942: 10855: 10843: 10805: 10793: 10667: 10655: 10097: 10037: 9979: 9948: 9942: 9927: 9793: 9759: 9714: 9507: 9439: 9400: 9329: 9307: 9299: 9272: 9264: 9051: 9004: 9000: 8929: 8829: 8773: 8736: 8664: 8652: 8611: 8570: 8566: 8205: 8204:(Twentieth-anniversary ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 8148: 7988: 7929: 7807: 7657: 7577: 7436: 7428: 7331: 7226: 7219: 7162: 6984: 6680: 6576: 6542: 6515: 6439: 6339: 6255: 6221: 6051: 6037: 5832: 5808: 5774: 5732: 5557: 5042: 4713: 4585:{\displaystyle {d \over {dw}}(V_{e}-V_{u})={1 \over {r+q+\alpha \epsilon ^{*}}}>0} 2798: 2749: 2684: 2627: 2437: 2293: 2206:

is satisfied, these two equalities yield the following relationship between the wage

830: 822: 549: 542: 520: 508: 12396: 9466: 9147: 9016: 8870: 8752:"Does a One-Size-Fits-All Minimum Wage Cause Financial Stress for Small Businesses?" 6601:

Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics & American Economics in the Progressive Era,

6366: 6181: 6097: 5956:"Real minimum wages from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development" 5955: 5372:. Particularly the Scandinavian countries have very high union participation rates. 4821:

A 2018 study published by the university of California agrees with the study in the

858:, where the supply and demand curves intersect. Minimum wage behaves as a classical 14702: 14491: 14459: 14419: 14414: 14211: 14201: 14019: 13850: 13807: 13780: 13775: 13629: 13596: 13586: 13436: 13364: 13168: 13106: 13086: 13071: 12827: 12749: 12197: 12177: 12062: 12054: 11744: 11006: 10971: 10835: 10785: 10645: 10637: 10244: 10085: 10025: 9907: 9581: 9552: 9497: 9451: 9431: 9295: 9260: 9135: 9101: 9093: 9043: 8996: 8919: 8856: 8817: 8759: 8724: 8642: 8601: 8554: 8484: 8472: 8432: 8418: 8410: 8377: 8369: 8325: 8295: 8283: 8246: 8234: 8138: 8105: 8072: 8043: 7980: 7972: 7830: 7787: 7745: 7552: 7544: 7486: 7459: 7424: 7389: 7284:

Boal, William M.; Ransom, Michael R (March 1997). "Monopsony in the Labor Market".

7185: 7150: 7119: 6431: 6085: 6029: 6021: 5715: 5704: 5626: 5591: 5561: 5338: 5330: 5068:) at reducing poverty, and is more damaging to businesses than those other methods. 4996:

Raises family incomes at the bottom of the income distribution, and lowers poverty.

4717: 3937:

Consider a model where the intensity of the job search is designated by the scalar

2783: 2773: 2328: 1447: 863: 807: 782: 586: 501: 12446: 12444: 10789: 10687:"Wages, Minimum Wages, and Price Pass-Through: The Case of McDonald's Restaurants" 10245:"Why Has the British National Minimum Wage Had Little or No Impact on Employment?" 8903: 8788:

The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage

7011: 6641: 4749:

Effects on the distribution of incomes among low-income and higher-income families

1406:

An alternate view of the labor market has low-wage labor markets characterized as

14762: 14697: 14506: 14476: 14464: 14328: 14226: 14093: 13426: 13193: 12996: 12971: 12961: 12872: 12856: 12821: 11320:"Comment: Minimum Wage rise risks harming workers; cut taxes on the poor instead" 10724:"What minimum-wage increases did to McDonald's restaurants — and their employees" 10548: 10528: 10456: 10275: 10196: 10029: 9822: 9787: 8588:

Zipperer, Ben; Lindner, Attila; Dube, Arindrajit; Cengiz, Doruk (1 August 2019).

5675: 5531: 5285: 5276: 5230: 5190: 5117:

a right to engage in productive employment, and not to be prevented from doing so

4871: 4767: 2803: 2617: 2575: 2497: 2283: 777: 8985:"Employment, Inequality and the UK National Minimum Wage over the Medium-Term *" 8448:"Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties" 8262:"Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties" 7956: 5081:

Results in jobs moving to other areas or countries which allow lower-cost labor.

3234:{\displaystyle rV_{u}={(r+q)z+\theta m(\theta )w \over {r+q+\theta m(\theta )}}} 14747: 14496: 14397: 14350: 14052: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13711: 13639: 13396: 13354: 13038: 13006: 12721: 12441: 10650: 9869:"Worker pay vs automation tipping point may be coming, says this fast-food CEO" 9713:

Alesina, Alberto F.; Zeira, Joseph (2006). "Technology and Labor Regulations".

9666: 8983:

Dolton, Peter; Bondibene, Chiara Rosazza; Wadsworth, Jonathan (February 2012).

8680:"Minimum Wage Increases, wages, and low-wage employment: Evidence from Seattle" 8558: 8414: 6619: 6570: 5869: 5822: 5688: 5638: 5403: 5093: 4974: 4725: 2817: 2642: 2637: 2622: 2585: 2407: 2253: 1435: 1389: 614: 481:

legislation by the end of the 20th century. Because minimum wages increase the

12792: 11801: 10975: 10089: 9585: 8647: 8630: 7548: 7248: 6435: 5710:

Employers have to pay workers the highest minimum wage of those prescribed by

5493: 4929:

increasing the minimum wage could lead to increased crime among young adults.

3402:

in this equation, with respect to the labor market tightness, it follows that:

489:, by moving labor to locations with lower or nonexistent minimum wages, or by 14840: 14722: 14641: 14626: 14611: 14382: 14360: 14266: 14150: 14083: 14057: 13992: 13835: 13792: 13787: 13634: 13518: 13416: 13138: 12991: 12976: 12911: 12697: 11984: 11886: 10847: 10797: 10659: 10624:

Renkin, Tobias; Montialoux, Claire; Siegenthaler, Michael (30 October 2020).

10432: 10143: 9983: 9511: 9443: 9055: 9008: 8933: 8809: 8656: 8615: 8152: 6972: 5684: 5583: 5431: 5385: 5182: 5112: 5052: 4970: 4898: 4805: 2567: 2502: 2462: 2427: 2353: 850: 846: 626: 482: 11527:"Wage subsidies might be a good idea, but Republicans will never support it" 11419:

Phelps, Edmund S. "Low-wage employment subsidies versus the welfare state."

9545:"The Unexpected Long-Run Impact of the Minimum Wage: An Educational Cascade" 9419: 6538:

The quest for a living wage: the history of the federal minimum wage program

6511:

Minimum wage fixing : an international review of practices and problems

6017:

The digital transformation of labor: Automation, the gig economy and welfare

5921:

notably take-away foods, canteen meals, hotel services and domestic services

5253:

costs widely rather than concentrating it on employers of low wage workers.

4989:

Studies have found that minimum wages have the following positive effects:

14757: 14737: 14717: 14707: 14682: 14436: 14271: 14251: 14236: 14206: 14196: 13975: 13830: 13812: 13726: 13684: 13674: 13571: 13561: 13533: 13264: 13254: 13081: 13021: 12681:(Decision Annual Wage Review, Act Fair Work Act). 16 June 2020. p. 10. 11561: 11390: 11010: 10428:"States That Raised Their Minimum Wages Are Experiencing Faster Job Growth" 9653: 9643: 9097: 8689:. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 23532. Archived from 8261: 7415:

Vienneau, Robert L. (2005). "On Labour Demand and Equilibria of the Firm".

6684: 6015: 5901: 5381: 5305: 5268: 5262: 4855: 2647: 2612: 2595: 2492: 2477: 2392: 2387: 2379: 2313: 1473: 1466: 1414:

than do sellers (workers). This monopsony could be a result of intentional

1411: 1385: 1381: 1377: 908: 659: 635: 594: 581: 524: 470: 12908:

Economics in One Lesson: The Lesson Applied, Chapter 19: Minimum Wage Laws

12806: 12663:(Decision Annual Wage Review, Act Fair Work Act). 30 May 2019. p. 10. 12121: 12072: 12030: 8924: 8907: 8329: 8238: 6919: 6025: 788: 638:

were decriminalized during the century, attempts to control wages through

14370: 14293: 14261: 13721: 13664: 13282: 13239: 13214: 13183: 13178: 13133: 13058: 13048: 13033: 12986: 12844: 12786: 12704: 11212: 10728: 10641: 9502: 9485: 9418:

Dube, Arindrajit; Lester, T. William; Reich, Michael (21 December 2015).

9047: 8861: 8844: 8606: 8589: 8476: 8287: 8127:"Effects of Raising Minimum Wage: Theory, Evidence and Future Challenges" 8110: 8048: 8031: 7463: 5854: 5837: 5523: 2521: 2348: 2318: 2298: 1423: 859: 755: 606: 589:. Edward, who was a wealthy landowner, was dependent, like his lords, on 474: 12469: 12333: 12092: 11615: 10405:"Harold Meyerson: A higher minimum wage may actually boost job creation" 10112:"The Effects of a Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income" 9684:"ITIF Report Shows Self-service Technology a New Force in Economic Life" 9671:

Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought 1895–1914

9162: 9105: 9063: 9031: 8030:

Zipperer, Ben; Lindner, Attila; Dube, Arindrajit; Cengiz, Doruk (2019).

7984: 7731:"Impact of Minimum Wages on Other Wages, Employment, and Family Incomes" 7246:

Gwartney, J. D.; Stroup, R. L.; Sobel, R. S.; Macpherson, D. A. (2003).

6642:"Franklin Roosevelt's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act" 6033: 4829:

In another study, which shared authors with the above, published in the

1580:

decide to participate in the labor market. In the basic search and

14580: 14387: 14300: 14278: 14246: 14145: 14130: 14110: 13875: 13840: 13802: 13716: 13679: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13566: 13523: 13508: 13486: 13411: 13249: 13229: 13148: 13016: 13011: 12981: 12947: 12716: 11434:"The Wage Subsidy: A Better Way to Help the Poor | Manhattan Institute" 11078: 11039:(Report). The University of New Hampshire Survey Center. Archived from 10909: 10882: 10839: 10625: 10139:"A $ 10.10 Minimum Wage Would Make A DVD At Walmart Cost One Cent More" 10111: 9237: 9139: 8423: 8382: 8337: 8186: 7963: 7857: 7772: 7757: 7401: 7297: 7096: 7080: 6912:"Interview with Mr. Milind Ranade (Kachra Vahtuk Shramik Sangh Mumbai)" 6669:"Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage" 6160: 6144: 6089: 5874: 5622: 5572: 5048: 5012: 4851: 2793: 2487: 2482: 1455: 602:(1351), increased the penalties for paying a wage above the set rates. 490: 486: 12799:

The Effects of a Minimum-wage Increase on Employment and Family Income

12542: 12232: 11985:

Lacuesta Gabarain, A.; Izquierdo Peinado, M.; Puente Díaz, S. (2019).

