Gig worker - Knowledge

555:, which is dependent on local linguistic, ethnic and regional dynamics and networks. The technologization of informal labor with app-based work has obviated the need to navigate these local systems for work and payment. Rural-to-urban migrants form a majority of the gig workforce, which serves an intermediary work settlement and an alternative to unregulated contractors who place them at risk of trafficking and other forms of exploitation. Class and caste identities that have historically been excluded from the formal labor market have utilized the gig economy as a means to escape discrimination. However, the term "platform paternalism" has emerged to describe the perpetuation of caste and class hierarchies, trapping workers in jobs with very little security and no potential for long-term growth. For instance, caste-oppressed women continue to dominate low-paying work, such as cleaning and washing in households. BookMyBai, a platform service that helps people hire house-maids and caretakers, has provisions to request workers from specific geographic regions and religions. This has been criticized for perpetuating 342:, a term primarily used in the United Kingdom to refer a contract in which an employer is not obliged to provide any minimum number of working hours to an employee. Employment in the gig economy entails receiving compensation for one key performance indicator, which, for example, is defined as parcels delivered or taxi lifts conducted. Another feature is that employees can opt to refuse taking an order. Although employers do not have to guarantee employment or employees can also refuse to take an order under a zero-hour contract, workers under such a contract are paid by the hour and not directly through business-related indicators as in the case of the gig economy. 627:

workers claimed to be an employee (68.1%) or self-employed (7.6%). The labour market status of platform workers is unclear even to workers themselves, and it also reflects uncertainty surrounding this issue in policy and legal debates around Europe. While platform work can lower the entry barriers to the labour market and facilitate work participation through better matching procedures and easing the working conditions of specific groups, this type of work often relies on a workforce of independent contractors whose conditions of employment, representation and social protection are unclear and often unfavourable.

459:, harassment, and violence. Some platforms have implemented preventative measures to protect both customers and workers. Most notably, Uber now requires drivers to complete anti-sexual violence training and their app now includes a 'panic button' feature that connects users to 911 dispatchers, however these measures are widely believed to be insufficient. For instance, women often face drunken and disorderly customers and are left to deal with potentially dangerous individuals on their own with little support from platforms, which provide minimal guidelines for how to respond in dangerous situations. 122: 734:. The proposed rule would make it easier for gig workers/independent contractors to gain full employee status. Companies would be required to provide rights and benefits to gig workers/independent contractors equivalent to standard employees. These benefits include minimum wage, health insurance, social security contributions, and unemployment insurance. The rule would replace a previous one enacted under the Trump administration that made it more difficult for a gig worker/independent contractor to be classified as an employee. 623:

Slovakia show very low values compared to the rest. The typical European platform worker is a young male. A typical platform worker is likely to have a family and kids, and regardless of age, platform workers tend to have fewer years of labour market experience than the average worker. The majority of platform workers provide more than one type of service and are active on two or more platforms. While flexibility and autonomy are frequently mentioned motivations for platform workers, so too is the lack of alternatives.

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ride-hail driving. AEI states that the increase in gig work participation following retirement is due in part to fear of financial preparedness for retirement, given the increase in life expectancy or the effect of economic decline on the value of retirement accounts. However, AEI also cites boredom as a significant reason for participation, with 96% of gig workers over 65 claiming they feel more fulfilled in life when they maintain a job they enjoy.

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If it's approved by state voters, the initiative would require the companies to pay their still-independent contractors a minimum wage and vehicle maintenance costs, cover their auto insurance costs, and grant them a health care stipend. It would create a sexual harassment policy for drivers and riders and would require the companies to investigate complaints. It would also create mandatory safety training for any app-based drivers.

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major economies is generally less than 10 percent of the economically viable population, according in Europe, 9.7% of adults from 14 EU countries participated in the gig economy in 2017, according to the survey. Meanwhile, it is estimated that gig worker's size, which covers independent or non-conventional workers, is 20% to 30% of the economically active population in the United States and Europe.

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be explained in part by individuals’ migrant status, as globally, a disproportionate number of migrants report earning money through gig work. 58% of gig workers surveyed said the extra income earned as either “essential” or “important” as opposed to “nice to have." On Uber’s Q2 2022 earnings call, 70% of new Uber drivers cited increased cost of living as the primary motivator to join the company.

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wage or salary. Outside of that arrangement, work tends to be temporary or project-based workers are hired to complete a particular task or for certain period of time. Coordination of jobs through an on-demand company reduces entry and operating costs for providers and allows workers' participation to be more transitory in gig markets (i.e., they have greater flexibility around work hours).

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provisions of the United States' Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). As a result, if a worker needs to take time off to recover from harassment or assault that they experienced while working on a platform, the financial burden of that recovery time falls entirely on the worker, which means that many women continue to work under conditions that feel unsafe in order to avoid a loss of income.

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Urban Company against its workers for "instigating violence against the Company". The lawsuit stated that Urban Company was an aggregator connecting customers to independent workers and sought a permanent prohibitory injunction from the court against protests by the Urban Company employees. The protest was eventually called off following the imposition of Section 144 of the

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classifies them as W-2 employees. The ballot measure looks to implement an earnings guarantee of at least 120% of minimum wage while on the job, 30 cents per mile for expenses, a healthcare stipend, occupational accident insurance for on-the-job injuries, protection against discrimination and sexual harassment and automobile accident and liability insurance.

493:(MTurk), which allows companies to hire people to perform simple online tasks that are difficult to automate, women earned about 10.5% less per hour of work than men, largely because women tended to take breaks between tasks rather than working continuously through a series of tasks to accommodate caregiving responsibilities, particularly young children. 631:

protection compared to workers with standard employer-employee contracts. Modern social protection systems should be adapted to a context of more irregular careers and frequent transitions, linking entitlements to individuals rather than jobs may contribute to this, while fostering mobility and mitigating the social cost of labour market adjustments.

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skilled professionals and those with skills, offers ten kinds of services, including design, marketing, computer programming, translation, document writing and lessons. However, "gig worker" is not yet very welcome in Korea. This is because many "gig workers" have conflicts with existing services and expose the lack of social and legal preparation.

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The companies and their supporters are pitching the initiative as a "compromise" that would create a third employment classification requiring Uber, Lyft, and their ilk to give drivers more perks than the average independent contractor but wouldn't entitle workers to the full benefits of an employee.

