Jack Kerouac - Knowledge

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Kerouac cut sheets of tracing paper into long strips, wide enough for a typewriter, and taped them together into a 120-foot (37 m) long roll which he then fed into the machine. This allowed him to type continuously without the interruption of reloading pages. The resulting manuscript contained no chapter or paragraph breaks and was much more explicit than the version which was eventually published. Though "spontaneous," Kerouac had prepared long in advance before beginning to write. In fact, according to his Columbia professor and mentor

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Cloutier. Set in 1935, mostly on the East Coast, it explores some of the recurring themes of Kerouac's literature by way of a spoken word narrative. Here, as with most of his French writings, Kerouac writes with little regard for grammar or spelling, often relying on phonetics in order to render an authentic reproduction of the French-Canadian vernacular. Even though this work has the same title as one of his best known English novels, it is the original French version of an incomplete translation that later became

1812: 282: 1504:... and I shambled after as usual as I've been doing all my life after people who interest me, because the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars and in the middle you see the blue centerlight pop and everybody goes "Awww!" 1345: 879:"was really a story about two Catholic buddies roaming the country in search of God. And we found him. I found him in the sky, in Market Street San Francisco (those 2 visions), and Dean (Neal) had God sweating out of his forehead all the way. THERE IS NO OTHER WAY OUT FOR THE HOLY MAN: HE MUST SWEAT FOR GOD. And once he has found Him, the Godhood of God is forever Established and really must not be spoken about." According to his biographer, historian 1395:) based upon actual events from his life and the people with whom he interacted. This approach is reflected also by his plot structure: his narratives were not heavily focused on traditional plot structures. Instead, his works often revolved around a series of episodic encounters, road trips, and personal reflections. The emphasis was on the characters' experiences and the exploration of themes such as freedom, rebellion, and the search for meaning. 849:. The book was largely autobiographical and describes Kerouac's road-trip adventures across the United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late 40s and early 50s, as well as his relationships with other Beat writers and friends. Although some of the novel is focused on driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady did most of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive aged 34, but never had a formal license. 6839: 1329:, suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He received several transfusions in an attempt to make up for the loss of blood, and doctors subsequently attempted surgery, but a damaged liver prevented his blood from clotting. He never regained consciousness after the operation, and died at the hospital at 5:15 the following morning, at the age of 47. His cause of death was listed as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding 810: 739:. The book was published in 2011, 70 years after it was written and over 40 years after Kerouac's death. Kerouac described the work as being about "man's simple revolt from society as it is, with the inequalities, frustration, and self-inflicted agonies." He viewed the work as a failure, calling it a "crock as literature" and never actively seeking to publish it. 751:

dumped the body in the Hudson River. Afterwards, Carr sought help from Kerouac. Kerouac disposed of the murder weapon and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses. Carr, encouraged by Burroughs, turned himself in to the police. Kerouac and Burroughs were later arrested as material witnesses. Kerouac's father refused to pay his bail; Kerouac then agreed to marry

895:, whom he acknowledged as his daughter after a blood test confirmed it nine years later. For the next several years Kerouac continued writing and traveling, taking long trips through the U.S. and Mexico. He often experienced episodes of heavy drinking and depression. During this period, he finished drafts of what became ten more novels, including 2133:, a transcription of the original draft typed as one long paragraph on sheets of tracing paper which Kerouac taped together to form a 120-foot (37 m) scroll. The text is more sexually explicit than Viking allowed to be published in 1957, and also uses the real names of Kerouac's friends rather than the fictional names he later substituted. 3495: 1948:, with actors, writers, artists, and close friends giving their insight into the book. The movie also describes the people and places on which Kerouac based his characters and settings, including the cabin in Bixby Canyon. An album released to accompany the movie, "One Fast Move or I'm Gone", features Benjamin Gibbard ( 2076:

jazz and Buddhism. "Mexico City Blues," a collection of poems published in 1959, is made up of 242 choruses following the rhythms of jazz. In much of his poetry, to achieve a jazz-like rhythm, Kerouac made use of the long dash in place of a period. Several examples of this can be seen in "Mexico City Blues":

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While he is best known for his novels, Kerouac also wrote poetry. Kerouac said that he wanted "to be considered as a jazz poet blowing a long blues in an afternoon jazz session on Sunday.". Many of Kerouac's poems follow the style of his free-flowing, uninhibited prose, also incorporating elements of

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Kerouac completed the first version of the novel during a three-week extended session of spontaneous confessional prose. Kerouac wrote the final draft in 20 days, with Joan, his wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls of pea soup, and mugs of coffee to keep him going. Before beginning,

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since Carr was a teenager in St. Louis. William Burroughs was also a native of St. Louis, and it was through Carr that Kerouac came to know both Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. Carr said Kammerer's homosexual obsession turned aggressive, finally provoking Carr to stab him to death in self-defense. Carr

490:), and that the Kerouacs had fled from Cornwall to Brittany. Another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before the time of Christ and the name meant "language of the house". In still another interview he said it was an Irish word for "language of the water" and related to 1577:

Kerouac refers to this short novel in a letter addressed to Neal Cassady (who is commonly known as the inspiration for the character Dean Moriarty) dated January 10, 1953. The published novel runs over 110 pages, having been reconstituted from six distinct files in the Kerouac archive by Professor

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of New York. He recalled "a whole bunch of rabbis walking arm in arm ... teedah- teedah – teedah ... and they wouldn't part for this Christian man and his wife, so my father went POOM! and knocked a rabbi right in the gutter." Leo, after the death of his child, also treated a priest with

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In 2010, during the first weekend of October, the 25th anniversary of the literary festival "Lowell Celebrates Kerouac" was held in Kerouac's birthplace of Lowell, Massachusetts. It featured walking tours, literary seminars, and musical performances focused on Kerouac's work and that of the Beat

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like him in New York, and they became friends. Gwernig used to translate his Breton language poems into English so that Kerouac could read and understand them : "Meeting with Jack Kerouac in 1965, for instance, was a decisive turn. Since he could not speak Breton he asked me: 'Would you not

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Kerouac's novel is often described as the defining work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac came to be called "the king of the beat generation," a term with which he never felt comfortable. He once observed, "I'm not a beatnik. I'm a Catholic", showing the reporter a painting of

868:) traveling between the East and West coasts of the United States to earn money, frequently finding rest and the quiet space necessary for writing at the home of his mother. While employed in this way he met and befriended Abe Green, a young freight train jumper who later introduced Kerouac to 755:

if her parents would pay the bail. They married on Tuesday 22 August 1944 in the Municipal Building, with two detectives as witnesses, before Kerouac was returned to his cell in the Bronx City Prison (their marriage was annulled in 1948.) Kerouac and Burroughs collaborated on a novel about the

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has been misinterpreted as a tale of companions out looking for kicks, but the most important thing to comprehend is that Kerouac was an American Catholic author – for example, virtually every page of his diary bore a sketch of a crucifix, a prayer, or an appeal to Christ to be forgiven.

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and sent me here." The medical examiner reported that Kerouac's military adjustment was poor, quoting Kerouac: "I just can't stand it; I like to be by myself." Two days later he was honorably discharged on the psychiatric grounds that he was of "indifferent character" with a diagnosis of

1432:. The central features of this writing method were the ideas of breath (borrowed from jazz and from Buddhist meditation breathing), improvising words over the inherent structures of mind and language, and limited revision. Connected with this idea of breath was the elimination of the 1295:

Despite the role which his literary work played in inspiring the counterculture movement of the 1960s, Kerouac was openly critical of it. Arguments over the movement, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse to be "spiteful," also resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.

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that described a simmering legal dispute between Kerouac's family and the executor of daughter Jan Kerouac's estate, Gerald Nicosia. The article, citing legal documents, showed that Kerouac's estate, worth $ 91 at the time of his death, was worth $ 10 million in 1998.

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Kerouac would go on for hours, often drunk, to friends and strangers about his method. Allen Ginsberg, initially unimpressed, would later be one of his great proponents, and it was Kerouac's free-flowing prose method that inspired the composition of Ginsberg's poem

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Kerouac spoke French with his family and began learning English at school, around age six; he began speaking it confidently in his late teens. He was a serious child who was devoted to his mother, who played an important role in his life. She was a devout

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brought Kerouac instant fame. His celebrity status brought publishers desiring unwanted manuscripts that were previously rejected before its publication. After nine months, he no longer felt safe in public. He was badly beaten by three men outside the

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contains accounts of a mountain climbing trip Kerouac took with Snyder, and includes excerpts of letters from Snyder. While living with Snyder outside Mill Valley, California, in 1956, Kerouac worked on a book about him, which he considered calling

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seeking adventure and fueling their travels by apparently plentiful temporary jobs in the various U.S. locales framing the anthology-styled stories, gave the impression of being a commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for

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and his swing band) in an attempt to reclaim the cultural property of the black community which had informed every popular music genre. There has always been an exchange of ideas and musical forms between black and white communities. For example,

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was the most important Buddhist text for Kerouac, and "probably one of the three or four most influential things he ever read". In 1955, he began an intensive study of this sutra, in a repeating weekly cycle, devoting one day to each of the six

621:, where he befriended Seymour Wyse, an Englishman whom he later featured as a character, under the pseudonym 'Lionel Smart', in several of Kerouac's books. He also cites Wyse as the person who introduced him to the new styles of jazz, including 2205:, the son of Kerouac's brother-in-law, has been the chief literary executor for the estate of Jack Kerouac. Together with the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Shen-Sampas has worked to preserve and archive all aspects of Kerouac's life. 1337:, the result of longtime alcohol abuse. A possible contributing factor was an untreated hernia he suffered in a bar fight several weeks earlier. His funeral was held at St. Jean Baptiste Church in Lowell, Massachusetts, and he was buried at 535:, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons. He later said she was the only woman he ever loved. After Gerard died, his mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking. 1530:

Although the body of Kerouac's work has been published in English, in addition to his poetry and letters to friends and family, he also wrote unpublished works of fiction in French. The existence of his two novels written in French,

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This is the scenario that surrounds the dénouement of Kerouac's work. It's in 1948 that he finishes his first novel, The Town and the City; very soon after came the birth–and its explosion of popularity in the 1950s–of rock ‘n'

625:. After his year at Horace Mann, Kerouac earned the requisite grades for entry to Columbia. Kerouac broke a leg playing football during his freshman season, and during an abbreviated second year he argued constantly with coach 1774:

sings gospel and blues and white country songs and some black rock n' roll artists sing in a manner similar to Elvis or borrow elements from European music or folk. Rock n' roll borrows elements from blues, country-western,

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that he was encouraged by Ginsberg and others to formally explain his style. Of his expositions of the spontaneous prose method, the most concise was "Belief and Technique for Modern Prose", a list of 30 "essential" maxims.