11748: 11235:"New Research Findings on the Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit" 9919: 8446:

Dube, Arindrajit; Lester, T. William; Reich, Michael (November 2010).

8260:

Dube, Arindrajit; Lester, T. William; Reich, Michael (November 2010).

8077: 7842: 7799: 7729:

Gramlich, Edward M.; Flanagan, Robert J.; Wachter, Michael L. (1976).

7557: 7038:

submission to government by the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce.

2950:. There are two conditions associated with the matching function: 701:. In the United States, statutory minimum wages were first introduced 14767: 14687: 14501: 14186: 13540: 13441: 13401: 13371: 13292: 13128: 13091: 12798: 12713:

3rd edition, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge. Sections 9.1 and 9.3.

12308: 11126: 8751: 8728: 8373: 7679:"Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment?" 7177: 7111: 5849: 5743: 5576: 5221:

A similar survey in 2006 by Robert Whaples polled PhD members of the

4866:

Card and Krueger expanded on this initial article in their 1995 book

4705: 2602: 2343: 2338: 1451: 1415: 916: 903: 896: 884: 647: 512: 497: 10289:"States That Raised Minimum Wage See Faster Job Growth, Report Says" 9398: 7749: 7393: 1484:

Mathematical models of the minimum wage and frictional labor markets

1434:

and the personal element of labor markets. Such a case is a type of

772:

rankings; standards of living and the prevailing average wage rate.

714:

trade unions to set minimum earnings through collective bargaining.

16:

Lowest remuneration which can be paid legally in a state for working

14601: 13659: 13649: 13581: 13576: 13545: 13391: 13346: 13224: 13219: 13123: 13001: 12701:(No. 86). IZA Policy Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). 11688:"Lebanon's inflation rate is worse than Zimbabwe's and Venezuela's" 9911: 9557: 9544: 9435: 9420:"Minimum Wage Shocks, Employment Flows, and Labor Market Frictions" 8821: 8764: 8750:

Chava, Sudheer; Oettl, Alexander; Singh, Manpreet (December 2019).

7858:"Minimum wage trends: Understanding past and contemporary research" 7834: 7791: 7189: 7154: 7123: 6646:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents

2457: 12698:

Why minimum wage increases are a poor way to help the working poor

10335:"Highest Minimum-Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation" 9625:"Highest Minimum-Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation" 7884:"The Florida Minimum Wage: Good for Workers, Good for the Economy" 7710:"Economists disagree on whether the minimum wage kills jobs. Why?" 6424:

Minimum wages and social policy: lessons from developing countries

5530:, national average productivity, the increase in labor's share in 2273: 14231: 14181: 13920: 13870: 13654: 13359: 13043: 11665:"Lebanon families spending five times minimum wage on food alone" 10997:

Whaples, Robert (2006). "Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!".

10602: 9606:"2014 Job Creation Faster in States that Raised the Minimum Wage" 9323: 8202:

Myth and measurement : the new economics of the minimum wage

6876: 5802: 5427: 5134:

Although strongly opposed by both the business community and the

4917:

particularly among women, young adults, and low-skilled workers.

2632: 750:

minimum wage. So can international public opinion, by pressuring

553: 12593:"Hawaii Governor Signs $ 18 Minimum Wage Law, First of Its Kind" 12453:"$ 15 Minimum Wage Would Reduce Poverty But Cost Jobs, CBO Says" 11154:"A Universal Basic Income and Work Incentives. Part 2: Evidence" 9192:"Impacts of minimum wages: review of the international evidence" 8901: 8780: 7656:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. pp. 796–799. 6244:

Gwartney, James David; Clark, J. R.; Stroup, Richard L. (1985).

817: 14355: 13703: 13342: 12266:"Working for $ 7.25 an Hour: Exploring the Minimum Wage Debate" 12216: 12012:"España | Luces y sombras de la subida del SMI | BBVA Research" 9649:"The Guardian view on raising the minimum wage: slowly does it" 9380:

Engquist, Erik (May 2006). "Health bill fight nears showdown".

7971:. Research in Labor Economics. Vol. 22. pp. 159–202. 7916: 5788: 5546: 3980:

and that the wage distribution is degenerated to a single wage

3772:, then an increase in the minimum wage increases participation 2580: 735: 572: 8758:. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. 7184:. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. 7118:. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. 6815:"Fast Food in Denmark Serves Something Atypical: Living Wages" 14216: 12916: 12524:"Public Wants Stimulus Checks More Than GOP Support for Plan" 11711:"Lebanon's average salary plummets 84 percent over 12 months" 10522:$ 15 minimum wage a surprising success for Seattle restaurant 7771:

Brown, Charles; Gilroy, Curtis; Kohen, Andrew (Winter 1983).

7650:

Cahuc, Pierre; Carcillo, Stéphane; Zylberberg, André (2014).

7245: 5728: 2590: 1439: 879: 727: 590: 12645:(Act Part 2-6, Act Fair Work Act). 7 July 2009. p. 284. 10623: 10472:"Minimum Wage Limbo Keeps Small Business Owners Up At Night" 9733:"Minimum Wages in canada : theory, evidence and policy" 9160: 8125:

Mărginean, Silvia; Chenic, Alina Ştefania (1 January 2013).

6020:. Routledge, London: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics. 930: 14256: 13699: 10164:"What Will a Minimum Wage Increase Cost You at McDonald's?" 9758:

Kallem, Andrew (2004). "Youth Crime and the Minimum Wage".

8397:

Neumark, David; Salas, J. M. Ian; Wascher, William (2014).

7574:

Monopsony in motion: Imperfect Competition in Labor Markets

7312:

Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage

7139:"How Effective Is the Minimum Wage at Supporting the Poor?" 6368:

Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage

5714:, state, and local laws. In August 2022, 30 states and the 5542: 4877: 4868:

Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage

4461:{\displaystyle (r+q)(V_{e}-V_{u})=w-\max _{\epsilon }\left} 1399:

Gary Fields, Professor of Labor Economics and Economics at

658:. As a consequence, some economists at the time, including 23: 11090: 11088: 8164: 8162: 6476:"Black death was not spread by rat fleas, say researchers" 4977:" movement to require a US$ 15 per hour minimum wage, 2015 1489:

raising the minimum wage, depending on the circumstances.

1442:

and employment, with the optimal level being equal to the

485:, companies often try to avoid minimum wage laws by using 13234: 12579:"Hawaii could have nation's highest minimum wage in 2028" 12457: 12407:"The Budgetary Effects of the Raise the Wage Act of 2021" 12376: 12346: 11642:"Lebanon ranks among countries with lowest minimum wages" 10753: 10255:

from the original on 21 September 2015 – via Ideas.

8587: 8029: 7510:

The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs

7330:(2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 290. 6568: 5189:

According to a 2019 review of the academic literature by

5047:

Encourages employers to replace low-skilled workers with

4314:{\displaystyle \varphi '(\epsilon )=\alpha (V_{e}-V_{u})} 1492: 12830:– research guide at the University of Missouri libraries 11591:"Armenia - Minimum wages 2022 | countryeconomy.com" 9328:. London: The Macmillan Press Limited. pp. 476–78. 9115:

on 17 January 2024 – via MIT Open Access Articles.

8982: 7915:

Acemoglu, Daron; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (November 2001).

2903:{\displaystyle {h \over {m(\theta )}}={y-w \over {r+q}}} 11557:"Why Germany Is So Much Better at Training Its Workers" 11085: 10598:"Higher state minimum wage tied to lower suicide rates" 9032:"Wage inequality, minimum wage effects, and spillovers" 8159: 7728: 7649: 6603:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016): 158–167. 5699:, but later found to be unconstitutional. In 1938, the 4921:

growth without significantly distorting labor markets.

923:. When poorer workers have more to spend it stimulates 789:

Impact of minimum wage on income inequality and poverty

730:

was one of the first developing countries to introduce

13926:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

11842:"Korea's wage theft over 10 times higher than Japan's" 10868: 10772:

Agan, Amanda Y.; Makowsky, Michael D. (12 July 2021).

10685:

Ashenfelter, Orley; Jurajda, Štěpán (1 January 2021).

10268:

National Minimum Wage – Low Pay Commission Report 2005

9828: 9688:

The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation

9572:

Freeman, Richard B. (1994). "Minimum Wages – Again!".

9486:"Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes" 8801: 5341:

in the UK. Such a system is slightly different from a

5129:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

5002:

Encourages education, resulting in better paying jobs.

4999:

Positive impact on small business owners and industry.

4739:

Employment effects, the most frequently studied aspect

1446:. This view emphasizes the role of minimum wages as a 11391:"TheMoneyIllusion " You can't redistribute income . " 10961: 10184:

Scarpetta, Stephano, Anne Sonnet and Thomas Manfredi,

8836: 8544: 6813:

Alderman, Liz; Greenhouse, Steven (27 October 2014).

6250:. New York: Harcourt College Pub; 2 edition. p. 5476:

are eligible receive 90 percent of the minimum wage.

4645: 4625: 4598: 4494: 4474: 4328: 4258: 4084: 4035: 4006: 3986: 3963: 3943: 3840: 3811: 3782: 3745: 3715: 3686: 3568: 3535: 3408: 3378: 3247: 3140: 3110: 3072: 3052: 3032: 2956: 2936: 2916: 2849: 2232: 2212: 2179: 2156: 2136: 1989: 1962: 1935: 1903: 1883: 1863: 1843: 1823: 1803: 1646: 1617: 1590: 1559: 902:

can account for. One complicating factor is possible

785:, inflation indexing and standardized working hours. 12789:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

12368:

Vanek-Smith, Stacey; Garcia, Cardiff (16 May 2019).

12340:

Vanek-Smith, Stacey; Garcia, Cardiff (16 May 2019).

11799: 11172:"Suggestion: Raise welfare children in institutions" 9324:

Eatwell, John; Murray Milgate; Peter Newman (1987).

7476: 7323: 6853:. Washington State Dept. of Labor & Industries. 6119:"A brief history of the minimum wage in New Zealand" 5844:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

5784: 5703:

established it at 25¢ an hour ($ 5.41 in 2023). Its

5497:

Minimum wage in South Korea with terms of presidents

5426:

The concept of the national minimum wage emerged in

5156:

least two of the business owners quoted did expand.

4982:

costs and benefits of minimum wages continue today.

