Iraqi Armed Forces

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authority, shall defend Iraq, shall not be used as an instrument to oppress the Iraqi people, shall not interfere in political affairs, and shall have no role in the transfer of authority.' Parts B and C prohibit the formation of military militias outside the framework of the armed forces and prohibit armed forces personnel from standing for political office or campaigning for political candidates. Part C expressively notes that military personnel are allowed to vote in elections. Part E expressively states the Iraqi Government's commitment to the respect and implementation of Iraq's international obligations regarding the non-proliferation, non-development, nonproduction, and non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Second Section says that military service shall be regulated by law.

1304: 5986: 367: 753: 129: 2137:." In addition, the Iraqis were believed to have the best stocks of rocket artillery in the Third World. They were producing a rocket with a 35-mile range modeled on the Brazilian Astros 2, a copy of the Soviet Frog 7, and their own 55-mile-range Liath rocket that was reportedly capable of carrying a chemical warhead. The Iraqis were also building a 30-mile-range surface-to-surface rocket known as the Ababil, which was designed to carry a sophisticated cluster-bomb warhead. Other Iraqi munitions projects included 42: 1499: 155: 380: 1746: 142: 2129:'s presidency, Iraq had constructed state-of-the-art production facilities for the rocket propellant at Hillah, south of Baghdad, and assembled the missiles at Falluja, west of the Iraqi capital. At the time, Iraq was believed to be way ahead of its then rival Iran's arms producing industry. The Iraqis were producing a ground-to-ground missile with a 400-mile range known as the Husayn, a variant of the Soviet Scud rocket. They lobbed dozens of these terrifying missiles into 5979: 5993: 2189:) in Iraq's deserts, the 1980 to 1988 Iran–Iraq war had come to an end. In December 1990 the Iraqis had filled 100 R-400 bombs with botulinum toxin, 50 with anthrax, and 16 with aflatoxin. In addition, 13 Al Hussein missile warheads were filled with botulinum toxin, 10 with anthrax, and 2 with aflatoxin. These weapons were deployed in January 1991 to four locations for use against the U.S. forces only as "weapons of last resort" in case they stormed the gates of 703: 2042:; thus as of April 2007 the Army had no military hospitals. There is only one military prosthetics facility in the country and virtually no mental health or burn treatment services. Wounded Iraqi soldiers are expected to receive treatment either at civilian hospitals or if possible, at Coalition medical facilities. Corruption practices spurred partly by over-taxation at these civilian hospitals significantly drive up costs to the soldier. Due to overwhelming 5881: 695: 5891: 1618: 2289:

Then, following a request from the Iraqi Prime Minister, at the Warsaw Summit in July 2016 NATO Leaders agreed to provide NATO training and capacity-building activities to Iraqi security and military forces within Iraq. In January 2017, NATO deployed a modest but scalable Core Team to Baghdad of eight civilian and military personnel, setting up NATO’s permanent presence in Iraq. Jordan-based training transferred to Iraq in February 2017.

943: 5972: 4761: 4535: 406: 293: 274: 255: 236: 1716:. Since 2003, creation of combat forces has been the priority, and logistical support was initially supplied in one way or another by the coalition. As of mid 2008, logistical problems included a maintenance crisis and ongoing supply problems. Logistical capabilities have been developing, however, and the build-up of a nationwide logistical structure, with the Taji National Depot at its centre, is now well under way. 419: 393: 5901: 5911: 1095: 2200:(IISS) in Britain published in September 2002 a review of Iraq's military capability, and concluded that Iraq could assemble nuclear weapons within months if fissile material from foreign sources were obtained. Dr. Mahdi Obeidi, who created Saddam's nuclear centrifuge program that had successfully enriched uranium to weapons grade before the 1991 Gulf War, stated in an op-ed in 1468:

equipped, they had not developed the capabilities needed to plan, conduct and sustain effective counter-insurgency operations. There were also challenges at the ministerial level, within the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Interior, and these ministries could not sustain their forces in terms of logistics, intelligence, communications and procurement. The

1823:. The Iraqi government allocated the majority of its military expenditure to the Army and by 1936 the Royal Iraqi Air Force had only 37 pilots and 55 aircraft. The following year, the Air Force increased its number of pilots to 127. The air force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. When 896:

complete equipment reversal. However, more weapons were bought from various non-communist countries, supplementing their largely Soviet arsenal, and a reliance on Soviet doctrine reduced. In most cases, the Iraqis went back to British doctrine, while in others, they melded British and Soviet doctrine. Iraq's

1599:. The force is quite sizable. The KDP and PUK both had around 100,000 peshmerga (totalling 200,000) as of January 2010. Two divisions of the army are included in this figure; the regional government and the central government disagree as to whether they are under Baghdad's authority and to what extent. 2300:

The NMI training activities are based in Baghdad in the Ministry of Defence, Office of the National Security Advisor, and other national security institutions. In addition, NMI will have training activities in the University of Defence, Computer Science School, Military Medical School, Bomb Disposal

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The Navy "was reformed in 2003 around five Taiwanese-built 28-meter Predator -class patrol boats, calling itself the Iraqi Coast Guard until December 2004, when it assumed the navy title." By the time the force "assumed its new identity as the Iraqi Navy in December , it had mustered a force of 600,

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strategy in the end of 2004, General Casey directed the Coalition forces to shift their focus from fighting insurgents to training Iraqis. This was to be the strategy until 2006. The aim was a small Coalition footprint and a rapid handover of security responsibilities to new Iraqi forces. Developing

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Part A, First Section, Article 9 states that 'The Iraqi armed forces and security services will be composed of the components of the Iraqi people with due consideration given to their balance and representation without discrimination or exclusion. They shall be subject to the control of the civilian

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and in response to a request by the Iraqi government, NATO agreed to provide defence and related security capacity-building support. In April 2016, NATO began conducting a number of “train-the-trainer’’ courses in Jordan for Iraqis (more than 350 Iraqi security and military personnel were trained).

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NATO Mission Iraq is focused on capacity-building, mentoring, and advising Iraqi national defence institutions through a series of activities conducted with full respect for Iraq’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. It is designed to help Iraqi security institutions further develop and sustain

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Poor levels of internal security have stifled attempts to build any national banking or credit systems. In lieu of such organizations, Iraqi units operate at any given time with an estimated 10–20% absenteeism rate due to soldiers temporarily leaving their units to deliver their pay back to their

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tutelage from 2003 to 2009. The force generation plan as of November 2009 includes 14 divisions, each consisting of 4 brigades. The Iraqi Army was described as the most important element of the counter-insurgency fight. The tactic is to provide security and other services on a local level by using

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period of 2003–2004. CPA Order 22 established the New Iraqi Army on August 18, 2003, and CPA Order 67 renamed the New Iraqi Army the Iraqi Armed Forces on March 21, 2004. In the process, the New Iraqi Army was expanded to include an Army, Air Force, Coastal Defense Force, reserve forces, and other

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from Brazil. While Iraqi generals supported a complete changeover to Western equipment, Western countries were reluctant to sell large amounts of weaponry to Iraq. Western weapons were more expensive than Soviet ones, and they took longer to train personnel on, so there was a reluctance to make a

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Iraqi military intelligence has been rebuilt since the army was dissolved in 2003. However, it has suffered from political interference. In mid-2009 Prime Minister al-Maliki reportedly dismissed Major General Jamal Suleiman, the director of military intelligence, and took on the job himself. The

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districts. It became evident that the Iraqi Armed Forces and the various MOI forces were incapable of putting a lid on the sectarian violence and protecting the population, and MNF-I had to adjust plans again for a security transition. Though Iraqi forces had received initial training and been

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The Iraqi Navy is designed for coastal water protection; preventing the smuggling of people, oil and weapons; and to protect the country's oil platforms. As a result, it mainly needs patrol boats. These may be backed up by fast attack craft. The patrol boats need to have the ability to launch

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After the first Kurdish war ended with a stalemate, the Armed Forces began to implement a number of changes. They concluded that Soviet equipment and methods did not meet their needs and that many western weapons were superior to their Soviet counterparts. Also the Soviet Union was trying to

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The Iraqi armed forces were historically one of the more competent militaries in the Arab world. However, during Saddam Hussein's dictatorship and interference in military organization, the competence of the Army severely declined. The Army, in particular, is one of the most trusted national

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tank, infrared and television-guided bombs and laser-guided missiles. Baghdad was working on advanced naval mines and remote-piloted "drone" aircraft for battlefield surveillance. They had also developed indigenous radar planes similar to the U.S. airborne warning and control system (AWACS)

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From its creation in 1922 to 2003, the army suffered from a number of serious difficulties, junior tactical leadership among them. "Iraqi forces consistently had problems because of a dearth of technical skills and a limited exposure to machinery." However it also had significant strengths,

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started to gain momentum and regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982, pushing the Iraqis back to the pre-war border lines. Following this, the next five years saw Iran go on the offensive until Iraq took back the initiative in mid-1988, and whose major offensives led to the final

1969:, which had been outfitted as a minelayer itself. Of the units that remained by late 2002, most were in a poor state of repair and the crews were in a poor state of readiness. Whatever units that remained after 1991 were used primarily for safeguarding Saddam's palaces on the Tigris river. 2301:(EOD/C‐IED) School, Armour School, School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, School of Military Engineering, School of Transportation, School of Administration and Logistics, Military Signals School, Military Intelligence and Security School, and Non Commissioned Officers Academy. 1783:

The Royal Iraqi Air Force was founded in 1931, during the period of British control in Iraq after their defeat of the Ottomans in the First World War, with only a few pilots. The Air Force considered its founding day as 22 April 1931, when the first pilots flew in from training in the

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Iraqi PMO. "رئيس مجلس الوزراء @MAKadhimi يؤكد أنّ تطوير المؤسسات الأمنية واصلاحها هي من أولويات المنهاج الوزاري الذي ينصّ على تعزيز أداء الأجهزة الأمنية المختلفة وتحقيق التكامل المطلوب بينها، والعمل بمبدأ أنَّ كلَّ القوات العسكرية والأمنية في خدمة الشعب وتطلعاته ووحدته وأمنه ...