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In most EU states, the rules governing contributions and entitlements of social protection schemes are still largely based on full-time open-ended contracts between a worker and a single employer. As a result workers with non-standard arrangements often do not have the same income and social security

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The way many platforms are designed also pressures workers, particularly women, to sacrifice their safety in order to maintain their standing on the platform. Platforms like Uber assign work based on the ratings workers receive from customers. Low ratings can result in a worker receiving less work or

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said that flexibility is the main reason they pursue gig work. One reason for this is that many women need to balance work with familial responsibilities and are therefore more likely than men to participate in gig work due to scheduling reasons. For many women, platform-based food delivery work also

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advocates have been lobbying for them to be classified as "employees", which would legally require companies to provide the full suite of employee benefits like time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance, among others. In

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At the same time, Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi is pleading his case in Washington, calling in a New York Times op-ed this week for a "third way" for gig workers, between full-time employment benefits and contract work with "almost no safety net." ... This month, Khosrowshahi's op-ed called for ongoing

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about one-third of their workforce as women and people with disabilities. Securing social protection coverage, improving national statistics on gig and platform work and policy options, and discussing insurance and tax-financed schemes for gig platforms have been delineated as key priorities for the

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In response, the Indian parliament passed new laws guaranteeing social security and occupational health and safety of gig workers in 2020. These laws are yet to be implemented. In its 2021 report, NITI Aayog also recommended fiscal incentives including tax breaks or startup grants for companies with

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There are several gender differences within gig work from the number of women who are participating to the wage pay gap. Globally, the gender differences in participation of women in the gig economy differ. For example, in the United States, female gig workers make up 55% of the gig work population.

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is a specific type of labor that is typically task-based and invisible to the end user. Ghost workers work on discrete tasks for a company, but they do not have a relationship with the company beyond assignment of the task and the minimal training necessary. A key characteristic of ghost work is the

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has led to disputes over the extent to which the provider of services via an uberized platform should be held accountable to corporate regulations and tax obligations. In 2018, 36% of US workers joined in the gig economy through either their primary or secondary jobs. The number of people working in

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Gig work participation also differs between races in the United States. More non-white Americans report having earned money in the gig economy – 30% of Hispanic adults, 20% of Black adults, and 19% of Asian adults - than their white counterparts, at 12%. The differences in participation by race can

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One controversial issue, though not unique to Europe, is the employment status of platform workers. In most cases the providers of labour services via platforms are formally independent contractors rather than employees, however when asked about their current employment situation, 75.7% of platform

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Gig work's appearance has been related to wide changes in the economy. Advances in globalization and technology put pressure on companies to respond quickly to market changes. Securing labor through nontraditional agreements such as gig work will enable companies to quickly adjust the size of their

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Many workers cite flexibility as a primary reason for choosing to engage in gig work, however that flexibility is subject to some limitations that may have gendered impacts. The primary limitation is that imposed by surge pricing. By tying pricing to demand, surge pricing incentivizes workers to be

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Gig workers have high levels of flexibility, autonomy, task variety, and complexity. The gig economy has also raised some concerns. First, these jobs generally confer few employer-provided benefits and workplace protections. Second, technological developments occurring in the workplace have come to

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lost an appeal against the argument that one of its plumbers was a "worker", i.e. not an employee, but enjoying some "employment" rights such as holiday pay and sickness pay. The Employment Appeals Tribunal ruled that Hermes' couriers are "workers" with certain statutory benefits including minimum

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legislative assembly approved a groundbreaking bill that provides social security benefits to gig workers, making it the first of its kind in India. The Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023 aims to enlist all gig workers and aggregators operating in the state,

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and the Telangana Gig and Platform Workers Union currently have 36,000 and 10,000 members respectively, including cab drivers, food and grocery delivery workers, and e-commerce delivery persons. Some of the demands of these unions include security benefits, higher base fares and protection against

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defines 'gig workers' as those engaged in work outside of the traditional employer-employee arrangement. In 2020–21, the gig economy was estimated to employ 7.7 million workers, with a projected workforce of 23.5 million by 2029–30. The industry is expected to produce a revenue of $ 455 billion by

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In October 2021, India’s first women-led gig workers’ strike was led by 100 women agitating outside the office of Urban Company in Gurugram, Haryana, a platform that provides at-home services, protesting “low wages, high commissions and poor safety conditions”. This led to a lawsuit being filed by

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Many factors go into a desirable job, and the best employers focus on the aspects of work that are most attractive to today's increasingly competitive and fluid labor force. Traditional workers have long term employer–employee relationship in which the worker is paid by the hour or year, earning a

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November 2020: Californians will vote on Prop 22, a ballot measure majorly funded by Uber, Lyft and DoorDash. Prop 22 aims to keep gig workers classified as independent contractors. The measure, if passed, would make drivers and delivery workers for said companies exempt from a new state law that

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Eligible workers of all ages participate in the gig economy. The highest percentage of Americans who report having earned money at least once via gig work found through an online platform are those between the ages of 18 and 29, at 30%. Participation drops to 18% for individuals between 30 and 49

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has hired drivers to build a system for proxy driving, and the people of delivery are meeting the surging demand for delivery through a near-field delivery called "Vamin Connect". There is a gig work platform for professional freelancers, not just work. The platform, which connects those who want

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When it comes to platform workers in Europe, there are significant differences across countries. The UK has the highest incidence of platform work. Other countries with high relative values are Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and Italy. By contrast, Finland, Sweden, France, Hungary and

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Although there is already a large informal sector in many Southeast Asian countries, the growing number of gig workers in Southeast Asia means that there is growing demand for labor regulations to protect workers against unfair labor practices. The pandemic has highlighted this concern and shone

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Legislatures have adopted regulations intended to protect gig economy workers, mainly by forcing employers to provide gig workers with benefits normally reserved for traditional employees. Critics of such regulations have asserted that these obligations have negative consequences, with employers

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the expansion of the gig economy can be seen as one significant factor for the increase in worker deaths for those who work over 55 hours a week (relative to those who work 35–40), rising from 600,000 deaths in 2000 to 750,000 in 2016. The report found that in 2016, 9% of the world's population

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In Australia, the gig economy include services such as ride sharing, food delivery, and various types of personal services for a fee. It is against the law for an employer to claim a worker as an independent contractor when they are in fact an employee. Where this happens, the business could be