4029:

to be the cost arising from the search effort, with

11884: 11322:(Press release). Adam Smith Institute. March 2019. 11064: 10821:"The elusive employment effect of the minimum wage" 10052:"Pros & Cons of Outsourcing Manufacturing Jobs" 9285: 8949: 8396: 6942:"Most Asked Questions about Minimum Wages in India" 6918:. Tata Institute of Social Sciences. Archived from 6420: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6243: 5028:Studies have found the following negative effects: 4973:

call for an increased minimum wage as part of the "

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may be too technical for most readers to understand

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may be too technical for most readers to understand

1418:between employers, or naturalistic factors such as 1410:wherein buyers (employers) have significantly more 567:Modern minimum wage laws trace their origin to the 473:that employers can legally pay their employees—the 12263: 12129:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 11196: 10895: 10774:"The Minimum Wage, EITC, and Criminal Recidivism*" 10684: 10380:"Did Washington State's Minimum Wage Bet Pay Off?" 10075: 9251:Stanley, T. D. (2005). "Beyond Publication Bias". 8092:Harasztosi, Péter; Lindner, Attila (August 2019). 7247: 7218: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6365: 4675: 4631: 4611: 4584: 4480: 4460: 4313: 4244: 4078:. Then the discounted utilities are given by: 4070: 4021: 3992: 3972: 3949: 3859: 3826: 3797: 3764: 3728: 3701: 3671: 3550: 3521: 3394: 3364: 3233: 3126: 3096: 3058: 3038: 3018: 2942: 2922: 2902: 2238: 2218: 2198: 2162: 2142: 2122: 1975: 1948: 1921: 1889: 1869: 1849: 1829: 1809: 1789: 1630: 1603: 1572: 12807:Inflation and the Real Minimum Wage: A Fact Sheet 12476:Morath, Eric; Duehren, Andrew (8 February 2021). 12367: 12339: 9966: 9964: 9076: 8906:; Umkehrer, Matthias; vom Berge, Philipp (2021). 8091: 7596: 7225:(14th ed.). Irwin-McGraw Hill. p. 594. 6981:Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy 6278:. The Perspective. 30 August 2017. Archived from 5637:. Special minimum wages apply to some workers in 705:, and they were reintroduced and expanded in the 14838: 12795:U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division 12171: 12169: 11864:"Increasing the amount of unpaid wages in Korea" 11352:. Associated Press. 2 March 1933. pp. 1, 6. 11034:2007 EPI Minimum Wage Survey of Labor Economists 10312:"States with higher minimum wage gain more jobs" 9639:"Would Increasing the Minimum Wage Create Jobs?" 9319: 9317: 8952:"Did the National Minimum Wage Affect UK Prices" 8743: 8169:Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. (September 1994). 7770: 7254:(10th ed.). Thomson South-Western. p. 7036:Setting the Initial Statutory Minimum Wage Rate, 6798:Labor Markets and Integrating National Economies 6768:"Minimum wage statistics – Statistics Explained" 6541:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. xv. 6352: 5459:The national minimum wage was introduced in the 5078:Slows growth in the creation of low-skilled jobs 4676:{\displaystyle u={q \over {q+\alpha \epsilon }}} 4383: 4172: 4071:{\displaystyle \varphi '>0,\;\varphi ''>0} 1983:expected from a filled job and a vacant one are: 1857:the instantaneous income of unemployed persons, 477:below which employees may not sell their labor. 12550:"Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2019" 11293:. Congressional Budget Office. 9 January 2007. 10740: 9417: 8749: 8445: 8259: 8124: 7955:Acemoglu, Daron; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (2003). 7954: 7914: 7449: 7324:Tregarthen, Timothy; Rittenberg, Libby (1999). 7273:(6th ed.). South-Western Pub. p. 311. 7149:(2). The University of Chicago Press: 497–545. 6803: 6210:. In Backhouse, Roger E.; Biddle, Jeff (eds.). 6013: 5198:The Minimum Wage, EITC, and Criminal Recidivism 5064:Is less effective than other methods (e.g. the 11095:Klein, Daniel; Dompe, Stewart (January 2007). 10749:"What McDonald's Shows About The Minimum Wage" 10242: 9961: 9565: 8590:"The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs" 8315: 8032:"The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs" 6967: 6965: 6963: 6392:"How the Black Death Spawned the Minimum Wage" 6372:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1, 6–7. 4845: 825:model of the minimum wage in the labor market. 12932: 12787:Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2009 12475: 12166: 11662: 10990: 10567:"The German Minimum Wage Is Not A Job Killer" 9792:(2nd ed.). Industrial Systems Research. 9314: 9077:Autor, David; Manning; Smith (January 2016). 7576:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 7216: 7091:(4). American Economic Association: 772–793. 5468:when the minimum wage was increased to 9.15. 3046:is a decreasing function of the minimum wage 3019:{\displaystyle m'(\theta )<0,\quad '>0} 2825: 1584:, the expected utility of unemployed persons 1376:, Robert L. Vienneau, and Arrigo Opocher and 593:to work the land. In the autumn of 1348, the 12615:"Annual wage reviews | Fair Work Commission" 10771: 10358:"Washington state defies minimum wage logic" 9712: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9490:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9464: 6615:"F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage" 6606: 6299: 6297: 5664: Higher state minimum wage than federal 5541:The minimum wage was introduced in Spain in 5291: 3709:. The level of the negotiated wage is 12815:Minimum Wages in Central and Eastern Europe 11644:. No. 26 February 2021. Xinhua. Xinhua 10326: 9616: 9326:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics 9223: 8989:Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 8224: 8199: 8168: 7707: 7565: 7533:"The Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages" 6960: 6800:, Brookings Institution Press (1994), p. 41 6575:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 6569:Neumark, David; William L. Wascher (2008). 6363: 5652: Lower state minimum wage than federal 4960: 12939: 12925: 12793:History of Changes to the Minimum Wage Law 11264:. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 11237:. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 11094: 10678: 9465:Rinz, Kevin; Voorheis, John (March 2018). 9189: 8908:"Reallocation Effects of the Minimum Wage" 8714: 8629:Fang, Tony; Lin, Carl (27 November 2015). 7820: 7317: 7283: 7050:"Minimum wage legislation for all sectors" 6983:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 163–69. 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6239: 6237: 6216:. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 6014:Larsson, Anthony; Teigland, Robin (2020). 5977: 5975: 5973: 4181: 4053: 2832: 2818: 812: 479:Most countries had introduced minimum wage 14668:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 12320:National Conference of State Legislatures 12240:"Indexing the Minimum Wage for Inflation" 11685: 10649: 10259: 10019: 9997: 9897: 9866: 9592: 9556: 9501: 9348: 8923: 8860: 8810:"Do Minimum Wage Increases Reduce Crime?" 8763: 8646: 8605: 8466: 8422: 8381: 8277: 8200:Card, David E.; Krueger, Alan B. (2016). 8142: 8109: 8076: 8047: 7556: 7379: 6294: 5670: Special rules (American Samoa only) 5396: 5084:Results in higher long-term unemployment. 3918:Learn how and when to remove this message 3902:, without removing the technical details. 3097:{\displaystyle \alpha =\theta m(\theta )} 1540:Learn how and when to remove this message 1524:, without removing the technical details. 931:Criticisms of the supply and demand model 741: 722:), $ 16.28 per hour in the U.S. state of 14512:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 13189:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 12558:United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 12196: 12176: 10746: 10721: 10595: 10402: 10332: 10310:Rugaber, Christopher S. (19 July 2014). 10003: 9940: 9622: 9379: 9170:Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics 8359: 7414: 7203: 7201: 7199: 6904: 6743:"The Best Anti-Poverty Program We Have?" 6740: 6666: 6534: 6528: 6503: 6501: 6467: 6338:. Oxford University Press. p. 300. 5693:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 5674: 5658: Same state minimum wage as federal 5616: 5492: 5363: 5315: 5203: 4964: 4881: 4878:Research after Card's and Krueger's work 4787: 4694: 878: 816: 14693:Credentialism and educational inflation 12637: 12635: 12450: 12219:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 12119: 11731: 11708: 11686:Goyeneche, Ainhoa (21 September 2021). 11209:"50 State Resources Map on State EITCs" 11031: 10996: 10955: 10818: 10722:Buchwald, Elisabeth (30 January 2021). 10564: 10355: 10309: 9673:(London: Allen and Unwin, 1960), p. 63. 9571: 9473:. U.S. Census Bureau – via Ideas. 9288:British Journal of Industrial Relations 9250: 9161:David Neumark; William Wascher (2007). 9128:British Journal of Industrial Relations 9029: 8842: 8631:"Minimum wages and employment in China" 8628: 8062: 7957:"Minimum Wages and On-the-job Training" 7917:"Minimum Wages and On-the-Job Training" 7686:Center for Economic and Policy Research 7676: 7626: 7611: 7601:. Oxford University Press. p. 240. 7571: 7136: 7109: 6555: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6234: 6205: 6071: 5970: 5582:For instance, an analysis conducted by 5170:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1929:the job finding rate. The profits 762: 14839: 14564:List of countries by unemployment rate 12781:Find It! By Topic: Wages: Minimum Wage 11639: 11577:"Alternatives to Raising Minimum Wage" 11356: 11259: 11111:from the original on 13 December 2011. 10938:Economics: Principles and Applications 10630:The Review of Economics and Statistics 10425: 10392:from the original on 20 November 2014. 10286: 10136: 9785: 9757: 9647:, Jordan Weissmann, 20 December 2013; 9349:Bernstein, Harry (15 September 1992). 9185: 9183: 8950:Wadsworth, Jonathan (September 2009). 8902:Dustmann, Christian; Lindner, Attila; 8849:The Review of Economics and Statistics 8455:The Review of Economics and Statistics 7530: 7268: 7217:McConnell, C. R.; Brue, S. L. (1999). 6971: 6612: 6473: 6364:Card, David; Krueger, Alan B. (1995). 6327: 5983:"ILO 2006: Minimum wages policy (PDF)" 5534:, and the general economic situation. 5454: 4746:among low-paid and higher-paid workers 1493:Welfare and labor market participation 709:. There is now legislation or binding 12920: 12899:The Economic Effects of Minimum Wages 12595:. News.bloomberglaw.com. 22 June 2022 12528:Monmouth University Polling Institute 12264:Wenger, Jeffrey B. (September 2016). 12217:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 12120:Bradley, David H. 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United States Department of Labor. 11885:Jefatura del Estado (26 June 2004), 11524: 11462: 10934: 10469: 9694:from the original on 19 January 2012 9483: 9205:from the original on 17 January 2024 9190:Arindrajit, Dube (5 November 2019). 8814:National Bureau of Economic Research 8807: 8439: 7695:from the original on 3 December 2013 7250:Economics: Private and Public Choice 7239: 7175: 7078: 6857:from the original on 23 October 2023 6827:from the original on 28 October 2014 6778:from the original on 7 February 2016 6389: 6376: 6142: 5152:than the rest of the United States. 4690: 3874: 3870: 1877:the exogenous job destruction rate, 1496: 669: 14010:Workers' right to access the toilet 12777:from official UK government website 12710:Foundations of Real-World Economics 12296:. United States Department of Labor 11537:from the original on 11 August 2017 11506:from the original on 11 August 2017 11444:from the original on 11 August 2017 11401:from the original on 11 August 2017 11211:. The Hatcher Group. Archived from 11133:from the original on 21 August 2013 11032:Fowler, Tracy A.; Smith, Andrew E. 10747:Rosalsky, Greg (16 February 2021). 10333:Stilwell, Victoria (8 March 2014). 9623:Stilwell, Victoria (8 March 2014). 9603: 9180: 8309: 8063:Neumark, David (13 December 2018). 8019:from the original on 1 August 2017. 7965:Worker Well-Being and Public Policy 7855: 6660: 6589:from the original on 28 April 2016. 6276:"Should We Raise The Minimum Wage?" 5860:Minimum Wage Fixing Convention 1970 5212:According to a 1978 article in the 4022:{\displaystyle \varphi (\epsilon )} 2508:Workers' right to access the toilet 2170:is the productivity. When the 634:affect many industrial nations. As 13: 12689: 12504:. Public Agenda. 