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would be created along British lines, with British training and equipment. King Faisal wanted an army of 15,000–20,000 men. The army actually grew from 3,500 in 1922 to 7,000 in 1927 and then to 11,500 in 1932. The army became a modernising influence in the country. In 1931, the

1877:: القوات البحرية العراقية) is one of the components of the Armed Forces. Its primary responsibilities are the protection of Iraq's coastline and offshore assets. It was formed in 1937 as a small four-ship force headquartered in Basra. Between 1937 and 1958, it was primarily a 1692:

donated 77 Soviet-made T-72 tanks from their own arsenal. The tanks were refurbished by Hungarian specialists and were delivered in fully battle-ready condition in 2004. Training of personnel was also provided to the newly forming Iraqi Army. Iraq was planned to receive 280

2787:, Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1986, p.128–65. Pollack notes that the various accounts of Iraqi operations on the Golan Heights are highly contradictory. He relies on Ofer, 1986, which is an Israeli General Staff critique of the official Iraqi General Staff analysis of the battle. 825:. The Iraqi Air Force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1961, Iraqi forces were again amassed along the Kuwaiti border, and Iraqi again threatened to invade. A quick British deployment of troops, aircraft, and naval vessels, called 1850:. In 2007, Iraq asked Iran to return some of the scores of Iraqi fighter planes that flew there to escape destruction during the Gulf War in 1991. As of 2014, Iran was receptive to the demands and was working on refurbishing an unspecified number of aircraft. 4407:

Major General Dr Naji Khalifa Jassim Al-Dahan, "Iraqi air defense: A historical and documentary study of its development and national and national role 1939- 1993," ISBN 978-9923-27-025-7, Dar Al-Academies Publishing and Distribution Company, Amman - Jordan,

734:. To do this, the U.S. aimed to train and equip Iraq's security forces and gradually transition security responsibilities to them. In 2010 there are at least three major defence tasks. They are the suppression of the insurgency, the resolution of the Kurdish 2292:

In 2018, At the NATO Summit in Brussels , following a request from the Iraqi government, Allied leaders issued direction to launch a new training mission in Iraq called NATO Mission Iraq (NMI). This new mission was established in Baghdad in October 2018.

3347: 1804:, and 32 aircraft mechanics. The original five pilots were Natiq Mohammed Khalil al-Tay, Mohammed Ali Jawad, Hafdhi Aziz, Akrem Mushtaq, and Musa Ali. During the early years of the Royal Iraqi Air Force, it mainly received aircraft from the 1976:

In July 2008 it was reported that the Iraqi Navy was building a second Marine battalion. As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors and marines which formed an operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two

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were originally planned to be delivered sometime around 2006–2007. The ships however, were found to be in a worse state than originally believed, forcing the Iraqi navy to reconsider the deal and instead buy 4, newer, smaller

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for boarding ships and also possibly be able to accommodate a helicopter which would increase their patrol capability. In 2016 the Iraqi Navy awarded money to a ship maintenance company to sustain its current fleet of ships.

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Rathmell, Andrew, Olga Oliker, Terrence K. Kelly, David Brannan, and Keith Crane, eds. Developing Iraq’s Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority’s Experience. MG-365-OSD. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation,

1572:, the Special Security Division (Green Zone protection), and also reportedly the Special Forces Command. The MOD also runs a Joint Staff College, training army, navy, and air force officers, with support from the 2142:

surveillance aircraft. Iraq also had embarked upon an undertaking known as Project 395, a $ 400-million program to produce solid-fuel surface-to-surface ballistic missiles. Also under President Saddam Hussein,

844:, which had been stationed in eastern Jordan. The 3rd Armoured Division did not organise itself and reach the front line before the Jordanians ceased operations. Therefore, Iraqi participation was limited to a 3337: 4267:"Iraqi Army: World's 5th Largest but Full of Vital Weaknesses : Military: It will soon be even larger. But its senior staff is full of incompetents, and only a third of its troops are experienced" 934:. He also guaranteed the military's loyalty to the regime by promoting loyal officers and purging questionable ones. However, this had the effect of filling the senior officer ranks with incompetents. 1346: 3553: 2204:

that although Iraqi scientists possessed the knowledge to restart the nuclear program, by 2002 the idea had become "a vague dream from another era." Iraqi scientists under Saddam Hussein included

1287:. The British Army controlled the southern regions of Iraq and fought there until their withdrawal on 30 April 2009. The United States controlled Northern and Central Iraq. After the invasion, the 726:

Iraq does not appear to have publicly issued a national defence review or white paper. Much of defence policy since 2003 has been set by the United States. For example, one mission objective for

1145:, remote-piloted "drone" aircraft, sophisticated cluster-bomb, infrared and television-guided bombs and laser-guided missiles. At that time, Iraq was believed to be way ahead of its then rival 3372: 1669:

article suggested that, between 2004 and 2014, the U.S. had provided the Iraqi Army with $ 25 billion in training and equipment in addition to an even larger sum from the Iraqi treasury.

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particularly in two areas: logistics and combat engineering. Two impressive logistical accomplishments of the army included the ability to sustain an armoured corps in Syria during the

856:, which was around 435 kilometers from Bagdad in western Iraq, near the H-3 oil pumping station. The Israelis reportedly destroyed 21 Iraqi aircraft for the loss of three of their own. 1835:, which ended in 1988, when it consisted of 1029 aircraft of all types (of which 550 were combat aircraft), becoming the largest air force in the region. Its downfall came during the 1045:

and expected a decisive victory in the face of a severely weakened Iran, Iraq only made progress for three months. By December 1980 the invasion had stalled. In fierce fighting, the

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was also disbanded. Military and economic sanctions prevented Iraq from rebuilding its military power. What rebuilding was done was concentrated on the Republican Guard and the new

2555: 1893:, which offered a bachelor's degree in war and engineering naval studies. By 1988, the Navy grew to a force of 5,000, but played a relatively small role during the 1980–1988 3584: 4240: 1224:. After a protracted and problematic weapons inspection process, the majority of these type of weapons were considered to be destroyed and their facilities sealed under UN 5947: 5143: 2604: 1505:

and Iraqi Security Forces personnel fire a howitzer at known Islamic State of Iraq and Syria locations near the Iraqi-Syrian border during Operation Roundup, June 5, 2018.

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expeditionary force which operated on the Syrian front. However, the force did not perform very well, and the Iraqi Air Force did not do well either, losing 26 of the 101

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On 22 April 2004, under Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 73 all personnel, facilities, and equipment of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps were transferred to the

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regime and the disbanding of the entire military, the United States sought to rebuild the Iraqi armed forces and so the country received substantial assistance from the

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of 1991. The force had 19 ships sunk and 6 vessels damaged. In total, more than 100 Iraqi ships were destroyed. The Navy was not rebuilt and played little part in the

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service branch of the Iraqi Armed Forces, responsible for the policing of international borders and surveillance of national assets. The Air Force also supports the

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forces' status in relation to the Iraqi Armed Forces themselves, and longer-term, the growth of the armed forces so that they can defend Iraq from external threats.

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support to the Kurds. From 1973 to 1980, Saddam largely relieved the armed forces of internal security functions by creating new paramilitary forces, such as the

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their capacity. NATO works closely with the Iraqi Ministry of Defence to train members of the Iraqi Military under the direct control of the Government of Iraq.

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Saddam's government did not respond to the ultimatum in the way that the Bush Administration wanted them to. On March 19, 2003, the United States, with British,

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Light infantry brigades are equipped with small arms, machine guns, RPGs, body armor and light armored vehicles. Mechanized infantry brigades are equipped with

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infantrymen on dismounted patrols. As insurgents lose passive or active support from the local population, they will more easily be defeated, it was believed.

7067: 3549: 3109: 2310: 5172: 2205: 1660: 1636:: القوات البرية العراقية), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was known as the Royal Iraqi Army up until the coup of July 1958. 1338:

to oversee the process. On August 2, 2003, the first battalion of new Iraqi Army (IA) recruits started a nine-week training course at a training base in

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families. This can be especially grueling if the unit is on deployment outside of their home province as the absenteeism time is naturally increased.

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By 2002 the Iraqi Air Defence Command counted four air defence sectors and at least five missile brigades, the 145th, 146th, 147th, 148th, and 195th.

4146: 1377: 861: 1480:, said in June 2007 that Coalition forces should not draw down too quickly and that the transitioning of security responsibilities would take time. 1472:

allowed Iraqi forces more time for training and leadership development, as well as more Coalition partnering with Iraqi units. The commander of the

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according to Article 73 of the constitution is the ‘high command’ for ceremonial and honorary purposes, such as approving the appointment of the

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influence Iraqi policy by holding up arms deliveries. Despite the large amount of Soviet equipment that Iraq continued to receive (shown by the

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within the Iraqi military compensation system, it is commonplace for the soldier to end up bearing the financial brunt of medical expenses.