562:, during which he heard God tell him that he had a good soul, that he would suffer in life and die in pain and horror, but would in the end receive salvation. This experience, along with his dying brother's vision of the 1911:

This group provides opportunities for aspiring writers to live in the same house in which Kerouac was inspired, with room and board covered for three months. In 1998, the Chicago Tribune published a story by journalist

1152:"I'd be ashamed to confront you and Gary now I've become so decadent and drunk and don't give a shit. I'm not a Buddhist any more." In further reaction to their criticism, he quoted part of Abe Green's café recitation, 1285:

write some of your poems in English? I'd really like to read them ! ... ' So I wrote an Diri Dir – Stairs of Steel for him, and kept on doing so. That's why I often write my poems in Breton, French and English."

455:. His reason for that statement seems to be linked to an old family legend that the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Louis Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouac's baptism certificate lists his name simply as 4305:

Gore Vidal quotes Ginsberg speaking of Kerouac: "'You know around 1968, when we were all protesting the Vietnam War, Jack wrote me that the war was just an excuse for 'you Jews to be spiteful again.'" Gore Vidal,

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In 1969, at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused by a lifetime of heavy drinking. Since then, his literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published.

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In order to vindicate the cultural, ideological and aesthetic advancement in Kerouac's work and its relevance–and the genesis of rock ‘n' roll–one must first understand the origins of jazz and its offshoots.

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towards the end of his life, he expressed a desire to speak his parents' native tongue again. In 2016, a whole volume of previously unpublished works originally written in French by Kerouac was published as

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Kerouac is generally considered to be the father of the Beat movement, although he actively disliked such labels. Kerouac's method was heavily influenced by the prolific explosion of jazz, especially the

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The first forms of jazz were formed in New Orleans from a melange of blues, work songs, marches, work songs, African and European music. Bop–the form of jazz that most influenced Kerouac–was created by

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was also a literary influence on Kerouac and alludes to Joyce's work more than any other author. Kerouac had high esteem for Joyce and he often used Joyce's stream-of-consciousness technique. Regarding

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Library, which marked the beginning of his study of Buddhism. Between 1955 and 1956, he lived on and off with his sister, whom he called "Nin," and her husband, Paul Blake, at their home outside of

721:. He served eight days of active duty with the Navy before arriving on the sick list. According to his medical report, Kerouac said he "asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me 717:

before its maiden voyage. A few months later, the SS Dorchester was sunk during a submarine attack while crossing the Atlantic, and several of his former shipmates were lost. In 1943 he joined the

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For the next six years, Kerouac continued to write regularly. Building upon previous drafts tentatively titled "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on the Road", he completed what is now known as

2106:, the concentration of composing the mind. Also, following the jazz / blues tradition, Kerouac's poetry features repetition and themes of the troubles and sense of loss experienced in life. 1574:. The novella, completed in five days in Mexico during December 1952, is a telling example of Kerouac's attempts at writing in his first language, a language he often called Canuck French. 1167:— a wood-framed Victorian on Gilbert Street that he shared with his mother, Gabrielle. They moved there in March 1958 and stayed in Northport for six years, moving twice during that time. 667:

When his football career at Columbia ended, Kerouac dropped out of the university. He continued to live for a time in New York's Upper West Side with his girlfriend and future first wife,

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From around this time, Kerouac's journal includes an ambitious "Immediate Reading List," a wide-ranging list that includes sacred texts from India and China as well as a note to read "

566:(as the nuns fawned over him, convinced he was a saint), combined with a later study of Buddhism and an ongoing commitment to Christ, solidified the worldview which informed his work. 1148:, that "even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I was a monstrous imposter." He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California, and explained to 1288:

During these years, Kerouac suffered the loss of his older sister to a heart attack in 1964 and his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1966. Kerouac moved in with his mother in

403:, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements. He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing many of the cultural icons of the 1960s, including 2424: 1539:

was revealed to the general public in a series of articles published by journalist Gabriel Anctil, in the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir in 2007 and 2008. All these works, including

1230:. Even the leads, Buz and Todd, bore a resemblance to the dark, athletic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac felt he'd been conspicuously ripped off by 2546:. at p. 30 ("Kerouac ... attempt to play down any perceived responsibility on his part for the hippie generation, whose dangerous activism he found repellent and "delinquent."); 1389:. He often referred to his style as "spontaneous prose". Although Kerouac's prose was spontaneous and purportedly without edits, he primarily wrote autobiographical novels (or 2542:. at p. 29 ("Kerouac realized where his basic allegiance lay and vehemently disassociated himself from hippies and revolutionaries and deemed them unpatriotic subversives."); 1908: 826:, it reflects on the generational epic formula and the contrasts of small-town life versus the multi-dimensional, and larger life of the city. The book was heavily edited by 5662: 2535:

Kerouac appeared to have done an about-face, becoming extraordinarily reactionary and staunchly anticommunist, vocalizing his intense hatred of the 1960s counterculture ...

7505: 1074:. Huncke used the term "beat" to describe a person with little money and few prospects. Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately be his undoing. 1070:, among others, became a notorious representation of the Beat Generation. The term Beat Generation was invented by Kerouac during a conversation held with fellow novelist 6656:– The Jack and Stella Kerouac Center for the Public Humanities's website is an interactive storehouse and exhibition space dedicated to Jack Kerouac and connected topics. 4775: 2351: 822:

was published in 1950 under the name "John Kerouac" and, though it earned him a few respectable reviews, the book sold poorly. Heavily influenced by Kerouac's reading of

4329: 3124: 1325:, Kerouac was working on a book about his father's print shop. He suddenly felt nauseated and went to the bathroom, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was taken to 2998: 1398: 4461: 444:

Kerouac was born on March 12, 1922, in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack (1889–1946) and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque (1895–1973).

7498: 5760: 4376: 3155: 961:, an imaginative treatise on Buddhism, while living there. However, Kerouac had earlier taken an interest in Eastern thought. In 1946 he read Heinrich Zimmer's 3346: 4592: 521:, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who later said Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouac's novel 5685: 5300: 5213:"Too Extreme . . . Until Now : The 1959 novel 'Naked Lunch'--labeled 'literary sewage' by a Supreme Court justice--has a champion in David Cronenberg" 517:

Jack Kerouac later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as "sad Beaulieu". The Kerouac family was living there in 1926 when Jack's older brother Gerard died of

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have also been translated to English by Jean-Christophe Cloutier, in collaboration with Kerouac, and were published in 2016 by the Library of America in

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suits, pseudonyms were used for the book's "characters." These revisions have often led to criticisms of the alleged spontaneity of Kerouac's style.

527:. He had one other sibling, an older sister named Caroline. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John around the house during his childhood. 6170: 5189: 3561: 813:

Jack Kerouac lived with his parents for a time above a corner drug store in Ozone Park (now a flower shop), while writing some of his earliest work.

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in New York basements between 1941 and 1945. Bop arose as a reaction to the perception of musical theft perpetrated by white entertainers (e.g.,

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TV production company, and sponsor Chevrolet, but was somehow counseled against proceeding with what looked like a very potent cause of action.

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At the time of his death, Kerouac was living with his third wife, Stella Sampas Kerouac. His mother, Gabrielle, inherited most of his estate.

6276: 3629: 1156:: "A gaping, rabid congregation, eager to bathe, are washed over by the Font of Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light." 3694: 3663: 5278: 4703: 1874:, Brittany. An annual Kerouac festival was established in Lanmeur in 2010. In the 1980s, the city of San Francisco named a one-way street, 6690: 5253: 4504: 4038: 2968: 2621: 7941: 7846: 7761: 6739: 6726: 2408: 2165:

Les Éditions du Boréal, a Montreal-based publishing house, obtained rights from Kerouac's estate to publish a collection of works titled

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In the spring of 1951, while pregnant, Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac. In February 1952, she gave birth to Kerouac's only child,

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paid $ 2.43 million for the original scroll and allowed an exhibition tour that concluded at the end of 2009. The other new issue,

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exposure to Thoreau caused Kerouac to consider abandoning his scholarship and college education and 'living in the woods like Thoreau.'

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all credit Kerouac as a significant influence on their music and lifestyles. This is especially so with members of the band the Doors,

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and should be treated with the same gravity." Additionally, Kerouac admired Joyce's experimental use of language, as seen in his novel

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In the current political climate, Kerouac wrote, he had nowhere to turn, as he liked neither the hippies ... nor the upper-echelon ...

1799:. The school offers a BA in Writing and Literature, MFAs in Writing & Poetics and Creative Writing, and a summer writing program. 471: 6907: 5426:, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) 2150: 758: 7926: 7901: 7851: 7766: 4797: 4725: 3473: 4997: 926:, an African-American woman, and member of the Beat generation. Alene was the basis for the character named "Mardou" in the novel 7896: 5654: 5566: 5392: 2297: 1104:, possibly as a result of his new notoriety as the central character of the book, was set up and arrested for selling marijuana. 3734: 2792: 7931: 6866: 4767: 3976: 3108: 2668: 2335: 1739:. Hip-hop group the Beastie Boys mention Kerouac in their 1989 song, "3-Minute Rule", from the album Paul's Boutique. The 2000 5419: 3081: 7891: 7866: 7836: 7521: 6748: 6682: 6546: 6377: 5150: 4539: 4514: 3518: 3281: 3091: 2990: 2717: 2528: 2491: 2384: 1034:, which demanded major revisions prior to publication. Many of the most sexually explicit passages were removed and, fearing 4280: 3432: 1470:

in Washington, after hearing Snyder's and Whalen's stories of working as fire spotters. Kerouac described the experience in

7856: 7771: 7082: 5481: 5054: 2345: 7936: 7886: 7826: 3871: 766:(and as noted below, the novel was finally published late 2008). Kerouac also later wrote about the killing in his novel 32: 5347:"Jack Kerouac's 'Big Sur' gets the Hollywood treatment from Kate Bosworth and company. – Monterey County Weekly: Movies" 4465: 6298: 5440: 5274: 5023: 3841: 3215: 3057: 2457: 1932: 588: 5768: 4360: 3147: 1058:

proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation. Kerouac was hailed as a major American writer. His friendship with

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Johnson, Ronna C., "You're Putting Me On: Jack Kerouac and the Postmodern Emergence". College Literature. 27.1 2000.