24 September 2020 12451:Selyukh, Alina (8 February 2021). 11709:Ramadan, Tala (28 February 2021). 11663:WION Web Team (22 November 2021). 11388: 11365:"The Best Minimum Wages In Europe" 11326:from the original on 13 April 2014 10497:"Seattle Magazine, March 23, 2015" 10453:"Minimum Wage Question and Answer" 10450: 10415:from the original on 18 July 2017. 10322:from the original on 11 July 2017. 10174:from the original on 23 July 2014. 10151:from the original on 29 July 2014. 10137:Covert, Bryce (21 February 2014). 9900:The Journal of Law & Economics 9867:Belvedere, Matthew (20 May 2016). 8940: 8912:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 8594:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 8266:Review of Economics and Statistics 8036:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 7491:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x 7210: 7047: 6757: 6712:"History of the UK's minimum wage" 6486:from the original on 30 March 2014 6455:from the original on 19 April 2014 6402:from the original on 18 April 2014 6390:Mihm, Stephen (5 September 2013). 5008:Increased job growth and creation. 4889:Review of Economics and Statistics 4744:distribution of wages and earnings 2181: 2108: 2095: 2058: 2038: 2025: 1994: 1964: 1937: 801: 14: 14888: 12769:International Labour Organization 12729: 12049:United States Department of Labor 11616:"Minimum wage to rise in Armenia" 11362: 11300:from the original on 31 July 2008 11241:from the original on 17 June 2010 11151: 10470:Wang, Deborah (24 October 2018). 10162:Hoium, Travis (19 October 2016). 10118:from the original on 25 July 2014 9739:from the original on 2 April 2012 9574:International Journal of Manpower 9543:Sutch, Richard (September 2010). 7962:. In Polachek, Solomon W. (ed.). 7639:from the original on 1 July 2017. 7537:International Journal of Manpower 7520:from the original on 24 May 2013. 7262: 6948:from the original on 3 April 2013 6944:. PayCheck.in. 22 February 2013. 6741:Williams, Walter E. (June 2009). 6679:(6). Department of Labor: 22–30. 6474:Thorpe, Vanessa (29 March 2014). 6334:Black, John (18 September 2003). 5611:Minimum wage in the United States 5604:Minimum wage in the United States 5417:List of countries by minimum wage 5375: 5125:International Labour Organization 3066:, and so is the job finding rate 1922:{\displaystyle \theta m(\theta )} 14781: 14780: 14074:Corporate collapses and scandals 12775:The National Minimum Wage (U.K.) 12667: 12649: 12607: 12585: 12571: 12516: 12494: 12361: 12286: 12257: 12141: 12123:State Minimum Wages: An Overview 12113: 12004: 11978: 11953: 11927: 11902: 11878: 11856: 11834: 11812: 11793: 11771: 11734:"Minimum wage policy in Ireland" 11725: 11702: 11679: 11656: 11633: 11608: 11583: 11569: 11549: 11518: 11487: 11456: 11426: 11413: 11382: 11338: 11312: 11280: 11253: 11227: 11201: 11164: 11145: 11115: 11058: 11025: 10916: 10889: 10862: 10828:Journal of Economic Perspectives 10812: 10765: 10617: 10596:Rapaport, Lisa (19 April 2019). 10589: 10558: 10542:Gefährliche Mindestlohn-Euphorie 10534: 10515: 10489: 10463: 10444: 10419: 10403:Meyerson, Harold (21 May 2014). 10396: 10372: 10349: 10303: 10280: 10236: 10220:. politics.co.uk. Archived from 10210: 10201: 10178: 10155: 10130: 10104: 10069: 10044: 9934: 9891: 9860: 9806: 9779: 9770: 9751: 9725: 9706: 9690:(Press release). 14 April 2010. 9676: 9660: 9536: 9518: 9477: 9458: 9411: 9392: 9373: 9342: 9300:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00723.x 9279: 9265:10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00250.x 9244: 9217: 9001:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00653.x 8519:. 1 October 2011. Archived from 7943:from the original on 25 May 2017 7925:Institute for the Study of Labor 7708:Brad Plumer (14 February 2013). 7627:Blinder, Alan S. (23 May 1996). 7616:. Worth Publishers. p. 385. 7429:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2005.00467.x 6916:TISS Wastelines official website 6311:. 3 October 2009. Archived from 5924: 5915: 5801: 5787: 5609:This section is an excerpt from 5597: 5485:This section is an excerpt from 5145:Institute for the Study of Labor 4940: 4724:differ from the efficiency that 3973:{\displaystyle \alpha \epsilon } 3879: 2403:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2272: 2150:is the cost of a vacant job and 1897:the labor market tightness, and 1501: 12850:Issue Guide on the Minimum Wage 12765:Resource Guide on Minimum Wages 12380:. Event occurs at 6:44 to 7:45 11525:Drum, Kevin (3 December 2013). 11494:Smith, Noah (7 December 2013). 11260:Furman, Jason (10 April 2006). 10249:Centre for Economic Performance 9351:"Troubling Facts on Employment" 9154: 9119: 9070: 9023: 8976: 8895: 8877: 8708: 8671: 8622: 8581: 8538: 8506: 8390: 8362:Journal of Applied Econometrics 8353: 8344: 8253: 8218: 8193: 8118: 8085: 8056: 8023: 8001: 7908: 7876: 7849: 7814: 7764: 7722: 7677:Schmitt, John (February 2013). 7670: 7643: 7620: 7605: 7590: 7524: 7504:White, Graham (November 2001). 7497: 7470: 7443: 7408: 7373: 7351: 7304: 7277: 7169: 7130: 7103: 7072: 7060:from the original on 3 May 2011 7041: 7029: 6997: 6934: 6890: 6869: 6839: 6790: 6734: 6634: 6613:Tritch, Teresa (7 March 2014). 6593: 6414: 6268: 5931: 5746:signed the bill the next month. 5695:, signed into law by President 5256: 5247: 2983: 2053: 682:President Franklin D. Roosevelt 14574:Employment-to-population ratio 13946:Occupational health psychology 12946: 12810:Congressional Research Service 11067:Journal of Economic Literature 10565:Janssen, R. (September 2015). 10356:Lobosco, Katie (14 May 2014). 10287:Neuman, Scott (19 July 2014). 10251:. London School of Economics. 9163:"Minimum Wages and Employment" 8131:Procedia Economics and Finance 7856:Fox, Liana (24 October 2006). 7823:The Journal of Human Resources 7780:The Journal of Human Resources 7452:Cambridge Journal of Economics 7382:The Review of Economic Studies 7286:Journal of Economic Literature 7048:Li, Joseph (16 October 2008). 6336:Oxford Dictionary of Economics 6199: 6174: 6136: 6111: 6065: 6007: 5948: 5479: 5308:, or a willingness to perform 5300:is another proposed system of 5167:A 2019 study published in the 4886:A 2010 study published in the 4837:A 2013 study published in the 4823:Quarterly Journal of Economics 4815:Quarterly Journal of Economics 4536: 4510: 4450: 4424: 4412: 4406: 4370: 4344: 4341: 4329: 4308: 4282: 4273: 4267: 4235: 4209: 4197: 4191: 4144: 4118: 4016: 4010: 3827:{\displaystyle \eta (\theta )} 3821: 3815: 3798:{\displaystyle \eta (\theta )} 3792: 3786: 3702:{\displaystyle \eta (\theta )} 3696: 3690: 3666: 3660: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3578: 3572: 3551:{\displaystyle \eta (\theta )} 3545: 3539: 3513: 3507: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3448: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3412: 3356: 3350: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3225: 3219: 3193: 3187: 3172: 3160: 3091: 3085: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2971: 2965: 2865: 2859: 2453:Occupational safety and health 2448:Occupational safety and health 2117: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2047: 2021: 1916: 1910: 1780: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1706: 1680: 1: 14662:Works Progress Administration 14554:Unemployment Convention, 1919 13966:Personal protective equipment 13514:Occupational Outlook Handbook 12100:"Wage Rate in American Samoa" 11941:(in Spanish). 31 January 2023 11463:Cass, Oren (19 August 2015). 10964:Journal of Economic Education 10924:American Economic Association 10790:10.3368/jhr.58.5.1220-11398R1 10555:. Retrieved 30 December 2015. 10426:Covert, Bryce (3 July 2014). 10243:Metcalf, David (April 2007). 9735:. Hrsdc.gc.ca. 7 March 2008. 8144:10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00119-6 7977:10.1016/S0147-9121(03)22005-7 7860:. Economic Policy Institute. 7310:e.g. DE Card and AB Krueger, 6710:Stone, Jon (1 October 2010). 5941: 5795:Business and Economics portal 5687:, the minimum wage is set by 5679:Minimum wage by state by year 5646: At federal minimum wage 5410: 5223:American Economic Association 4755:Effects on prices and profits 4612:{\displaystyle \epsilon ^{*}} 3834:. On the other hand, if 2576:Chronological list of strikes 1611:and that of employed persons 14743:Psychopathy in the workplace 13916:Human factors and ergonomics 12755:Resources in other libraries 12211:American Antiquarian Society 12191:American Antiquarian Society 12107:Wage and Hour Division (WHD) 12079:Wage Rates in American Samoa 12000:– via Banco de España. 11844:. Kyunghyang Newspaper. 2016 11822:. 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Cunningham (2007). 5865:Negative and positive rights 5750: 874: 7: 14728:Narcissism in the workplace 13941:Occupational exposure limit 12802:Congressional Budget Office 12415:Congressional Budget Office 11640:Xinhua (26 February 2021). 10265:Low Pay Commission (2005). 9528:. St. Louis Post Dispatch. 9253:Journal of Economic Surveys 8795:Congressional Budget Office 8717:Poverty & Public Policy 8635:IZA Journal of Labor Policy 7269:Mankiw, N. Gregory (2011). 6900:. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 6667:Grossman, Jonathan (1978). 6305:"The Young and the Jobless" 6206:Leonard, Thomas C. (2000). 5780: 5724:Congressional Budget Office 5487:Minimum wage in South Korea 5351:Congressional Budget Office 5196:According to a 2021 study " 4846:David Card and Alan Krueger 4639:at equilibrium is given by: 3860:{\displaystyle w\geq w^{*}} 2226:and labor market tightness 622:capitalistic United Kingdom 10: 14893: 14657:Civil Works Administration 14539:Technological unemployment 14015:Workplace health promotion 13467:Professional certification 13164:Personality–job fit theory 12890:Reporting the Minimum Wage 12695:Burkhauser, R. V. (2014). 11800:U.S. Library of Congress. 11732:Redmond, Paul (May 2020). 10778:Journal of Human Resources 10007:Journal of Human Resources 9424:Journal of Labor Economics 8559:10.1177/001979391206500207 8415:10.1177/00197939140670S307 7597:Gillespie, Andrew (2007). 5608: 5601: 5484: 5437: 5421: 5414: 5260: 5011:Encourages efficiency and 3765:{\displaystyle w<w^{*}} 2199:{\displaystyle \Pi _{v}=0} 1476:: higher wages may reduce 1380:, building on the work of 925:effective aggregate demand 894: 828: 805: 530: 22:2022 minimum wages in the 14776: 14675: 14637:Guaranteed minimum income 14594: 14435: 14309: 14222:Organizational commitment 14174: 14066: 14033: 13896: 13821: 13698: 13620: 13554: 13341: 13263: 13207: 13057: 12954: 12861:Economic Policy Institute 12841:Issues about Minimum Wage 12750:Resources in your library 12244:Economic Policy Institute 12038:"State Minimum Wage Laws" 10976:10.1080/00220480309595230 10540:C. Eisenring (Dec 2015). 10531:, KOMO News, 31 July 2015 10090:10.1007/s12122-999-1007-9 10078:Journal of Labor Research 9941:Williams, Walter (1989). 9786:Abbott, Lewis F. (2012). 9586:10.1108/01437729410059305 9484:Dube, Arindrajit (2019). 9382:Crain's New York Business 9030:Stewart, Mark B. (2012). 8756:NBER Working Paper Series 8687:NBER Working Paper Series 8648:10.1186/s40173-015-0050-9 7549:10.1108/01437729410059323 6898:"State Minimum Wage Laws" 6436:10.1596/978-0-8213-7011-7 6143:Dube, Arindrajit (1994). 5298:guaranteed minimum income 5292:Guaranteed minimum income 5238:Economic Policy Institute 4860:Difference in differences 4780:generalized least squares 4488:and rearranging gives us: 3950:{\displaystyle \epsilon } 3562:of the matching function: 2539:International comparisons 2473:Right to rest and leisure 2413:Employment discrimination 1444:marginal product of labor 1408:monopsonistic competition 1356: 1342: 1328: 1314: 1300: 1286: 1272: 1258: 1244: 1230: 1216: 1202: 1188: 1174: 1160: 1146: 1132: 1118: 1104: 1090: 1076: 1062: 1048: 1034: 1020: 1006: 992: 978: 964: 950: 945: 942: 919:and workers persistently 449: 435: 421: 407: 393: 379: 365: 351: 337: 323: 309: 295: 281: 267: 253: 239: 225: 211: 197: 183: 169: 155: 141: 127: 113: 99: 85: 71: 57: 43: 38: 35: 14806:Aspects of organizations 14487:Involuntary unemployment 14048:Equal pay for equal work 13971:Repetitive strain injury 13472:Professional development 13462:Professional association 13144:Letter of recommendation 12783:U.S. Department of Labor 12087:U.S. Department of Labor 11866:. edaily Newspaper. 2020 11395:www.themoneyillusion.com 11350:Lewiston Morning Tribune 11262:"Tax Reform and Poverty" 9821:18 February 2009 at the 8816:. Working Paper Series. 