Living wage - Knowledge

319: 1545: 358: 1126: 703: 268:

advantages for the majority of society. Smith argued that higher productivity and overall growth led to higher wages that in turn led to greater benefits for society. Based on his writings, one can infer that Smith would support a living wage commensurate with the overall growth of the economy. This, in turn, would lead to more happiness and joy for people, while helping to keep families and people out of poverty. Political institutions can create a system of liberty for individuals to ensure opportunity for higher wages through higher production and thus stable growth for society.

1434: 591: 1082: 373:. Broadly speaking, Stabile indicates that sustainability in the economy may require that people have the means for 'decent accommodation, transport, clothing and personal care'. He qualifies the statement as he sees individual necessities as contextual and therefore able to change over time, between cultures and under different macroeconomic circumstances. This suggests that the concept and definition of a living wage cannot be made objective over all places and in all times. Stabile's thoughts on capabilities make direct reference to 424: 20: 6265: 1637:

labor economists by the Employment Policies Institute in 2000, only 31% viewed living wages as a very or somewhat effective anti-poverty tool, while 98% viewed policies like the US earned income tax credit and general welfare grants in a similar vein. On the other hand, according to Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, an economist with the State of California's Division of Labor Statistics and Research, the living wage may be seen by the public as preferable to other methods because it reinforces the

90: 638: 335:

such, the obligation to fulfill the right of a living wage rests on the owners and employers of private resources. His argument goes beyond that a wage should provide mere subsistence but that it should provide humans with the capabilities to 'develop within reasonable limits all faculties, physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual.' A living wage for him is 'the amount of remuneration that is sufficient to maintain decently the laborer'

1181:

that is one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole. This represents 3.5 million Londoners, an increase of 400,000 since 2010/11. The research highlights the need to improve incomes through better wages, mainly, the London Living Wage, to ensure more Londoners reach a decent standard of living.

711:

of the population. It is estimated that workers who qualify for the living wage legislation are currently between 1-2% of the bottom quartile of wage distribution.Real life implications to living wage legislation is important to address. Raising wages can decrease job opportunities for low wage workers as it cuts costs for profit seeking organizations and companies. The pool gets smaller despite an increase in wage rates.

1778: 381:. The tie-in with a living wage is the idea that income is an important, though not exclusive, means for capabilities. The enhancement of people's capabilities allows them to better function both in society and as workers. These capabilities are further passed down from parents to children. Finally, Stabile analyses the lack of a living wage as the imposition of 200:. Both argued for an income that considers needs, particularly those that ensure the communal good. Aristotle saw self-sufficiency as a requirement for happiness which he defined as, 'that which on its own makes life worthy of choice and lacking in nothing'. As he placed the responsibility in ensuring that the poor could earn a 244:

Rising real wages are secured by growth through increasing productivity against stable price levels, i.e. prices not affected by inflation. A system of liberty, secured through political institutions whereupon even the "lower ranks of people" could secure the opportunity for higher wages and an acceptable standard of living.

1420:. There are member associations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Hong Kong S.A.R., India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Turkey as well as supporters in Europe and North America. The campaign targets multinational employers who do not pay their developing world workers a living wage. 1450:

Many city officials have opposed living wage requirements because they believe that they restrict business climate thus making cities less appealing to potential industries. Logistically cities must hire employees to administer the ordinance. Conversely advocates for the legislation have acknowledged

710:

Research shows that minimum wage laws and living wage legislation impact poverty differently: evidence demonstrates that living wage legislation reduces poverty. The parties impacted by minimum wage laws and living wage laws differ as living wage legislation generally applies to a more limited sector

694:

the control group as the subset of cities that attempted to pass a living wage law but were unsuccessful. This comparison indicates that living wages raise the average wage level in cities. However, it reduces the likelihood of employment for individuals in the bottom percentile of wage distribution.

393:

arising due to a lack of living wage. Muilenburg and Singh see welfare programs, such as housing and school meals, as being a subsidy for employers that allow them to pay low wages. This subsidy, taking the form of an externality, is of course paid for by society in the form of taxes. This thought is

353:

are poverty and inequality. A living wage is meant to address these by providing the material basis that allows individuals a degree of autonomy and prevents disproportionate income and wealth that would inevitably lead to a societal fissure between the rich and poor. A living wage further allows for

334:

John Ryan argues for a living wage from a rights perspective. He considers a living wage to be a right that all labourers are entitled to from the 'common bounty of nature'. He argues that private ownership of resources precludes access to them by others who would need them to maintain themselves. As

1636:

wage, many of the beneficiaries may already be in families that make substantially more than that necessary to provide an adequate standard of living; this argument focuses on the portion benefitting who are in poverty, rather than the portion in poverty who are benefitting. According to a survey of

1180:

in 2014 indicated that at that time the proportion of jobs outside London paying less than the living wage was 23%. The equivalent figure within London was 19%. Research by Loughborough University, commissioned by Trust for London, shows 4 in 10 Londoners cannot afford a decent standard of living -

693:

Although these ordinances are recent, a number of studies have attempted to measure the impact of these policies on wages and employment. Researchers have had difficulty measuring the impact of these policies because it is difficult to isolate a control group for comparison. A notable study defined

689:

In 2014, Wisconsin Service Employees International Union teamed up with public officials against legislation to eliminate local living wages. According to U.S. Department of Labor data, Wisconsin Jobs Now - a non-profit organization fighting inequality through higher wages - has received at least $

248:

Servants, labourers and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society. But what improves the circumstances of the greater part can never be regarded as an inconvenience to the whole. No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater

1121:

and Living Wage Employer mark. Since 2011, the Living Wage Foundation has accredited thousands of employers that pay its proposed living wage. The living wage in London is calculated by GLA Economics and the CRSP calculates the out-of-London Living Wage. Their recommended hourly rates for 2015 are

326:

Different ideas on a living wage have been advanced by modern campaigns that have pushed for localities to adopt them. Supporters of a living wage have argued that a wage is more than just compensation for labour. It is a means of securing a living and it leads to public policies that address both

1607:

Critics have warned of not just an increase in unemployment but also price increases and a lack of entry-level jobs due to labor substitutions effects. The voluntary undertaking of a living wage is criticized as impossible due to the competitive advantage other businesses in the same market would

1144:. Further research was published in 2014 in a number of reports on the potential impact of raising the UK's statutory national minimum wage to the same level as the Living Wage Foundation's living wage recommendation. This included two reports funded by the Trust for London and carried out by the 1097:

established the Living Wage Unit to calculate the London Living Wage, although the authority had no power to enforce it. The London Living Wage was developed in 2008 when Trust for London awarded a grant of over £1 million for campaigning, research and an employer accreditation scheme. The Living

1061:

calculated the necessary full-time hourly wage to spend 30% of income on rental of a fair-market, 2-bedroom apartment. Estimates range from a high of $ 36.82/hr in Hawaii (where minimum wage is $ 10.10/hr) to $ 14.26 in Arkansas (the lowest state, raising its minimum from $ 9.25 to $ 11/hr) and $

722:

by Zeng and Honig indicated that living wage workers have higher affective commitment and lower turnover intention. Workers paid a living wage were more likely to support the organization they work for in various ways including: "protecting the organizations public image, helping colleagues solve

566:

for workers over 25. It was phased in between 2016 and 2020 and was set at a significantly higher level than previous minimum wage rates. By 2020 it was expected to have risen to at least £9 per hour and represent a full-time annual pay equivalent to 60% of the median UK earnings. In practice the

1532:

released a series of demands to University administrators calling for a living wage policy at the University. These demands included a requirement that the University "explicitly address" the issue by 17 February. Although University President Teresa Sullivan did respond to the demands in a mass

1441:

The proposed law will inform tax-payers of where their investment dollars go and will hold developers to more stringent employment standards. The proposed act will require developers who receive substantial tax-payer funded subsidies to pay employees a minimum living wage. The law is designed to

263:

Based on these writings, Smith advocated that labor should receive an equitable share of what labor produces. For Smith, this equitable share amounted to more than subsistence. Smith equated the interests of labor and the interests of land with overarching societal interests. He reasoned that as

243:

recognized that rising real wages lead to the "improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of people" and are therefore an advantage to society. Growth and a system of liberty were the means by which the laboring poor were able to secure higher wages and an acceptable standard of living.

1446:

increases. Furthermore, the act will require that employees who do not receive health insurance from their employer will receive an additional $ 1.50 an hour to subsidize their healthcare expenses. Workers employed at a subsidized development will also be entitled to the living wage guarantee.

409:

Those in favor of living wage ordinances primarily research the negative impacts of insufficient minimum wages. In a cross-comparison between minimum wage and living wage ordinances, there are profound psychological impacts to living wage implementations. Those in favor of living wage oriented

267:

Like Smith, supporters of a living wage argue that the greater good for society is achieved through higher wages and a living wage. It is argued that government should in turn attempt to align the interests of those pursuing profits with the interests of the labor in order to produce societal

714:

Neumark and Adams, in their paper, "Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty?", state, "There is evidence that living wage ordinances modestly reduce the poverty rates in locations in which these ordinances are enacted. However, there is no evidence that state minimum wage laws do so."

1603:

A contention that often impedes the progression of a living wage ordinance has to do with the scope; it is controversial whether it should apply to an individual or an entire family as wages can be nuanced when there are multiple types of households among a state. Potential solutions to the

439:

ruled that an employer was obliged to pay his employees a wage that guaranteed them a standard of living which was reasonable for "a human being in a civilised community" to live in "frugal comfort estimated by current... standards," regardless of the employer's capacity to pay. Justice

1604:

complexity of a living wage ordinance include a "specific employer provision," which seeks to evaluate the pros and cons to a living wage on a company to company basis. An argument In favor of this approach asserts that it can help bolster employee morale and increase social capital.