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is mixed. But many studies show that women continue to earn less than men, even in platform-based economies. The gender pay gap for platform-based work is also typically similar in magnitude to the pay gap observed for sectors outside the gig economy. One analysis of Uber drivers in the United

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platform and DoorDash now reports that 58% of their delivery drivers are women. Aside from the flexibility, women tend to prefer delivery work to ride-sharing work because of safety concerns in being a female driver in ride-sharing services. There have been various accounts of sexual harassment

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In 2015 nearly one-in-ten Americans (8%) have earned money using digital platforms to take on a job or task. Meanwhile, nearly one-in-five Americans (18%) have earned money by selling something online, while 1% have rented out their properties on a home-sharing site. Adding up everyone who has

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Measuring the size of the gig workforce is difficult because of the different definitions of what constitutes "gig work"; limitations in the methods used to collect data via household surveys versus information from business establishments; and differing legal definitions of workers under tax,

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requiring a particular set of skills and equipment. Gig work enables digital nomads by offering flexible, location-independent job opportunities that can be performed remotely, typically through digital platforms, allowing for a lifestyle of travel and work anywhere with internet connectivity.

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Uber says 91 percent of its drivers across the country work fewer than 40 hours per week. Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi said in a blog post this week that if the company were forced to make all drivers across the country employees, for example, it could only support 260,000 full-time roles. That

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Interestingly, the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) finds that despite the general decline in gig workforce participation with age, approximately 20% of retired Americans participate in the gig economy, primarily by performing services such as tutoring, rental hosting, caring for pets, and

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Assault and harassment also place undue financial burdens on female gig workers. Since gig workers are typically categorized as independent contractors, they are not extended the protections and benefits of traditional employees. For instance, independent contractors are not covered under the

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sell their skills to maximize their freedom, while full-time gig workers leverage digital service-on-demand platforms and job matching apps to level up their skills. Another example of temporary workers may be digital nomads. Digital nomads have a mobile lifestyle combining work and leisure,

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Despite promises from Brazilian government authorities to create new laws to regulate the activity, the absence of a specific regulation covering this new form of relationship between Brazilian companies and gig workers has increased legal uncertainty and been a source of social conflicts.

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The gig economy is ostensibly less gender-segregated worldwide than the traditional labor market. However, women across the world continue to protest against gender gaps such as lower wages and working hours and the lack of flexibility. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for worker

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has been described as conferring a professional status that allows women to participate in paid work without disrupting social hierarchies and while managing household and childcare responsibilities. The advent of home service providers and beauticians within the gig economy has led to the

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years of age, and lower than that for individuals 50 and older. The consulting firm McKinsey attributes the difference in participation by age in part to the low barrier of entry into gig work as young adults are still developing marketable skill sets for other lines of work.

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In 2021, more non-white gig workers expressed concern about their exposure to COVID-19 on the job, at 50%, than their white counterparts, at 38%. A similar difference between races was found among standard workers with respect to their employer’s lack of COVID-19 precautions.

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with set working hours, including benefits. But the definition of work began to change with changing economic conditions and continued technological advances, and the change in the economy created a new labor force characterized by independent and contractual labor.

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claims filed by female Uber drivers. A 2019 safety report released by Uber reported 6,000 incidences of sexual assault from 2017-2018 experienced by both riders and drivers. Despite the prevalence of harassment and assault, platforms do little to protect women from

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wage, rest periods and holiday pay. In 2018, Uber lost a court case which claimed drivers are workers and therefore entitled to workers' rights, including the national minimum wage and paid holiday. Another UK company involved in "worker status" legal cases is

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In some jurisdictions, legal rulings have classified full-time freelancers working for a single main employer of the gig economy as workers and awarded them regular worker rights and protection. An example is the October 2016 ruling against Uber in the case of

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Platform-based work is also highly segregated by gender. Men in the gig economy typically perform traditionally male tasks, most notably transportation. A study in Australia found that the most common task for male gig workers was driving, particularly for

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concluded that, across America and England, there were a total of 162 million people that were involved in some type of independent work. Moreover, their payment is linked to the gigs they perform, which could be deliveries, rentals or other services.

517:, Woodcock and Graham outline four pathways worker-friendly futures for the gig economy: increased transparency, better regulation, stronger collective organisation of workers, and platforms run as cooperatives or public infrastructures. 240:. As a result, on-demand platforms based on digital technology have created jobs and employment forms that are differentiated from existing offline transactions by the level of accessibility, convenience and price competitiveness. 530:

When it comes to gig workers in Africa, there are significant variations across different countries. Sub-Saharan Africa comprises 13% of the world's workforce and over 85% of the employment in Africa is considered informal.

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Gig work has witnessed a similar gendered division that exist within traditional work. The platform economy has particularly attracted female service providers due to the flexibility it offers. For example, 80% of women on

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worked greater than 55 hours weekly, and this was more prevalent among men, as well as workers in the Western Pacific and South-East Asia regions. Work has also suggested poor mental health outcomes amongst gig workers.

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workforce. This can help companies increase their profits. From this point of view, the unconventional gig work is a fundamental component of today's economy, and it is unlikely to disappear anytime soon.

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and customer bias also mean that customers are more likely to challenge women's decisions, making it difficult for female drivers to defend themselves and advocate for themselves in customer interactions.

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online during high-traffic or high-demand times. Surge pricing times may conflict with non-work commitments like caregiving responsibilities, creating a trade-off between flexibility and higher earnings.

3310:"benefits funds which give workers cash that they can use for the benefits they want, like health insurance or paid time off," rather than employer-sponsored health care or state-mandated paid leave. 2330: 1080: 2485: 812:(time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance - among others) while instead giving drivers new protections of: 1606: 2198: 164:, which created a third worker classification whereby gig-worker-drivers are classified as contractors but get some benefits, such as minimum wage, mileage reimbursement, and others. 2547:

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31803/The-Digital-Economy-in-Southeast-Asia-Strengthening-the-Foundations-for-Future-Growth.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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being removed form the platform entirely, creating an environment where workers often tolerate some level of harassment to avoid a low rating that may jeopardize their earnings.

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prohibits workplace discrimination and requires that companies: develop sexual harassment policies, conduct criminal background checks, and mandate safety training for drivers

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Gig work in Southeast Asia has been rapidly growing since 2010; based on World Bank estimates in 2019, the gig work population has seen a consistent 30% annual growth rate.