8227:American Economic Review 8098:American Economic Review 7599:Foundations of Economics 7531:Fields, Gary S. (1994). 7176:Hotz, V. Joseph (2006). 7137:MaCurdy, Thomas (2015). 6149:American Economic Review 5908: 5701:Fair Labor Standards Act 5635:Fair Labor Standards Act 5517: 5380:Some economists such as 5327:earned income tax credit 5302:social welfare provision 5215:American Economic Review 5066:Earned Income Tax Credit 4961:Debate over consequences 4831:American Economic Review 4720:and the degree to which 2324:Social movement unionism 1976:{\displaystyle \Pi _{v}} 1949:{\displaystyle \Pi _{e}} 1458:" for low-wage workers. 1394:labor market flexibility 936:Minimum vs median wage, 927:for goods and services. 821:Graph showing the basic 491:automating job functions 14791:Aspects of corporations 14753:Slow movement (culture) 14632:Employer of last resort 14534:Structural unemployment 14472:Frictional unemployment 13911:Epilepsy and employment 13798:Performance-related pay 13732:National average salary 13645:996 working hour system 12824:Database Central Europe 12675:Annual Wage Review 2020 12657:Annual Wage Review 2019 12342:"The Real Minimum Wage" 10274:16 January 2013 at the 10218:"National Minimum Wage" 10195:5 November 2010 at the 10056:smallbusiness.chron.com 9841:The Wall Street Journal 9836:"The Wages of Politics" 8843:Kreiner, Claus (2020). 7110:Neumark, David (2006). 6309:The Wall Street Journal 6247:Essentials of Economics 6072:Neumark, David (2019). 5503:South Korean government 3039:{\displaystyle \theta } 2943:{\displaystyle \theta } 2534:Trade union federations 2529:Trade unions by country 2239:{\displaystyle \theta } 1890:{\displaystyle \theta } 813:Supply and demand model 752:multinational companies 559:(28 April 1909) vol 4, 30:purchasing power parity 14801:Aspects of occupations 14607:Unemployment insurance 14559:Unemployment extension 14529:Reserve army of labour 14334:Constructive dismissal 14141:Sleeping while on duty 14106:Exploitation of labour 13988:Sick building syndrome 13159:Person–environment fit 13029:Independent contractor 12855:28 August 2011 at the 12083:Wage and Hour Division 12043:Wage and Hour Division 11994:Documentos Ocasionales 11891:, pp. 23466–23472 11781:. Citizens Information 11779:"Minimum rates of pay" 11713:. AlArabiya. AlArabiya 11690:. AlJazeera. AlJazeera 11011:10.2202/1553-3832.1156 10819:Manning, Alan (2021). 10547:1 January 2016 at the 9098:10.1257/aer.103.6.2121 9036:Oxford Economic Papers 8776:. Working Paper 26523. 7612:Krugman, Paul (2013). 7572:Manning, Alan (2003). 6508:Starr, Gerald (1993). 6078:German Economic Review 5892:Universal basic income 5769:for more information. 5758:The Fair Work Act 2009 5680: 5672: 5498: 5397:Education and training 5393:in the United States. 5275:– NIT) is a system of 4978: 4894: 4793: 4776:ordinary least squares 4701: 4677: 4633: 4613: 4586: 4482: 4462: 4315: 4246: 4072: 4023: 3994: 3974: 3951: 3861: 3828: 3799: 3766: 3730: 3703: 3673: 3552: 3523: 3396: 3395:{\displaystyle rV_{u}} 3366: 3235: 3128: 3127:{\displaystyle rV_{u}} 3098: 3060: 3040: 3020: 2944: 2924: 2904: 2433:Freedom of association 2240: 2220: 2200: 2164: 2144: 2124: 1977: 1950: 1923: 1891: 1871: 1851: 1831: 1811: 1791: 1632: 1605: 1574: 892: 842: 826: 742:Informal minimum wages 707:United Kingdom in 1998 699:United Kingdom in 1909 678: 569:Ordinance of Labourers 539: 14811:Aspects of workplaces 14549:Unemployment benefits 14544:Types of unemployment 14482:Graduate unemployment 14376:Letter of resignation 14005:Workers' compensation 13998:Occupational fatality 13502:Vocational university 13102:Employment counsellor 12371:The Real Minimum Wage 12316:"State Minimum Wages" 11440:. 25 September 2015. 11160:on 23 September 2014. 11101:Economics in Practice 10999:The Economists' Voice 9947:. New York: Praeger. 8330:10.1257/aer.90.5.1362 8239:10.1257/aer.90.5.1397 7629:"The $ 5.15 Question" 7479:The Manchester School 7417:The Manchester School 6796:Ehrenberg, Ronald G. 6026:10.4324/9780429317866 5818:Average worker's wage 5697:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5678: 5620: 5496: 5415:Further information: 5370:collective bargaining 5364:Collective bargaining 5322:refundable tax credit 5316:Refundable tax credit 5204:Surveys of economists 4968: 4885: 4791: 4783:regression procedures 4698: 4678: 4634: 4614: 4587: 4483: 4463: 4316: 4247: 4073: 4024: 3995: 3975: 3952: 3862: 3829: 3800: 3767: 3731: 3729:{\displaystyle w^{*}} 3704: 3674: 3553: 3524: 3397: 3367: 3236: 3129: 3099: 3061: 3041: 3021: 2945: 2925: 2905: 2418:Employment protection 2398:Collective bargaining 2304:Exploitation of labor 2241: 2221: 2201: 2165: 2145: 2125: 1978: 1951: 1924: 1892: 1872: 1852: 1832: 1812: 1792: 1633: 1631:{\displaystyle V_{e}} 1606: 1604:{\displaystyle V_{u}} 1575: 1573:{\displaystyle V_{u}} 921:lack bargaining power 889:lack bargaining power 882: 837: 820: 711:collective bargaining 674: 535: 14617:Job creation program 14393:Mandatory retirement 14346:Employee offboarding 14166:Workplace incivility 14161:Workplace harassment 13936:Occupational disease 13931:Occupational burnout 13846:Disability insurance 13690:Workweek and weekend 13670:Retroactive overtime 13492:Vocational education 13407:Continuing education 13245:Permanent employment 12871:18 June 2021 at the 12820:1 March 2021 at the 12055:District of Columbia 12016:www.bbvaresearch.com 11465:"A Better Wage Hike" 11129:. 26 February 2013. 10941:. Centage Learning. 10642:10.1162/rest_a_00981 10553:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 10527:26 July 2016 at the 10114:. 18 February 2014. 9972:"A blunt instrument" 9844:. 11 November 2006. 9815:Minimum Interference 9503:10.1257/app.20170085 9471:Carra Working Papers 8862:10.1162/rest_a_00825 8797:(Report). July 2019. 8477:10.1162/REST_a_00039 8409:(3_suppl): 608–648. 8288:10.1162/REST_a_00039 8015:. 14 December 2013. 7079:Card, David (1994). 6673:Monthly Labor Review 5716:District of Columbia 5528:consumer price index 5358:Adam Smith Institute 5286:losses in efficiency 4813:A 2019 study in the 4643: 4623: 4596: 4492: 4472: 4326: 4256: 4082: 4033: 4004: 3984: 3961: 3941: 3838: 3809: 3780: 3743: 3713: 3684: 3566: 3533: 3406: 3376: 3245: 3138: 3108: 3070: 3050: 3030: 2954: 2934: 2914: 2847: 2779:Industrial relations 2768:Academic disciplines 2364:National-syndicalism 2334:Democratic socialism 2230: 2210: 2177: 2172:free entry condition 2154: 2134: 1987: 1960: 1933: 1901: 1881: 1861: 1841: 1821: 1801: 1644: 1615: 1588: 1557: 1374:Pierangelo Garegnani 938:OECD countries 2023 763:Setting minimum wage 640:collective agreement 611:Justice of the Peace 600:Statute of Labourers 571:(1349), which was a 14852:Income distribution 14522:Recession-proof job 14517:Lists of recessions 14455:Economic depression 14403:Retirement planning 14284:Work–life interface 14121:Employee monitoring 14089:Corporate behaviour 14079:Accounting scandals 13961:Occupational stress 13951:Occupational injury 13482:Reflective practice 13477:Professional school 13199:Work-at-home scheme 13119:Induction programme 13097:Employment contract 13077:Business networking 12677:[Decision] 12659:[Decision] 12483:Wall Street Journal 12418:. 1 February 2021. 11741:Budget Perspectives 11438:Manhattan Institute 11423:84.2 (1994): 54–58. 10699:on 28 February 2021 10651:20.500.11850/448658 10503:on 25 February 2021 10459:on 25 October 2014. 10409:The Washington Post 8925:10.1093/qje/qjab028 8009:"The logical floor" 7714:The Washington Post 6977:"Minimum Wage Laws" 6599:Thomas C. Leonard, 6182:"$ 15 Minimum Wage" 5930:See the section on 5828:Economic inequality 5461:Republic of Ireland 5455:Republic of Ireland 5343:negative income tax 5335:working tax credits 5329:and the additional 5273:negative income tax 5162:Deutsche Bundesbank 5113:human right to work 4766:view. For example, 4760:on-the-job training 4730:perfect competition 2359:Anarcho-syndicalism 1837:the interest rate, 939: 732:minimum wage policy 720:tipped minimum wage 691:New Zealand in 1894 664:Henry Rogers Seager 32: 14785:See also templates 14622:Job creation index 14586:Youth unemployment 14450:Discouraged worker 14339:Wrongful dismissal 14319:At-will employment 14192:Civil conscription 14156:Workplace bullying 14043:Affirmative action 14025:Workplace wellness 13956:Occupational noise 13592:Long service leave 13452:Overspecialization 13432:Induction training 13387:Career development 12894:The Cato Institute 12643:Fair Work Act 2009 12067:abbreviations list 11595:countryeconomy.com 11565:. 16 October 2014. 11346:"Labor Criticizes" 11046:on 8 November 2007 10840:10.1257/jep.35.1.3 10577:on 9 November 2015 10224:on 1 December 2007 9140:10.1111/bjir.12031 9048:10.1093/oep/gps003 8607:10.1093/qje/qjz014 8494:on 12 January 2013 8111:10.1093/qje/qjz014 8069:IZA World of Labor 8049:10.1093/qje/qjz014 7953:Also published as 7633:The New York Times 7464:10.1093/cje/bep005 7017:on 19 January 2012 6820:The New York Times 6722:on 14 January 2014 6430:. The World Bank. 6315:on 11 January 2014 6186:www.igmchicago.org 6090:10.1111/geer.12162 5897:Walter E. Williams 5881:Scratch Beginnings 5767:Fair Work Act 2009 5681: 5673: 5554:Jesús Romeo Gorría 5499: 5310:community services 5141:Low Pay Commission 5136:Conservative Party 4979: 4895: 4794: 4702: 4673: 4629: 4609: 4582: 4478: 4458: 4391: 4311: 4242: 4240: 4180: 4068: 4019: 3990: 3970: 3947: 3857: 3824: 3795: 3762: 3726: 3699: 3669: 3548: 3519: 3392: 3362: 3231: 3124: 3094: 3056: 3036: 3026:This implies that 3016: 2940: 2920: 2900: 2468:Professional abuse 2236: 2216: 2196: 2160: 2140: 2120: 1973: 1946: 1919: 1887: 1867: 1847: 1827: 1807: 1787: 1785: 1628: 1601: 1570: 1432:imperfect mobility 1401:Cornell University 1390:falsifiable theory 935: 893: 827: 703:nationally in 1938 517:standard of living 21: 14867:Law and economics 14834: 14833: 14733:Post-work society 14713:Kiss up kick down 14445:Barriers to entry 14410:Severance package 14242:Human trafficking 14136:Sexual harassment 14116:Employee handbook 14035:Equal opportunity 13898:Safety and health 13888:Take-home vehicle 13497:Vocational school 13447:Lifelong learning 13422:Further education 13382:Career counseling 13377:Career assessment 13154:Overqualification 12903:Show-Me Institute 12736:Library resources 12725:, 29 January 2024 11749:10.26504/bp202102 11475:on 20 August 2015 11178:. 28 January 1972 9954:978-0-275-93179-7 9799:978-0-906321-22-5 9355:Los Angeles Times 9335:978-0-333-37235-7 8078:10.15185/izawol.6 7994:978-0-76231-026-5 7583:978-0-691-11312-8 6990:978-0-465-08145-5 6582:978-0-262-14102-4 6445:978-0-8213-7011-7 6345:978-0-19-860767-0 6227:978-0-8223-6485-6 6043:978-0-429-31786-6 5833:Employee benefits 5809:Capitalism portal 5775:COVID-19 pandemic 5733:COVID-19 pandemic 5558:Minister of Labor 5339:child tax credits 5043:Wage/price spiral 4714:supply and demand 4691:Empirical studies 4671: 4632:{\displaystyle u} 4574: 4508: 4481:{\displaystyle w} 4382: 4171: 3993:{\displaystyle w} 3928: 3927: 3920: 3871:Job search effort 3649: 3625: 3517: 3493: 3360: 3229: 3059:{\displaystyle w} 2923:{\displaystyle w} 2898: 2869: 2842: 2841: 2799:Post-work society 2628:Solidarity action 2438:Legal working age 2294:Conflict theories 2219:{\displaystyle w} 2163:{\displaystyle y} 2143:{\displaystyle h} 1870:{\displaystyle q} 1850:{\displaystyle z} 1830:{\displaystyle r} 1810:{\displaystyle w} 1550: 1549: 1542: 1448:market regulation 1428:information costs 1420:segmented markets 1370: 1369: 946:Minimum / median 831:Supply and demand 823:supply and demand 695:Australia in 1896 670:Minimum wage laws 656:eugenics movement 550:Trade Boards Bill 543:Winston Churchill 509:Supply and demand 502:minimum wage laws 463: 462: 39:Dollars per hour 14884: 14821:Critique of work 14816:Corporate titles 14784: 14783: 14703:Evil corporation 14569:Employment rates 14492:Jobless recovery 14460:Great Depression 14420:Golden parachute 14415:Golden handshake 14212:Job satisfaction 14202:Critique of work 14020:Workplace phobia 13851:Health insurance 13808:Wage compression 13776:Progressive wage 13630:35-hour workweek 13597:No call, no show 13587:Leave of absence 13437:Knowledge worker 13365:Master craftsman 13169:Personality hire 13107:Executive search 13087:Curriculum vitae 13072:Background check 12941: 12934: 12927: 12918: 12917: 12828:Prices and Wages 12683: 12682: 12680: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12639: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12498: 12492: 12491: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12448: 12439: 12438: 12432: 12430: 12424: 12411: 12403: 12394: 12393: 12387: 12385: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12276: 12261: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12236: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12214: 12208: 12194: 12188: 12173: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12104: 12096: 12090: 12076: 12070: 12059:U.S. territories 12052: 12034: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11991: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11738: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11587: 11581: 11580: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11522: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11471:. Archived from 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11430: 11424: 11417: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11299: 11292: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11220: 11215:on 23 April 2009 11205: 11199: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11156:. Archived from 11149: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11119: 11113: 11112: 11092: 11083: 11082: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11045: 11038: 11029: 11023: 11022: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10825: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10784:(5): 1712–1751. 