354:

political participation by all classes of people which is required to prevent the political interests of the rich from undermining the needs of the poor. These arguments for a living wage, taken together, can be seen as necessary elements for 'social sustainability and cohesion'.

249:

part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed and lodged.

385:

on others. These externalities take the form of depleting the stock of workers by 'exploiting and exhausting the workforce'. This leads to economic inefficiency as businesses end up overproducing their products due to not paying the full cost of labour.

1568:

and thus effective, necessarily leads to a surplus. This means the number of employees an employer is willing to hire at a living wage is below the number they would be willing to hire at the equilibrium wage price. Many argue that, in the context of a

461:. This white paper published in 2013 by University of Manchester, appears to suggest that the competition among buying organisation has implications to low wages in countries such as Bangladesh. It has laid down a road map to achieve sustainable wages. 456:

In Bangladesh, salaries are among the lowest in the world. During 2012 wages hovered around US$ 38 per month depending on the exchange rate. Studies by Professor Doug Miller during 2010 to 2012, have highlighted the evolving global trade practices in

1475:

by the Fiscal Policy Institute indicated that business tax subsidies have grown two and a half times faster than overall New York City tax collections and asks why these public resources are invested in poverty-level jobs. Mr. Parrott testified that

1442:

raise quality of life and stimulate local economy. Specifically the proposed act will guarantee that workers in large developmental projects will receive a wage of at least $ 10.00 an hour. The living wage will get indexed so that it keeps up with

410:

policies assert that it is important to acknowledge the region-specific costs that is severely lacking in minimum wage measurements. This line of thinking argues that a living wage can both enhance engagement and performance if implemented.

1122:£9.40 for London and £8.25 for the rest of the UK. These rates are updated annually in November. In January 2016 the Living Wage Foundation set up a new Living Wage Commission to oversee the calculation of the Living Wage rates in the UK. 133:

for a family of four. The income would have to allow the family to "secure food, shelter, clothing, health care, transportation and other necessities of living in modern society". The definition of a living wage used by the

1470:

testified during a May 2011 New York City Council meeting that real wages for low-wage workers in the city have declined substantially over the last 20 years, despite dramatic increases in average education levels. A

1167:

and Trust for London found 20% of employees in London were paid below the Living Wage Foundation's recommended living wage between 2011 and 2013. The proportion of residents paid less than this rate was highest in

3267: 1619:

Another issue that has emerged is that living wages may be a less effective anti-poverty tool than other measures. Authors point to living wages as being only a limited way of addressing the problems of rising

51:. Due to the flexible nature of the term "needs", there is not one universally accepted measure of what a living wage is and as such it varies by location and household type. A related concept is that of a 394:

repeated by Grimshaw who argues that employers offset the social costs of maintaining their workforce through tax credits, housing, benefits and other wage subsidies. The issue was raised during the

230:, which were those that allowed everyone access to necessities. Prices and wages that prevented access to necessities were considered unjust as they would imperil the virtue of those without access. 349:', perspective. He sees the need for citizens to be connected to their community, and thus, sees individual and communal interests as inseparably bound. Two major problems that are antithetical to 578:

staff have been paid a minimum of the "living wage" recommended by the Living Wage Commission. About 2,400 employees received an initial salary increase of up to £470 above the UK-wide

1592:

labor demands, rather than reducing aggregate demand for labor. A large amount of empirical study has focused on the employment effects of minimum wage, much of it following a study by

723:

problems, improving their skills and techniques, providing suggestions or advice to a management team, and caring about the organization." The authors interpret these finding through

2723: 1533:

email sent to the University community shortly before the end of the day on 17 February, the Campaign criticized her response as "intentionally misleading" and vowed to take action.

1366:

It is calculated on the basis of the VPSJ’s Minimum Essential Standard of Living (MESL) research, and set by the Living Wage Technical Group, benchmarked against the cost of minimum

105:, advocates define a living wage to mean that a person working 40 hours a week, with no additional income, should be able to afford the basics for a modest but decent life, such as, 3951: 1152:: "Beyond the Bottom Line" and "What Price a Living Wage?" Additionally, Landman Economics published "The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK". 4305: 318: 3231: 2550: 179:"It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country." 3919: 3141: 35:

necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs. This is not the same as a subsistence wage, which refers to a biological minimum, or a solidarity wage, which refers to a

3195: 3785: 1191:

in opposition from 2010 until 2015, supported a living wage and proposed tax breaks for employers who adopted it. The Labour Party has implemented a living wage in some

753:(PPP). Living wage estimates for the year 2000 range from US$ 1.7 PPP per hour, in low-income examples, to approximately US$ 11.6 PPP per hour, in high-income examples. 1163:, recommended that the UK government should pay its own workers a "living wage", but that it should be voluntary for the private sector. Data published in late 2014 by 310:

wrote, "Hence in every case a just wage is the concrete means of verifying the whole socioeconomic system and, in any case, of checking that it is functioning justly."

3278: 43:. Needs are defined to include food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. The goal of a living wage is to allow a worker to afford a basic but decent 1837: 1467: 1416:

Launched in 2009, Asia Floor Wage is a loose coalition of labour and other groups seeking to implement a Living Wage throughout Asia, with a particular focus on

1408:

In 2021, the Low Pay Commission began to study the living wage, and to decide if there should be different living wages for different age categories or regions.

1089:

The Living Wage Campaign in the United Kingdom originated in London, where it was launched in 2001 by members of the community organisation London Citizens (now

739:

states that "Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity."

5408: 402:

mentioned that "struggling working families should not have to subsidise the wealthiest family in the country", and therefore, implied that the large retailer

264:

wages and rents rise, as a result of higher productivity, societal growth will occur thus increasing the quality of life for the greater part of its members.

550:

set minimum wage standards in many sectors of the economy. Wages Councils were abolished in 1993 and subsequently replaced with a single statutory national

281:, which is considered the Catholic Church's first expression of a view supportive of a living wage. The church recognized that wages should be sufficient to 736: 3029:

Anker, R. (2006). Living wages around the world: A new methodology and internationally comparable estimates. International Labour Review, 145(4), 308-338.

727:, which points out the mutual obligation employers and employees feel towards each other when employees perceive they are provided favorable treatment. 3621: 4386: 4343: 1963: 1628:

and legal protection for workers. Since living wage ordinances attempt to address the issue of a living wage, defined by some of its proponents as a

1110:

to calculate a UK-wide Minimum Income Standard (MIS) figure, an average across the whole of the UK independent of the higher living costs in London.

209:"Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence worthy of human dignity." 3747: 86:. The living wage is one possible guideline for determining a target price floor, while a minimum wage is a policy to enforce a chosen price floor. 3510: 1644:

The concept of a living wage based on its definition as a family wage has been criticized by some for emphasizing the role of men as breadwinners.

1505: 746:

in South Africa are an example of a voluntary code of conduct that state that firms should compensate workers to at least cover their basic needs.

2826: 2206: 1641:

and ensures that there is something of value produced, unlike welfare, that is often believed to be a pure cash "gift" from the public coffers."

1260:

Below is a table of the hourly minimum wage (for adults), and the living wage recommended by the living wage campaign, for each year since 2014.

285:. This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by 3961: 574:. Some organisations voluntarily pay a living wage to their staff, at a level somewhat higher than the statutory level. From September 2014 all 1919: 2676: 395: 3896: 2992:

Zeng, Zhaocheng; Honig, Benson (1 March 2017). "A study of living wage effects on employees' performance-related attitudes and behaviour".

4332: 2372:

Werner, A. and Lim, M., 2016. The ethics of the living wage: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(3), pp.433-447.

1207:

also supports the introduction of a living wage, believing that the national minimum wage should be 60% of net national average earnings.

4213: 3929: 3119: 5246: 5224: 192:

The concept of a living wage, though it was not defined as such, can be traced back to the works of ancient Greek philosophers such as

2485: 6150: 1456: 4199:

Sklar, Holly; Mykyta, Laryssa; Wefald, Susan, "Raise The Floor: Wages and Policies That Work For All Of Us", 2002, South End Press.

4006: 2440: 1520:

and its contractors to pay all employees a living wage pegged to inflation: $ 12.63/hr with benefits, or $ 15 without (as of 2018).

1057:

Living wage estimates vary considerably by area, and may be calculated in different ways. In a 2019 report, the U.S. advocacy group

749:

In the table below, cross national comparable living wages were estimated for twelve countries and reported in local currencies and

5994: 5556: 4671: 4200: 3242: 3695: 138:(GLA) is the threshold wage, calculated as an income of 60% of the median, and an additional 15% to allow for unforeseen events. 6175: 3152: 1536:

On 18 February, the campaign announced that 12 students would begin a hunger strike to publicize the plight of low-paid workers.

66:, which leaves the worker to rely on government programs for additional income. Living wages have typically only been adopted in 6046: 5492: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4785: 3206: 1241:

since 2014. It is supported by The Vincentian Partnership for Social Justice (VPSJ), Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI),

1192: 2900:

Scott Adams and David Neumark, " The Effects of Living Wage Laws: Evidence from Failed and Derailed Living Wage Campaigns, "

2251: 2152: 1991: 1113:

In 2011 the CRSP used the MIS as the basis for developing a standard model for setting the UK Living Wage outside of London.

1058: 735:

As of 2003, there are 122 living wage ordinances in American cities and an additional 75 under discussion. Article 23 of the

646: 214: 4283: 1580:

for labor across all employers, and so presume setting the minimum wage at a living wage would possibly raise unemployment.

1480:

in New York City exceeds that of other large cities, with the highest-earning 1 percent receiving 44 percent of all income.