1540:), which transferred all provinces' security responsibilities to the Iraqi government. Five provinces were transferred at once as a result. 627:

Logistics and combat engineering have been traditional strong points. Iraqi soldiers have also usually fought hard in difficult situations.

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that followed the US-led invasion of the country. The latest major conflict in which the armed forces of the country participated was the

5933: 1331: 1130:, created after the war ended. Iraq maintained standing armed forces about 375,000 strong. Armed force intelligence was provided by the 6948: 6918: 6813: 6695: 1221: 1173: 4501: 1957:

patrol boat was destroyed. One exception was two mine warfare vessels captured by US Navy and Coast Guard units during the assault on

5060: 3019:"The Continuing Challenge of Building the Iraqi Security Forces, Report from the US Congress Armed Services Committee. June 27, 2007" 7060: 5432: 2193:. Since this never happened in 1991, Saddam found their use unnecessary. Iraq destroyed its biological arsenal after the 1991 war. 1998:, with the first of the boats to enter service in September 2005. This project however, was ultimately canceled. Additionally, two 1942:

from Italy, although these were never delivered because of international sanctions following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

1839:(1990–91) and continued as U.S. and allied forces enforced no-fly zones. The remains of Iraq's air force were destroyed during the 3574: 1122:-led coalition resulted in the reduction of Iraq's ground forces to 23 divisions and the air force to less than 300 aircraft. The 7203: 6968: 6071: 3729: 1042: 2654: 6616: 6319: 1252: 3482: 6788: 4748: 4460: 4337: 3395: 3061: 2866: 2815: 2734: 2624: 2225: 1327: 1193: 4726: 1548:

The Ministry of Defense (MOD) oversees the forces, as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the

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with allied aid to provide assistance to these refugees. This involved some confrontations with the Iraqi armed forces. The

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There is no single authoritative translation of the Constitution. These translations are drawn from the translation by the

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The Iraqi Army launched its first solely planned and executed high-profile division-level operation March 25, 2008 in the

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establishes the legal basis of the Iraqi Armed Forces. Much of the wording of Article 9 draws upon Article 27 of the 2004

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For a 1992 estimate of Iraq's armed forces, see James Bruce, "How Saddam is picking up the pieces a year after 'Storm',"

2241: 1220:, some of which have been alleged to come from the United States and its allies. These weapons were ordered destroyed by 639: 3772: 3156: 1655:

in 2003, the Iraqi Army was rebuilt along U.S. lines with enormous amounts of U.S. assistance at every level. After the

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The Armed Forces were formally disbanded and the Iraqi Ministry of Defense was dissolved shortly after the invasion, by

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Sean Boyle, 'In wake of Desert Fox, Saddam moves to tighten his grip,' Jane's ChemBio Web/Geopolitical Resources (also

4318: 2895:, 22 February 1992, 284. This piece estimates that Iraq might have 250 intact aircraft and between 22 and 27 divisions. 2524: 2281:

as an example of a possible joint training exercise component of a future U.S.–Iraq military-to-military relationship.

2181:) under Saddam Hussein until the end of 1991 Gulf War. By the time Iraqis were testing biological warheads (containing 1536:

On January 1, 2009, the Provincial Iraqi Control process was superseded by the U.S.-Iraqi Security Agreement (see also

3636: 7188: 6943: 6473: 5481: 4299: 546: 3305: 2262:, the Iranian government also publicly offered help to build up the Iraqi armed forces. Then-Iraqi Defence Minister 7306: 7153: 6873: 6783: 6086: 5569: 5554: 5150: 5138: 4708: 4653: 4625: 2174: 1656: 613: 285: 17: 6883: 6853: 6626: 5427: 5413: 5165: 4815: 4690: 4590: 2410: 2237: 2233: 2113: 1553: 1436: 1399: 1350: 1288: 1197: 1127: 719: 688: 609: 522: 3120: 1086:

provided an abundance of financial, political and logistical support for Iraq, while Iran was largely isolated.

6991: 6958: 6823: 6688: 6641: 6631: 6531: 6440: 5031: 4713: 4509: 3205: 2495: 2315: 2245: 2178: 1292: 1228:. A new round of weapons inspections was performed in early 2003 by United Nations weapons inspectors led by 732:"Iraq that has a security force that can maintain domestic order and deny Iraq as a safe haven for terrorists" 7255: 6981: 6516: 6501: 6450: 6233: 6053: 4648: 4439: 4413: 3704: 3427: 3025: 2544: 1712:

and their ability to move formations of corps size from one end of the country to another in days during the

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coalesced shortly after the invasion, the Iraqi Army was redesigned as a counter-insurgency force. After the

1596: 1055: 6496: 6363: 3228: 7163: 7103: 6938: 6898: 6838: 6753: 6273: 5177: 3180: 2022: 1750: 1595:, since September 2009 the 'Armed Forces of the Kurdistan Region,' are a separate armed force loyal to the 1573: 1502: 1469: 1260: 1233: 1067: 797:

of 1932, a conscription law was introduced, which strengthened the Iraqi Army at the expense of the tribal

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institutions of Iraq. Iraqi Armed Forces deficiencies have been identified in enabling functions, such as,

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On Point II Transition to the New Campaign: The U.S. Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom May 2003-January 2005

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was awarded a contract to train the first nine battalions, or 9,000 recruits, of a 44,000 person-strong "

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Foroutan Abbas, Medical experiences of Iraq's Chemical Warfare Baqiyatallah Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran 2003

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Iraqi participation in the Six-Day War was limited, principally owing to the slow reaction of the Iraqi

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Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (24 April 2022).

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Prime minister had reportedly dismissed the director of Iraqi national intelligence at the same time.

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The Kurds started the second Kurdish war of 1974–75, but the war ended in a Kurdish defeat after the

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took the major role in assuring Iraq's exterior defense. The U.S. command responsible was initially

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Chemring cartridge actuated devices/propellant actuated devices, which can be used in ejection seats

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After the invasion, the Air Force was rebuilt, receiving most of its training and aircraft from the

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was founded with a small number of pilots. Six Army coups took place, with one in 1936 being led by

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An Iraqi postage stamp of 15 fils, issued in 1967, on the occasion of the Iraqi Army Day, January 6.

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Pic.twitter.com/TYAN3Au34v." Twitter, 28 May 2020, twitter.com/IraqiPMO/status/1265950977829601282.

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on June 28, 2004, the U.S. and its allies remained in Iraq, receiving authorisation to do so under

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on September 27, 2005. The center runs Junior Staff and Senior Staff Officer Courses designed for

969:. The war lasted almost eight years, ending in a stalemate on 20 August 1988 when Iran accepted a 7221: 6986: 6923: 6818: 6738: 6723: 6648: 6601: 6580: 6511: 6468: 6358: 6213: 5846: 5594: 5258: 4991: 3754: 3449: 2213: 2038:

In addition, all military hospitals under the Saddam regime were looted and abandoned during the

1488: 1388:(MOI) and other security forces. A new force generation plan aimed to create ten army divisions. 1256: 1181: 1111: 773: 577: 3281:'Iraqi Intelligence at the Brigade/Division level: Systemic Deficiencies and Training Solutions' 3269: 7123: 6976: 6908: 6903: 6858: 6848: 6828: 6808: 6763: 6551: 6208: 6203: 5549: 5408: 5278: 5253: 5123: 4875: 2605:"The Weight of the Shadow of the Past: The Organizational Culture of the Iraqi Army, 1921–2003" 2320: 2138: 2055: 1905: 1549: 1510: 1473: 1236:

decided that Saddam Hussein's regime must be removed, and it gave an ultimatum to that effect.

1232:, which searched Iraqi sites again, but found no new weapons or weapons programs. However, the 1153: 1142: 962: 923: 530: 485: 7183: 7173: 7133: 7113: 7108: 7098: 6878: 6868: 6843: 6798: 6768: 6733: 6611: 6329: 6181: 6032: 5914: 5653: 5521: 5133: 5006: 4985: 4905: 4865: 4756: 4602: 4539: 3659: 2278: 2039: 1840: 1652: 1448: 1248: 1141:

that produced everything from rifle bullets to ballistic missiles, advanced naval mines, the

659: 631: 2938:"BETWEEN DESERT STORM AND IRAQI FREEDOM: U.S. ARMY OPERATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1991-2001" 650:

are responsible for providing security and upholding law and order throughout most of Iraq.

7014: 6933: 6893: 6445: 6314: 6258: 6196: 6191: 6186: 5748: 5630: 5564: 5526: 5422: 5348: 5343: 5268: 5116: 4734: 3550:"With new US planes slow to arrive, Iraq seeks remnants of Saddam's air force to bomb ISIL" 2577: 2456: 2442: 2151: 1999: 1933: 1801: 1800:

neighborhood of Baghdad, and consisted of five pilots, aeronautics students trained at the

1793: 1419: 1373: 1184:

divisions in October 1994, which resulted in a major U.S. protective deployment designated

1110:

Saddam Hussein had also poured massive resources into regime protection agencies, like the

978: 757: 684: 662:. In high-end conventional operations, Iraqi capabilities are currently limited by lack of 538: 351: 821:

in 1958, where the new Iraqi government began increased diplomatic relationships with the

612:. The nascent post-Iraq war Iraqi armed forces were engaged in anti-insurgency during the 8: 7193: 7178: 7168: 7138: 7128: 7006: 6913: 6778: 6718: 6382: 6294: 6094: 5690: 5648: 5574: 5449: 5371: 4900: 4870: 4855: 4420:

Hemphill, Paul (1979) `The Formation of the Iraqi Army, 1921–33', in Abbas Kelidar (ed.)