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In response, Kerouac chronicled parts of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as some of his adventures with

7921: 7906: 6663: 6582: 2036: 1744: 6710: 5304: 629:, who kept him benched. While at Columbia, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the student newspaper, the 7299: 7217: 7179: 2723: 2497: 2418: 2269: 2220: 1975: 1610:, as many scholars, such as Paul Maher Jr., Joyce Johnson, Hassan Melehy, and Gabriel Anctil have pointed out. 400: 3372: 2169:(it was released in April 2016). It includes 16 previously unpublished works, in French, including a novella, 1967:

In the 2010s, there was a surge in films based on the Beat Generation. Kerouac has been depicted in the films

7861: 6816: 6800: 6784: 6650:—An introduction to the life and work of Jack Kerouac, and the deep impact he had on our society and culture. 6011: 5503: 2845: 1826: 1626:. The technique Kerouac developed that later gained him notoriety was heavily influenced by jazz, especially 975: 727: 707: 357: 3249: 1678:

Kerouac and his literary works had a major impact on the popular rock music of the 1960s. Artists including

1660:, he wrote in a letter to Ginsberg, "I can tell you now as I look back on the flood of language. It is like 1606:

was written in early 1951 and completed a few days or weeks before he began the original English version of

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and published in 1958. It was written in Orlando between November 26 and December 7, 1957. To begin writing

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Kerouac was a capable athlete in football and wrestling. Kerouac's skills as running back in football for

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Though the work was completed quickly, Kerouac had a long and difficult time finding a publisher. Before

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around 1949 when living there. His friends jokingly called him "The Wizard of Ozone Park", alluding to

718: 137: 6630: 6606: 7015: 6884: 5107: 2065: 1555:(Boréal, 2016) edited by University of Pennsylvania professor Jean-Christophe Cloutier. In 1996, the 915: 345: 168: 6003: 5327: 5084: 4617: 3762: 1645:. This was his sole reading on Desolation Peak, and he hoped by this means to condition his mind to 7801: 7725: 7251: 6361: 3523: 3305: 2550:. at p. 111 ("Kerouac saw the hippies as mindless, communistic, rude, unpatriotic and soulless."); 2521:

Countering the Counterculture: Rereading Postwar American Dissent from Jack Kerouac to Tomás Rivera

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Some believed that at times Kerouac's writing technique did not produce lively or energetic prose.

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neighborhood of Queens, after they had also moved to New York. He wrote his first published novel,

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The Paradox of Thanatos: Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, From Self-destruction to Self-liberation

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at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his death. His first published book was

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Other poems by Kerouac, such as "Bowery Blues," incorporate jazz rhythms with Buddhist themes of

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Mortenson, Erik R. "Beating Time: Configurations of Temporality in Jack Kerouac's On the Road".

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Encyclopedia of Beat Literature: The Essential Guide to the Lives and Works of the Beat Writers

5250: 4983:"Jack Kerouac Biography | Jack Kerouac." Jack Kerouac. UMass Lowell, 2014. Web. April 29, 2014. 4593:"Fire lookout that author Jack Kerouac wrote about is in danger of burning in Washington state" 4490:, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 25332). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. 3181: 2960: 2625: 1306: 1289: 1047: 987: 932: 864:

was accepted by Viking Press, Kerouac got a job as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout" (see

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similar contempt, angrily throwing him out of the house despite his invitation from Gabrielle.

563: 6723: 5604: 5598: 5136: 4931: 3777: 3584: 762:. Though the book was not published during their lifetimes, an excerpt eventually appeared in 659: 474:. Jack also had various stories on the etymology of his surname, usually tracing it to Irish, 447:

There is some confusion surrounding his name, partly because of variations on the spelling of

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In 2005, Kerouac was mentioned in the single "Nolwenn Ohwo!" by French pop singer-songwriter

1860: 1292:, Massachusetts, for almost a year in 1966. In 1968, Neal Cassady also died while in Mexico. 818: 781: 735: 551: 440:

Jack Kerouac's birthplace, 9 Lupine Road, 2nd floor, West Centralville, Lowell, Massachusetts

366: 361: 352:. He "learned English at age six and spoke with a marked accent into his late teens." During 349: 67: 3047: 2374: 7756: 7751: 7665: 7595: 7410: 7275: 7065: 6912: 6052:

Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution

5974: 5594: 2765: 2158:. Previously, a fragment of the manuscript had been published in the Burroughs compendium, 1990: 1261: 1217: 1063: 950: 846: 696: 330: 215: 4432:"For Kerouac, Off the Road and Deep into the Bottle, a Rest Stop on the Long Island Shore" 8: 7610: 7570: 7463: 6717:, held by the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature, 6702: 5795:

Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution

4403: 3463: 2202: 1949: 1788: 1235: 1209: 1205: 1164: 684: 611: 607: 600: 509: 112: 4993: 2056:

song "Walking Each Other Home" opens with the lyrics "Kerouac gave me a book of poems."

1931:

In 2007, Kerouac was posthumously awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the

1670:, which uses an unconventional narrative as well as a multiplicity of authorial voices. 1630:, and later, Buddhism, as well as the Joan Anderson letter written by Neal Cassady. The 1265:

in November 1959. In response to Allen's question "How would you define the word 'beat?

833: 7700: 7468: 7098: 5953: 4966: 3750: 3468: 3377: 2819: 2134: 2015: 1887: 1875: 1815: 1752:

As the critic Juan Arabia has written in relation to Kerouac's work and rock 'n' roll:

1406: 1330: 1222: 1137: 1118: 982: 957:("Testament, Va." in his works) where he meditated on, and studied, Buddhism. He wrote 845:

in April 1951, while living at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan with his second wife,

776: 618: 5377: 5238:"In honor of Jack Kerouac's 98th birthday, let's look back at his time as a Gap model" 3528: 2407:

Kerouac, Jack (June 1996). "Ma folle naissance crépusculaire - La nuit est ma femme".

2294: 1551:(originally written in French), have now been published together in a volume entitled 7560: 7259: 7152: 7074: 7007: 6991: 6935: 6673: 6550: 6542: 6516: 6406: 6391: 6373: 6351: 6210: 6135: 6062: 5936: 5900: 5885: 5854: 5851:

Poets on the Peaks Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, and Jack Kerouac in the North Cascades

5826: 5798: 5709: 5686:"Jack Kerouac's Estate Takes A New Turn as Longtime Custodian John Sampas Dies at 84" 5608: 5146: 5080: 4937: 4911: 4847: 4825: 4753: 4674: 4535: 4510: 4368: 4311: 4160: 3917: 3783: 3728: 3590: 3254: 3223: 3189: 3116: 3087: 3053: 2887: 2796: 2713: 2557: 2524: 2487: 2453: 2414: 2380: 2341: 1796: 1762: 1695: 1559:

had already published excerpts and an article on "La nuit est ma femme", and scholar

1476: 922:

In 1953, he lived mostly in New York City, having a brief but passionate affair with

897: 857:, he had outlined much of the work in his journals over the several preceding years. 523: 470:

Kerouac's father Leo had been born into a family of potato farmers in the village of

6145:

Grace, Nancy M. Jack Kerouac and the Literary Imagination. Palgrave-macmillan, 2007.

4957:

Begnal, Michael (2003). ""To be an Irishman Too": Jack Kerouac's Irish Connection".

3968: 2681: 1853: 1458:, which Kerouac described as "mostly about .") That summer, Kerouac took a job as a 7680: 7620: 7326: 7267: 7187: 7114: 7031: 6030: 5416: 4260: 3556: 2676: 2232: 2030: 2026: 1969: 1802:

From 1978 to 1992, Joy Walsh published 28 issues of a magazine devoted to Kerouac,

1740: 1726: 1718:, keyboard player of The Doors, wrote "I suppose if Jack Kerouac had never written 880: 768: 743: 722: 675:

figures who shaped his legacy and became characters in many of his novels, such as

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Radio documentary by Gabriel Anctil ans Jean-Philippe Pleau on Radio-Canada (2015)

6745: 3278: 746:

in the murder of David Kammerer, who allegedly had been stalking Kerouac's friend

395:, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, a 7670: 7660: 7650: 7645: 7565: 7451: 7425: 7090: 7047: 7023: 6999: 6983: 6943: 6820: 6804: 6788: 6775: 6752: 6730: 6714: 6694: 6647: 6625: 6601: 6280: 6253:

Minor Characters: A Young Woman's Coming-Of-Age in the Beat Orbit of Jack Kerouac

5539: 5477: 5423: 5257: 4905: 4284: 3911: 3440: 3310: 3290: 3285: 2961:"Kerouac — "My really best friend…" an interview with Seymour Wyse by Dave Moore" 2881: 2772: 2301: 1994: 1944: 1913: 1903: 1811: 1662: 1524: 1445: 1378: 1374: 1281: 1255: 1113: 1097: 1008: 992: 938: 672: 636: 580: 538:

Some of Kerouac's poetry was written in French, and in letters written to friend

532: 518: 486:

roots. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language (

475: 459:, the most common spelling of the name in Quebec. Kerouac's roots were indeed in 384: 338: 162: 156: 132: 5046: 2766:

The Apocalypse of Jack Kerouac: Meditations on the 30th Anniversary of his Death

1646: 1391: 513:

His third of several homes growing up in the West Centralville section of Lowell

7690: 7685: 7655: 7615: 7580: 7400: 7342: 7291: 7106: 6959: 6383: 6040: 4500: 2709:

After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism

2654:

Michael J. Dittman, Jack Kerouac: A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004

2483:

After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism

2319: 2053: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1730: 1560: 1467: 1370: 1349: 1338: 1277: 1185: 1071: 1059: 966: 872:, a Times Square street hustler and favorite of many Beat Generation writers. 869: 854: 688: 676: 648: 592: 539: 334: 4197: 3863: 2099: 1136:

from such respected figures in the American field of Buddhism as Zen teachers

7740: 7715: 7675: 7625: 7575: 7405: 7243: 6678: 5171: 4372: 3411: 3227: 3193: 3120: 1986: 1942:

was released. It chronicles the time in Kerouac's life that led to his novel

1921: 1766: 1638: 1632: 1520: 1437: 1189: 1181: 1172: 1149: 1093: 1067: 1020: 827: 792: 711: 388: 6458:

Nelson, Victoria. "Dark Journey into Light: On the Road with Jack Kerouac".