445: 6051: 4939: 4421: 3804: 2749: 1145: 1103: 4148:

Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, California, p. 10

3640: 1844: 4079: 3585: 3177: 1383: 406:, who is owned by the wealthiest family in the country, was not paying fair wages and was being subsidised by taxpayers. 3373: 3329: 2775: 634:. Living wage laws typically cover only businesses that receive state assistance or have contracts with the government. 2357: 6334: 6288: 5463: 5251: 5219: 4207: 3984: 2226: 1895: 1817: 1129: 327:

the level of the wage and its decency. Contemporary research by Andrea Werner and Ming Lim has analyzed the works of

3766: 2539:

The living wage per hour for an individual is calculated for a family unit with two working adults and two children.

1612:(all other things being equal), a company that paid its workers more than required by the market would be unable to 1472: 6273: 2568: 1936: 1544: 1204: 2800: 6283: 5363: 1141: 184: 6293: 6056: 5428: 5380: 4646: 4594: 3860:

Nissen, Bruce (Fall 2000). "Living Wage Campaigns from a 'Social Movement' Perspective: The Miami Experience".

3391: 2036:

Clary, Betsy Jane (1 November 2009). "Smith and Living Wages: Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage".

1177: 627: 555: 6144: 6036: 5448: 4996: 4360: 4277: 4267: 4196:

Division of Labor Statistics and Research, California Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco, 2001

3833: 1254: 357: 6225: 5398: 4449: 4326: 2977:

Neumark D, Adams S (2003a) Do living wage ordinances reduce urban poverty? J Hum Resour 38:490–521 (Summer)

6329: 6210: 5423: 2952: 6139: 6021: 5497: 4949: 4641: 4549: 1513: 1379: 1099: 2830: 6303: 6298: 6119: 5793: 5704: 5583: 4080:"Evaluating Living Wage Laws in the United States: Good Intentions and Economic Reality in Conflict?" 2323: 2318: 1861: 1679: 1137: 615: 1600:

finding no difference in unemployment rates in two states following a minimum wage increase in one.

1552:

Criticisms against the implementation of living wage laws have taken similar forms to those against

1390:

support a living wage, with different regional rates, and have also recommended a "living pension."

6308: 6278: 5969: 5771: 5530: 5487: 5453: 4954: 4944: 4626: 4414: 1226: 1169: 1094: 570:

The National Living Wage is nevertheless lower than the value of the Living Wage calculated by the

331:, Jerold Waltman and Donald Stabile for their philosophical and ethical insights on a living wage. 166: 135: 3721: 2218: 6235: 6114: 6016: 5954: 5766: 5393: 5280: 5214: 5127: 3956: 1173: 1107: 1098:

Wage campaign subsequently grew into a national movement with local campaigns across the UK. The

750: 607: 547: 350: 346: 1125: 742:

In addition to legislative acts, many corporations have adopted voluntary codes of conduct. The

702: 6089: 6041: 6011: 5848: 5816: 5806: 5623: 5608: 5588: 5470: 5241: 5236: 4511: 4370: 3603: 3528: 1754: 1529: 1375: 1118: 1117:, a nationwide community organising institution developed out of London Citizens, launched the 1076: 724: 571: 534:

Municipal regulation of wage levels began in some towns in the British Isles in 1524. National

4376: 3834:"A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'?" 2526: 2290:

Clary, B. J. (2009). "Smith and Living Wages:Arguments in Support of a Mandated Living Wage".

6031: 6026: 5964: 5909: 5858: 5480: 5011: 4984: 4656: 4584: 3547: 1760: 1745: 1739: 1613: 1417: 1149: 543: 169:

economics, which focuses on stimulating demand in order to improve the state of the economy.

3435: 6099: 5875: 5828: 5648: 5643: 5418: 5413: 5388: 5328: 5172: 5152: 5104: 4974: 4889: 4727: 4162: 2724:"George Osborne's 'living wage' is not actually a living wage, says Living Wage Foundation" 2501:

Miller, Doug (5 February 2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail".

2483: 1565: 1164: 1136:

In 2012, research into the costs and benefits of a living wage in London was funded by the

603: 563: 4186: 3057: 1516:

living wage ordinance in 1999, the first of its kind in the South. The ordinance requires

448:) per day or 42/- per week as a 'fair and reasonable' minimum wage for unskilled workers. 8: 6004: 5999: 5937: 5885: 5603: 5571: 5561: 5443: 5433: 4964: 4959: 4780: 4760: 4681: 4601: 4579: 4559: 4407: 1621: 1238: 743: 590: 436: 378: 162: 129:. Living wage advocates have further defined a living wage as the wage equivalent to the 4310: 3622:"Social Democrats support Living Wage increase - but stress need to reduce living costs" 2382:

Muilenburg, Kamal; Singh, Gangaram (1 January 2007). "The Modern Living Wage Movement".

645:

of the United States by living wage for a single, childless individual according to the

6104: 6068: 5932: 5821: 5801: 5674: 5638: 5525: 5507: 5438: 5074: 4934: 4914: 4869: 4770: 4755: 4391: 4380: 4251: 4102: 3924: 3877: 2934: 2514: 2407: 2011: 1913: 1727: 1721: 1581: 1433: 1367: 1245:, Social Justice Ireland, UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, 1160: 559: 201: 44: 40: 3897:"Miami-Dade Commission Approves Extension Of Living Wage Ordinance To Airport Workers" 6215: 6195: 5927: 5892: 5724: 5618: 5598: 5517: 5370: 5305: 4979: 4929: 4904: 4864: 4859: 4790: 4636: 4233: 4203: 4176: 4060: 3881: 3009: 2938: 2522: 2518: 2411: 2399: 2353: 2303: 2257: 2247: 2222: 2133: 2053: 2049: 1901: 1891: 1813: 1733: 1585: 1517: 1477: 1452: 1242: 1081: 719: 623: 579: 539: 307: 301: 291: 235: 4106: 3748:"Living wage: Ireland wants to be world's leader – but could crush small businesses" 204:

in the state, his ideas are seen as an early example of support for a living wage.

6185: 5974: 5942: 5902: 5897: 5694: 5684: 5502: 5333: 5290: 5263: 5258: 5112: 5079: 5069: 4919: 4847: 4651: 4589: 4569: 4554: 4225: 4094: 4050: 4040: 3869: 3001: 2926: 2880: 2506: 2391: 2299: 2214: 2123: 2113: 2045: 1783: 1577: 1570: 1212: 631: 619: 535: 158: 79: 3417: 3303: 2179: 423: 382: 19: 6245: 6180: 5989: 5959: 5947: 5811: 5709: 5576: 4909: 4676: 4479: 4454: 4444: 4300: 2697: 2489: 1807: 1715: 1706: 1609: 1250: 1188: 765:

Average number of full-time worker equivalents in country (four person household)

345:

argues for a living wage not based on individual rights but from a communal, or '

296: 83: 63: 4220:

Miller, Doug (2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail".

2881:"Union group coordinated with elected officials to defeat anti-living wage bill" 1451:

that when wages aren't sufficient, low-wage workers are often forced to rely on

322:

Suffrage campaign seeking the right of women to vote and a living wage (c. 1903)

226:

who argued for a 'just wage'. The concept of a just wage was related to that of

6230: 5979: 5880: 5833: 5535: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5194: 5122: 4879: 4837: 4521: 4489: 3873: 3838: 3453: 3347: 2917:

Clain, S. H. (2007). "How Living Wage Legislation Affects U.S. Poverty Rates".

2157: 1968: 1655: 1608:

have over the one adopting a living wage. The economic argument would be that,

1443: 399: 223: 222:

The evolution of the concept can be seen later on in medieval scholars such as

150: 98: 4045: 4028: 3492: 2930: 2118: 2101: 6323: 6205: 6124: 6109: 6094: 5865: 5843: 5749: 5633: 5566: 5540: 5475: 5318: 5275: 5270: 5117: 5001: 4899: 4621: 4474: 4459: 4295: 4255: 4237: 4098: 4064: 3786:"Government asks Low Pay Commission to design 'living wage' in Irish context" 3471: 3268:"The Economic Impact of Extending the Living Wage to all Employees in the UK" 3013: 2403: 2395: 2261: 2137: 2057: 1905: 1730: – A crisis which occurs when access to basic necessities are challenged 1589: 1584:

instead proposed a higher minimum wage would induce productivity growth from

1574: 1222: 1132:(SNP) and other Scottish campaigners, supporting an £8.75 living wage in 2017 558:, which is still in force. The rates are reviewed each year by the country's 441: 366: 277: 272: 154: 3120:"New Living Wage Commission launched to oversee the Living Wage calculation" 1703: – Lowest remuneration which can be paid legally in a state for working 706:

Government direction can help employers move towards offering a living wage.