3579: 3310: 2651: 2470: 2244:

facilitated buying of U.S. weapons. Residual assistance efforts were then managed by the

1796:

elements in Iraq in the 1920s and early 1930s. The RIrAF was based at the airport in the

1319: 1280: 1279:

and Iraqi 5th Corps plus parts of the Republican Guard. Significant battles included the

1225: 1018: 841: 588:, initiated by the Iraqis in 1980, which continued until 1988. Thereafter Iraq began the 560:

were mounted by the army between 1936 and 1941. The armed forces first saw combat in the

298: 134: 809:

to encourage its union with Iraq. British forces later defeated the Iraqis in the short

7158: 7029: 6888: 6743: 6309: 6171: 5821: 5816: 5801: 5763: 5738: 5675: 5536: 5106: 4915: 4830: 4449: 4377: 4213: 3342: 2937: 2630: 2263: 2249: 2159: 1978: 1923: 1882: 1673: 1518: 1432: 1424: 1384:. MNSTC-I was given the task of building up the new Iraqi Armed Forces, as well as the 1217: 1204:

was launched, further damaging Iraqi air defences in the southern part of the country.

1161: 1123: 1026: 982: 931: 900:

capability was also improved, with the purchase of 2,000 heavy equipment transporters.

818: 655: 597: 589: 534: 247: 240: 5663: 4353:

The U.S. Army in the Iraq War – Volume 1: Invasion – Insurgency – Civil War, 2003-2006

4294:. United States Naval Institute Press (distributed by Airlife Publishing Ltd. in UK). 4089:. The International Institute for Strategic Studies. September 9, 2002. Archived from 3054: 752: 6572: 6540: 6263: 6176: 6161: 5985: 5925: 5890: 5841: 5806: 5643: 5584: 5486: 5396: 5366: 5361: 5228: 5223: 5207: 5096: 5036: 4956: 4951: 4860: 4456: 4381: 4333: 4314: 4295: 4174: 4123: 2872: 2862: 2811: 2730: 2634: 2620: 2520: 2134: 2096:

Rapiscan Systems contractor logistics support for M60 mobile scanning vehicle systems

1894: 1832: 1713: 1514: 1477: 1272: 974: 959: 826: 585: 542: 228: 2670: 2415:"Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 22 of 2003, Creation of a New Iraqi Army" 2240:. USF-I was established on January 1, 2010, and withdrew on December 31, 2011. The 1827:

came to power in 1979, the air force grew quickly when Iraq ordered more Soviet and

1819:

In the years following Iraqi independence, the Air Force was still dependent on the

1483:

In July 2006, a milestone was achieved when the first Iraqi province transferred to

1357:

as a temporary security agency to complement Coalition military operations in Iraq.

1267:

division). They defeated the Iraqi 3rd Corps, the Republican Guard, and much of the

557: 187: 6636: 6478: 6166: 6002: 5992: 5733: 5668: 5658: 5332: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5243: 5218: 4369: 4360:

Robinson, Colin D. (2022). "Why Did Rebuilding the Afghan and Iraqi Armies Fail?".

2612: 2369: 2354: 2252: 2065: 1878: 1789: 1672:

The Iraqi Army was designed as a counter-insurgency force that was developed under

1626: 1581: 1276: 1213: 912: 814: 41: 4373: 1495:

were transferred to Provincial Iraqi Control from September 2006 to October 2008.

1180:

was elevated and established as a fourth service. Kuwait was then threatened with

1005:, which was before this point not seen as feasible by the Iraqi leadership due to 793:

coup of 1941. Following the persecution of the Assyrians, which culminated in the

7270: 7247: 7216: 7085: 6543: 6506: 6422: 6223: 6150: 6116: 6111: 6076: 6020: 5831: 5796: 5685: 5680: 5599: 5510: 5248: 5101: 5013: 5001: 4925: 4920: 4910: 4845: 4820: 4805: 4792: 4780: 4580: 3402: 3376: 3276: 3235: 3065: 2658: 2377: 2339: 2255:. OSC-Iraq was established on October 1, 2011. Lt Gen Bednarek succeeded Caslen. 2186: 2147: 2143: 2077: 1898: 1820: 1757: 1739: 1725: 1644: 1561: 1268: 1059: 1009:'s colossal economic and military might, as well as its close alliances with the 1006: 810: 794: 782: 561: 510: 341: 160: 115: 57: 2414: 1865:

An Iraqi Coastal Defense Force patrol craft prepares to moor in Manama, Bahrain.

1663:

in 2010, Iraqi forces assumed full responsibility for the country's security. A

1498: 772:

after they assumed mandated control over Iraq after 1917. During the March 1921

556:

The armed forces of Iraq were initially formed in the early 1920s. Six military

7045: 7034: 6562: 6432: 6373: 6238: 5960: 5811: 5786: 5066: 4996: 4427:

Jane's, "Iraqi air defence - Fortress Iraq," Jane's Defence Weekly, 23 May 2002

2647: 2126: 2103: 2014: 1824: 1805: 1785: 1769: 1735: 1709: 1665: 1648: 1640: 1452: 1381: 1323: 1071: 904: 769: 635: 573: 385: 2616: 1251:. In the process, Saddam's armed forces were defeated. In the south, the U.S. 1001:

leadership. Iraq had also wished to replace Iran as the dominant state in the

973:. Iraq's rationale for the invasion was primarily to cripple Iran and prevent 7300: 6621: 6324: 5978: 5884: 5836: 5826: 5791: 5743: 5720: 5695: 5459: 5288: 5283: 5160: 4961: 4810: 4127: 3730:"Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq – February 2006 Report to Congress" 3604: 2511: 2267: 2209: 1886: 1847: 1577: 1119: 1030: 1010: 806: 480: 372: 4355:. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press. 4149:(SIGIR), Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, April 30, 2013, p.9 3110:"DoD Bloggers Roundtable Conference Call with David Kilcullen. May 25, 2007" 2922: 2876: 1945:

The Iraqi Navy was almost completely destroyed by the Royal Navy during the

1376:

For the new Iraqi armed forces, the most important move was the creation of

6455: 6299: 6243: 6037: 5710: 5476: 5273: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4800: 4643: 3286: 2854: 2674: 2158:. Other notable weapons of Iraq produced under Saddam Hussein included the 1954: 1919: 1911: 1585: 1264: 1200:

in 1998. As U.S. preparations for an attack on Iraq gathered pace in 2002,

1075: 1002: 822: 318: 1423:

indigenous military forces became a cornerstone of the 2006 United States

1152:

During the 1990s, the Iraqi Armed Forces were involved in suppressing the

62: 6658: 6285: 5894: 5856: 5705: 5541: 5466: 5263: 4825: 2274: 2155: 1991: 1915: 1809: 1492: 1439:

in February 2006, the levels of sectarian violence rose dramatically. In

1099: 994: 853: 852:, which did not locate its targets, and a return Israeli air raid on the 834: 605: 569: 2983:"Northrop Grumman Awarded $ 48 Million Contract to Train New Iraqi Army" 702: 7077: 6136: 6025: 6015: 4971: 4575: 4565: 4163:

Lt. Gen. Caslen assumes command of NTM-I, leads OSC-I to strengthen ISF

1984:

Headed by Rear Admiral Muhammad Jawad, the navy had plans to build six

1870: 1797: 1777: 1773: 1745: 1612: 1565: 1557: 1460: 1415: 1335: 1083: 1034: 1022: 986: 908: 790: 786: 777: 694: 518: 502: 147: 6091:

General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq

2810:(Revised ed.). England: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 152. 2603:

Woods, Kevin M. (2019), Mansoor, Peter R.; Murray, Williamson (eds.),

2150:". Notable ballistic missiles of Iraq produced under Hussein included 2102:

Spartan Air Academy contractor logistics support for T-6A aircraft at

1427:

doctrine. However, after the national elections in December 2005, the

7265: 7237: 6673: 6595: 6348: 6248: 6155: 5781: 5753: 5700: 5238: 4930: 4890: 2346: 2109: 2086:

Navistar Defense transport trucks, recovery vehicles, and spare parts

2074:

General Dynamics vehicle logistics support and training in Taji, Iraq

1694: 1617: 1592: 1407: 1361: 1240: 1229: 1051: 897: 869: 735: 667: 663: 3270:

Al Maliki dismissed military intelligence chief and took on his role

3229:

NATO opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq

2428: 942: 6863: 5298: 5128: 5111: 4885: 4880: 2954: 2167: 2043: 2005: 1973:

including 200 naval infantry who guard" Iraq's two oil platforms."