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In 2022, the U.S. Department of Labor released a proposal to revise the Department’s guidance on how to determine who is an employee or independent contractor under the

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light on the vulnerability of gig workers in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, ojek drivers in particular were left with neither a social safety net nor health protection.

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were written. These mechanisms of control can result in low pay, social isolation, working unsocial and irregular hours, overwork, sleep deprivation and exhaustion.

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ensuring they receive essential social security protections. Additionally, the bill establishes a mechanism for gig workers to voice and address their grievances.

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In many countries, the legal classification of gig workers is still being debated, with companies classifying their workers as "independent contractors", while

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blur the legal definitions of the terms "employee" and "employer" in ways that were unimaginable when employment regulations in the United States like the

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almost inevitably reducing wages to compensate for the increased benefits or even terminating employment when they have no leeway to reduce wages.

267:, such as mobile applications, in order to aggregate transactions between clients and providers of a service, often bypassing the role of existing 1710: 3241: 2166: 2741: 1584: 4968: 2362: 711:, a collective organisation of gig workers, which mobilized a set of actions and drew the attention of Brazilian society to the problem. 4398: 4133: 3176: 3032: 1682: 3340: 2755: 2529: 305:

Because a lot of gig work can be done online, gig workers find themselves competing with one another in a 'planetary labour market'.

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120 percent of the local minimum wage for each hour a driver spends driving (with passenger or en route), but not time spent waiting

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suggests that this case establishes "once and for all that in the UK the self-employed app-based driver model is no longer viable".

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performed at least one of these three activities, some 24% of American adults have earned money in the "platform economy" in 2015.

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2024. 47% of gig workers are employed in medium-skilled jobs, about 22% in high-skilled jobs, and about 31% in low-skilled jobs.

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of the economy and industry developed rapidly due to the development of information and communication technologies such as the

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of work, with the growth of digital applications for the delivery of goods and services, a phenomenon popularly known as

89: 1114: 4075: 3207:"Uber and gig companies spend nearly $ 200 million to knock down an employment law they don't like — and it might work" 1323: 406: 61: 2713: 1558: 4870: 773: 379: 108: 660:. On 19 February 2021, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of 25 Uber drivers having "worker status"; the publication 4794: 1299: 940: 731: 368: 2852: 2059: 148:. Gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to the company's clients. 68: 4954: 2983: 2633: 439: 2615: 4905: 4769: 4556: 4126: 2291:

Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development

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States found that on average, women earned about 7% less than their male counterparts. On Amazon's platform,

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compares to 1.2 million active drivers the company was hosting on its app before the coronavirus pandemic.

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requires the companies to pay medical costs and some lost income for drivers hurt while driving or waiting

4856: 4707: 961: 42: 4995: 4775: 4697: 708: 556: 57: 4801: 4670: 4509: 4393: 4119: 3895: 2931: 2514:[What's Dawn Delivery? A New Work Paradigm, Gig Worker and Platform Worker is a Rising Sun]. 1970: 1432: 375: 298: 3231: 1496: 5021: 3326: 2795: 2593: 1635:"'We're being pushed into poverty': Voices of women who took on the unicorn start-up Urban Company" 651:

provided guidance on the correct way to categorize "gig economy" workers. The London-based company

1170: 4828: 4788: 4739: 4378: 3822: 3400: 3268:"Human Capital: A timeline of Uber and Lyft's fight against AB 5 and Pinterest's fall from grace" 2462:"Union Minister for Labour and Employment briefs the media on the First Employment Working Group" 2240:"Sustaining urban labour markets: Situating migration and domestic work in India's 'gig' economy" 1732: 1659:"Urban Company Sues Workers for Protesting Against 'Unfair Labour Practices'. Protest Called Off" 777: 137: 35: 4891: 4756: 4576: 4266: 3975: 3960: 3850: 2436: 1909:"Working Conditions on Digital Labour Platforms: Evidence from a Leading Labour Supply Economy" 490: 229: 1955: 1850: 1834: 808:), which won with 60% of the vote and exempted them from providing the full suite of mandated 4926: 4849: 4613: 4176: 4041: 3940: 3757: 3144: 2650: 838: 2239: 2227:. Economic Sociology of Work (Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol. 18). pp. 315–342. 1971:"The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from Over a Million Rideshare Drivers" 121: 4961: 4618: 4603: 4596: 4566: 4551: 3950: 3827: 3817: 3597: 2411: 2011: 1769:"Gender and gig economy: Men and women using digital platforms to secure work in Australia" 1441: 8: 4561: 4504: 4440: 4408: 4388: 4327: 4231: 4226: 3970: 3832: 3741: 3211: 2560:"Urban gig workers in Indonesia during COVID-19: The experience of online 'ojek' drivers" 2511: 707:

bringing together delivery workers coordinated by a set of social movements, such as the

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It is important to distinguish employment in the sharing economy from employment through

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provides an opportunity monetize previously unpaid domestic skills like food shopping.

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Pesole, A., Urzí Brancati, M.C, Fernández-Macías, E., Biagi, F., González Vázquez, I.

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Cook, Cody; Diamond, Rebecca; Hall, Jonathan; List, John A.; Oyer, Paul (June 2018).

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Rachmawati, Riani; Safitri; Zakia, Luthfianti; Lupita, Ayu; De Ruyter, Alex (2021).

2388:"This online company provides maids – and lets you pick them by religion and region" 2316: 1947: 822:

health insurance stipend for drivers who average more than 15 hours per week driving

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liable for penalties under the Fair Work Act, and have to backpay the entitlements.

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Dokuka, Sofia; Kapuza, Anastasia; Sverdlov, Mikhail; Yalov, Timofey (19 May 2022).

1935: 1880: 1788: 1780: 1744: 1502: 1467: 1449: 1395: 1385: 1256: 1178: 945: 911: 853: 843: 652: 648: 552: 485: 397: 272: 260: 4191: 2293:. ICTD '19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–5. 1261: 1244: 696:, a country affected by deindustrialization and dependence on the service sector. 4933: 4919: 4835: 4702: 4660: 4633: 4236: 4211: 4201: 3945: 3349: 2872: 2833:"Governo negocia modelo para incluir trabalhadores de aplicativos na Previdência" 2697: 1924:"Gender Wage Gap in Online Gig Economy and Gender Differences in Job Preferences" 1872: 1809:"Female drivers feel abandoned by Uber and Lyft after reporting a sexual assault" 1454: 1284: 858: 641: 290: 221: 152: 2092:"Understanding the Present and Future of Work in the Fissured Workplace Context" 4680: 4643: 4638: 4623: 4423: 4418: 4332: 4302: 4297: 4276: 4271: 4161: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3592: 3487: 3437: 3385: 2023: 1374:"Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy" 704: 481: 319: 276: 268: 3102: 2255: 2152: 1871:

Ma, Ning F.; Rivera, Veronica A.; Yao, Zheng; Yoon, Dongwook (29 April 2022).