6366:

Why Kerouac Matters: The Lessons of On the Road (They're Not What You Think)

5436: 5019: 4851: 4768:"Forthcoming from Library of America: Summer–Fall 2016 | Library of America" 4532:

The textuality of soulwork : Jack Kerouac's quest for spontaneous prose

3833: 2314: 1046:

In July 1957, Kerouac moved to a small house at 1418½ Clouser Avenue in the

7720: 7640: 7600: 7550: 7540: 7395: 7334: 6534: 6369: 5966: 5948: 4839: 2664: 1792: 1715: 1703: 1623: 1459: 1197: 1177: 1145: 1101: 1079: 1031: 823: 703: 680: 644: 640: 570: 412: 353: 6554: 1870:, is named after him in Quebec City, as well as in the hamlet of Kerouac, 1440:

licks. When spoken, the words take on a certain musical rhythm and tempo.

973:, which was unpublished during his lifetime, but eventually serialized in 7705: 7695: 7630: 7590: 7555: 7435: 7415: 7390: 7385: 7039: 6927: 5629:"Jack Kerouac's rare French novels to be released by Canadian publishers" 5375: 4156:

The Road Story and the Rebel; Moving Through Film, Fiction and television

2638: 2581:

Brother-Souls: John Clellon Holmes, Jack Kerouac, and the Beat Generation

2225: 2155: 2045: 1841:. Other tributes in French Canada include the 1972 biography by novelist 1735: 1687: 1683: 1652: 1511: 1490: 1386: 1239: 1193: 1108: 1087: 892: 787: 752: 747: 692: 668: 408: 372: 281: 268: 186: 150: 38: 6824: 6808: 6792: 4970: 4644: 3020: 1344: 7535: 6951: 6669: 6453:

Gerard: The Influence of Jack Kerouac's Brother on his Life and Writing

4645:"Author Jack Kerouac spends 63 days as a fire lookout on Desolation Pe" 1141: 1035: 1007:

smoking marijuana and rooting for the anti-communist crusader, Senator

903: 626: 396: 370:(1950), and he achieved widespread fame and notoriety with his second, 4330:"What Hollywood Gets Wrong About Jack Kerouac and the Beat Generation" 3049:

The Beat Generation in New York: A Walking Tour of Jack Kerouac's City

2337:

The Unknown Kerouac: Rare, Unpublished & Newly Translated Writings

1733:

wrote a song bearing his name, "Hey Jack Kerouac" on their 1987 album

1642: 7710: 7430: 6975: 6707: 5507: 4148: 4146: 2241: 2145:, is a reissue of the 40th anniversary issue under an updated title. 2138: 1699: 1691: 1679: 1433: 1334: 1054:. Weeks later, a review of the book by Gilbert Millstein appeared in 1016: 923: 909: 416: 404: 6829: 3834:"Jack Kerouac: All Roads Lead to Rocky Mount by Daniel Barth (pg 8)" 2707: 2481: 383:

spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers topics such as his

6833: 5142: 4488:

Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons

2937:(2022). "'A model for the world': Jack Kerouac and Henry Thoreau". 1953: 1895: 1834: 1412:

Many of his books exemplified this spontaneous approach, including

1382: 1221:(1960–1964), featuring two untethered young men "on the road" in a 460: 392: 6813: 6797: 6781: 4143: 1015:

he wrote, "when I went to Columbia all they tried to teach us was

7585: 7456: 4192: 2237: 2103: 1871: 733:

While a Merchant Mariner in 1942, Kerouac wrote his first novel,

555: 503: 499: 464: 6825:

John Sampas collection of Jack Kerouac material, circa 1900-2005

4898: 2376:

The view from on the road: the rhetorical vision of Jack Kerouac

647:, where other Beat Generation figures lived. He also studied at 6844: 6755:—The definitive key to the 600+ characters in Kerouac's novels. 6734: 5730:"Jack Kerouac | Visions of Kerouac: The John Sampas Collection" 5047:"Beatnik / Kerouac and Rock 'n Roll: Two essays by Juan Arabia" 1776: 809: 559: 308: 7520: 6403:

Desolate Angel: Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America

1909:

The Jack Kerouac Writers in Residence Project of Orlando, Inc.

1907:

was written was purchased by a newly formed non-profit group,

305: 6476:. Grove Press, 1983. Revised edition Noodlebrain Press, 2022. 5949:

Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg

4031:"Jack Kerouac, Novelist, Dead; Father of the Beat Generation" 1771: 1627: 1381:, and others. Later, he included ideas he developed from his 1366: 622: 550:

On May 17, 1928, while six years old, Kerouac made his first

5532: 1590:

edited by Todd Tietchen, includes Cloutier's translation of

1523:

said of it, "That's not writing, it's typing". According to

3779:

This is the Beat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris

2196: 1443:

Kerouac greatly admired and was influenced by Gary Snyder.

1026:

In 1957, after being rejected by several other publishers,

6814:

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

6798:

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

6782:

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

5437:"Jack Kerouac- Poets.org – Poetry, Poems, Bios & More" 1985:

was released internationally in 2012, and was directed by

1622:, was more conventional, and bore the strong influence of 348:

ancestry, Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home in

6171:"An Exploration of Jack Kerouac's Buddhism:Text and Life" 3782:. University of California Press. pp. 138–139, 142. 3496:"LITTLE SHOPPE OF FLOWERS" "Ozone Park" Queens "New York" 2154:

was published for the first time on November 1, 2008, by

979:, 1993–95. It was published by Viking in September 2008. 795:'s nickname, "the Wizard of Menlo Park", and to the film 314: 6497:. February 22, 2004. Article: "Jack Kerouac in Orlando". 6334:

Nobody's Wife: The Smart Aleck and the King of the Beats

6260:

Door Wide Open: A Beat Love Affair in Letters, 1957–1958

5271:"UMass Lowell Honors Jack Kerouac, U.S. Rep. John Lewis" 1527:

and others, he constantly rewrote and revised his work.

451:, and because of Kerouac's own statement of his name as 6308:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999. 4454: 1795:

at Naropa University, a private Buddhist university in

1706:

and Ray Manzarek, who quote Jack Kerouac and his novel

1299:

Also in 1968, Kerouac last appeared on television, for

6640: 6539:

The Awakener: A Memoir of Jack Kerouac and the Fifties

5535:"On the Road (uncensored). Discovered: Kerouac 'cuts'" 5376:

Veenakumari, K.; Rajmohana, K.; Prashanth, M. (2012).

4188:"Jack Kerouac on The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1959)" 2043:

off of Kerouac's travels across America and his novel

1859:

In the mid-1980s, Kerouac Park was placed in downtown

1710:

as one of the band's greatest influences. In his book

1618:

Kerouac's early writing, particularly his first novel

5878:

Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac

4267:. New York: The Library of America, 2007. pp. 844–45. 3586:

Subterranean Kerouac: the hidden life of Jack Kerouac

3250:"Jack Kerouac's favourite neighbourhood in the world" 2883:

Subterranean Kerouac: The Hidden Life of Jack Kerouac

2018:(hitch-hiking) on grasshoppers is named after him as 1249:

begins and ends with footage of Kerouac reading from

1050:

section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of

919:, which chronicle many of the events of these years. 317: 302: 6267:

The Voice is All: The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerouac

4887: 4885: 2605: 2603: 2591: 2589: 2265:(1990) (Audio CD collection of three studio albums) 1474:

and later in "Alone on a Mountaintop" (published in

1170:

Kerouac also wrote and narrated a beat movie titled

6045:

Now It's Jazz: Writings on Kerouac & the Sounds

4696:"Jack Kerouac's Famous Scroll, 'On the Road' Again" 3656:"Jack Kerouac's Famous Scroll, 'On the Road' Again" 2875: 2873: 2871: 1885:The character Hank in David Cronenberg's 1991 film 1212:in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture. 990:in Orlando, Florida, where Kerouac lived and wrote 663:

Kerouac's Naval Reserve Enlistment photograph, 1943

329:, was an American novelist and poet who, alongside 299: 6778:ebook by Gabriel Anctil & Marie-Sandrine Auger 6529:Moody Street Irregulars: A Jack Kerouac Newsletter 5655:"Unpublished Jack Kerouac writings to be released" 5301:"Jack Kerouac Receives Posthumous Honorary Degree" 4509:. Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 479. 3519:"An epic journey through the life of Jack Kerouac" 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2114:In 2007, to coincide with the 50th anniversary of 1825:Kerouac's French-Canadian origins inspired a 1987 1144:. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with 6474:Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac 6198:Gone In October: Last Reflections on Jack Kerouac 6075:Jack Kerouac: Au Bout de la Route ... La Bretagne 6004:"Jack Kerouac's Road – A Franco-American Odyssey" 5823:Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac 4882: 3913:The Catholic Counterculture in America, 1933–1962 3464:"On the Road, the One Called Cross Bay Boulevard" 3148:"How the 'Beat Generation' Got Away from Kerouac" 2787: 2785: 2669:"The Art of Fiction No. 43: Jack Kerouac, pg. 49" 2600: 2586: 2449:Legacy: How French Canadians Shaped North America 2379:. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 4. 387:spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in 7738: 6295:A Map of Mexico City Blues: Jack Kerouac as Poet 5533:Bignell, Paul; Johnson, Andrew (July 29, 2007). 5328:"Jack Kerouac's Big Sur heads to the big screen" 5077:"The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics" 3461: 3052:. San Francisco, California: City Lights Books. 2868: 2007:cast as Kerouac. The film was released in 2013. 1204:, the title was changed at the last moment when 963:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization 671:. It was during this time that he first met the 7196:Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation 6809:Jack and Stella Sampas Kerouac papers,1940-1994 6490:". Lowell Corporation for the Humanities, 1989. 5470: 5128: 5109:Jack Kerouac's Road - A Franco-American Odyssey 4159:. IL, USA: Southern Illinois University Press. 4000:"Beat Generation Elders Meet to Praise Kerouac" 3430: 2929: 2927: 2749: 2583:, University Press of Mississippi, 2010, p. 113 2249:Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation 1641:, and the seventh to the concluding passage on 1154:Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul 325:; March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969), known as 6205:On the Road: Kerouac's Ragged American Journey 6132:Jack's Book: An Oral Biography of Jack Kerouac 4893:"I Dig Joyce": Jack Kerouac and Finnegans Wake 3678: 3295:, August 31, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2021. 2782: 2643:Celtic Cornwall: Nation, Tradition, Invention. 1831:Jack Kerouac's Road: A Franco-American Odyssey 1791:was opened in his honor by Allen Ginsberg and 7506: 6860: 6481:One and Only: The Untold Story of On the Road 6217:. Carbondale IL., Southern Illinois UP, 2006. 4275: 4273: 3582: 3516: 2663: 2523:, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 26, 1940:One Fast Move or I'm Gone – Kerouac's Big Sur 1082:and saying, "You know who painted that? Me." 945:In 1954, Kerouac discovered Dwight Goddard's 775:Later, Kerouac lived with his parents in the 431: 6184:Jack Kerouac: Prophet of the New Romanticism 5825:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5303:. UMass Lowell. May 31, 2007. Archived from 4933:Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg: The Letters 4399:"Author Kerouac Dies; Led 'Beat Generation'" 3653: 3649: 3647: 2924: 2705: 2479: 2121:publishing, Viking issued two new editions: 1019:, as if I cared" (considering Marxism, like 710:from July to October 1942 and served on the 6740:American Writers: A Journey Through History 6564:. Southern Illinois University Press, 1987. 6513:Angelheaded Hipster: A Life of Jack Kerouac 6120:. Southern Illinois University Press, 2000. 6083:The Beat Handbook: 100 Days of Kerouactions 5714:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5138:Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact 3684: 3412:"Honor Slayer Faces Trial in Second Degree" 1901:In 1997, the house on Clouser Avenue where 999:Kerouac found enemies on both sides of the 764:Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader 311: 7817:American people of French-Canadian descent 7513: 7499: 6867: 6853: 5683: 5504:"Uncensored 'On the Road' to be published" 4910:. Infobase Publishing. 2007. p. 244. 4270: 4221:, Youenn Gwernig, Al Liamm, 1997, page 10. 3619: 2556:, Taylor Trade Publications, p. 469, 2551: 1789:Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics 1041: 804: 31: 7912:People with schizoid personality disorder 6908:And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks 6313:Use My Name: Kerouac's Forgotten Families 5933:Neal Cassady Collected Letters, 1944–1967 5761:"Jack Kerouac, The Art of Fiction No. 41" 5593: 4462:"Investigating the Death of Jack Kerouac" 4429: 4391: 4358: 4082: 4080: 3936: 3930: 3644: 3216:"City Where the Beats Were Moved to Howl" 2817: 2151:And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks 759:And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks 6215:Action Writing: Jack Kerouac"s Wild Form 6001: 5839: 5758: 5344: 5099: 4071: 4028: 3937:Millstein, Gilbert (September 5, 1957). 3775: 3615: 3613: 3373:"We're All Boring Compared to the Beats" 3106: 2918: 2744: 2518: 2197:Literary executorship and representation 1810: 1722:, The Doors would never have existed." 1397: 1343: 1163:to purchase the first of three homes in 1132:Kerouac was demoralized by criticism of 981: 965:. In 1955, Kerouac wrote a biography of 832: 808: 658: 508: 435: 6562:The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac 6327:Kerouac in Florida: Where the Road Ends 5820: 5736:from the original on September 13, 2022 5696:from the original on September 12, 2022 5631:. CBC/Radio-Canada. February 11, 2015. 5461: 5210: 4838: 4423: 4361:"Football and the Fall of Jack Kerouac" 3997: 3274: 3272: 3247: 3213: 3145: 3027:from the original on September 30, 2011 2595: 2406: 2333: 1894:Kerouac was featured in clothing brand 1321:On the morning of October 20, 1969, in 1111:and other San Francisco–area poets, in 498:, is the name of a town in Brittany in 472:Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec 467:, whose sons married French Canadians. 379:Kerouac is recognized for his style of 7739: 6072: 5848: 5792: 5783: 5665:from the original on February 15, 2015 5635:from the original on February 14, 2015 5587: 5484:from the original on November 24, 2013 5325: 5165: 5134: 5044: 4959:Irish Province of the Society of Jesus 4876: 4864: 4668: 4618:"Jack Kerouac: Alone on a Mountaintop" 4578: 4566: 4554: 4430:Kilgannon, Corey (December 31, 2006). 4110: 4098: 4086: 4077: 4059: 3998:Schmidt, WIilliam E. (July 30, 1982). 3969:"Jack Kerouac | Biography & Facts" 3949:from the original on November 10, 2012 3909: 3864:"DHARMA beat – A Jack Kerouac Website" 3715: 3632:from the original on November 24, 2020 3576: 3549: 3517:Wolf, Stephen (November 21–27, 2007). 3462:Kilgannon, Corey (November 10, 2005). 3398: 3370: 3339:"Kerouac's Lost Debut Novel Published" 3179: 3045: 2991:"Seymour Wyse: friend of Jack Kerouac" 2879: 2818:Desmeules, Christian (April 2, 2016). 2609: 2445: 2372: 2109: 1956:) performing songs based on Kerouac's 1200:among others. Originally to be called 7882:Military personnel from Massachusetts 7494: 6848: 6683:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 6341:Jack's Memoirs: Off the Road, A Novel 6191:Visitor: Jack Kerouac in Old Saybrook 6050:Collins, Ronald & Skover, David. 5811: 5398:from the original on December 1, 2017 4895:, Philological Quarterly, Spring 1998 4642: 4590: 4499: 4442:from the original on February 1, 2021 4340:from the original on January 31, 2021 4242:from the original on February 1, 2023 4152: 4122: 4029:Lelyveld, Joseph (October 22, 1969). 3737:from the original on December 6, 2008 3610: 3550:Briere, Rachel R. (October 6, 2006). 3366: 3364: 3336: 3175: 3173: 3158:from the original on October 15, 2012 3079: 3001:from the original on January 28, 2021 2995:www.kilburnwesthampstead.blogspot.com 2958: 2933: 2906: 2726:from the original on October 25, 2021 2500:from the original on October 25, 2021 2256: 2127:On the Road: 50th Anniversary Edition 1712:Light My Fire: My Life with The Doors 7083:The Scripture of the Golden Eternity 6390:. Lanham: Taylor Trade P, July 2004 6037:. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1984. 5567:"New Kerouac-Burroughs book due out" 5443:from the original on October 9, 2011 5105: 5057:from the original on October 1, 2020 4798:"Kerouac voulait écrire en français" 4726:"Kerouac voulait écrire en français" 4529: 4359:Scheffler, Ian (September 6, 2013). 4127:. photo-eye Magazine. Archived from 3991: 3979:from the original on August 19, 2022 3844:from the original on August 14, 2018 3814:from the original on August 14, 2018 3510: 3337:Bates, Stephen (November 25, 2011). 3269: 3180:Menand, Louis (September 24, 2007). 3146:Johnson, Joyce (November 11, 2012). 3107:Krajicek, David J. (April 5, 2012). 2340:. New York: The Library of America. 2334:Kerouac, Jack (September 15, 2016). 2087:Doesnt like to be reminded of fits— 6097:Liar! Liar! Jack Kerouac – Novelist 5996:The Long Slow Death of Jack Kerouac 5897:Offbeat: Collaborating with Kerouac 5514:from the original on March 21, 2017 5192:from the original on April 18, 2017 5116:from the original on August 1, 2020 4812:"Kerouac, le français et le Québec" 4740:"Kerouac, le français et le Québec" 4281:"Digital Beats : Jack Kerouac" 4196:. November 13, 2008. Archived from 4041:from the original on April 21, 2017 4010:from the original on August 8, 2008 3874:from the original on August 2, 2020 3552:"You don't know Jack about Kerouac" 3371:Miller, Becky (November 22, 2021). 3349:from the original on March 26, 2019 3139: 3127:from the original on March 19, 2018 2712:. New York: Routledge. p. 64. 2486:. New York: Routledge. p. 64. 2181:originally written in French. Both 2102:, the cycle of life and death, and 830:, with around 400 pages taken out. 742:In 1944, Kerouac was arrested as a 591:earned him scholarship offers from 13: 7942:Writers from Lowell, Massachusetts 7847:Columbia College (New York) alumni 7762:20th-century American male writers 6793:Jack Kerouac collection, 1950-1978 6699:Rare Book & Manuscript Library 6299:Southern Illinois University Press 6106:. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986. 6018:from the original on July 18, 2012 5869: 5767:. Summer 1968 (43). Archived from 5345:Thornton, Stuart (June 16, 2011). 4846:. Underground Press. p. 387. 4706:from the original on July 10, 2017 4643:Wilma, David (December 18, 2006). 4407:. October 22, 1969. Archived from 4379:from the original on June 17, 2018 4327: 3697:from the original on July 10, 2022 3666:from the original on July 10, 2022 3564:from the original on July 27, 2020 3361: 3214:Douglas, Ann (December 26, 1997). 3170: 2971:from the original on March 5, 2021 2552:Maher, Paul; Amram, David (2007), 2446:Pratte, Andre (November 8, 2016). 2354:from the original on June 28, 2022 1933:University of Massachusetts Lowell 1743:song, "Baby Seat", from the album 1245:John Antonelli's 1985 documentary 654: 14: 7953: 7812:American people of Breton descent 7807:American people of French descent 7787:American male non-fiction writers 7777:Alcohol-related deaths in Florida 7524:The New American Poetry 1945–1960 6576: 6467:Kerouac: The Last Quarter Century 6061:. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. 5281:from the original on May 26, 2008 5112:. National Film Board of Canada. 5045:Arabia, Juan (October 23, 2016). 5026:from the original on June 3, 2019 5000:from the original on June 1, 2023 4778:from the original on May 30, 2016 4283:. Faculty.uml.edu. Archived from 3776:Campbell, James (November 2001). 3685:Vitale, Tom (September 1, 2007). 3583:Amburn, Ellis (October 5, 1999). 3476:from the original on May 15, 2013 3318:from the original on May 13, 2008 3083:Kerouac: The Definitive Biography 2427:from the original on May 12, 2016 2148:The Kerouac/Burroughs manuscript 2129:. By far the more significant is 2083:Is Ignorant of its own emptiness— 1649:, and possibly to have a vision. 1594:and the completed translation of 639:fraternity. He was a resident of 6874: 6837: 5722: 5677: 5647: 5621: 5559: 5526: 5496: 5464:Mexico City Blues (242 Choruses) 5455: 5429: 5410: 5369: 5338: 5319: 5293: 5263: 5244: 5230: 5204: 5178: 5159: 5135:Lawlor, William (May 20, 2005). 5069: 5038: 5012: 4986: 4977: 4950: 4924: 4870: 4858: 4693: 4534:. University of Michigan Press. 3916:. UNC Press. pp. 216, 237. 3248:Harbron, Lucy (March 12, 2024). 2856:from the original on May 2, 2016 2795:. Beatmuseum.org. Archived from 2213: 2123:On the Road: The Original Scroll 1238:and sought to sue him, CBS, the 295: 280: 231: 202: 7927:United States Merchant Mariners 7902:People from the Upper West Side 7852:Columbia Lions football players 7767:20th-century American novelists 6130:Gifford, Barry; Lee, Lawrence. 6002:Chiasson, Herménégilde (1987). 5899:. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002. 5814:Jack Kerouac: King of the Beats 5786:Jack Kerouac, Breton d'Amérique 5661:. CTV News. February 11, 2015. 5480:. Poemhunter.com. May 4, 2012. 5211:Tuchman, Mitch (May 12, 1991). 5188:(in French). Ville de Lanmeur. 4907:Encyclopedia of Beat Literature 4832: 4828:(in French). September 4, 2008. 4818: 4814:(in French). September 8, 2007. 4804: 4800:(in French). September 5, 2007. 4790: 4760: 4746: 4732: 4718: 4687: 4662: 4636: 4610: 4591:Oxley, Dyer (August 29, 2023). 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4523: 4493: 4480: 4352: 4321: 4299: 4254: 4232:"On the Cape with Jack Kerouac" 4224: 4212: 4180: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4065: 4053: 4022: 3961: 3903: 3886: 3856: 3826: 3796: 3769: 3721: 3709: 3543: 3488: 3455: 3424: 3420:. August 25, 1944. p. 307. 3404: 3392: 3330: 3298: 3241: 3207: 3100: 3073: 3039: 3013: 2983: 2952: 2912: 2900: 2838: 2811: 2738: 2699: 2657: 2648: 2632: 2614: 2579:Ann Charters, Samuel Charters, 2037:The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps 253: 227: 198: 7897:People from Ozone Park, Queens 7218:Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road 7180:Poetry for the Beat Generation 6708:Jack Kerouac Papers, 1920–1977 6571:Magazine. Mauling Press, 2007. 6455:. Beaulieu Street Press, 1991. 6441:. Fels & Firn Press, 1986. 6434:. Fels & Firn Press, 1982. 6427:. Fels & Firn Press, 1976. 6350:, Le temps qu'il fait, 2018. ( 6111:Jack Kerouac: The New Picaroon 5912:The Beats: Essays in Criticism 5478:"Bowery Blues by Jack Kerouac" 5326:Brooks, Xan (April 18, 2011). 4464:. May 13, 2011. Archived from 4265:Kerouac: Road Novels 1957–1960 4123:Cohen, John (August 8, 2008). 3910:Fisher, James Terence (2001). 3620:Sante, Luc (August 19, 2007). 3498:. Google Maps. January 1, 1970 3109:"Where Death Shaped the Beats" 2793:"Jack Kerouac – bio and links" 2706:Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2018). 2573: 2519:Martinez, Manuel Luis (2003), 2512: 2480:Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2018). 2473: 2439: 2400: 2366: 2327: 2307: 2288: 2270:Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road 2221:Poetry for the Beat Generation 2208: 1586:from the Library of America). 1494:. It was at about the time of 1269:", Kerouac responds "well ... 1023:, to be an illusory tangent). 708:United States Merchant Mariner 603:, where he enrolled in 1940. 1: 7932:United States Navy reservists 6488:Jack Kerouac: An Introduction 6238:. Hamden: Archon Books, 1981. 6118:Kerouac, The Word and The Way 6054:(Top-Five Books, March 2013). 6012:National Film Board of Canada 5919:Jack Kerouac: A Chicken Essay 5759:Berrigan, Ted (Summer 1968). 4673:. Da Capo Press. p. 32. 3654:Shea, Andrea (July 5, 2007). 3086:. Taylor Trade Publications. 2959:Moore, Dave (July 16, 2012). 2886:. MacMillan. pp. 13–14. 2277: 1850:Jack Kerouac: a chicken-essay 1827:National Film Board of Canada 1613: 976:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 971:Wake Up: A Life of the Buddha 358:United States Merchant Marine 42: 7892:Novelists from Massachusetts 7867:English-language haiku poets 7837:Catholics from Massachusetts 6631:Resources in other libraries 6607:Resources in other libraries 6506:University of South Carolina 6322:. Elbow/Cityful Press, 2001. 6306:Jack Kerouac's Duluoz Legend 6285:The New York Review of Books 6179:. Facts on File, Inc., 2007. 6148:Goldstein, N. W. "Kerouac's 6134:. St. Martin's Press, 1978. 5684:showbiz411 (April 4, 2017). 2039:based their 2022 production 1979:. A feature film version of 1100:in New York City one night. 866:Desolation Peak (Washington) 453:Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac 426: 291:Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac 7: 7857:Counterculture of the 1950s 7772:20th-century American poets 7210:Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness 7203:The Jack Kerouac Collection 6836:(public domain audiobooks) 6646:September 11, 2017, at the 6418:Jack Kerouac: A Memoir ... 6099:. Greenwich Exchange, 1999. 5466:. Grove Press. p. 113. 5275:University of Massachusetts 3182:"Drive, Jack Kerouac Wrote" 2410:La Nouvelle Revue Française 2263:The Jack Kerouac Collection 2003:, based on the novel, with 1846:Jack Kérouac (essai-poulet) 1565:Kerouac: His Life and Work' 1311:counterculture of the 1960s 1159:Kerouac used earnings from 955:Rocky Mount, North Carolina 719:United States Navy Reserves 16:American writer (1922–1969) 10: 7958: 7937:United States Navy sailors 7887:North Beach, San Francisco 7827:American writers in French 6724:"Writings of Jack Kerouac" 6502:Understanding Jack Kerouac 6495:South Florida Sun Sentinel 6469:. Noodlebrain Press, 2019. 6388:Kerouac: His Life and Work 5991:. New York: Penguin, 1995. 5984:. New York: Penguin, 1992. 5963:. Faber & Faber, 1984. 5921:. Coach House Press, 1975. 5914:. London: McFarland, 1981. 5751: 5572:United Press International 4506:Kerouac: His Life and Work 3433:"The wizard of Ozone Park" 2771:February 27, 2012, at the 2554:Kerouac: His Life and Work 2093:fragment from 113th Chorus 2063: 1763:African-American musicians 1454:. (This eventually became 756:Kammerer killing entitled 432:Early life and adolescence 7531: 7444: 7378: 7368:One Fast Move or I'm Gone 7359: 7310: 7235: 7228: 7171: 7144: 7125: 7058: 6891: 6882: 6774:October 18, 2019, at the 6768:sur-les-traces-de-kerouac 6760:sur-les-traces-de-kerouac 6626:Resources in your library 6602:Resources in your library 6462:(November/December 2014). 6343:. Bottom Dog Press, 2014. 6320:Jack Kerouac's Nine Lives 6113:. Postillion Press, 1975. 6073:Dagier, Patricia (1999). 5989:The Portable Jack Kerouac 5788:. Editions Le Télégramme. 5784:Dagier, Patricia (2009). 4671:Conversations with Capote 4669:Grobel, Lawrence (2000). 3804:"The Road to Rocky Mount" 3284:December 2, 2021, at the 2320:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2070: 2066:Jack Kerouac bibliography 1673: 1405:excerpt in the center of 1305:, produced and hosted by 1276:In 1965, he met the poet 1030:was finally purchased by 279: 274: 264: 175: 145: 126: 118: 108: 91: 74: 52: 30: 23: 7917:Poets from Massachusetts 7842:American Roman Catholics 7782:American anti-communists 7391:Edie Parker (first wife) 7161:Good Blonde & Others 6751:August 29, 2013, at the 6713:August 17, 2016, at the 6439:Kerouac at the Wild Boar 6279:August 14, 2022, at the 6274:"Jack Kerouac's Journey" 5982:The Portable Beat Reader 5840:Sandison, David (1999). 5821:Nicosia, Gerald (1994). 5543:. London. Archived from 5422:October 8, 2020, at the 5251:"Nolwenn Ohwo! - Lyrics" 5106:Chiasson, Herménégilde. 4125:"Is Pull My Daisy Holy?" 3431:Fenton, Patrick (1997). 3279:"The Profundity of Loss" 2965:www.emptymirrorbooks.com 2939:Thoreau Society Bulletin 2282: 2177:, and large sections of 2143:50th Anniversary Edition 2059: 2033:was named in his honor. 1993:. Independent filmmaker 1924:, released on her album 1820:Chinatown, San Francisco 1557:Nouvelle Revue Française 1547:, and large sections of 1385:studies that began with 1359: 1316: 1117:, set in California and 632:Columbia Daily Spectator 494:. Kerouac, derived from 7832:Beat Generation writers 7822:American travel writers 7792:American male novelists 7319:Moody Street Irregulars 6729:March 13, 2016, at the 6719:New York Public Library 6405:. Da Capo Press, 2003. 6348:Mon frère, Jack Kerouac 6332:Kerouac, Joan Haverty. 6220:Huebel, Harry Russell. 5926:The Jack Kerouac Digest 5917:Beaulieu, Victor-Lévy. 5793:Knight, Brenda (1996). 5603:. Grove Press. p. 4956: 3973:Encyclopædia Britannica 2300:April 22, 2022, at the 1805:Moody Street Irregulars 1323:St. Petersburg, Florida 1042:Later career: 1957–1969 805:Early career: 1950–1957 558:, he was told to say a 381:stream of consciousness 337:, was a pioneer of the 85:St. Petersburg, Florida 7922:20th-century travelers 7907:Writers from Manhattan 7386:Jan Kerouac (daughter) 6819:July 13, 2020, at the 6803:July 13, 2020, at the 6787:July 13, 2020, at the 6693:June 24, 2010, at the 6567:Wills, David, editor. 