10769: 10763: 10762: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10706: 10704: 10698: 10692:. Archived from 10691: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10653: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10593: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10573:. Archived from 10562: 10556: 10538: 10532: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10499:. Archived from 10493: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10455:. Archived from 10448: 10442: 10441: 10423: 10417: 10416: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10388:. 5 March 2014. 10376: 10370: 10369: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10284: 10278: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10214: 10208: 10205: 10199: 10188:, 14 April 2010 10182: 10176: 10175: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10023: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9968: 9959: 9958: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9832: 9826: 9812:Tupy, Marian L. 9810: 9804: 9803: 9783: 9777: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9680: 9674: 9664: 9658: 9636: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9601: 9590: 9589: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9522: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9204: 9187: 9178: 9177: 9167: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9108:. 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Stats.oecd.org 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7253: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7224: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7194: 7193: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6969: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6922:on 27 March 2019 6908: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6810: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6718:. Archived from 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6691:on 16 April 2014 6687:. Archived from 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6566: 6553: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6454: 6429: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6387: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6361: 6350: 6349: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5958:. Stats.oecd.org 5952: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5705:purchasing power 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5627:Washington, D.C. 5621:Minimum wage by 5592:purchasing power 5562:Francisco Franco 5507:Minimum Wage Act 5331:child tax credit 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4653: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4543: 4535: 4534: 4522: 4521: 4509: 4507: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4435: 4390: 4369: 4368: 4356: 4355: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4294: 4293: 4266: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4234: 4233: 4221: 4220: 4179: 4163: 4162: 4143: 4142: 4130: 4129: 4101: 4100: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4043: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3883: 3882: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3650: 3648: 3637: 3626: 3624: 3610: 3600: 3591: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3451: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3330: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3199: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3009: 2964: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2886: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2851: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2774:Critique of work 2618:Pen-down strikes 2329:Social democracy 2276: 2266: 2256: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2103: 2102: 2066: 2065: 2046: 2045: 2033: 2032: 2002: 2001: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1766: 1765: 1725: 1724: 1705: 1704: 1692: 1691: 1663: 1662: 1638:are defined by: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1545: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1365: 1364: 1351: 1350: 1337: 1336: 1323: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1295: 1294: 1281: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1253: 1252: 1239: 1238: 1225: 1224: 1211: 1210: 1197: 1196: 1189:Slovak Republic 1183: 1182: 1169: 1168: 1155: 1154: 1141: 1140: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1112: 1099: 1098: 1085: 1084: 1071: 1070: 1057: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1028: 1015: 1014: 1001: 1000: 987: 986: 973: 972: 959: 958: 940: 934: 808:Labour economics 783:purchasing power 778:knock-on effects 770:economic freedom 685: 587:medieval England 585:for laborers in 563: 557:House of Commons 458: 457: 444: 443: 430: 429: 416: 415: 402: 401: 388: 387: 374: 373: 360: 359: 346: 345: 332: 331: 318: 317: 304: 303: 290: 289: 276: 275: 262: 261: 248: 247: 234: 233: 220: 219: 206: 205: 192: 191: 178: 177: 164: 163: 150: 149: 136: 135: 122: 121: 108: 107: 94: 93: 80: 79: 66: 65: 52: 51: 33: 20: 14892: 14891: 14887: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14857:Labor relations 14837: 14836: 14835: 14830: 14826:Organized labor 14796:Aspects of jobs 14772: 14763:Toxic workplace 14698:Emotional labor 14671: 14595:Public programs 14590: 14507:Great Recession 14477:Full employment 14465:Long Depression 14431: 14329:Banishment room 14305: 14227:Refusal of work 14170: 14094:Corporate crime 14062: 14029: 13892: 13817: 13694: 13616: 13550: 13427:Graduate school 13337: 13259: 13203: 13194:Underemployment 13053: 12997:Self-employment 12972:Contingent work 12962:Academic tenure 12955:Classifications 12950: 12945: 12879:, January 2015. 12873:Wayback Machine 12857:Wayback Machine 12822:Wayback Machine 12761: 12760: 12759: 12744: 12743: 12739: 12732: 12692: 12690:Further reading 12687: 12686: 12678: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12660: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12641: 12640: 12633: 12623: 12621: 12613: 12612: 12608: 12598: 12596: 12591: 12590: 12586: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12562: 12560: 12548: 12547: 12543: 12533: 12531: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12507: 12505: 12500: 12499: 12495: 12474: 12470: 12449: 12442: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12409: 12405: 12404: 12397: 12383: 12381: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12350: 12338: 12334: 12324: 12322: 12314: 12313: 12309: 12299: 12297: 12292: 12291: 12287: 12274: 12272: 12262: 12258: 12248: 12246: 12238: 12237: 12233: 12223: 12221: 12206: 12198:McCusker, J. J. 12186: 12178:McCusker, J. J. 12174: 12167: 12157: 12155: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12132: 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12102: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12077: 12073: 12036: 12035: 12031: 12021: 12019: 12010: 12009: 12005: 11989: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11918: 11916: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11894: 11892: 11883: 11879: 11869: 11867: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11847: 11845: 11840: 11839: 11835: 11825: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11813: 11806:Country Studies 11798: 11794: 11784: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11762: 11760: 11736: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11707: 11703: 11693: 11691: 11684: 11680: 11670: 11668: 11667:. WION Web Team 11661: 11657: 11647: 11645: 11638: 11634: 11624: 11622: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11599: 11597: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11540: 11538: 11523: 11519: 11509: 11507: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11461: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11432: 11431: 11427: 11418: 11414: 11404: 11402: 11389:Sumner, Scott. 11387: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11361: 11357: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11271: 11269: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11218: 11216: 11207: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11191: 11181: 11179: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11134: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11093: 11086: 11073:(3): 1387–425. 11063: 11059: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11030: 11026: 10995: 10991: 10960: 10956: 10949: 10933: 10929: 10921: 10917: 10894: 10890: 10867: 10863: 10823: 10817: 10813: 10770: 10766: 10745: 10741: 10720: 10716: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10578: 10563: 10559: 10549:Wayback Machine 10539: 10535: 10529:Wayback Machine 10520: 10516: 10506: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10468: 10464: 10449: 10445: 10424: 10420: 10401: 10397: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10354: 10350: 10331: 10327: 10308: 10304: 10285: 10281: 10276:Wayback Machine 10264: 10260: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10206: 10202: 10197:Wayback Machine 10190:(read-only PDF) 10183: 10179: 10168:The Motley Fool 10160: 10156: 10135: 10131: 10121: 10119: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10074: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10021:10.1.1.705.3838 10002: 9998: 9988: 9986: 9970: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9939: 9935: 9896: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9823:Wayback Machine 9811: 9807: 9800: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9756: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9711: 9707: 9697: 9695: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9665: 9661: 9621: 9617: 9602: 9593: 9570: 9566: 9541: 9537: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9482: 9478: 9463: 9459: 9416: 9412: 9397: 9393: 9378: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9322: 9315: 9284: 9280: 9249: 9245: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9188: 9181: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9081: 9075: 9071: 9028: 9024: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8948: 8941: 8900: 8896: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8841: 8837: 8806: 8802: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8748: 8744: 8713: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8696:on 20 June 2020 8693: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8627: 8623: 8586: 8582: 8543: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8526:on 26 June 2019 8523: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8468:10.1.1.372.5805 8450: 8444: 8440: 8395: 8391: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8279:10.1.1.372.5805 8258: 8254: 8233:(5): 1397–420. 8223: 8219: 8212: 8198: 8194: 8167: 8160: 8123: 8119: 8090: 8086: 8061: 8057: 8028: 8024: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7968: 7959: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7896:on 22 June 2013 7893: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7854: 7850: 7819: 7815: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7750:10.2307/2534380 7733: 7727: 7723: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7653:Labor Economics 7648: 7644: 7635:. p. A29. 