1733:"Gender, Class, and the Gig Economy: The Case of Platform-Based Food Delivery" 5010: 4842: 4655: 4648: 4539: 4480: 4470: 4337: 4317: 4312: 4216: 4206: 4156: 3930: 3905: 3885: 3860: 3783: 3111: 2809: 2585: 2342: 2263: 1784: 1748: 1463: 1390: 1151: 925: 244: 4171: 2298: 2108: 2091: 1884: 1067:"Taking uberization to the Field - Disruption is coming for Field Marketing" 4763: 4734: 4719: 4685: 4628: 4591: 4519: 4413: 4357: 4352: 4246: 3980: 3900: 3731: 3710: 3684: 3607: 3559: 3554: 3129: 2897: 2760: 2486:"In a first, Rajasthan clears bill granting social security to gig workers" 2331:"Survey finds how gig jobs could turn into a trap for over half of workers" 2132: 2041: 1923: 1607:"Gig Economy sees 3X surge in participation from women in 2021 - ETHRWorld" 1481: 1409: 413:

protections for women who work in the gig economy for supplemental income.

198: 2672:"On the job but unprotected — why European welfare is failing gig workers" 2286: 1183: 1029:

Choi, Gisan (January 2019). "Global Gig Economy Status and Implications".

178:

has various meanings in English, but it has two modern meanings: any paid

4990: 4665: 4524: 4499: 4490: 4383: 4362: 4347: 4281: 4256: 4241: 4196: 3658: 3519: 1939: 1285:"Distinguishing employment under zero-hour contracts and the gig economy" 1007:"Goodbye Jobs, Hello 'Gigs': How One Word Sums Up A New Economic Reality" 689: 456: 401:

formalizing and feminization of casual labor, dubbed “pink collar work".

197:

in the sense of "any, usual temporary, paid job" is from a 1952 piece by

2199:"Despite rise in gig economy, women's participation still less than 30%" 1793: 819:$ 0.30/mile for expenses for each mile driven with passenger or en route 217: 4985: 4729: 4724: 4403: 4186: 3880: 3855: 3788: 3767: 3762: 3736: 3679: 3643: 3602: 3569: 3541: 3380: 3272: 2877: 2857: 2837: 2530:"Gig economy in SE Asia is keeping the lights on: who is helping them?" 657: 544: 354:

completion of small tasks to assist in machine learning or automation.

350: 326: 237: 157: 2060:"Gender and the Gig Economy: Critical steps for evidence-based policy" 4691: 4586: 4514: 4485: 4460: 4261: 4251: 3990: 3890: 3653: 3582: 3577: 3524: 3375: 3297:"Uber, Lyft and why California's war over gig work is just beginning" 1539:"Opinion: Legislation should help rather than hinder the gig economy" 878: 868: 863: 801: 797: 781: 685: 576: 443: 252: 187: 126: 3145:"Uber reports another big loss but beats on revenue, shares pop 19%" 2285:

Prabhat, Shantanu; Nanavati, Sneha; Rangaswamy, Nimmi (2019-01-04).

1506: 1171:"View of The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market?" 24: 4571: 4465: 4111: 3935: 3648: 3457: 3410: 3061:"Racial and ethnic differences stand out in the U.S. gig workforce" 2893:"Trabalhadores de aplicativos somam 1,4 milhão no Brasil, diz Ipea" 2814: 2676: 1495:

Gross, Sally-Anne; Musgrave, George; Janciute, Laima (2018-08-08).

793: 423: 233: 202: 183: 3318: 3086:"Migration and Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy: An Intervention" 2853:"The hidden marketing machine behind Brazil's food delivery giant" 1921: 442:. Women now make up just under half of the delivery people on the 279:

has different operating costs compared to a traditional business.

4545: 4534: 3875: 3663: 3447: 3442: 3370: 2714:""False" Self-Employment and the Gig Economy - Where are We Now?" 1245:"A research framework for digital nomadism: a bibliometric study" 873: 588:

Gig work is spreading around the side job and delivery business.

141: 3845: 3694: 3689: 3549: 3497: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3395: 2181:"A new kind of company is revolutionising Africa's gig economy" 2096:

RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

776:

requiring all companies to re-classify their gig-workers from "

693: 3084:

van Doorn, Niels; Ferrari, Fabian; Graham, Mark (2022-07-05).

3008:"Freelance work, side hustles, and the gig economy | McKinsey" 1225: 4097:

Professional E-Hailing Drivers and Private Owners Association

3965: 3715: 3623: 3509: 3482: 3432: 3390: 589: 3808: 2557: 1683:"Artificial intelligence, platform work and gender equality" 1115:"What Workplace Leaders Can Learn From the Real Gig Economy" 3995: 3492: 3477: 3452: 3427: 3405: 1922:

Chen Liang; Yili Hong; Bin Gu; Jing Peng (1 October 2018).

1731:

Milkman, Ruth; Elliot-Negri, Luke; Reich, Adam (May 2021).

789: 785: 432: 286: 1426:

Pega, Frank; Náfrádi, Bálint; et al. (May 17, 2021).

1133:"Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy" 941:"The Silicon Valley Economy Is Here. And It's a Nightmare" 396:

In India, 28% of the gig workforce consists of women. The

3058: 2711: 2693:"Gig economy: How workers' rights may be about to change" 2512:"'새벽배송' 그것이 뭐시 문젠디!?···새로운 근로 패러다임, '긱 워커'와 '플랫폼 워커'가 뜬다" 2284: 2225:

An Economic Sociology of Informal Work: The Case of India

1997: 1304: 1011: 667:

Many "gig economy workers" have not been able to receive

179: 3059:

Gelles-Watnick, Risa; Monica; erson (15 December 2021).