89: 6240: 6220: 6200: 6190: 6165: 5919: 5754: 5734: 5719: 5689: 5679: 5458: 5313: 5295: 5231: 5209: 5167: 5157: 5054: 5044: 5016: 4747: 4737: 4564: 4504: 4263: 4259: 4169: 3097: 2649: 2622: 2595: 1766: 1700: 1694: 1685: 1667: 1664: – Employment that respects the fundamental rights of the human person 1638: 1597: 1588:, reorganizing workers into different jobs across employers with different 1553: 1497: 1397:

and the Irish Small Firms Association (ISFA), while the supermarket chains

1217: 1156: 551: 328: 286: 130: 67: 59: 55:– one sufficient to not only support oneself, but also to raise a family. 36: 1371: 1208: 5853: 5776: 5744: 5147: 4765: 4722: 4697: 4666: 4661: 4616: 4541: 4531: 4516: 4469: 4229: 4180: 4120: 3586:"Low Pay Commission to examine increasing minimum wage by €2.10 per hour" 2510: 1673: 1661: 1625: 1561: 1557: 1509: 1501: 1488:

The Community Coalition for a Living Wage (CCLW) was launched in 1997 in

1184: 1114: 1090: 390: 374: 370: 282: 146: 142: 122: 102: 75: 52: 3805:

The Asia Floor Wage campaign – Decent income for garment workers in Asia

3566: 2953:"Policy & Tools: Living Wage | The Partnership For Working Families" 2677:"Budget 2015 live: George Osborne announces 'living wage' of £9 an hour" 2551:"Report of an investigation into defining a living wage for New Zealand" 2277:( 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2180:"Franklin Roosevelt's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act" 1402: 6063: 5870: 5783: 5761: 5729: 5628: 5613: 5593: 5358: 5323: 5285: 5199: 5162: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5049: 5006: 4991: 4969: 4894: 4732: 4712: 4631: 4499: 4494: 4464: 4430: 4337: 4216:, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 28: 137–67 (2008) 3075: 2801:"Mayor vetoes Chicago's 'living wage' ordinance aimed at big retailers" 2750:"Lowest-paid NHS staff in Wales to receive living wage increase in pay" 1748: – economic endowment for all citizens upon reaching a certain age 1593: 1196: 637: 611: 240: 227: 126: 4273: 4055: 3005: 2128: 6250: 6170: 5984: 5669: 5023: 4924: 4884: 4854: 4775: 4611: 4574: 4387:

Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. Fast-Food Workers, Served Up in Denmark

4354: 4320: 1085:

Workers protesting for a living wage in London, United Kingdom (2017)

575: 432: 197: 118: 114: 71: 4366: 3658: 6084: 5142: 5132: 5064: 5059: 5028: 4874: 4829: 4707: 4702: 4606: 4484: 3395: 2184:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents

1460: 1093:). It engaged in a series of Living Wage campaigns and in 2005 the 642: 1512:. The CCLW organized the successful campaign for the passage of a 1387: 562:. From 1 April 2016 the minimum wage has been paid as a mandatory 5714: 5664: 5403: 5353: 5137: 4842: 4526: 3767:"Living Wage to be paid to Aldi staff in Ireland from February 1" 3676: 1493: 1200: 403: 110: 62:

in that the latter can fail to meet the requirements for a basic

48: 4348: 3039: 2674: 1769: – Working people whose incomes fall below the poverty line 5838: 5186: 4825: 4314: 3952:"12 U.Va. students go on hunger strike to protest employee pay" 1777: 1155:

A 2014 report by the Living Wage Commission, chaired by Doctor

771:

Average number of full-time worker equivalents in each country

32: 2855: 2650:"Living Wage Calculation for San Francisco County, California" 1964:"Fast Food in Denmark Serves Something Atypical: Living Wages" 1862:"LIVING WAGE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary" 1405:

committed to pay all their employees the living wage in 2020.

5699: 4399: 4029:"The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda" 2102:"The Ethics of the Living Wage: A Review and Research Agenda" 1992:"Calculating a Living Wage for London and the rest of the UK" 1489: 1246: 193: 3062:

Loughborough University:Centre for Research in Social Policy

2596:"Living Wage Calculation for Los Angeles County, California" 1624:, the increase of long-term low-wage jobs, and a decline of 141:

Living wage campaigns came about partially as a response to

5739: 5182: 3641:"Smith: Solidarity-PBP want living wage of at least €15.00" 2246:. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub. 1888:

Living wages around the world : manual for measurement

1398: 1394: 106: 3565:

Ireland, Minimum Essentials Budget for (October 4, 2016).

3436:"Birmingham City Council plans to introduce 'living wage'" 1062:

9.59/hr in Puerto Rico (where minimum wage is $ 7.25/hr).

4717: 4377:

Measuring the Full Impact of Minimum and Living Wage Laws

4287: 4214:"The Living Wage Movement and the Economics of Morality," 3985:"Living Wage likely to destroy jobs and increase poverty" 3722:"Living Wage group recommends 60c rise to €12.90 an hour" 1736: – Economic model of price determination in a market 1508:, Legal Services of Greater Miami, and the South Florida 369:

and its related themes of sustainability, capability and

3454:"Cardiff council low paid get £1,500 'living wage' rise" 3418:"Ed Miliband: Only Labour can secure 'recovery for all'" 3384: 3122:(Press release). Living Wage Foundation. 12 January 2016 1838:"Living Wage Calculator, User's Guide / Technical Notes" 1548:

March for a living wage in Seattle, United States (2014)

1229:, the Scottish Low Pay Unit, and Bloomsbury Fightback!. 3304:"Working poverty is 'national scandal' says Archbishop" 2623:"Living Wage Calculation for New York County, New York" 1711:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1690:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

768:

One full-time worker (household size varies by country)

690:

2.5 million from SEIU organizations from 2011 to 2013.

459:

Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail

389:

Other contemporary accounts have taken up the theme of

5409:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

3511:"Support the Senate House London Living Wage Campaign" 2698:"National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates" 1423: 602:

As of 2006, U.S. cities with living wage laws include

490: 78:

for labor created by a legal threshold, rather than a

1962:

Alderman, Liz; Greenhouse, Steven (27 October 2014).

1809:

Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement

1437:

Living wage protest and march in New York City (2015)

1237:

There has been an active living wage campaign in the

4338:

Economic Policy Institute – Family Budget Calculator

1773: 1750:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1718: – Type of non-standard or temporary employment 1709: – Rights that oblige either inaction or action 1211:

also supports the introduction of a living wage for

737:

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

4361:Living Wage Campaign at The University of Virginia 1961: 398:in the United States, when presidential candidate 3464: 3025: 3023: 2285: 2283: 1806:Anker, Richard; Anker, Martha (27 January 2017). 365:Donald Stabile argues for a living wage based on 6321: 3802: 2773: 2675:Andrew Sparrow and Nick Fletcher (8 July 2015). 1528:In February 2012, a Living Wage Campaign at the 2467:TIP: The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist 2441:"Sanders: Wal-Mart Wages 'Nowhere Near Enough'" 2381: 2350:A living wage: Its ethical and economic aspects 1724: – Measure of income, comfort and services 1670: – Economic theory promoting local control 1616:with those that pay according to market rates. 427:Living wage inquiry in Sydney, Australia (1935) 4027:Werner, Andrea; Lim, Ming (1 September 2016). 3982: 3745: 3374:"A Minimum Income Standard for London 2016/17" 3020: 2319:"The Living Wage and Catholic Social Teaching" 2280: 2100:Werner, Andrea; Lim, Ming (1 September 2016). 1955: 1763: – US campaign for a flexible living wage 1757: – Welfare system of unconditional income 149:in the US and UK, respectively, which shifted 4415: 4121:"The Living Wage: Survey of Labor Economists" 3920:"UVa Living Wage Campaign threatens 'action'" 2668: 2656:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2629:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2602:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2575:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2273: 2271: 1658: – Cost to maintain a standard of living 567:level remained below £9 per hour until 2022. 16:Minimum income to meet a worker's basic needs 3529:"The history of the minimum wage in Ireland" 2556:. Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit. 2465:"Why Is Living Wage Not the Minimum Wage?". 2153:"F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage" 2144: 1989: 1688: – Study of the markets for wage labour 762:One full-time worker (four person household) 23:Cost of a basic but decent life for a family 3497:Church-poverty.org.uk\accessdate=2015-05-19 3485: 2994:Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 2292:American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2038:American Journal of Economics and Sociology 1990:Conor D’Arcy, David Finch (November 2017). 1393:It has been opposed by employers including 1370:. It is supported by the political parties 4422: 4408: 4367:Use IE techniques to determine Living Wage 3446: 2776:"Chicago Council Passes 'Living Wage' Act" 2747: 2741: 2427:Living wage movements: Global perspectives 2352:. London: MacMillan. pp. 27, 43, 46. 2316: 2268: 1918:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1805: 1676: – Sufficient pay to support a family 1556:. Economically, both can be analyzed as a 6151:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 4054: 4044: 4026: 3827: 3825: 3583: 3428: 2991: 2827:"Living Wage: Frequently Asked Questions" 2721: 2647: 2620: 2593: 2566: 2219:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240174.003.0003 2127: 2117: 2099: 1835: 1523: 1070: 396:Democratic party primary election of 2016 5995:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4672:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 4304:) is being considered for deletion. See 3719: 3546:Ireland, Living Wage (August 25, 2016). 3410: 3090: 2424: 1543: 1432: 1124: 1080: 1065: 730: 701: 636: 589: 422: 356: 317: 88: 18: 6176:Credentialism and educational inflation 4333:Economic Policy Institute – Living Wage 4194:Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact 4146:Living Wages: The Issues and the Impact 4022: 4020: 3696:"Aontú outlines its childcare policies" 3567:"Living Wage 2021/22 - €12.90 per hour" 3564: 3545: 2912: 2910: 2241: 1885: 1812:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 19. 361:Waiting for a living wage poster (1913) 313: 161:of low income workers, is supported by 6322: 6047:List of countries by unemployment rate 4219: 4077: 3894: 3859: 3831: 3822: 3764: 3472:"Green Party - Jobs and a Living Wage" 2548: 2500: 2429:. London: Routledge. pp. 101–121. 2317:William P., Quigley (28 August 2006). 2150: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 1232: 47:through employment without government 4403: 4189:, The New York Times, 15 January 2006 3917: 3571:Minimum Essentials Budget for Ireland 3142:"Costs and Benefits of a Living Wage" 3044:National Low Income Housing Coalition 2987: 2985: 2983: 2916: 2343: 2341: 2289: 2204: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2035: 1059:National Low Income Housing Coalition 215:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4940:Practice-based professional learning 4017: 3983:Len Shackleton (11 September 2012). 3720:Goodbody, Will (29 September 2021). 3713: 3693: 3584:McDermott, Stephen (15 April 2021). 3503: 3348:"More jobs paying below living wage" 2907: 2347: 2006: 2004: 1931: 1929: 1831: 1829: 1801: 1799: 1483: 1146:Institute for Public Policy Research 1104:Centre for Research in Social Policy 630:in 2006, but it was vetoed by Mayor 5493:Workers' right to access the toilet 2569:"Results from the 2017 Data Update" 1424:United States living wage campaigns 157:. A living wage, by increasing the 13: 3960:. 20 February 2012. Archived from 2980: 2878: 2384:Compensation & Benefits Review 2338: 2064: 1886:Richard, Anker (27 January 2017). 1742: – United Kingdom legislation 1411: 413: 14: 6346: 4308:to help reach a consensus. › 4245: 4201:South End Press | Raise the Floor 3803:Bettina Musiolek (October 2011). 3746:O'Sullivan, Maeve (2 June 2021). 3638: 2774:Bellandi, Deanna (27 July 2006). 2001: 1983: 1937:"How a living wage is calculated" 1926: 1826: 1796: 1496:, as a partnership between local 649:living wage calculator as of 2023 464: 58:The living wage differs from the 6264: 6263: 5557:Corporate collapses and scandals 3918:Davis, Megan (8 February 2012). 3783: 3765:Mangan, Ian (January 23, 2020). 2549:Peter King, Charles Waldegrave. 2473:: 50–57. 2018 – via EBSCO. 2304:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x 2207:"Happiness and Self-Sufficiency" 2151:Tritch, Teresa (March 7, 2014). 2050:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x 2016:Living Wage Movement Aotearoa NZ 1776: 1428: 1386:recommend a living wage of €15. 585: 4138: 4113: 4078:Pollin, Robert (25 July 2016). 4071: 3999: 3987:. Institute of Economic Affairs 3976: 3944: 3911: 3888: 3853: 3796: 3777: 3758: 3739: 3694:Hunt, Conor (5 February 2020). 3687: 3669: 3651: 3632: 3614: 3604:"Decent Work And A Living Wage" 3596: 3577: 3558: 3539: 3521: 3366: 3340: 3330:"Low-paid residents by borough" 3322: 3296: 3260: 3224: 3188: 3170: 3149:Queen Mary University of London 3134: 3112: 3068: 3050: 3032: 2971: 2945: 2894: 2872: 2848: 2819: 2793: 2767: 2715: 2690: 2641: 2614: 2587: 2560: 2542: 2533: 2494: 2477: 2458: 2433: 2418: 2375: 2366: 2310: 2235: 2198: 2172: 1384:Solidarity–People Before Profit 1142:Queen Mary University of London 185:President Franklin D. Roosevelt 6057:Employment-to-population ratio 5429:Occupational health psychology 4429: 4321:Universal Living Wage Campaign 4144:Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros (2001), 4087:Economic Development Quarterly 3548:"Who Supports the Living Wage" 2029: 1879: 1854: 1195:which it controls, such as in 1178:Office for National Statistics 556:National Minimum Wage Act 1998 1: 6145:Works Progress Administration 6037:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5449:Personal protective equipment 4997:Occupational Outlook Handbook 4349:New York Living Wage Campaign 4293: 4154: 4125:Employment Policies Institute 3832:Folbre, Nancy (23 May 2011). 2904:58 (September 2005): 177-202. 2211:Aristotle on the Perfect Life 1682: – Social-welfare system 1255:Society of St Vincent de Paul 451: 275:issued a papal bull entitled 6226:Psychopathy in the workplace 5399:Human factors and ergonomics 4381:Dollars & Sense Magazine 4344:London Living Wage Unit page 3895:Turken, Sam (10 July 2018). 1539: 527: 524: 519: 516: 511: 508: 503: 500: 487: 484: 418: 7: 6211:Narcissism in the workplace 5424:Occupational exposure limit 3232:"What price a living wage?" 1648: 1215:. Other supporters include 985:Upper middle income average 932:Lower middle income average 444:established a wage of 7/- ( 343:A Case for the Living Wage, 74:terms, a minimum wage is a 10: 6351: 6140:Civil Works Administration 6022:Technological unemployment 5498:Workplace health promotion 4950:Professional certification 4647:Personality–job fit theory 4327:ACORN Living Wage campaign 4033:Journal of Business Ethics 3874:10.1177/0160449X0002500302 3810:(Report). Ostwind Institut 3392:"The Living Wage Campaign" 2957:www.forworkingfamilies.org 2902:Journal of Urban Economics 2748:Mark Smith (9 July 2014). 2106:Journal of Business Ethics 2012:"What is the Living Wage?" 1100:Joseph Rowntree Foundation 1074: 299:writing in the encyclical 172: 31:is defined as the minimum 6259: 6158: 6120:Guaranteed minimum income 6077: 5918: 5792: 5705:Organizational commitment 5657: 5549: 5516: 5379: 5304: 5181: 5103: 5037: 4824: 4746: 4690: 4540: 4437: 4175:Macmillan, New York 1906 4046:10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z 2931:10.1007/s12122-007-9028-8 2919:Journal of Labor Research 2722:Jon Stone (8 July 2015). 2119:10.1007/s10551-015-2562-z 1997:. Living Wage Foundation. 1890:. Cheltenham. p. 8. 1680:Guaranteed minimum income 697: 616:San Francisco, California 93:Calculating a living wage 6335:Catholic social teaching 6289:Aspects of organizations 5970:Involuntary unemployment 5531:Equal pay for equal work 5454:Repetitive strain injury 4955:Professional development 4945:Professional association 4627:Letter of recommendation 4306:templates for discussion 4187:"What is a Living Wage?" 4099:10.1177/0891242404268641 3334:London's poverty profile 3196:"Beyond the Bottom Line" 3100:. Living Wage Foundation 3078:. Living Wage Foundation 2856:"Living Wage Calculator" 2396:10.1177/0886368706297430 2242:Stabile, Donald (2008). 1866:dictionary.cambridge.org 1790: 1697: – Wage control law 1632:wage, rather than as an 1573:, this would reduce the 1227:Church Action on Poverty 1095:Greater London Authority 596:Living City, Living Wage 136:Greater London Authority 6274:Aspects of corporations 6236:Slow movement (culture) 6115:Employer of last resort 6017:Structural unemployment 5955:Frictional unemployment 5394:Epilepsy and employment 5281:Performance-related pay 5215:National average salary 5128:996 working hour system 4357:– Fair Labor Practices. 