7625: 7621: 7610: 7606: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7570: 7566: 7529: 7525: 7502: 7498: 7475: 7471: 7448: 7444: 7413: 7409: 7394:10.2307/2296729 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7282: 7278: 7267: 7263: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7197: 7174: 7170: 7135: 7131: 7108: 7104: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6970: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6811: 6804: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6766: 6765: 6758: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6594: 6583: 6567: 6556: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6506: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6388: 6377: 6362: 6353: 6346: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6282:on 25 July 2019 6274: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6044: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5783: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5614: 5606: 5600: 5532:national income 5520: 5515: 5514: 5490: 5482: 5457: 5440: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5399: 5391:political party 5378: 5366: 5333:in the US, and 5318: 5294: 5277:social security 5265: 5259: 5250: 5231:Daniel B. Klein 5206: 5191:Arindrajit Dube 5036:inefficiencies. 4963: 4943: 4880: 4872:deadweight loss 4848: 4768:Edward Gramlich 4742:Effects on the 4693: 4657: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4567: 4563: 4547: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4347: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4285: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4239: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4216: 4212: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4054: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3896:help improve it 3893: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3641: 3636: 3611: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3503: 3498: 3452: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3331: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3200: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3002: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2887: 2876: 2874: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2809: 2808: 2804:Refusal of work 2784:Labor economics 2769: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2643:Wildcat strikes 2638:Whipsaw strikes 2623:Sitdown strikes 2570: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2524: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2498:Toxic workplace 2382: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2286: 2265:Organized labor 2264: 2254: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2061: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2024: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1518:help improve it 1515: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1486: 1450:policy akin to 1366: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1343:Czech Republic 1338: 1334: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1091:United Kingdom 1086: 1082: 1081: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1002: 998: 997: 988: 984: 983: 974: 970: 969: 960: 956: 955: 937: 933: 899: 877: 851:supply of labor 847:demand of labor 833: 815: 810: 804: 802:Economic models 791: 765: 744: 687: 680: 672: 577:King Edward III 565: 541: 533: 521:reduces poverty 459: 455: 454: 445: 441: 440: 431: 427: 426: 417: 413: 412: 403: 399: 398: 389: 385: 384: 375: 371: 370: 361: 357: 356: 347: 343: 342: 338:Czech Republic 333: 329: 328: 319: 315: 314: 305: 301: 300: 291: 287: 286: 277: 273: 272: 263: 259: 258: 249: 245: 244: 235: 231: 230: 221: 217: 216: 207: 203: 202: 193: 189: 188: 179: 175: 174: 165: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 142:United Kingdom 137: 133: 132: 123: 119: 118: 109: 105: 104: 95: 91: 90: 81: 77: 76: 67: 63: 62: 53: 49: 48: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14890: 14880: 14879: 14877:Price controls 14874: 14872:Personal taxes 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14787: 14786: 14777: 14774: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14748:Sunday scaries 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14665: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14499: 14497:Phillips curve 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14452: 14447: 14441: 14439: 14433: 14432: 14430: 14429: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14407: 14406: 14405: 14400: 14398:Retirement age 14395: 14385: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14351:Exit interview 14348: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14321: 14315: 14313: 14307: 14306: 14304: 14303: 14298: 14297: 14296: 14291: 14281: 14276: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14178: 14176: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14101:Discrimination 14098: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14070: 14068: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14053:Gender pay gap 14050: 14045: 14039: 14037: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13902: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13891: 13890: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13873: 13868: 13866:Parental leave 13863: 13861:Marriage leave 13858: 13856:Life insurance 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13827: 13825: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13739: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13712:Income bracket 13708: 13706: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13640:Eight-hour day 13637: 13632: 13626: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13399: 13397:Creative class 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13357: 13355:Apprenticeship 13351: 13349: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13323:Scarlet-collar 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13269: 13267: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13063: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13039:Temporary work 13036: 13031: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13007:Skilled worker 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12958: 12956: 12952: 12951: 12944: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12905: 12896: 12881: 12880: 12863: 12847: 12832: 12831: 12825: 12812: 12804: 12796: 12790: 12784: 12778: 12772: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730:External links 12728: 12727: 12726: 12722:The New Yorker 12714: 12702: 12691: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12666: 12648: 12631: 12619:www.fwc.gov.au 12606: 12584: 12570: 12541: 12530:. 3 March 2021 12515: 12493: 12468: 12440: 12395: 12360: 12332: 12307: 12294:"Minimum Wage" 12285: 12256: 12231: 12215:1800–present: 12165: 12140: 12112: 12091: 12071: 12029: 12003: 11977: 11952: 11939:www.larazon.es 11926: 11901: 11877: 11855: 11833: 11811: 11792: 11770: 11724: 11701: 11678: 11655: 11632: 11607: 11582: 11568: 11548: 11517: 11486: 11455: 11425: 11412: 11381: 11363:Olson, Parmy. 11355: 11337: 11311: 11279: 11252: 11226: 11200: 11189: 11163: 11144: 11123:"Minimum Wage" 11114: 11084: 11057: 11024: 10989: 10954: 10948:978-1111798208 10947: 10927: 10915: 10888: 10861: 10811: 10764: 10739: 10714: 10677: 10636:(5): 890–908. 10616: 10588: 10557: 10533: 10514: 10488: 10462: 10451:Nellis, Mike. 10443: 10418: 10395: 10371: 10348: 10325: 10302: 10279: 10258: 10235: 10209: 10200: 10177: 10154: 10129: 10103: 10068: 10043: 10014:(2): 500–522. 9996: 9960: 9953: 9933: 9912:10.1086/467144 9906:(2): 443–464. 9890: 9859: 9827: 9805: 9798: 9778: 9769: 9750: 9724: 9705: 9675: 9667:Bernard Semmel 9659: 9615: 9604:Wolcott, Ben. 9591: 9564: 9558:10.3386/w16355 9535: 9517: 9496:(4): 268–304. 9476: 9457: 9436:10.1086/685449 9430:(3): 663–704. 9410: 9391: 9372: 9357:. p. D3. 9341: 9334: 9313: 9278: 9243: 9216: 9179: 9153: 9134:(3): 499–520. 9118: 9069: 9042:(4): 616–634. 9022: 8975: 8964:on 25 May 2017 8939: 8904:Schönberg, Uta 8894: 8876: 8855:(2): 339–354. 8835: 8822:10.3386/w25647 8800: 8779: 8765:10.3386/w26523 8742: 8707: 8670: 8621: 8580: 8553:(2): 350–376. 8537: 8505: 8438: 8389: 8352: 8343: 8324:(5): 1362–96. 8308: 8272:(4): 945–964. 8252: 8217: 8210: 8192: 8158: 8117: 8084: 8055: 8022: 8000: 7993: 7907: 7875: 7848: 7835:10.2307/145715 7813: 7792:10.2307/145654 7763: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7669: 7662: 7642: 7619: 7604: 7589: 7582: 7564: 7523: 7496: 7469: 7442: 7407: 7372: 7350: 7336: 7316: 7303: 7276: 7261: 7238: 7231: 7209: 7195: 7190:10.3386/w11968 7168: 7155:10.1086/679626 7129: 7124:10.3386/w12663 7102: 7071: 7040: 7028: 6996: 6989: 6973:Sowell, Thomas 6959: 6933: 6903: 6889: 6868: 6847:"Minimum Wage" 6838: 6802: 6789: 6756: 6733: 6716:Total Politics 6702: 6659: 6648:. 16 June 1933 6633: 6620:New York Times 6605: 6592: 6581: 6554: 6547: 6527: 6520: 6497: 6466: 6444: 6413: 6396:Bloomberg View 6375: 6351: 6344: 6326: 6293: 6267: 6261:978-0123110350 6260: 6233: 6226: 6198: 6173: 6155:(4): 772–793. 6135: 6110: 6064: 6042: 6006: 5969: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5923: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5870:Price controls 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:Cost of living 5820: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5798: 5782: 5779: 5752: 5749: 5689:U.S. labor law 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5639:American Samoa 5615: 5607: 5602:Main article: 5599: 5596: 5552:, proposed by 5519: 5516: 5491: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5456: 5453: 5439: 5436: 5423: 5420: 5412: 5409: 5404:apprenticeship 5398: 5395: 5377: 5376:Wage subsidies 5374: 5365: 5362: 5317: 5314: 5293: 5290: 5261:Main article: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5205: 5202: 5121: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5094:George Stigler 5090: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4975:Fight for $ 15 4969:Protesters in 4962: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4879: 4876: 4847: 4844: 4839:Science Direct 4763: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4740: 4692: 4689: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4628: 4606: 4602: 4581: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4477: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4000:. Denote 3989: 3969: 3966: 3946: 3926: 3925: 3908:September 2022 3887: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3723: 3719: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3372:By maximizing 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3055: 3035: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2939: 2919: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2750:United Kingdom 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2586:General strike 2583: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2408:Eight-hour day 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2284:Labor movement 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2259: 2235: 2215: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2159: 2139: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1970: 1966: 1943: 1939: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1886: 1866: 1846: 1826: 1806: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1625: 1621: 1598: 1594: 1582:matching model 1567: 1563: 1548: 1547: 1530:September 2022 1509: 1507: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1436:market failure 1368: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003: 996: 994: 990: 989: 982: 980: 976: 975: 968: 966: 962: 961: 954: 952: 948: 947: 944: 932: 929: 895:Main article: 876: 873: 829:Main article: 814: 811: 803: 800: 790: 787: 764: 761: 743: 740: 693:, followed by 673: 671: 668: 534: 532: 529: 469:is the lowest 461: 460: 453: 451: 447: 446: 439: 437: 433: 432: 425: 423: 419: 418: 411: 409: 405: 404: 397: 395: 391: 390: 383: 381: 377: 376: 369: 367: 363: 362: 355: 353: 349: 348: 341: 339: 335: 334: 327: 325: 321: 320: 313: 311: 307: 306: 299: 297: 296:United States 293: 292: 285: 283: 279: 278: 271: 269: 265: 264: 257: 255: 251: 250: 243: 241: 237: 236: 229: 227: 223: 222: 215: 213: 209: 208: 201: 199: 195: 