3033:"The Age of Re-retirement: Retirees and the Gig Economy" 2914:"The Gig Economy: Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing" 2810:"Coronavirus: Gig economy workers 'fall between cracks'" 1730: 1081:"'Uberisation' of economies pinching state tax revenues" 438:

There has also been a recent rise in women joining the

3083: 4023:

International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers

1494: 981: 900:"What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy" 1877:

CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

1968: 1767:Churchill, Brendan; Craig, Lyn (16 December 2019). 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1324:"The urgent need for regulating global ghost work" 982:Donovan, Sarah; Bradley, David; Shimabukuru, Jon. 140:, online platform workers, contract firm workers, 2988:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 2918:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 2756:"Uber loses appeal over driver employment rights" 1169:Graham, Mark; Anwar, Mohammad Amir (April 2019). 1042: 1040: 962:"5 Things You Need to Know About the Gig Economy" 575:2023, held at Delhi, India. On 24 July 2023, the 5008: 4060:Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers 2000:"Women in gig economy work less in the evenings" 1559:"How the platform economy sets women up to fail" 1113:Pendell, Ryan; Mcfeely, Shane (16 August 2018). 1004: 564:Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers 551:93% of the Indian population is employed in the 333: 1911:. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. March 2019. 1870: 1498:Well-Being and Mental Health in the Gig Economy 1047:Dokko, Jane; Mumford, Megan (9 December 2015). 357: 190:and any job, especially one that is temporary. 2134:The gig economy : a critical introduction 1766: 1349:The gig economy : a critical introduction 1112: 1037: 1024: 1022: 674: 4969:The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy 4127: 3334: 2564:Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 2412:"Meet the most powerful Uber driver in India" 2244:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 1604: 1421: 1419: 984:"What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?" 2726:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2655:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2238:Tandon, Ambika; Rathi, Aayush (2022-08-15). 2058:Hunt, Abigail; Samman, Emma (January 2019). 1708: 1046: 129:cycle delivery worker in Manchester, England 2777:"CitySprint loses third worker status case" 2437:"India's Gig Workers | Think Global Health" 2237: 1585:"Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing" 1425: 1372:Wood, Alex; Graham, Mark (August 8, 2018). 1168: 1019: 897: 4399:All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy 4134: 4120: 3341: 3327: 2793: 2165:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2057: 1416: 1371: 416: 3119: 3101: 2712:Evans, R. and Dennehy, A. (4 July 2018). 2575: 2107: 2031: 1792: 1471: 1453: 1399: 1389: 1260: 1182: 915: 898:Vallas, Steven; Schor, Juliet B. (2020). 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3288: 3229: 3204: 2669: 2222: 2130: 1839:Canadian Journal of Law & Technology 1835:"Onlife Harms: Uber and Sexual Violence" 1832: 1632: 1346: 216: 120: 3177:California Legislative Analyst's Office 3030: 2827: 2825: 2690: 2085: 2083: 16:Independent on-demand temporary workers 5009: 4878:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays 3294: 3265: 3198: 3054: 3052: 2977: 2975: 2670:Heikkilä, Melissa (October 22, 2020). 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1711:"The rise of women in the gig economy" 1687:European Institute for Gender Equality 1633:Mehrotra, Karishma (13 January 2022). 1628: 1626: 1300:"The 'ghost work' powering tech magic" 1242: 1149: 938: 567:exploitation by aggregator companies. 506:workplace, and other public policies. 4822:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral 4115: 3322: 2981: 2911: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2053: 2051: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1704: 1702: 1582: 1223: 1108: 1106: 1005:Geoffrey Nunberg (January 11, 2016). 750: 447:claims filed by female Uber drivers. 390: 4141: 4076:National Taxi Workers' Alliance (NY) 3259: 3142: 2845: 2822: 2385: 2089: 2080: 1978:National Bureau of Economic Research 1833:Turnbull, Amanda (20 January 2022). 1297: 1049:"Workers and the Online Gig Economy" 1028: 977: 975: 450:There have been various accounts of 313: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3348: 3230:Marshall, Arian (31 October 2019). 3161: 3049: 3037:American Enterprise Institute - AEI 2972: 2885: 2794:McCullooch, A. (23 February 2021). 2594:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.15.1.0031 2577:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.15.1.0031 1857: 1623: 1501:. University of Westminster Press. 1087:. 27 September 2015. Archived from 959: 167: 13: 3223: 2865: 2622: 2048: 1819: 1755: 1717: 1699: 1226:"IFTF: Voices of Workable Futures" 1199: 1103: 737: 374:According to a 2021 report by the 285:is derived from the company name " 14: 5038: 4871:Future Primitive and Other Essays 3307:from the original on 2020-08-23. 3280:from the original on 2020-08-17. 3266:Dickey, Megan Rose (2020-08-14). 2796:"Uber ruling: what happens next?" 2616:"Gig Economy Fair Work Ombudsman" 2067:Analysis & Policy Observatory 1150:Wilson, Bill (10 February 2017). 972: 917:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857 634: 596: 475: 380:International Labour Organization 4795:The Working Class Goes to Heaven 2774: 2691:Gingell, Matt (August 1, 2017). 2386:Jain, Mayank (3 November 2015). 1312:from the original on 2023-12-20. 910:(1): annurev–soc–121919-054857. 721: 369:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 251:Uberisation or uberization is a 23: 4955:The Revolution of Everyday Life 3244:from the original on 2019-11-06 3187:from the original on 2020-08-29 3136: 3077: 3024: 3000: 2984:"The State of Gig Work in 2021" 2948: 2924: 2905: 2802: 2787: 2768: 2748: 2734: 2705: 2684: 2663: 2608: 2551: 2540: 2522: 2504: 2478: 2454: 2429: 2404: 2379: 2355: 2323: 2278: 2231: 2216: 2191: 2173: 2124: 1991: 1962: 1915: 1901: 1801: 1709:Erica Pandey (26 August 2021). 1675: 1651: 1598: 1576: 1551: 1531: 1488: 1365: 1340: 1316: 1291: 1277: 1236: 1217: 1162: 1143: 1125: 732:Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 308: 193:The earliest usage of the word 34:needs additional citations for 5027:Occupational safety and health 4906:On the Poverty of Student Life 4770:Swedish Public Freedom Service 4749:Theater, movies, music and art 4557:Occupational safety and health 4372:Terminology and related topics 2137:. Mark Graham. Cambridge, UK. 1224:Hagan, Jean (September 2016). 