4222:SSRN Electronic Journal 4192:Madjd-Sadjadi, Zagros, 3957:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3659:"Towards a Living Wage" 2648:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2621:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2594:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2567:Glasmeier, Amy (2017). 2503:SSRN Electronic Journal 2205:Kenny, Anthony (1992). 1836:Glasmeier, Amy (2016). 1468:Fiscal Policy Institute 1176:(32%). Research by the 1108:Loughborough University 751:purchasing power parity 718:A study carried out in 548:Wages Councils Act 1945 6284:Aspects of occupations 6090:Unemployment insurance 6042:Unemployment extension 6012:Reserve army of labour 5817:Constructive dismissal 5624:Sleeping while on duty 5589:Exploitation of labour 5471:Sick building syndrome 4642:Person–environment fit 4512:Independent contractor 4371:Northumbria University 4284:Living Wage Calculator 4274:Living Wage Calculator 4252:Living Wage Calculator 2488:6 October 2009 at the 1755:Universal basic income 1549: 1530:University of Virginia 1524:University of Virginia 1438: 1133: 1119:Living Wage Foundation 1086: 1077:Living Wage Foundation 1071:Living Wage Foundation 725:social exchange theory 707: 686: 599: 572:Living Wage Foundation 472:Select regions (2017) 428: 383:negative externalities 367:moral economic thought 362: 323: 295:and again in 1961, by 261: 211: 181: 94: 24: 6294:Aspects of workplaces 6032:Unemployment benefits 6027:Types of unemployment 5965:Graduate unemployment 5859:Letter of resignation 5488:Workers' compensation 5481:Occupational fatality 4985:Vocational university 4585:Employment counsellor 3862:Labor Studies Journal 3515:Bloomsbury Fightback! 3203:Resolution Foundation 2425:Grimshaw, D. (2004). 1761:Universal Living Wage 1746:Universal inheritance 1740:Trade Boards Act 1909 1547: 1466:James Parrott of the 1436: 1418:textile manufacturing 1150:Resolution Foundation 1128: 1084: 1066:Living wage movements 731:Living wage estimates 705: 640: 628:living wage ordinance 593: 544:Trade Boards Act 1909 426: 360: 321: 246: 207: 177: 92: 22: 6100:Job creation program 5876:Mandatory retirement 5829:Employee offboarding 5649:Workplace incivility 5644:Workplace harassment 5419:Occupational disease 5414:Occupational burnout 5329:Disability insurance 5173:Workweek and weekend 5153:Retroactive overtime 4975:Vocational education 4890:Continuing education 4728:Permanent employment 4230:10.2139/ssrn.2212100 4163:Industrial Democracy 3665:. November 25, 2015. 3178:"London Living Wage" 2511:10.2139/ssrn.2212100 1850:on 18 February 2018. 1221:newspaper columnist 1187:, the leader of the 1165:New Policy Institute 564:National Living Wage 314:Contemporary thought 6005:Recession-proof job 6000:Lists of recessions 5938:Economic depression 5886:Retirement planning 5767:Work–life interface 5604:Employee monitoring 5572:Corporate behaviour 5562:Accounting scandals 5444:Occupational stress 5434:Occupational injury 4965:Reflective practice 4960:Professional school 4682:Work-at-home scheme 4602:Induction programme 4580:Employment contract 4560:Business networking 4355:LaborFair Resources 4160:S Webb and B Webb, 4013:. 10 November 2012. 3552:Living Wage Ireland 3212:on 15 February 2013 2807:. 11 September 2006 2780:The Washington Post 2445:Sen. Bernie Sanders 2348:Ryan, John (1912). 1622:economic inequality 1239:Republic of Ireland 1233:Republic of Ireland 1140:and carried out by 1038:High income average 744:Sullivan Principles 678: $ 19.00-19.99 672: $ 18.00-18.99 666: $ 17.00-17.99 660: $ 16.00-16.99 473: 437:Harvester Judgement 379:capability approach 351:civic republicanism 347:civic republicanism 341:Jerold Waltman, in 6330:Wages and salaries 6268:See also templates 6105:Job creation index 6069:Youth unemployment 5933:Discouraged worker 5822:Wrongful dismissal 5802:At-will employment 5675:Civil conscription 5639:Workplace bullying 5526:Affirmative action 5508:Workplace wellness 5439:Occupational noise 5075:Long service leave 4935:Overspecialization 4915:Induction training 4870:Career development 4392:The New York Times 3964:on 5 February 2013 3932:on 20 January 2013 3925:The Daily Progress 3424:. 5 November 2013. 3284:on 23 October 2014 2860:livingwage.mit.edu 2654:livingwage.mit.edu 2627:livingwage.mit.edu 2600:livingwage.mit.edu 2573:livingwage.mit.edu 2213:. pp. 23–42. 1728:Subsistence crisis 1722:Standard of living 1550: 1439: 1368:standard of living 1161:Archbishop of York 1134: 1087: 828:Low income average 708: 687: 600: 560:Low Pay Commission 469: 429: 363: 324: 202:sustainable living 95: 45:standard of living 41:labor productivity 25: 6317: 6316: 6216:Post-work society 6196:Kiss up kick down 5928:Barriers to entry 5893:Severance package 5725:Human trafficking 5619:Sexual harassment 5599:Employee handbook 5518:Equal opportunity 5381:Safety and health 5371:Take-home vehicle 4980:Vocational school 4930:Lifelong learning 4905:Further education 4865:Career counseling 4860:Career assessment 4637:Overqualification 4212:Nadeem, Shehzad, 3535:. 9 January 2020. 3354:. 12 October 2015 3275:Landman Economics 3098:"The Calculation" 3058:"The Living Wage" 3006:10.1002/cjas.1375 2959:. 17 October 2012 2253:978-1-84844-197-2 1734:Supply and demand 1586:structural change 1566:equilibrium price 1518:Miami-Dade County 1514:Miami-Dade County 1484:Miami-Dade County 1478:income inequality 1453:public assistance 1364: 1363: 1055: 1054: 624:Chicago, Illinois 580:Agenda for Change 540:Winston Churchill 532: 531: 308:Pope John Paul II 302:Mater et magistra 292:Quadragesimo anno 256:Wealth of Nations 236:Wealth of Nations 6342: 6304:Critique of work 6299:Corporate titles 6267: 6266: 6186:Evil corporation 6052:Employment rates 5975:Jobless recovery 5943:Great Depression 5903:Golden parachute 5898:Golden handshake 5695:Job satisfaction 5685:Critique of work 5503:Workplace phobia 5334:Health insurance 5291:Wage compression 5259:Progressive wage 5113:35-hour workweek 5080:No call, no show 5070:Leave of absence 4920:Knowledge worker 4848:Master craftsman 4652:Personality hire 4590:Executive search 4570:Curriculum vitae 4555:Background check 4424: 4417: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4241: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4084: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4048: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3928:. Archived from 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3752:The Conversation 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3677:"Workers Rights" 3673: 3667: 3666: 3663:The Labour Party 3655: 3649: 3648: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3626:Social Democrats 3618: 3612: 3611: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3517:. 3 August 2011. 3507: 3501: 3500: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3394:. Archived from 3388: 3382: 3381: 3378:Trust for London 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3277:. Archived from 3272: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3247: 3241:. Archived from 3239:Trust for London 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3211: 3205:. Archived from 3200: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3182:Trust for London 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3157: 3151:. Archived from 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3018: 3017: 2989: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2914: 2905: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2835: 2829:. Archived from 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2498: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2298:(5): 1063–1084. 2287: 2278: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2121: 2097: 2062: 2061: 2044:(5): 1063–1084. 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1909: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1843:. Archived from 1842: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1803: 1786: 1784:Economics portal 1781: 1780: 1751: 1712: 1691: 1582:Rehn and Meidner 1578:aggregate demand 1380:Social Democrats 1263: 1262: 1213:Northern Ireland 1138:Trust for London 756: 755: 720:Hamilton, Canada 683: 677: 671: 665: 659: 654: $ 15-15.99 653: 632:Richard M. Daley 626:, also passed a 620:Washington, D.C. 536:minimum wage law 492: 474: 468: 283:support a family 259: 218: 217:, Art. 23 Sec. 3 188: 159:purchasing power 80:reservation wage 6350: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6309:Organized labor 6279:Aspects of jobs 6255: 6246:Toxic workplace 6181:Emotional labor 6154: 6078:Public programs 6073: 5990:Great Recession 5960:Full employment 5948:Long Depression 5914: 5812:Banishment room 5788: 5710:Refusal of work 5653: 5577:Corporate crime 5545: 5512: 5375: 5300: 5177: 5099: 5033: 4910:Graduate school 4820: 4742: 4686: 4677:Underemployment 4536: 4480:Self-employment 4455:Contingent work 4445:Academic tenure 4438:Classifications 4433: 4428: 4396:(October 2014). 4309: 4248: 4166:(Longmans 1902) 4157: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4025: 4018: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3830: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3790:The Irish Times 3782: 3778: 3763: 3759: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3692: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3637: 3633: 3628:. July 5, 2017. 3620: 3619: 3615: 3608:www.sinnfein.ie 3602: 3601: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3442:. 11 June 2012. 