6515:. Viking Books, 1996. 6483:. Viva Editions, 2011. 6336:. Creative Arts, 2000. 6329:. Arbiter Press, 2004. 6255:. Penguin Books, 1999. 6236:Kerouac's Crooked Road 6226:Boise State University 6196:Holmes, John Clellon. 6189:Holmes, John Clellon. 6186:. Regents Press, 1976. 6127:. Creative Arts, 1977. 6090:Kerouac's Nashua Roots 5462:Kerouac, Jack (1959). 5351:Monterey County Weekly 4236:The Providence Journal 2880:Amburn, Ellis (1999). 2846:"La vie est d'hommage" 2413:. Editions Gallimard. 2096: 1822: 1785: 1749:, references Kerouac. 1600:Old Bull in the Bowery 1580:Old Bull in the Bowery 1506: 1409: 1353: 1327:St. Anthony's Hospital 1307:William F. Buckley Jr. 1215:The television series 996: 875:According to Kerouac, 838: 814: 664: 573:, in an interview for 514: 441: 7606:Lawrence Ferlinghetti 7475:Kerouac, Then and Now 6920:The Town and the City 6900:The Sea Is My Brother 6830:Works by Jack Kerouac 6746:The Kerouac Companion 6660:Works by Jack Kerouac 6541:. City Lights, 2009. 6269:. Viking Press. 2012. 6245:. Ithaca Press, 1973. 6047:. Living Batch, 1999. 5987:Charters, Ann (ed.). 5980:Charters, Ann (ed.). 5910:Bartlett, Lee (ed.). 5849:Suiter, John (2002). 5812:Miles, Barry (1998). 5256:May 14, 2023, at the 5166:Marion, Paul (1999). 4411:on September 21, 2008 4153:Mills, Katie (2006). 4131:on September 28, 2011 3730:Jan Kerouac Biography 3687:"'On the Road' at 50" 3314:. September 5, 2005. 3046:Morgan, Bill (1997). 2628:on February 22, 2012. 2373:Swartz, Omar (1999). 2078: 1891:is based on Kerouac. 1861:Lowell, Massachusetts 1839:Herménégilde Chiasson 1814: 1754: 1620:The Town and the City 1502: 1401: 1369:genre established by 1347: 1210:film by the same name 985: 836: 819:The Town and the City 812: 782:The Town and the City 736:The Sea Is My Brother 662: 512: 439: 367:The Town and the City 350:Lowell, Massachusetts 68:Lowell, Massachusetts 7862:Deaths from bleeding 7411:William S. Burroughs 7276:Love Always, Carolyn 6913:William S. Burroughs 6823:, Emory University: 6807:, Emory University: 6791:, Emory University: 6526:Walsh, Joy, editor. 6420:Giligia Press, 1970. 5975:Straight Arrow Books 5357:on September 9, 2012 4756:. September 4, 2008. 4742:. September 8, 2007. 4728:. September 5, 2007. 4468:on February 21, 2013 4308:Palimpsest: A Memoir 3939:"Books of the Times" 3838:www.aceswebworld.com 3443:on February 25, 2008 3306:"Hit The Road, Jack" 3080:Maher, Paul (2004). 2304:, Poetry Foundation. 2187:La nuit est ma femme 2175:La nuit est ma femme 2167:La vie est d'hommage 2010:A species of Indian 1991:Francis Ford Coppola 1926:Histoires Naturelles 1843:Victor-Lévy Beaulieu 1604:La nuit est ma femme 1592:La nuit est ma femme 1588:The Unknown Kerouac, 1553:La vie est d'hommage 1541:La nuit est ma femme 1533:La nuit est ma femme 1438:improvisational jazz 1262:The Steve Allen Show 1176:(1959), directed by 1064:William S. Burroughs 837:454 West 20th Street 728:schizoid personality 697:William S. Burroughs 545:La vie est d'hommage 331:William S. Burroughs 230: 1950; 201: 1944; 7797:American male poets 7464:Jack Kerouac School 6703:Columbia University 6688:Jack Kerouac Papers 6560:Weinreich, Regina. 6460:Saint Austin Review 6432:The Kerouac We Knew 6200:. Limberlost, 1985. 6182:Hipkiss, Robert A. 6166:. Peter Lang, 2022. 6092:. Transition, 1999. 6088:Edington, Stephen. 6059:The Beat Generation 5771:on October 27, 2010 4404:The Daily Collegian 4287:on January 18, 2015 4200:on October 29, 2021 3622:"On the Road Again" 2203:John H. Shen-Sampas 2191:The Unknown Kerouac 2110:Posthumous editions 2025:In October 2015, a 2020:Mantibaria kerouaci 1950:Death Cab for Cutie 1938:In 2009, the movie 1584:The Unknown Kerouac 1563:, in his biography 1236:Stirling Silliphant 1202:The Beat Generation 1184:. It starred poets 1165:Northport, New York 685:John Clellon Holmes 617:He spent a year at 601:Columbia University 356:, he served in the 113:Columbia University 7701:Gilbert Sorrentino 7469:Jack Kerouac Alley 7300:Kill Your Darlings 7099:Old Angel Midnight 6446:College Literature 6437:Montgomery, John. 6430:Montgomery, John. 6425:Kerouac West Coast 6423:Montgomery, John. 6416:Montgomery, John. 6346:Le Bihan, Adrien. 6315:. ECW Press, 1999. 6243:Visions of Kerouac 6211:Hrebeniak, Michael 6085:. Booksurge, 2008. 6008:Online documentary 5998:. ECW Press, 1998. 5954:Black Spring Press 5946:Cassady, Carolyn. 5931:Cassady, Carolyn. 5882:St. Martin's Press 5595:Burroughs, William 5385:Linzer Biol. Beitr 4530:Hunt, Tim (2014). 4436:The New York Times 4113:, pp. 242–243 4035:The New York Times 4004:The New York Times 3943:The New York Times 3868:www.dharmabeat.com 3626:The New York Times 3469:The New York Times 3378:The Blue and White 3220:The New York Times 3113:The New York Times 2257:Compilation albums 2135:Indianapolis Colts 1976:Kill Your Darlings 1952:) and Jay Farrar ( 1878:, in his honor in 1876:Jack Kerouac Alley 1823: 1816:Jack Kerouac Alley 1582:(now published in 1410: 1407:Jack Kerouac Alley 1354: 1331:esophageal varices 1247:Kerouac, the Movie 1138:Ruth Fuller Sasaki 1056:The New York Times 1001:political spectrum 997: 967:Siddhartha Gautama 959:Some of the Dharma 928:The Subterraneans, 839: 815: 665: 619:Horace Mann School 589:Lowell High School 569:Kerouac once told 515: 457:Jean Louis Kirouac 442: 56:Jean-Louis Kérouac 7877:History of Denver 7872:Exophonic writers 7734: 7733: 7726:Jonathan Williams 7561:Brother Antoninus 7488: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7252:The Subterraneans 7153:Atop an Underwood 7075:Mexico City Blues 7016:Desolation Angels 7008:Visions of Gerard 6992:Lonesome Traveler 6936:The Subterraneans 6911:(1945/2008; with 6583:Library resources 6547:978-0-87286-505-1 6479:Nicosia, Gerald. 6472:Nicosia, Gerald. 6465:Nicosia, Gerald. 6401:McNally, Dennis. 6378:978-0-670-06325-3 6339:Landefeld, Kurt. 6241:Jarvis, Charles. 5973:. San Francisco: 5961:Quest for Kerouac 5935:. Penguin, 2004. 5547:on April 22, 2008 5510:. July 26, 2006. 5240:. March 12, 2020. 5217:Los Angeles Times 5168:Atop an Underwood 5152:978-1-85109-400-4 5081:Naropa University 4936:. Penguin. 2010. 4891:Begnal, Michael, 4541:978-0-472-07216-3 4516:978-1-58979-366-8 4261:Brinkley, Douglas 3093:978-0-87833-305-9 3021:"Phi Gamma Delta" 2820:"L'autre Kerouac" 2799:on March 22, 2012 2719:978-1-138-05405-9 2530:978-0-299-19284-6 2493:978-1-138-05405-9 2386:978-0-8093-2384-5 1797:Boulder, Colorado 1696:the Grateful Dead 1496:The Subterraneans 1477:Lonesome Traveler 1472:Desolation Angels 1430:The Subterraneans 1422:Visions of Gerard 1013:Desolation Angels 1005:McCarthy hearings 930:and Irene May in 916:Desolation Angels 898:The Subterraneans 635:, and joined the 524:Visions of Gerard 288: 287: 169:Desolation Angels 127:Literary movement 7949: 7681:Joel Oppenheimer 7621:Madeline Gleason 7515: 7508: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7327:Minor Characters 7233: 7232: 7188:Blues and Haikus 7115:Book of Sketches 7032:Vanity of Duluoz 6869: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6451:Motier, Donald. 6304:Jones, James T. 6293:Jones, James T. 6287:, March 2, 2022. 6272:Johnson, Joyce. 6265:Johnson, Joyce. 6258:Johnson, Joyce. 6230:available online 6203:Holton, Robert. 6154: 6123:Gifford, Barry. 6102:French, Warren. 6078: 6027: 6025: 6023: 5959:Challis, Chris. 5864: 5853:. Counterpoint. 5845: 5836: 5817: 5808: 5797:. Conari Press. 5789: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5765:The Paris Review 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5391:(2): 1715–1725. 5382: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5353:. Archived from 5342: 5336: 5335: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5307:on April 2, 2015 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5277:. May 23, 2007. 5267: 5261: 5260:.Musixmatch.com. 5248: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5083:. 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" 6384:Maher Jr., Paul 6281:Wayback Machine 6262:. Viking, 2000. 6207:. Twayne, 1999. 6193:. tuvoti, 1981. 6169:Haynes, Sarah, 6162:Harma, Tanguy. 6152: 6041:Coolidge, Clark 6021: 6019: 5928:. Agenda, 2001. 5876:Amburm, Ellis. 5872: 5870:Further reading 5867: 5861: 5833: 5805: 5774: 5772: 5754: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5697: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5575:. March 2, 2008 5565: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5540:The Independent 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5424:Wayback Machine 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5339: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5258:Wayback Machine 5249: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5145:. p. 109. 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5087:on May 16, 2008 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5020:"Song Meanings" 5018: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4994:"Song Meanings" 4992: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4844:The First Third 4837: 4833: 4826:"Sur le chemin" 4824: 4823: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4754:"Sur le chemin" 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4649:HistoryLink.org 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4498: 4494: 4486:Wilson, Scott. 