1073: 1059: 998: 953: 932: 891: 806:2020 California Proposition 22 703:In 2020, there was a national 583: 520: 162:2020 California Proposition 22 1: 4941:The Human Use of Human Beings 4081:Rideshare Drivers United (CA) 3810:Social peer-to-peer processes 3295:Hepler, Lauren (2020-08-21). 3205:Siddiqui, Faiz (2020-10-26). 3143:Pitt, Sofia (2 August 2022). 2643:JRS Policy for Science Report 1262:10.1080/16078055.2022.2134200 988:Cornell University ILR School 884: 849:List of gig economy companies 804:created a ballot initiative ( 763: 345: 334:Zero-hour contract employment 224:, former CEO of Uber, in 2013 212: 201:about his gig as a part-time 4913:The Society of the Spectacle 4783:The Future of Work and Death 4451:Extermination through labour 4038:Gorillas Workers Collective 3090:Work, Employment and Society 3031:Konicki, John (2021-08-03). 2901:(in Portuguese). 2021-10-07. 2881:(in Portuguese). 2020-06-22. 2841:(in Portuguese). 2022-04-27. 2636:"Platform Workers in Europe" 2441:Council on Foreign Relations 1455:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 1378:Work, Employment and Society 1152:"What is the 'gig' economy?" 608: 358:Advantages and disadvantages 243:Normally "work" describes a 7: 4857:Critique of Economic Reason 2912:Aaron, Smith (2016-11-17). 2223:Agarwala, Rina (May 2009). 1928:NET Institute Working Paper 1031:International Economy Focus 832: 675:Latin America and Caribbean 10: 5043: 4996:Situationist International 4776:Take This Job and Shove It 4698:Technological unemployment 2982:Atske, Sara (2021-12-08). 2024:10.1038/s41598-022-12558-x 1797:– via Sage Journals. 1751:– via Sage Journals. 939:Russel, Lia (2019-01-16). 904:Annual Review of Sociology 709:Entregadores Antifascistas 557:caste-based discrimination 317: 263:by new participants using 236:and the popularization of 182:or role, especially for a 4978: 4811: 4748: 4671:Right to rest and leisure 4510:Honeymoon-hangover effect 4394:Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich 4371: 4290: 4149: 4089: 4068: 4052: 4031: 4015: 4008: 3896:Collaborative consumption 3841: 3801: 3776: 3750: 3724: 3703: 3672: 3636: 3616: 3568: 3540: 3533: 3363: 3356: 3103:10.1177/09500170221096581 2256:10.1177/0308518X221120822 1433:Environment International 679: 669:COVID-19 pandemic support 617: 525: 500: 376:World Health Organization 299:McKinsey Global Institute 271:as part of the so-called 207:Southern Pacific railroad 3833:Peer-to-peer ridesharing 3725:Services and freelancing 2518:(in Korean). 2019-04-02. 2131:Woodcock, Jamie (2020). 2090:Weil, David (Dec 2019). 1785:10.1177/1440783319894060 1749:10.1177/0896920520949631 1391:10.1177/0950017018785616 1351:. London: Polity Press. 1347:Woodcock, Jamie (2019). 1298:Gent, Edd (2019-08-29). 1230:Institute For The Future 539: 4829:Bartleby, the Scrivener 4789:The Main Thing Is Work! 4379:996 working hour system 3823:Peer-to-peer carsharing 2299:10.1145/3287098.3287139 2109:10.7758/rsf.2019.5.5.08 1885:10.1145/3491102.3517524 1243:Šímová, Tereza (2023). 1207:"What is a gig worker?" 778:independent contractors 534: 417:Gender and type of work 407:Criminal Procedure Code 138:independent contractors 4892:Manifesto Against Work 4577:Performance punishment 4267:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 3976:Scooter-sharing system 3961:Product-service system 3851:Bicycle-sharing system 2287:"India's "Uberwallah"" 1137:McKinsey & Company 770:California legislature 480:The literature on the 230:digital transformation 225: 130: 4927:The Abolition of Work 4850:The Conquest of Bread 4802:Yama—Attack to Attack 4614:Protestant work ethic 3941:Intentional community 3758:The Freecycle Network 1583:Smith, Aaron (2016). 1249:World Leisure Journal 1184:10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913 839:False self-employment 220: 124: 5017:Temporary employment 4962:The Right to Be Lazy 4885:Inventing the Future 4619:Psychological safety 4604:Productivity theater 4597:Digital presenteeism 4567:Orange S.A. suicides 4552:Occupational burnout 4291:Contemporary persons 3951:Platform cooperative 3828:Peer-to-peer lending 3818:Peer-to-peer banking 3598:Servas International 2185:World Economic Forum 1940:10.2139/ssrn.3266249 1773:Journal of Sociology 1592:Pew Research Centers 1547:. February 13, 2020. 1053:The Hamilton Project 297:A 2016 study by the 156:2020, the voters in 43:improve this article 4740:Work–life interface 4562:Occupational stress 4505:Happiness economics 4441:Effects of overtime 4409:Bare minimum Monday 4389:Abusive supervision 4328:Claus Peter Ortlieb 4232:Henry David Thoreau 4227:Friedrich Nietzsche 3971:Ridesharing company 3212:The Washington Post 3065:Pew Research Center 2764:. 20 December 2018. 2016:2022NatSR..12.8502D 1605:www.ETHRWorld.com. 1446:2021EnInt.15406595P 1091:on 14 December 2018 340:zero-hour contracts 265:computing platforms 4609:Professional abuse 4323:Maurizio Lazzarato 4167:Alfredo M. Bonanno 4150:Historical persons 2443:. 22 February 2023 2335:The Economic Times 2004:Scientific Reports 1737:Critical Sociology 1544:The Globe and Mail 1211:gigeconomydata.org 751:Racial disparities 461:Gender stereotypes 391:Gender disparities 365:Wagner Act of 1935 228:In the 2000s, the 226: 131: 5004: 5003: 4757:À Nous la Liberté 4582:Post-work society 4476:Four-day workweek 4456:Career cushioning 4446:Employee ghosting 4343:Penelope Rosemont 4308:Madeleine Bunting 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4004: 4003: 3797: 3796: 3632: 3631: 2308:978-1-4503-6122-4 2144:978-1-5095-3635-1 1894:978-1-4503-9157-3 1879:. pp. 1–13. 1853:– via SSRN. 1516:978-1-911534-91-4 1358:978-1-509-53636-8 810:employee benefits 452:sexual harassment 314:Temporary workers 257:commercialization 146:temporary workers 119: 118: 111: 93: 5034: 4899:New Escapologist 4676:Sampo generation 4530:Jobless employed 4435:Dolce far niente 4429:Cycle of poverty 4222:Bertrand Russell 4143:Critique of work 4136: 4129: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4013: 4012: 3986:Two-sided market 3956:Platform economy 3871:Decentralization 3866:Borrowing center 3806: 3805: 3751:Swap and renting 3588:Hospitality Club 3538: 3537: 3361: 3360: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3105: 3096:(4): 1099–1111. 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3012:www.mckinsey.com 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2579: 2555: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2536:. July 16, 2021. 2526: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2250:(4): 1245–1261. 