3434: 3433: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3398:on 22 July 2011 3390: 3389: 3385: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3248:on 3 March 2016 3245: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3158:on 4 March 2016 3155: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3021: 2990: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2836:on 20 July 2008 2833: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2728:The Independent 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2499: 2495: 2490:Wayback Machine 2482: 2478: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2419: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2346: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2315: 2311: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2254: 2244:The Living Wage 2240: 2236: 2229: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2149: 2145: 2098: 2065: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1911: 1910: 1898: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1749: 1716:Precarious work 1710: 1707:Positive rights 1689: 1651: 1645: 1610:ceteris paribus 1564:, if above the 1542: 1526: 1486: 1455:in the form of 1431: 1426: 1414: 1412:Asia Floor Wage 1251:Unite the Union 1235: 1079: 1073: 1068: 733: 700: 685: 681: 679: 675: 673: 669: 667: 663: 661: 657: 655: 651: 588: 471: 467: 454: 421: 416: 414:Implementations 316: 306:More recently, 297:Pope John XXIII 260: 253: 220: 213: 190: 183: 175: 153:policy towards 84:price discovery 64:quality of life 17: 12: 11: 5: 6348: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6231:Sunday scaries 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5980:Phillips curve 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5881:Retirement age 5878: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5834:Exit interview 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5584:Discrimination 5581: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5536:Gender pay gap 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5351: 5349:Parental leave 5346: 5344:Marriage leave 5341: 5339:Life insurance 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Income bracket 5191: 5189: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5123:Eight-hour day 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4882: 4880:Creative class 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4838:Apprenticeship 4834: 4832: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4806:Scarlet-collar 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4522:Temporary work 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4490:Skilled worker 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4384: 4374: 4369:(Doug Miller, 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4291: 4281: 4271: 4247: 4246:External links 4244: 4243: 4242: 4217: 4210: 4197: 4190: 4185:Gertner, Jon, 4183: 4167: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4137: 4112: 4070: 4039:(3): 433–447. 4016: 3998: 3975: 3943: 3910: 3887: 3852: 3839:New York Times 3821: 3795: 3784:Wall, Martin. 3776: 3757: 3738: 3712: 3686: 3668: 3650: 3631: 3613: 3595: 3576: 3557: 3538: 3520: 3502: 3484: 3463: 3460:. 3 July 2012. 3445: 3427: 3409: 3383: 3365: 3339: 3321: 3310:. 24 June 2014 3295: 3259: 3223: 3187: 3169: 3133: 3111: 3089: 3067: 3049: 3040:"Out Of Reach" 3031: 3019: 2979: 2970: 2944: 2925:(3): 205–218. 2906: 2893: 2879:Tobias, Adam. 2871: 2847: 2818: 2792: 2766: 2740: 2714: 2689: 2667: 2640: 2613: 2586: 2559: 2541: 2532: 2493: 2476: 2457: 2432: 2417: 2374: 2365: 2359:978-1532703553 2358: 2337: 2309: 2279: 2267: 2252: 2234: 2227: 2197: 2186:. 16 June 1933 2171: 2158:New York Times 2143: 2112:(3): 433–447. 2063: 2028: 2000: 1982: 1969:New York Times 1954: 1925: 1896: 1878: 1853: 1825: 1818: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1656:Cost of living 1652: 1650: 1647: 1541: 1538: 1525: 1522: 1506:Catalyst Miami 1504:organizations 1485: 1482: 1444:cost of living 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1413: 1410: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1234: 1231: 1203:councils. The 1193:local councils 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 981: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 947: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 928: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 911: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 877: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 860: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 843: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 807: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 732: 729: 699: 696: 680: 674: 668: 662: 656: 650: 594:New York City 587: 584: 530: 529: 526: 525:San Francisco 522: 521: 518: 517:New York City 514: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 501:United States 498: 497: 486: 482: 481: 478: 466: 465:United Kingdom 463: 453: 450: 420: 417: 415: 412: 400:Bernie Sanders 315: 312: 251: 224:Thomas Aquinas 206: 176: 174: 171: 167:post-Keynesian 99:United Kingdom 68:municipalities 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6347: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206:Make-work job 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Right to work 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6110:Job guarantee 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:Make-work job 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Restructuring 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Notice period 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5750:Unfree labour 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Bonded labour 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5634:Whistleblower 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567:Control fraud 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5541:Glass ceiling 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5476:Work accident 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5464:United States 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5364:United States 5362: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5319:Casual Friday 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:Paid time off 5274: 5272: 5271:Overtime rate 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5252:United States 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118:Four-day week 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Practice firm 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900:Employability 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801:Orange-collar 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4748:Working class 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4622:Job interview 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Part-time job 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4460:Full-time job 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262:/living wage/ 4261: 4257: 4256:New York City 4253: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4208:0-89608-683-6 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170:Ryan, John A. 4168: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4011:The Economist 4008: 4002: 3986: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3639:Quann, Jack. 3635: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3590:TheJournal.ie 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3493:"Living wage" 3488: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3121: 3115: 3099: 3093: 3077: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2903: 2897: 2882: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2678: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2552: 2545: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2369: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2228:9780198240174 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2005: 1993: 1986: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1943:. 20 May 2015 1942: 1941:The Economist 1938: 1932: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1897:9781786431462 1893: 1889: 1882: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1846: 1839: 1832: 1830: 1821: 1819:9781786431462 1815: 1811: 1810: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:microeconomic 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575:macroeconomic 1572: 1567: 1563: 1560:for labor. A 1559: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1435: 1429:New York City 1421: 1419: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1272:Minimum wage 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223:Polly Toynbee 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1078: 1063: 1060: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1003:United States 1002: 1001: 997: 994: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 948: 944: 941: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 895: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 861: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 808: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 757: 754: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 728: 726: 721: 716: 712: 704: 695: 691: 648: 644: 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 598:event in 2015 597: 592: 586:United States 583: 581: 577: 573: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 523: 515: 509:Los Angleles 507: 499: 496: 493: 483: 480:Hourly (USD) 479: 476: 475: 462: 460: 449: 447: 443: 442:H. B. Higgins 438: 434: 425: 411: 407: 405: 401: 397: 392: 391:externalities 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 359: 355: 352: 348: 344: 339: 338: 332: 330: 320: 311: 309: 305: 303: 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 280: 279: 278:Rerum novarum 274: 273:Pope Leo XIII 269: 265: 257: 250: 245: 242: 238: 237: 231: 229: 225: 219: 216: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 189: 186: 180: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 155:neoliberalism 152: 151:macroeconomic 148: 144: 139: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 91: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 21: 6241:Toxic leader 6221:Presenteeism 6201:Labor rights 6191:Going postal 6166:Bullshit job 6149: 6134: 6129: 5920:Unemployment 5772:Downshifting 5755:Wage slavery 5735:Penal labour 5690:Dead-end job 5680:Conscription 5459:Right to sit 5314:Annual leave 5296:Working poor 5232:Minimum wage 5210:Maximum wage 5204: 5168:Working time 5158:Six-hour day 5055:Career break 5017:Professional 4811:Black-collar 4781:White-collar 4761:Green-collar 4738:Volunteering 4575:Drug testing 4565:Cover letter 4505:Tradesperson 4390: 4299: 4264:poverty wage 4260:minimum wage 4221: 4193: 4172: 4161: 4145: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4124: 4115: 4090: 4086: 4073: 4036: 4032: 4010: 4007:"Wage flaws" 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3962:the original 3955: 3946: 3934:. Retrieved 3930:the original 3923: 3913: 3901:. Retrieved 3890: 3868:(3): 29–50. 3865: 3861: 3855: 3843:. Retrieved 3837: 3812:. Retrieved 3798: 3789: 3779: 3771:Irish Mirror 3770: 3760: 3751: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3725: 3715: 3703:. Retrieved 3699: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3579: 3570: 3560: 3551: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3396:the original 3386: 3377: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3307: 3298: 3286:. Retrieved 3279:the original 3274: 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3243:the original 3238: 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3207:the original 3202: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3160:. Retrieved 3153:the original 3148: 3136: 3124:. Retrieved 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3092: 3080:. Retrieved 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3000:(1): 19–32. 