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4322: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4151: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3758: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3531:on July 6, 2008 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3429: 3425: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3369: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3311:The Smoking Gun 3304: 3303: 3299: 3291:The Beat Museum 3286:Wayback Machine 3277: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2953: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2878: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2850:Éditions Boréal 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2773:Wayback Machine 2763: 2750: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2720: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2687:on May 28, 2008 2684: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645:Halsgrove, 2012 2637: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2531: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2348: 2332: 2328: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2302:Wayback Machine 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2259: 2216: 2211: 2199: 2118: 2112: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2041:Rearview Mirror 1914:Oscar J. Corral 1904:The Dharma Bums 1676: 1668:Visions of Cody 1616: 1525:Carolyn Cassady 1517: 1508: 1482:The Dharma Bums 1464:Desolation Peak 1452:Visions of Gary 1446:The Dharma Bums 1418:Visions of Cody 1379:Thelonious Monk 1375:Dizzy Gillespie 1362: 1319: 1282:Breton American 1266: 1256:Visions of Cody 1114:The Dharma Bums 1098:Bleecker Street 1085:The success of 1044: 1009:Joseph McCarthy 993:The Dharma Bums 807: 673:Beat Generation 657: 655:Early adulthood 641:Livingston Hall 637:Phi Gamma Delta 581:Lower East Side 519:rheumatic fever 434: 429: 401:hippie movement 362:his first novel 360:; he completed 346:French-Canadian 339:Beat Generation 298: 294: 260: 259: 256: 1966) 251: 247: 237: 234: 1951) 225: 221: 218: 208: 205: 1948) 196: 192: 189: 166: 160: 157:The Dharma Bums 154: 138:Franco American 109:Alma mater 104: 83: 79: 66: 60: 58: 57: 48: 45: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7955: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7691:James Schuyler 7688: 7686:Peter Orlovsky 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7656:Ron Loewinsohn 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7616:Allen Ginsberg 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7581:Robert Creeley 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7546:Paul Blackburn 7543: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7495: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7401:Allen Ginsberg 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7350:You'll be Okay 7347: 7343:Door Wide Open 7339: 7331: 7323: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7296: 7288: 7280: 7272: 7264: 7256: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7206: 7200: 7192: 7184: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7107:Book of Haikus 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7044: 7036: 7028: 7020: 7012: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6968:Book of Dreams 6964: 6960:Maggie Cassidy 6956: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6916: 6904: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6827: 6811: 6795: 6779: 6764: 6756: 6743: 6721: 6705: 6685: 6676: 6667: 6657: 6651: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577:External links 6575: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6532: 6524: 6509: 6500:Theado, Matt. 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6399: 6381: 6359: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6325:Kealing, Bob. 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6291: 6288: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249:Johnson, Joyce 6246: 6239: 6232: 6218: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6175:Hemmer, Kurt. 6173: 6167: 6160: 6146: 6143: 6128: 6125:Kerouac's Town 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6055: 6048: 6038: 6028: 5999: 5994:Christy, Jim. 5992: 5985: 5978: 5964: 5957: 5944: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5895:Amram, David. 5893: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5859: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5818: 5809: 5803: 5790: 5781: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5721: 5676: 5646: 5620: 5613: 5586: 5558: 5525: 5495: 5469: 5454: 5428: 5409: 5368: 5337: 5318: 5292: 5262: 5243: 5229: 5203: 5177: 5174:. p. xxi. 5158: 5151: 5127: 5098: 5068: 5037: 5011: 4985: 4976: 4949: 4942: 4923: 4916: 4897: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4831: 4817: 4803: 4789: 4759: 4745: 4731: 4717: 4694:Shea, Andrea. 4686: 4679: 4661: 4635: 4624:. June 2, 2024 4609: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4540: 4522: 4515: 4492: 4479: 4453: 4422: 4390: 4365:The New Yorker 4351: 4320: 4298: 4269: 4253: 4223: 4211: 4179: 4165: 4142: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4021: 3990: 3960: 3929: 3922: 3902: 3885: 3855: 3825: 3795: 3788: 3768: 3759:|website= 3720: 3708: 3677: 3643: 3609: 3595: 3575: 3542: 3509: 3487: 3454: 3423: 3403: 3391: 3360: 3329: 3297: 3268: 3240: 3206: 3186:The New Yorker 3169: 3138: 3099: 3092: 3072: 3059:978-0872863255 3058: 3038: 3012: 2982: 2951: 2935:Smith, Richard 2923: 2911: 2899: 2892: 2867: 2837: 2810: 2781: 2764:Fellows, Mark 2748: 2737: 2718: 2698: 2656: 2647: 2631: 2613: 2599: 2585: 2572: 2562: 2529: 2511: 2492: 2472: 2459:978-0771072413 2458: 2438: 2419: 2399: 2385: 2365: 2346: 2326: 2323:(Online). n.d. 2306: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2229: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2198: 2195: 2179:Maggie Cassidy 2111: 2108: 2090: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2064:Main article: 2061: 2058: 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J. 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6067:0-684-12371-1 6064: 6060: 6057:Cook, Bruce. 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967:Charters, Ann 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5941:0-14-200217-8 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5924:Brooks, Ken. 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5905:1-56025-362-2 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890:0-312-20677-1 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5862: 5860:1-58243-148-5 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5832:0-520-08569-8 5828: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5804:1-57324-138-5 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5740:September 13, 5735: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5700:September 12, 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5616: 5614:0-8021-1629-9 5610: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5458: 5442: 5439:. Poets.org. 5438: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5172:Penguin Group 5169: 5162: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5004:September 24, 4999: 4995: 4989: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4943:9781101437131 4939: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4917:9781438109084 4913: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4879:, p. 210 4878: 4873: 4867:, p. 191 4866: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840:Cassady, Neal 4835: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4680:0-306-80944-3 4676: 4672: 4665: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4623: 4622:The Culturium 4619: 4613: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4581:, p. 228 4580: 4575: 4569:, p. 189 4568: 4563: 4557:, p. 186 4556: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4383:September 12, 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4344:September 12, 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4316:0-679-44038-0 4313: 4309: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4219:Un dornad plu 4215: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4168: 4166:9780809388172 4162: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4135:September 13, 4130: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4101:, p. 233 4100: 4095: 4089:, p. 229 4088: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4072:Berrigan 1968 4068: 4062:, p. 237 4061: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3983:September 12, 3978: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3923:9780807849491 3919: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3897:on Amazon.com 3894: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3789:0-520-23033-7 3785: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3764: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3718:, pp. 88 3717: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3602:September 28, 3598: 3596:9780312206772 3592: 3589:. Macmillan. 3588: 3587: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2920: 2919:Berrigan 1968 2915: 2908: 2903: 2895: 2893:9780312206772 2889: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2855: 2852:(in French). 2851: 2847: 2841: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2746: 2745:Sandison 1999 2741: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2702: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2665:Berrigan, Ted 2660: 2651: 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7641:Kenneth Koch 7636:Jack Kerouac 7635: 7611:Edward Field 7601:Larry Eigner 7571:Paul Carroll 7551:Robin Blaser 7541:John Ashbery 7523: 7473: 7396:Neal Cassady 7366: 7349: 7341: 7335:Off the Road 7333: 7325: 7317: 7298: 7290: 7282: 7274: 7266: 7258: 7250: 7242: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7159: 7151: 7132: 7113: 7105: 7097: 7089: 7081: 7073: 7070:(late 1940s) 7066: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7022: 7014: 7006: 6998: 6990: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6950: 6942: 6934: 6926: 6918: 6906: 6898: 6885:Bibliography 6876:Jack Kerouac 6875: 6767: 6759: 6738: 6679:Jack Kerouac 6670:Jack Kerouac 6621:Online books 6614: 6597:Online books 6588:Jack Kerouac 6587: 6568: 6561: 6538: 6527: 6512: 6504:. 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Retrieved 2336: 2329: 2318: 2309: 2295:Jack Kerouac 2290: 2268: 2262: 2247: 2231: 2219: 2201:Since 2017, 2200: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2097: 2080: 2074: 2051: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2024: 2019: 2012:platygastrid 2009: 1998: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1964:Generation. 1962: 1957: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1867: 1865: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1830: 1824: 1803: 1801: 1793:Anne Waldman 1786: 1781: 1779:, and jazz. 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1734: 1724: 1719: 1716:Ray Manzarek 1711: 1707: 1704:Jim Morrison 1677: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1631: 1624:Thomas Wolfe 1619: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1518: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1460:fire lookout 1455: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1402: 1392:roman à clef 1390: 1363: 1355: 1333:) caused by 1320: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1287: 1275: 1270: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1231: 1227: 1216: 1214: 1201: 1198:Larry Rivers 1196:and painter 1178:Robert Frank 1171: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1146:D. 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