2235: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2156: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2111: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2035: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1897:– via ACM. 1868: 1855: 1854: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1728: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1475: 1457: 1423: 1414: 1413: 1403: 1393: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1264: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1186: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1085:Business Insider 1077: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1044: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1017: 1016: 1002: 996: 995: 990:. Archived from 979: 970: 969: 957: 951: 950: 946:The New Republic 936: 930: 929: 919: 895: 854:Platform economy 844:Informal economy 653:Pimlico Plumbers 649:UK Supreme Court 553:informal economy 486:platform economy 440:delivery economy 398:platform economy 273:platform economy 261:service industry 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5022:Sharing economy 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4974: 4934:The End of Work 4920:Steal This Book 4836:Bonjour paresse 4807: 4744: 4703:Toxic workplace 4661:Refusal of work 4634:Quiet promotion 4367: 4286: 4237:Herbert Marcuse 4212:Walter Benjamin 4202:Mikhail Bakunin 4145: 4140: 4110: 4101: 4085: 4064: 4048: 4027: 4000: 3946:Open innovation 3837: 3793: 3772: 3746: 3720: 3699: 3668: 3637:Project funding 3628: 3612: 3564: 3529: 3352: 3350:Sharing economy 3347: 3317: 3316: 3293: 3289: 3264: 3260: 3247: 3245: 3228: 3224: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3141: 3137: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3057: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2980: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2910: 2906: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2792: 2788: 2773: 2769: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698:The Independent 2689: 2685: 2668: 2664: 2648: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2490:Hindustan Times 2484: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2309: 2283: 2279: 2236: 2232: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2205:. 8 August 2022 2197: 2196: 2192: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2158: 2157: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2088: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2049: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1869: 1858: 1831: 1820: 1815:. 19 June 2019. 1807: 1806: 1802: 1765: 1756: 1729: 1718: 1707: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1631: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1603: 1599: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1517: 1507:10.16997/book32 1493: 1489: 1424: 1417: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1241: 1237: 1222: 1218: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1167: 1163: 1148: 1144: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1111: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1045: 1038: 1027: 1020: 1003: 999: 980: 973: 960:Alvarez, Matt. 958: 954: 937: 933: 896: 892: 887: 859:Precarious work 835: 766: 753: 740: 738:Age disparities 724: 682: 677: 662:Personnel Today 642:Uber BV v Aslam 637: 620: 611: 599: 586: 542: 537: 528: 523: 515:The Gig Economy 513:In their book, 503: 491:Mechanical Turk 478: 419: 393: 360: 348: 336: 322: 316: 311: 291:sharing economy 259:of an existing 255:describing the 222:Travis Kalanick 215: 173: 153:organized labor 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4681:Sunday scaries 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4644:Quiet thriving 4641: 4639:Quiet quitting 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Quick quitting 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4424:Corporatocracy 4421: 4419:Coffee badging 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333:Roland Paulsen 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:L. Susan Brown 4300: 4298:Franco Berardi 4294: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4277:Renzo Novatore 4274: 4272:Raoul Vaneigem 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4182:Günther Anders 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4162:Edward Bellamy 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3921:Garden sharing 3918: 3916:Flight sharing 3913: 3911:Expert network 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3704:Music and film 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3593:Pasporta Servo 3590: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3364:Transportation 3358: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3287: 3258: 3222: 3197: 3180:. 2020-07-15. 3160: 3135: 3076: 3048: 3023: 2999: 2971: 2947: 2923: 2904: 2884: 2864: 2844: 2821: 2818:. 28 May 2020. 2801: 2786: 2767: 2747: 2733: 2704: 2683: 2662: 2621: 2607: 2550: 2539: 2521: 2503: 2492:. 25 July 2023 2477: 2453: 2428: 2403: 2378: 2354: 2337:. 2022-09-06. 2322: 2307: 2277: 2230: 2215: 2190: 2172: 2143: 2123: 2102:(5): 147–165. 2079: 2047: 1990: 1961: 1914: 1900: 1893: 1856: 1818: 1800: 1754: 1743:(3): 357–372. 1716: 1698: 1674: 1650: 1622: 1597: 1575: 1550: 1530: 1515: 1487: 1415: 1364: 1357: 1339: 1315: 1290: 1287:. 17 May 2017. 1276: 1255:(2): 175–191. 1235: 1216: 1198: 1161: 1142: 1124: 1102: 1072: 1058: 1036: 1018: 997: 994:on 2020-12-14. 971: 952: 931: 889: 888: 886: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 765: 762: 752: 749: 739: 736: 723: 720: 681: 678: 676: 673: 636: 635:United Kingdom 633: 619: 616: 610: 607: 598: 597:Southeast Asia 595: 585: 582: 541: 538: 536: 533: 527: 524: 522: 519: 502: 499: 482:gender pay gap 477: 476:Gender and pay 474: 418: 415: 392: 389: 359: 356: 347: 344: 335: 332: 320:Temporary work 318:Main article: 315: 312: 310: 307: 277:business model 269:intermediaries 214: 211: 172: 166: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5039: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4843:Bullshit Jobs 4840: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656:Rage applying 4654: 4650: 4649:Lazy girl job 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4541: 4540:Loud quitting 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481:Funemployment 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Forced labour 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4338:Jeremy Rifkin 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:Michael Hardt 4316: 4314: 4313:David Graeber 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 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3864: 3862: 3861:Book swapping 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3784:ToursByLocals 3782: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3560:misterb&b 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 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