2997: 2993: 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2956: 2947: 2922: 2918: 2901: 2896: 2886:22 September 2884:. Retrieved 2874: 2863:. Retrieved 2859: 2850: 2838:. Retrieved 2831:the original 2821: 2811:17 September 2809:. Retrieved 2804: 2795: 2783:. Retrieved 2779: 2769: 2757:. Retrieved 2754:Wales Online 2753: 2743: 2731:. Retrieved 2727: 2717: 2705:. Retrieved 2701: 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2670: 2658:. Retrieved 2653: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2626: 2616: 2604:. Retrieved 2599: 2589: 2577:. Retrieved 2572: 2562: 2544: 2535: 2502: 2496: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2448:. Retrieved 2444: 2435: 2426: 2420: 2390:(1): 21–28. 2387: 2383: 2377: 2368: 2349: 2328:. Retrieved 2322: 2312: 2295: 2291: 2243: 2237: 2210: 2200: 2188:. Retrieved 2183: 2174: 2162:. Retrieved 2156: 2146: 2109: 2105: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2019:. Retrieved 2015: 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1967: 1957: 1945:. Retrieved 1940: 1887: 1881: 1869:. Retrieved 1865: 1856: 1845:the original 1808: 1767:Working poor 1701:Minimum wage 1695:Maximum wage 1686:Labor market 1668:Distributism 1643: 1633: 1629: 1618: 1606: 1602: 1598:Alan Krueger 1571:labor market 1554:minimum wage 1551: 1535: 1527: 1498:anti-poverty 1487: 1465: 1449: 1440: 1415: 1407: 1392: 1365: 1259: 1236: 1218:The Guardian 1216: 1189:Labour Party 1183: 1157:John Sentamu 1154: 1135: 1112: 1088: 1056: 1037: 984: 931: 914:South Africa 827: 748: 741: 734: 717: 713: 709: 692: 688: 622:The city of 601: 595: 569: 552:minimum wage 533: 495:(NZ$ 20.50) 494: 488: 485:New Zealand 470:Living wage 458: 455: 430: 408: 388: 364: 342: 340: 336: 333: 325: 300: 290: 287:Pope Pius XI 276: 270: 266: 262: 258:, I .viii.36 255: 254:Adam Smith, 247: 234: 232: 221: 212: 208: 191: 182: 178: 140: 131:poverty line 96: 60:minimum wage 57: 37:minimum wage 28: 26: 6130:Historical: 5854:Resignation 5794:Termination 5777:Slow living 5745:Truck wages 5730:Labour camp 5658:Willingness 5550:Infractions 5205:Living wage 5148:Remote work 4816:Gold-collar 4771:Pink-collar 4766:Grey-collar 4756:Blue-collar 4723:Labour hire 4698:Cooperative 4662:Recruitment 4617:Job hunting 4550:Application 4532:Wage labour 4517:Labour hire 4470:Job sharing 4311:Living wage 4294:‹ The 4173:Living Wage 4093:(1): 3–24. 3968:29 February 3936:29 February 3845:29 February 3477:16 November 2963:19 February 2834:(factsheet) 2330:29 February 2021:15 December 1674:Family wage 1662:Decent work 1562:price floor 1558:price floor 1457:food stamps 1269:Living wage 1205:Green Party 1185:Ed Miliband 1148:(IPPR) and 1130:Keith Brown 1115:Citizens UK 1102:funded the 1091:Citizens UK 1020:Switzerland 684: $ 20+ 608:Albuquerque 538:began with 446:7 shillings 435:, the 1907 377:'s work on 375:Amartya Sen 371:externality 228:just prices 147:Thatcherism 143:Reaganomics 123:health care 103:New Zealand 82:created by 76:price floor 53:family wage 29:living wage 6324:Categories 6064:Wage curve 5871:Retirement 5784:Workaholic 5762:Work ethic 5629:Wage theft 5614:Labour law 5609:Evaluation 5594:Dress code 5359:Sick leave 5324:Child care 5286:Salary cap 5200:Income tax 5163:Shift work 5095:Time clock 5090:Sick leave 5085:Sabbatical 5050:Break room 5038:Attendance 5007:Profession 4992:Mentorship 4970:Retraining 4895:E-learning 4791:New-collar 4786:Red-collar 4733:Supervisor 4713:Internship 4632:Onboarding 4500:Technician 4495:Journeyman 4465:Gig worker 4431:Employment 4155:References 4130:5 November 4056:2381/42274 3991:5 November 3814:19 January 3533:www.gov.ie 3358:12 October 3104:8 November 2865:2023-10-02 2785:12 October 2129:2381/42274 1975:27 October 1871:26 January 1639:work ethic 1634:individual 1594:David Card 1197:Birmingham 1172:(37%) and 1106:(CRSP) at 967:Costa Rica 776:Bangladesh 612:New Mexico 546:, and the 452:Bangladesh 241:Adam Smith 127:child care 6251:Workhouse 6171:Busy work 5985:Recession 5849:Pink slip 5807:Dismissal 5670:Careerism 5264:Singapore 5242:Hong Kong 5105:Schedules 5024:Tradesman 4925:Licensure 4885:Education 4855:Avocation 4796:No-collar 4776:Precariat 4657:Probation 4612:Job fraud 4238:1556-5068 4065:1573-0697 3882:145285720 3731:31 August 3705:31 August 3076:"History" 3014:1936-4490 2939:153424688 2805:USA Today 2519:166733679 2412:153379818 2404:0886-3687 2262:246985166 2138:0167-4544 2058:1536-7150 1914:cite book 1906:970036008 1540:Criticism 1372:Sinn Féin 1209:Sinn Féin 950:Lithuania 576:NHS Wales 433:Australia 419:Australia 329:John Ryan 271:In 1891, 198:Aristotle 163:Keynesian 119:transport 115:utilities 49:subsidies 39:tracking 6159:See also 6085:Workfare 5910:Turnover 5306:Benefits 5187:salaries 5143:Overtime 5133:Flextime 5065:Gap year 5060:Furlough 5029:Vocation 5012:Operator 4875:Coaching 4830:training 4708:Employer 4703:Employee 4607:Job fair 4485:Side job 4296:template 4181:39046728 4107:13831589 3645:Newstalk 3458:BBC News 3440:BBC News 3422:BBC News 3402:17 March 3352:BBC News 3314:12 April 3308:BBC News 3252:12 April 3162:12 April 3126:12 April 3082:12 April 2759:6 August 2733:12 April 2707:29 March 2486:Archived 2450:27 April 2190:17 March 2164:March 7, 1947:27 April 1649:See also 1461:Medicaid 1382:, while 1378:and the 1253:and the 810:Zimbabwe 643:heat map 604:Santa Fe 528:$ 23.79 520:$ 21.55 512:$ 18.95 504:$ 16.07 477:Regions 289:in 1931 252:— 72:economic 6135:U.S.A.: 5740:Peonage 5715:Slavery 5665:Boreout 5404:Karoshi 5354:Pension 5138:On-call 4843:Artisan 4527:Laborer 4298:below ( 3288:30 June 3216:30 June 2840:29 June 2660:6 April 2633:6 April 2606:6 April 2579:6 April 2527:2212100 2324:America 1614:compete 1510:AFL–CIO 1494:Florida 1360:€10.44 1354:2021–22 1349:€10.20 1343:2020–21 1332:2019–20 1201:Cardiff 863:Ecuador 846:Armenia 759:Country 582:rates. 554:by the 404:Walmart 173:History 111:shelter 97:In the 5839:Layoff 5389:Crunch 5247:Europe 5237:Canada 5225:Europe 4826:Career 4667:Résumé 4542:Hiring 4450:Casual 4373:, UK). 4315:Curlie 4301:Curlie 4236: 4206: 4179: 4105: 4063: 3903:11 May 3899:. WLRN 3880: 3726:RTE.ie 3700:RTE.ie 3012: 2937: 2702:GOV.UK 2682:8 July 2525: 2517: 2410: 2402: 2356: 2260: 2250: 2225: 2136: 2056: 1904: 1894: 1816: 1630:family 1626:unions 1473:report 1376:Labour 1357:€12.90 1346:€12.30 1338:€9.80 1335:€12.30 1327:€9.55 1324:€11.90 1316:€9.25 1313:€11.70 1305:€9.15 1302:€11.50 1294:€8.65 1291:€11.50 1283:€8.65 1280:€11.45 1170:Newham 1159:, the 1051:11.57 1032:11.91 1015:11.23 698:Impact 682: 676: 670: 664: 658: 652: 618:; and 187:, 1933 125:, and 33:income 5700:McJob 5220:World 5183:Wages 5045:Break 4691:Roles 4103:S2CID 4083:(PDF) 3878:S2CID 3808:(PDF) 3681:Aontú 3282:(PDF) 3271:(PDF) 3246:(PDF) 3235:(PDF) 3210:(PDF) 3199:(PDF) 3156:(PDF) 3145:(PDF) 2935:S2CID 2554:(PDF) 2515:S2CID 2408:S2CID 1995:(PDF) 1848:(PDF) 1841:(PDF) 1791:Notes 1502:labor 1490:Miami 1388:Aontú 1247:SIPTU 1174:Brent 1048:14.06 1045:12.10 1042:14.75 1029:14.76 1026:13.23 1023:16.41 1012:13.36 1009:11.00 1006:13.10 998:3.17 979:3.58 962:2.76 945:2.02 926:2.81 909:1.38 897:China 892:2.21 880:Egypt 875:2.01 872:2. 23 858:1.70 841:1.72 822:2.22 805:1.52 793:India 788:1.44 491:14.57 194:Plato 70:. In 5185:and 4828:and 4595:list 4234:ISSN 4204:ISBN 4177:OCLC 4132:2015 4061:ISSN 3993:2015 3970:2012 3938:2012 3905:2019 3847:2012 3816:2016 3733:2024 3707:2024 3479:2014 3404:2011 3360:2015 3316:2016 3290:2014 3254:2016 3218:2014 3164:2016 3128:2016 3106:2014 3084:2016 3010:ISSN 2965:2020 2888:2014 2842:2008 2813:2010 2787:2007 2761:2014 2735:2016 2709:2023 2684:2015 2662:2018 2635:2018 2608:2018 2581:2018 2523:SSRN 2452:2017 2400:ISSN 2354:ISBN 2332:2012 2258:OCLC 2248:ISBN 2223:ISBN 2192:2018 2166:2014 2134:ISSN 2054:ISSN 2023:2017 1977:2014 1949:2017 1920:link 1902:OCLC 1892:ISBN 1873:2020 1814:ISBN 1596:and 1500:and 1403:Aldi 1401:and 1399:Lidl 1395:Ibec 1321:2018 1310:2017 1299:2016 1288:2015 1277:2014 1266:Year 1243:TASC 1199:and 995:3.94 992:3.30 989:4.14 976:3.90 973:3.38 970:3.68 959:3.97 956:3.21 953:4.62 942:2.50 939:1.93 936:2.42 923:3.35 920:2.60 917:3.10 906:1.95 903:1.47 900:2.08 889:2.45 886:1.77 883:1.96 869:1.74 866:1.94 855:2.52 852:2.05 849:3.03 838:2.33 835:1.39 832:1.86 819:3.18 816:1.70 813:2.43 802:1.79 799:1.32 796:1.55 785:2.02 782:1.14 779:1.61 606:and 196:and 165:and 145:and 107:food 101:and 4718:Job 4313:at 4288:MIT 4278:PSU 4268:PSU 4226:doi 4095:doi 4051:hdl 4041:doi 4037:137 3870:doi 3002:doi 2927:doi 2507:doi 2392:doi 2300:doi 2215:doi 2124:hdl 2114:doi 2110:137 2046:doi 1459:or 647:MIT 610:in 542:'s 431:In 233:In 6326:: 4389:. 4383:). 4290:). 4280:). 4270:). 4258:: 4254:– 4232:. 4224:. 4123:. 4101:. 4091:19 4089:. 4085:. 4059:. 4049:. 4035:. 4031:. 4019:^ 4009:. 3954:. 3922:. 3876:. 3866:25 3864:. 3836:. 3824:^ 3788:. 3769:. 3750:. 3724:. 3698:. 3679:. 3661:. 3643:. 3624:. 3606:. 3588:. 3569:. 3550:. 3531:. 3513:. 3495:. 3456:. 3438:. 3420:. 3376:. 3350:. 3332:. 3306:. 3273:. 3237:. 3201:. 3180:. 3147:. 3060:. 3042:. 3022:^ 3008:. 2998:34 2996:. 2982:^ 2955:. 2933:. 2923:29 2921:. 2909:^ 2858:. 2803:. 2778:. 2752:. 2726:. 2700:. 2652:. 2625:. 2598:. 2571:. 2521:. 2513:. 2505:. 2471:56 2469:. 2443:. 2406:. 2398:. 2388:39 2386:. 2340:^ 2321:. 2296:68 2294:. 2282:^ 2270:^ 2256:. 2221:. 2209:. 2182:. 2155:. 2132:. 2122:. 2108:. 2104:. 2066:^ 2052:. 2042:68 2040:. 2014:. 2003:^ 1966:. 1939:. 1928:^ 1916:}} 1912:{{ 1900:. 1864:. 1828:^ 1798:^ 1492:, 1463:. 1374:, 1257:. 1249:, 1225:, 641:A 614:; 489:$ 239:, 121:, 117:, 113:, 109:, 27:A 4423:e 4416:t 4409:v 4394:. 4379:( 4363:. 4351:. 4340:. 4329:. 4323:. 4317:. 4286:( 4276:( 4266:( 4240:. 4228:: 4134:. 4109:. 4097:: 4067:. 4053:: 4043:: 3995:. 3972:. 3940:. 3907:. 3884:. 3872:: 3849:. 3818:. 3792:. 3773:. 3754:. 3735:. 3709:. 3683:. 3647:. 3610:. 3592:. 3573:. 3554:. 3499:. 3481:. 3406:. 3380:. 3362:. 3336:. 3318:. 3292:. 3256:. 3220:. 3184:. 3166:. 3130:. 3108:. 3086:. 3064:. 3046:. 3016:. 3004:: 2967:. 2941:. 2929:: 2890:. 2868:. 2844:. 2815:. 2789:. 2763:. 2737:. 2711:. 2686:. 2664:. 2637:. 2610:. 2583:. 2529:. 2509:: 2454:. 2414:. 2394:: 2362:. 2334:. 2306:. 2302:: 2264:. 2231:. 2217:: 2194:. 2168:. 2140:. 2126:: 2116:: 2060:. 2048:: 2025:. 1979:. 1951:. 1922:) 1908:. 1875:. 1822:. 337:. 304:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index