1950: 1946: 1939: 1836: 1444: 1365: 1339: 1115: 998: 884: 833:, a first war against the Kurds from 1961 to 1970, and then in the 601: 593: 3370:

Coalition team assists in building combat force, Daniel M. Swanson

3306:"Iraq Withdrawal: U.S. Abandoning Plans To Keep Troops In Country" 3146:"Transcript of interview with Ltd Gen Martin Dempsey, June 1 2007" 2062:

AeroVironment unmanned aircraft systems, maintenance, and training

6488: 5758: 5715: 4895: 4840: 2190: 2182: 2090: 1995: 1929: 1681: 1622: 1440: 1431:

shifted focus from a resistance against the occupation towards a

1380:(MNSTC-I) as a subordinate command to MNF-I, under Major General 1156:, which led to refugees fleeing north in 1991. The U.S. launched 880: 646:

on January 1, 2009, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the forces of the

411: 196: 3387: 3385: 2270:

in Tehran in 2005, and the Iranians pledged to give assistance.

2133:

in the late stages of their war with Iran during the so-called "

5638: 5293: 4496: 2680: 2409: 2163: 2130: 1958: 1874: 1828: 1761: 1633: 1244: 1079: 1014: 873: 865: 849: 802: 798: 424: 398: 3500: 2384:

The war is known in the Arab world and other countries as the

1885:

of 1958, the Iraqi Navy began to expand. Based in the port of

1345:

In the interim, the new army had been formally established by

1094: 946:

Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)

521:. Along with these primary service branches, there exists the 7260: 6339: 5851: 4835: 3382: 3186: 2166:

self-propelled artillery system. At sea the Iraqis built the

2009: 1890: 1889:, the Arabic Gulf Academy for Sea Studies was established in 1813: 1685: 1464: 1307:

Iraqi special forces soldiers with M4A1 carbines, March 2020.

916: 888: 845: 801:. In 1938–1939, Iraqi Army forces were concentrated near the 52: 2089:

Northrop Grumman ATK contractor logistic support for Iraq's

1625:

tank of the 5th Mechanized Division which saw action in the

1168:

dominated Iraqi airspace in the southern part of Iraq while

5971: 5046: 5023: 4766: 4760: 4534: 4411:

Michael Eisenstadt, 'The Iraqi Armed Forces Two Years On,'

3613: 2099:

Scientia Global digital mobile radio equipment and training

1639:

The Iraqi Army in its modern form was first created by the

1456: 1146: 1114:, that later took on a battlefield role. Losses during the 966: 927: 876: 765: 707: 498: 3575:"Iraq cobbling together makeshift air force to fight ISIS" 2999: 2542: 1965:, towing a well camouflaged minelaying barge, and the tug 1212:

In the 1980s and 1990s, Iraq built and used an arsenal of

1138: 864:), Iraq sought Western military equipment. Purchases from 7289:- country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world 4488: 3705:"Iraqi Security Forces Order of Battle: July 2008 Update" 2905: 2903: 2901: 2724: 2584: 2083:

Lockheed Martin Integrated Air Defense System sustainment

1491:

was the first province to be transferred. Twelve further

1368:. Soon afterwards, U.S. forces in Iraq were reorganised. 1326:." MPRI was given the military training subcontract. The 1192:

was a later 1995–2007 operation of the same nature. More

1172:

did the same in the north. As a result of Iraqi actions,

955: 207: 4437:

Andrew Rathmell, 'Iraq's Military: Waiting for Change,'

2120: 4393:. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. 829:, deterred any move though. Iraqi forces fought in the 5955: 4404:

Jane's Pointer, 'Iraq changes command structure,' 1993

4188:"Maj. Gen. Cucolo interview, DVIDS, February 17, 2010" 3755:

Iraqi Force Development and the Challenge of Civil War

3605:

International Institute for Strategic Studies (1991).

2898: 2652:

http://www.uniraq.org/documents/iraqi_constitution.pdf

817:. The Iraqi Air Force used British aircraft until the 596:

of 1991, which led in turn to confrontations over the

1904:

Between 1977 and 1987, the Iraqi Navy received eight

1443:, a cycle of sectarian violence accelerated in which 1102:

of Iraqi-occupied Kuwait on 2 August 1990 during the

4434:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/London, 2002 4332:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 3633:"Ship to Shore Logistics – 04 (History – 2003 Iraq)" 3428:"Commentary: Fostering Iraqi Army Logistics Success" 3035: 2219: 1632:

The Iraqi Army, officially the Iraqi Ground Forces (

1164:

were established partially due to these operations.

805:

border, as the military portion of a policy by then-

3521:"Iraq air force wants Iran to give back its planes" 3362: 2758:

This section is drawn from Pollack, 2002, p.177–178

2311:

List of current equipment of the Iraqi Armed Forces

1831:aircraft. The air force's peak came after the long 6082:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 4448: 3330: 3174: 3011: 2861:. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 89. 2727:Unholy Babylon: The Secret History of Saddam's War 2258:While Iran has been accused of involvement in the 2029: 6556:Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq 4265:Broder, JOHN M.; Jehl, DOUGLAS (13 August 1990). 4147:Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction 2843:(Summer 1988) – via www.foreignaffairs.com. 1378:Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq 7298: 7075: 4446: 3506: 3338:"Graft Hobbles Iraq's Military In Fighting Isis" 2686: 2611:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 272–298, 2552:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2429:"Popular Mobilisation Forces Committee Law 2016" 2058:) to Iraq during the fiscal year 2020 included: 1788:. Before the creation of the new air force, the 1196:were launched in 1996. Iraq was bombed again in 1070:, which had sided with Iran. The United States, 1041:Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's 576:. Two wars against the Kurds were fought during 2808:The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom 2049: 1404:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 1349:of August 18, 2003. Then on September 3, 2003, 1176:were launched in June 1993. The same year, the 4350: 3635:. Think Defence. 5 August 2013. Archived from 3192: 3181:DoD News Briefing with Brig. Gen. Dana Pittard 2749:This section is drawn from Pollack 2002, p.167 1410:forces had seen the fighting as conventional ' 1406:. For periods immediately after the invasion, 1313:Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2 1298: 1054:operating for both countries—most notably the 1050:conclusion of the war. There were a number of 7061: 6689: 6431: 6108:Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq 5941: 4742: 4517: 4330:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–91 3767: 3765: 3763: 3413: 3411: 3102: 2513:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2198:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1700:The Army extensively collaborated with Iraqi 1017:. The war followed a long-running history of 862:SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 1973–1990 756:Iraqi Army mountain gun in action during the 718:Iraq's legislation on defence dates from the 73: 'The army is the wall of the homeland' 4659:Private Security Company Association of Iraq 4443:, Vol. 7, No.2, February 1995, p. 76–80 4432:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91 3747: 2711:Library of Congress Country Studies: Iraq, ' 2545:"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022" 2538: 2536: 2266:met with his Iranian colleague Rear Admiral 1513:. The IA received Coalition support only in 1132:Directorate of General Military Intelligence 1047:Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran 937: 919:without shooting down any Israeli aircraft. 4447:Al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008). 4388: 3657: 3292: 3070: 3005: 2382:حرب الخليج الأولى, الحرب الإيرانية العراقية 1332:Coalition Military Assistance Training Team 1271:. In the north, the special operations-led 1222:United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1021:, as a result of which Iraq had planned to 564:of 1941. They fought against Israel in the 549:. The armed forces are administered by the 27:Ministry of Defence military forces of Iraq 7068: 7054: 6696: 6682: 5948: 5934: 4749: 4735: 4524: 4510: 4451:Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History 4389:Wright, Donald R.; Reese, Timothy (2008). 4351:Rayburn, Joel D; Sobchak, Frank K (2019). 4264: 4070: 3760: 3702: 3426:Lieutenant Colonel Thomas M. Magee, USAR, 3408: 2909: 2725:Darwish, Adel; Alexander, Gregory (1991). 1525:. A British infantry brigade stationed at 1395:as a component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. 879:in 1977. That same year, Iraq ordered ten 6105:Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party 5057:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 4087:"Iraq Dossier:Director's press statement" 3405:, Article on MNF-I website, 20 April 2006 3212:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-03-02 2847: 2533: 907:of 1973 took the part of a 60,000 strong 760:against a revolt in Kurdistan, June 1932. 4881:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 4359: 4289: 4079: 3619: 3041: 2960: 2833:"The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis" 2799: 2519:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 358. 1897:. Much of the Navy was destroyed during 1860: 1744: 1729: 1616: 1497: 1347:Coalition Provisional Authority Order 22 1302: 1139:growing domestic arms producing industry 1093: 941: 872:fighter-attack aircraft in 1976 and 200 751: 701: 693: 634:, which resulted in the toppling of the 6072:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 4327: 3476: 3474: 2729:. London: Victor Gollancz. p. 13. 2590: 2507: 2505: 2405: 2403: 1207: 1089: 14: 7299: 6703: 6617:Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah 6320:Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance 4424:, pp. 88–110. London: Croom Helm. 4113: 4107: 3773:"For Iraqi Soldiers, A Medical Morass" 3518: 3480: 3080:US Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual 2805: 2671:Order 22: Creation of a New Iraqi Army 1918:("Styx") anti-ship missiles, from the 1253:Combined Forces Land Component Command 891:and in 1978 it purchased 200 Cascavel 7049: 6677: 6559:Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions 5929: 5616: 5508: 5330: 5205: 4778: 4730: 4505: 4235: 4233: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3318:from the original on 30 December 2011 3279:, October 2009. See also Nick Padlo, 2935: 2853: 2830: 2609:The Culture of Military Organizations 2602: 2121:Defense industry under Saddam Hussein 1342:. They graduated on October 4, 2003. 958:that began on 22 September 1980 when 606:dissolution of the Iraqi armed forces 5910: 5852:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 4704:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction 4308: 3675:"On Its Own: The Iraqi Navy in 2005" 3471: 3350:from the original on 13 October 2017 3249:"Annex H 2010 Updates, January 2010" 2781:The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War 2767:Pollack, 2002, p.175, citing Dupuy, 2502: 2400: 2351:Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Iraqiyyah 1710:Yom Kippur War/1973 Arab–Israeli War 1538:U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement 1058:, which had sided with Iraq and the 644:U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement 5900: 4677:Iraqi National Intelligence Service 3672: 3483:"Iraqi Air Force Since 1948 Part 1" 2457:"Constitution of Iraq (article 78)" 2443:"Constitution of Iraq (article 73)" 2381: 2373: 2358: 2343: 2242:Defense Security Cooperation Agency 2146:was launched to build a series of " 640:United States Department of Defense 69: 61: 24: 7007:Dependencies and other territories 4455:. London and New York: Routledge. 4398: 4292:Desert Victory: The War for Kuwait 4277:from the original on 16 March 2016 4230: 4173:British Broadcasting Corporation, 3910:"Contracts for September 30, 2020" 3790:"Contracts for September 25, 2020" 3757:, CSIS, April 26, 2007, p. 72 3437: 2558:from the original on 25 April 2022 1719: 1372:(MNF-I) was created under General 1291:was established to administer the 642:. Since the implementation of the 600:during the 1990s, and finally the 46:Emblem of the Armed Forces of Iraq 25: 7328: 6474:Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam 4482: 4175:Iranians to train Iraq's military 3982:"Contracts for December 31, 2019" 3886:"Contracts for December 23, 2019" 3838:"Contracts for February 20, 2020" 3609:. London: Brassey's. p. 108. 2471:"CIA – The World Factbook – Iraq" 2273:In 2010, U.S. Army Major General 2220:International defense cooperation 1576:. The college was established at 1560:, the Army Aviation Command, the 1137:Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq had a 678: 584:. A much larger conflict was the 7231:Autonomous regional armed forces 7217:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5909: 5899: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5185:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 4759: 4654:Department of Border Enforcement 4533: 4211: 4006:"Contracts for January 22, 2020" 3958:"Contracts for December 5, 2019" 3485:. Air Combat Information Group. 3295:, pp. 434, 438, 453, 476–7. 3055:"A Thin Blue Line in the Sand," 2831:Segal, David (28 January 2009). 2175:Iraqi biological weapons program 1688:infantry fighting vehicles. The 1533:role, but it did not intervene. 1353:Order Number 28 established the 417: 404: 391: 378: 365: 291: 272: 253: 234: 153: 140: 127: 40: 7204:States with limited recognition 6969:States with limited recognition 5664:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 5087:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 5077:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 4816:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 4691:Iraqi Falcons Intelligence Cell 4258: 4205: 4180: 4167: 4152: 4140: 4046: 4022: 3998: 3974: 3950: 3926: 3902: 3878: 3854: 3830: 3806: 3782: 3722: 3696: 3666: 3651: 3625: 3598: 3587:from the original on 2017-09-01 3567: 3556:from the original on 2017-08-24 3542: 3531:from the original on 2017-10-11 3512: 3489:from the original on 2016-07-10 3460:from the original on 2008-09-10 3420: 3298: 3262: 3241: 3222: 3198: 3138: 3047: 2975: 2966: 2929: 2915: 2883: 2824: 2790: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2718: 2713:Iraq as an independent monarchy 2705: 2692: 2664: 2640: 2596: 2570: 2411:Coalition Provisional Authority 2363: 2093:Cessna 208 and Cessna 172 fleet 2030:Challenges for the armed forces 2008:built for Iraq in the 1980s by 1766:Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Iraqiya 1653:invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces 1554:Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service 1400:Coalition Provisional Authority 1364:refused to fight insurgents in 1351:Coalition Provisional Authority 1289:Coalition Provisional Authority 924:Iranian–Iraqi Algiers agreement 720:Coalition Provisional Authority 689:Transitional Administrative Law 610:Coalition Provisional Authority 604:of 2003, which resulted in the 537:according to Article 78 of the 523:Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service 497:are the military forces of the 7015:British Indian Ocean Territory 6441:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 4947:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 4422:The Integration of Modern Iraq 4054:"Contracts for April 29, 2020" 3934:"Contracts for March 18, 2020" 3735:. 17 February 2006. p. 45 3238:– NATO Training Mission – Iraq 2936:Moger, Jourden Travis (2021). 2488: 2463: 2449: 2435: 2421: 2333: 2316:Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces 2246:Office of Security Cooperation 2179:Iraqi chemical weapons program 1194:cruise missile strikes on Iraq 1174:cruise missile strikes on Iraq 1149:'s arms producing industry. 