194: 187: 185: 181: 180: 173: 171: 167: 166: 159: 157: 153: 152: 145: 143: 139: 138: 131: 129: 125: 124: 117: 115: 111: 110: 103: 101: 97: 96: 89: 87: 83: 82: 75: 73: 69: 68: 61: 59: 55: 54: 47: 45: 41: 40: 37: 28:in US dollars 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14889: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14723:Make-work job 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14669: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14642:Right to work 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Job guarantee 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14612:Make-work job 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14438: 14434: 14428: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14383:Restructuring 14381: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14361:Notice period 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14302: 14299: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14267:Unfree labour 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237:Bonded labour 14235: 14234: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14151:Whistleblower 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14084:Control fraud 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14058:Glass ceiling 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13993:Work accident 13991: 13989: 13986: 13982: 13981:United States 13979: 13978: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13889: 13886: 13882: 13881:United States 13879: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13836:Casual Friday 13834: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13793:Paid time off 13791: 13789: 13788:Overtime rate 13786: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13774: 13770: 13769:United States 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13635:Four-day week 13633: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13619: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13519:Practice firm 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13417:Employability 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13318:Orange-collar 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13265:Working class 13262: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13206: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13139:Job interview 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12992:Part-time job 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12977:Full-time job 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12942: 12937: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12923: 12922: 12919: 12913: 12912:Henry Hazlitt 12909: 12906: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12829: 12826: 12823: 12819: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12797: 12794: 12791: 12788: 12785: 12782: 12779: 12776: 12773: 12771:(a UN agency) 12770: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12724: 12723: 12718: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12703: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12693: 12676: 12670: 12658: 12652: 12644: 12638: 12636: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12594: 12588: 12581:. 4 May 2022. 12580: 12574: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12503: 12497: 12490: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12472: 12465: 12460: 12459: 12454: 12447: 12445: 12437: 12421: 12417: 12416: 12408: 12402: 12400: 12392: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12372: 12364: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12336: 12321: 12317: 12311: 12295: 12289: 12282: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12220: 12212: 12205: 12204: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12184: 12179: 12172: 12170: 12154: 12150: 12144: 12125: 12124: 12116: 12108: 12101: 12095: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12075: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12044: 12039: 12033: 12017: 12013: 12007: 11999: 11995: 11988: 11981: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11890: 11889: 11881: 11865: 11859: 11843: 11837: 11821: 11815: 11807: 11803: 11802:"The Economy" 11796: 11780: 11774: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11728: 11712: 11705: 11689: 11682: 11666: 11659: 11643: 11636: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11578: 11572: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11552: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11521: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11459: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11422: 11416: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11385: 11370: 11366: 11359: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11296: 11289: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11256: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11214: 11210: 11204: 11193: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11148: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11118: 11110: 11107:(1): 125–67. 11106: 11102: 11098: 11091: 11089: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11061: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10970:(4): 369–87. 10969: 10965: 10958: 10950: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10904:(2): 203–09. 10903: 10899: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10718: 10711: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10592: 10576: 10572: 10571:Social Europe 10568: 10561: 10554: 10551:(in German). 10550: 10546: 10543: 10537: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10518: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10434: 10433:ThinkProgress 10429: 10422: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10144:ThinkProgress 10140: 10133: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10072: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10008: 10000: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9976:The Economist 9973: 9967: 9965: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9782: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9657:, 10 May 2017 9656: 9655: 9651:, Editorial, 9650: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9376: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9337: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9318: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9294:(2): 406–28. 9293: 9289: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9232:(2): 238–43. 9231: 9227: 9220: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9184: 9176:(1–2): 1–182. 9175: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8995:(1): 78–106. 8994: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8944: 8935: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8789: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8522: 8515: 8509: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8461:(4): 945–64. 8460: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8213: 8211:9780691169125 8207: 8203: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8181:(4): 772–93. 8180: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8163: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8018: 8014: 8013:The Economist 8010: 8004: 7996: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7966: 7958: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7911: 7892: 7885: 7879: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7744:(2): 409–61. 7743: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7705: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7663:9780262027700 7659: 7655: 7654: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7485:(2): 172–87. 7484: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7458:(5): 937–48. 7457: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7423:(5): 612–19. 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7388:(3): 407–36. 7387: 7383: 7376: 7360: 7354: 7339: 7337:9781572594180 7333: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7292:(1): 86–112. 7291: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7242: 7234: 7232:9780072898385 7228: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7032: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6572:Minimum Wages 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6548:9780313264122 6544: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6521:9789221025115 6517: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6502: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6370: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6238: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6084:(3): e1–e32. 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6010: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5933: 5927: 5918: 5914: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5887:Thomas Sowell 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5722:In 2021, the 5720: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685:United States 5677: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598:United States 5595: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5418: 5408: 5405: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5386:Edmund Phelps 5383: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5254: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5123:In 2006, the 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5053:self-checkout 5050: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4972: 4971:New York City 4967: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4941:Meta-analyses 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899:David Neumark 4891: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806:The Economist 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718:labor markets 4715: 4711: 4708:tests of the 4707: 4697: 4688: 4686: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4626: 4604: 4600: 4579: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4475: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4013: 4007: 3987: 3967: 3964: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3922: 3919: 3911: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888:This section 3886: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3818: 3812: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3693: 3687: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3618: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3542: 3536: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3053: 3033: 3013: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2937: 2917: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789:Labor history 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2715:New Caledonia 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2662:Labor parties 2658: 2657: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2613:Overtime bans 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2568:Strike action 2564: 2563: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2463:Paid time off 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2428:Four-day week 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2354:Union busting 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2233: 2213: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2173: 2157: 2137: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2034: 2029: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1990: 1968: 1941: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1884: 1864: 1844: 1824: 1817:be the wage, 1804: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1639: 1623: 1619: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1565: 1561: 1544: 1541: 1533: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1510:This section 1508: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1243: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1187: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1089: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1019: 1009: 1005: 995: 991: 981: 977: 967: 963: 953: 949: 941: 928: 926: 922: 918: 917:monopsonistic 912: 910: 905: 898: 890: 886: 885:monopsonistic 881: 872: 868: 865: 861: 857: 852: 848: 841: 836: 832: 824: 819: 809: 799: 795: 786: 784: 779: 773: 771: 760: 757: 753: 749: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 686: 683: 677: 667: 665: 661: 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