13: 1: 6451:Qaraqosh Protection Committee 6234:Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya 6054:Facilities Protection Service 5206: 4649:Facilities Protection Service 4417:, March 1993, p. 121–127 4374:10.1080/03071847.2022.2149124 4030:"Contracts for June 29, 2020" 3814:"Contracts for July 31, 2020" 3396:The New Iraqi Security Forces 2675:Order 67: Ministry of Defense 2394: 2054:U.S. foreign military sales ( 1856: 1704:during anti-ISIL operations. 1606: 1597:Kurdistan Regional Government 1398:After the dissolution of the 5443:in ISIL-controlled territory 5331: 4684:General Security Directorate 4467:(one callmark UA853.I72 ALM) 4328:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). 4114:Obeidi, Mahdi (2004-09-26). 3862:"Contracts for May 29, 2020" 3607:The Military Balance 1991-92 3507:Al-Marashi & Salama 2008 3456:. globalsecurity.org. 2005. 3368:U.S. Department of Defense, 3283:, smallwarsjournal.com, 2008 2923:"Air Defense Command - Iraq" 2859:The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988 2775:, 303–04, Edgar O'Ballance, 2715:,' 1988, accessed March 2010 2687:Al-Marashi & Salama 2008 2224:From 2003 to 2010, the U.S. 2050:Purchases from U.S. Industry 2023:Rigid-hulled inflatable boat 1751:Tucson International Airport 1697:M tanks from 2010 and 2013. 1574:NATO Training Mission - Iraq 1543: 1503:3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment 1470:Iraq War troop surge of 2007 1463:retaliated with killings in 1261:I Marine Expeditionary Force 1255:drove north with the Army's 7: 7317:1921 establishments in Iraq 6642:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 6632:Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah 6586:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 6254:Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas 6229:Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces 6219:Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba 6146:Popular Mobilization Forces 5617: 5509: 5354:Council of Representatives 5092:Weapons of mass destruction 4779: 4611:Popular Mobilization Forces 4159:Allied Rapid Reaction Corps 3519:Colvin, Ross (2007-08-05). 2963:, pp. 61, 109, 349–52. 2475:Central Intelligence Agency 2304: 2238:United States Forces – Iraq 2234:Multi-National Force – Iraq 2230:Combined Joint Task Force 7 2170:naval moored contact mine. 1702:Popular Mobilization Forces 1527:Basra International Airport 1386:Ministry of Interior (Iraq) 1299:Rebuilding the Armed Forces 1190:Operation Vigilant Sentinel 1033:(also known in Iran as the 975:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 903:Iraqi participation in the 527:Popular Mobilization Forces 471:List of wars involving Iraq 178:Popular Mobilization Forces 63: 10: 7333: 6759:People's Republic of China 6269:Islamic Resistance in Iraq 5082:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 4472:Jane's Intelligence Review 4440:Jane's Intelligence Review 4414:Jane's Intelligence Review 4058:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 4034:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 4010:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3986:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3962:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3938:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3914:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3890:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3866:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3842:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3818:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3794:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 3703:DJ Elliott (4 July 2008). 3673:Axe, David (August 2005). 3417:Pollack, 2002, p. 265 3193:Rayburn & Sobchak 2019 1764:: القوات الجوية العراقية, 1723: 1610: 1412:fighting in built up areas 1186:Operation Vigilant Warrior 1056:People's Mujahedin of Iran 768:began to be formed by the 745: 741: 632:2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq 547:chief of the general staff 286:Chief of the General Staff 7284: 7246: 7230: 7202: 7084: 7005: 6967: 6709: 6591:Black Banner Organization 6571: 6539: 6530: 6487: 6421: 6372: 6338: 6284: 6274:Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada 6135: 6125: 6062: 6001: 5967: 5875: 5774: 5629: 5625: 5612: 5517: 5504: 5339: 5326: 5214: 5201: 5022: 4939: 4791: 4787: 4774: 4699: 4667: 4624: 4601: 4546: 4311:The Military Balance 2019 4290:Friedman, Norman (1992). 4116:"Saddam, the Bomb and Me" 3392:Multi-National Force Iraq 2987:Northrop Grumman Newsroom 2779:, 317–18, and Tzvi Ofer, 2617:10.1017/9781108622752.013 2517:The Military Balance 2024 2284:In July 2015, during the 2177:(not to be confused with 1922:. It also purchased four 1661:withdrawal of U.S. troops 1570:Iraqi Air Defence Command 1556:. MOD forces include the 1393:Iraqi Ministry of Defence 1370:Multi-National Force-Iraq 1355:Iraqi Civil Defense Corps 1178:Iraqi Air Defence Command 1158:Operation Provide Comfort 1029:and the east bank of the 956:protracted armed conflict 938:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) 728:Multi-National Force-Iraq 479: 454: 449: 441: 433: 357: 350: 340: 335: 327: 317: 309: 304: 284: 265: 246: 227: 220: 202: 186: 166:Iraqi Air Defence Command 114: 96: 78: 51: 39: 34: 6654:Wakefulness and Holy War 6627:Mujahideen Shura Council 6607:Hassan Al-Basri Brigades 6502:Êzîdxan Protection Force 6354:Kurdistan Workers' Party 6305:1920 Revolution Brigades 5433:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 5344:Administrative divisions 3059:, issue #5, Summer 2007. 2777:No Victor, No Vanquished 2677:, accessed 26 March 2010 2326: 2080:long range radar systems 1690:Hungarian Defence Forces 1529:was ready in a tactical 1485:Provincial Iraqi Control 1418:. After a review of the 1360:In April 2004, an Iraqi 1202:Operation Southern Focus 1170:Operation Northern Watch 1166:Operation Southern Watch 1128:Special Republican Guard 1106:that began the Gulf War. 1104:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 1043:post-revolutionary chaos 813:of May 1941, during the 776:, it was agreed that an 748:Military history of Iraq 463:Military history of Iraq 260:Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani 7307:Law enforcement in Iraq 7025:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6649:Shield of Islam Brigade 6602:Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army 6581:Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq 6512:Sinjar Resistance Units 6469:Syriac Military Council 6403:Brigade of Imam Hussein 6359:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks 4992:Mandate for Mesopotamia 4866:First Babylonian Empire 3753:Cordesman, Anthony H., 3293:Wright & Reese 2008 3006:Wright & Reese 2008 2806:Molavi, Afshin (2005). 2344:القوات المسلحة العراقية 2214:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash 1749:Iraqi F-16D landing at 1489:Al Muthanna Governorate 983:1979 Iranian Revolution 789:and the last being the 758:anti-Barzani operations 673: 648:Iraqi interior ministry 84:; 103 years ago 7276:People's Defense Units 6204:Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda 5151:Insurgency (2011–2013) 5072:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4876:Middle Assyrian Empire 2910:Broder & Jehl 1990 2578:"Constitution of Iraq" 2431:. Ministry of Justice. 2359:هێزە چەکدارەکانی عێراق 2321:Military ranks of Iraq 2216:as weapons designers. 1866: 1753: 1742: 1684:main battle tanks and 1647:of British control of 1629: 1550:Prime Minister of Iraq 1511:Battle of Basra (2008) 1506: 1474:Iraqi Assistance Group 1318:On June 25, 2003, the 1308: 1154:1991 uprisings in Iraq 1143:Lion of Babylon (tank) 1107: 1007:pre-revolutionary Iran 947: 761: 711: 699: 531:Prime Minister of Iraq 501:. They consist of the 486:Military ranks of Iraq 102:; 21 years ago 6612:Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna 6517:Êzîdxan Women's Units 6330:Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq 6182:Special Groups (Iraq) 6158:'s Mahdi Army faction 6033:Iraqi security forces 5438:in post-invasion Iraq 5144:U.S. troop withdrawal 4906:Neo-Babylonian Empire 4540:Iraqi security forces 2892:Jane's Defence Weekly 2796:Pollack 2002, 182–183 2515:(February 13, 2024). 2279:Operation Bright Star 2226:Department of Defense 2040:2003 invasion of Iraq 1881:force. Following the 1864: 1841:2003 invasion of Iraq 1792:was in charge of all 1748: 1733: 1620: 1552:, which oversees the 1501: 1437:Golden mosque bombing 1435:. Accelerated by the 1414:,' rather than as an 1328:Department of Defense 1306: 1249:2003 invasion of Iraq 1247:assistance began the 1097: 971:UN-brokered ceasefire 945: 842:3rd Armoured Division 831:1948 Arab–Israeli War 755: 705: 697: 660:military intelligence 566:1948 Arab–Israeli War 507:Army Aviation Command 346:$ 10.3 billion (2023) 7189:United Arab Emirates 6944:United Arab Emirates 6446:Nineveh Plain Forces 6315:Islamic Army in Iraq 6214:Kata'ib Jund al-Imam 6192:Promised Day Brigade 6042:Iraqi Police Service 5387:Council of Ministers 5269:Mesopotamian Marshes 4634:Ministry of Interior 4430:Kenneth M. Pollack, 3709:The Long War Journal 3639:on 26 September 2013 3481:Cooper, Tom (2003). 3454:Global security IQAF 3346:. 23 November 2014. 2580:. ConstituteProject. 2459:. ConstituteProject. 2445:. ConstituteProject. 1816:bombers from Italy. 1802:RAF College Cranwell 1794:British Armed Forces 1374:George W. Casey, Jr. 1334:under Major General 1208:Iraq War (2003-2011) 1198:Operation Desert Fox 1090:Gulf War (1990–1991) 764:The armed forces of 685:Constitution of Iraq 539:constitution of Iraq 445:$ 1.8 billion (2023) 437:$ 2.4 billion (2023) 82:6 February 1921 6383:Iraqi Turkmen Front 6295:Tribal Mobilization 6209:Kata'ib al-Imam Ali 5649:Mesopotamian Arabic 5455:Freedom of religion 4901:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4871:Old Assyrian Period 4856:Neo-Sumerian Empire 4639:Ministry of Justice 4615:Tribal Mobilization 4556:Ministry of Defence 4497:Ministry of Defence 4489:Ministry of Defence 4474:), 2 February 1999. 4241:"NATO Mission Iraq" 4214:"NATO Mission Iraq" 3777:The Washington Post 3580:The Washington Post 3314:. 15 October 2011. 3311:The Huffington Post 2972:Rathmell RAND 2005. 2771:, 532–534, Herzog, 2413:(August 18, 2003). 2116:and FN America LLC. 1320:Vinnell Corporation 1281:Battle of Nasiriyah 1234:Bush Administration 1226:weapons inspections 989:-majority Iraq and 624:during 2013-2017. 592:, which led to the 551:Ministry of Defence 515:Air Defence Command 299:Abdel Emir Yarallah 267:Minister of Defence 172:Paramilitary Forces 135:Iraqi Ground Forces 100:18 August 2003 7076:Militaries of the 6704:Militaries of Asia 6310:Jaish al-Rashideen 6239:Quwwat Sahl Ninawa 6172:Soldiers of Heaven 6011:Iraqi Armed Forces 5580:Telecommunications 5555:Foreign Investment 5492:Wars and conflicts 5428:in pre-Saddam Iraq 5392:Presidency Council 5178:2019–2021 protests 5107:Invasion of Kuwait 4931:Sassanid Asorestan 4926:Parthian Babylonia 4921:Seleucid Babylonia 4916:Achaemenid Assyria 4831:Jemdet Nasr period 4561:Iraqi Armed Forces 4120:The New York Times 3622:, p. 361-364. 3434:, July–August 2008 3401:2006-07-18 at the 3375:2009-11-23 at the 3343:The New York Times 3275:2011-05-01 at the 3234:2007-06-12 at the 3210:The World Factbook 3064:2010-10-27 at the 3053:Carter Malkasian, 2657:2012-02-13 at the 2593:, pp. 264–66. 2264:Saadoun al-Dulaimi 2250:Lieutenant General 2248:, Iraq, headed by 2202:The New York Times 2160:Tabuk Sniper Rifle 1883:14 July Revolution 1867: 1812:attack planes and 1754: 1743: 1674:United States Army 1630: 1507: 1433:sectarian conflict 1425:counter-insurgency 1309: 1263:(which included a 1218:biological weapons 1162:Iraqi no-fly zones 1124:Iraqi Popular Army 1108: 1027:Khuzestan Province 948: 932:Iraqi Popular Army 819:14 July Revolution 762: 712: 700: 598:Iraqi no-fly zones 590:invasion of Kuwait 572:, and in the 1973 535:commander-in-chief 495:Iraqi Armed Forces 248:Commander-in-chief 241:Abdul Latif Rashid 35:Iraqi Armed Forces 7294: 7293: 7043: 7042: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6526: 6525: 6464: 6463: 6408:Sayyid al-Shuhada 6264:Liwa Ali al-Akbar 6259:Jaysh al-Mu'ammal 6197:Kata'ib Hezbollah 6187:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq 6177:Free Iraqi Forces 6162:Badr Organization 6048:Supporting Forces 5923: 5922: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5857:Mandaean New Year 5608: 5607: 5500: 5499: 5482:Political parties 5377:Foreign relations 5322: 5321: 5229:Lower Mesopotamia 5224:Upper Mesopotamia 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 4957:Abbasid Caliphate 4952:Umayyad Caliphate 4861:Isin-Larsa period 4724: 4723: 4586:Air Defence Force 4462:978-0-415-40078-7 4339:978-0-8032-3733-9 4271:Los Angeles Times 3771:Karin Brulliard, 3658:Global Security. 3450:"Iraqi Air Force" 3153:defendamerica.mil 3117:defendamerica.mil 3031:on July 25, 2007. 2868:978-1-84176-371-2 2817:978-0-393-32597-3 2773:Arab–Israeli Wars 2736:978-0-7881-5108-8 2698:Samir al-Khalil, 2626:978-1-108-48573-9 2206:Nassir al-Hindawi 2135:War of the Cities 1582:first lieutenants 1523:embedded advisors 1315:of May 23, 2003. 1285:Battle of Baghdad 1273:Task Force Viking 827:Operation Vantage 683:Article 9 of the 543:president of Iraq 491: 490: 358:Foreign suppliers 310:Military age 229:President of Iraq 193:Republican Palace 16:(Redirected from 7324: 7312:Military of Iraq 7248:Non-state actors 7086:Sovereign states 7070: 7063: 7056: 7047: 7046: 7020:Christmas Island 6711:Sovereign states 6698: 6691: 6684: 6675: 6674: 6637:Al-Qaeda in Iraq 6573:Salafi Jihadists 6537: 6536: 6497:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê 6429: 6428: 6364:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê 6300:Awakening groups 6167:Sheibani Network 6133: 6132: 6003:Iraqi government 5996: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5893: 5883: 5882: 5627: 5626: 5614: 5613: 5545: 5506: 5505: 5357: 5328: 5327: 5314:Sinjar Mountains 5304:Zagros Mountains 5244:Hamrin Mountains 5203: 5202: 5166:Mosul liberation 5139:Iraqi insurgency 5061:National Command 5050: 4886:Simurrum culture 4789: 4788: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4538: 4537: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4493: 4466: 4454: 4394: 4385: 4362:The RUSI Journal 4356: 4343: 4324: 4305: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 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Following the 1645:inter-war period 1627:Battle of Khafji 1453:suicide-bombings 1449:Sunni insurgents 1429:Iraqi insurgency 1182:Republican Guard 1116:Persian Gulf War 1112:Republican Guard 1062:militias of the 1025:Iran's oil-rich 913:fighter aircraft 815:Second World War 774:Cairo conference 622:war against ISIS 499:Republic of Iraq 465: 450:Related articles 423: 421: 420: 410: 408: 407: 397: 395: 394: 384: 382: 381: 371: 369: 368: 328:Active personnel 296: 295: 294: 279:Thabet Al Abbasi 277: 276: 275: 258: 257: 256: 239: 238: 237: 216: 213: 211: 209: 159: 157: 156: 146: 144: 143: 133: 131: 130: 116:Service branches 110: 108: 103: 92: 90: 85: 74: 71: 67: 66: 44: 32: 31: 21: 18:Military of Iraq 7332: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7280: 7271:Houthi movement 7242: 7226: 7198: 7080: 7074: 7044: 7039: 7001: 6987:Northern Cyprus 6963: 6864:Myanmar (Burma) 6705: 6702: 6672: 6663: 6567: 6563:Mohammad's Army 6552:Mujahideen Army 6522: 6507:Sinjar Alliance 6483: 6479:Babylon Brigade 6460: 6423:Assyrian/Syriac 6417: 6413:Bashir Regiment 6368: 6334: 6280: 6224:Saraya al-Jihad 6121: 6117:Free Iraqi Army 6112:Al-Abud Network 6102:Patriotic Front 6077:Fedayeen Saddam 6058: 6045:National Police 6021:Iraqi Air Force 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5954: 5924: 5919: 5863: 5847:Public holidays 5770: 5621: 5604: 5543: 5513: 5496: 5355: 5335: 5318: 5249:Iraqi Kurdistan 5239:Euphrates river 5210: 5189: 5156:War (2014–2017) 5102:Operation Opera 5048: 5018: 5014:Arab Federation 5002:Kingdom of Iraq 4935: 4911:Fall of Babylon 4846:Akkadian Empire 4821:Samarra culture 4806:Hassuna culture 4783: 4770: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4725: 4720: 4695: 4663: 4626:Law enforcement 4620: 4597: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4491: 4485: 4463: 4401: 4399:Further reading 4340: 4321: 4302: 4280: 4278: 4261: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4243:. 21 March 2024 4239: 4238: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4096:on June 7, 2006 4093: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3667: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3403:Wayback Machine 3390: 3383: 3379:, April 3, 2008 3377:Wayback Machine 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3277:Wayback Machine 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3236:Wayback Machine 3227: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183:, June 25, 2007 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3066:Wayback Machine 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2899: 2888: 2884: 2869: 2852: 2848: 2837:Foreign Affairs 2829: 2825: 2818: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2769:Elusive Victory 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2669: 2665: 2661:, page 5 of 43. 2659:Wayback Machine 2645: 2641: 2627: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2510: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2408: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2368: 2364: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2307: 2222: 2187:botulinum toxin 2144:Project Babylon 2139:Lion of Babylon 2123: 2078:Lockheed Martin 2052: 2032: 1899:Operation Pearl 1859: 1821:Royal Air Force 1758:Iraqi Air Force 1740:Iraqi Air Force 1728: 1726:Iraqi Air Force 1722: 1720:Iraqi Air Force 1615: 1609: 1562:Iraqi Air Force 1546: 1301: 1275:, defeated the 1269:Fedayeen Saddam 1210: 1098:Iraqi tanks in 1092: 1040: 1019:border disputes 940: 848:bomber raid on 811:Anglo-Iraqi War 795:Simele massacre 783:Iraqi Air Force 750: 744: 681: 676: 608:imposed by the 562:Anglo-Iraqi War 511:Iraqi Air Force 475: 467: 466: 461: 429: 418: 416: 405: 403: 392: 390: 379: 377: 366: 364: 292: 290: 273: 271: 254: 252: 235: 233: 206: 182: 170: 161:Iraqi Air Force 154: 152: 141: 139: 128: 126: 106: 104: 101: 88: 86: 83: 72: 68: 64:الجيش سور الوطن 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7050: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6433:Nineveh Plains 6426: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6130: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6007: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5961:Iraqi conflict 5953: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5897: 5887: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5623: 5622: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585:Transportation 5582: 5577: 5575:Stock Exchange 5572: 5570:Reconstruction 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5550:Infrastructure 5547: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5409:Prime Minister 5406: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5117:1991 uprisings 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5067:Saddam Hussein 5064: 5053: 5052: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4997:Mandatory Iraq 4994: 4989: 4986:Mamluk dynasty 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4851:Gutian dynasty 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4784: 4772: 4771: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4591:Special Forces 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4484: 4483:External links 4481: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4444: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4386: 4368:(4–5): 26–39. 4357: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4320:978-1857439885 4319: 4306: 4300: 4287: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4229: 4204: 4179: 4177:, July 7, 2005 4166: 4151: 4139: 4106: 4078: 4069: 4045: 4021: 3997: 3973: 3949: 3925: 3901: 3877: 3853: 3829: 3805: 3781: 3779:, May 7, 2005. 3759: 3746: 3721: 3695: 3665: 3650: 3624: 3612: 3597: 3566: 3552:. 2014-06-28. 3541: 3511: 3499: 3470: 3436: 3419: 3407: 3381: 3361: 3329: 3297: 3285: 3261: 3240: 3221: 3197: 3195:, p. 577. 3185: 3173: 3137: 3101: 3069: 3046: 3034: 3010: 3008:, p. 436. 2998: 2974: 2965: 2953: 2928: 2914: 2897: 2882: 2867: 2846: 2823: 2816: 2798: 2789: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2689:, p. 215. 2679: 2663: 2648:United Nations 2639: 2625: 2595: 2583: 2569: 2532: 2526:978-1032780047 2525: 2501: 2487: 2462: 2448: 2434: 2420: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386:First Gulf War 2362: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2221: 2218: 2127:Saddam Hussein 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2106: 2104:Balad Air Base 2100: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2051: 2048: 2031: 2028: 2015:Diciotti class 1858: 1855: 1825:Saddam Hussein 1806:United Kingdom 1786:United Kingdom 1770:aerial warfare 1736:C-130 Hercules 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1666:New York Times 1649:Mandatory Iraq 1641:United Kingdom 1611:Main article: 1608: 1605: 1545: 1542: 1459:districts and 1382:David Petraeus 1324:New Iraqi Army 1300: 1297: 1209: 1206: 1091: 1088: 1084:Arab countries 1072:United Kingdom 939: 936: 905:Yom Kippur War 770:United Kingdom 746:Main article: 743: 740: 680: 679:Legal standing 677: 675: 672: 636:Saddam Hussein 574:Yom Kippur War 568:, in the 1967 489: 488: 483: 477: 476: 474: 473: 460: 459: 458: 456: 452: 451: 447: 446: 443: 442:Annual exports 439: 438: 435: 434:Annual imports 431: 430: 428: 427: 414: 401: 388: 386:United Kingdom 375: 361: 359: 355: 354: 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 333: 332: 331:193,000 (2024) 329: 325: 324: 321: 315: 314: 311: 307: 306: 302: 301: 288: 282: 281: 269: 263: 262: 250: 244: 243: 231: 225: 224: 218: 217: 204: 200: 199: 190: 184: 183: 181: 180: 174: 169: 168: 163: 150: 137: 123: 118: 112: 111: 98: 94: 93: 80: 76: 75: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7329: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7256:Islamic State 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:South Ossetia 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6622:Islamic State 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325:Hamas of Iraq 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286:Sunni Islamic 6283: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5916: 5908: 5906: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5721:Iraqi Turkmen 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5356:(legislative) 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Syrian Desert 5287: 5285: 5284:Shatt al-Arab 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:Faw peninsula 5217: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Fall of Mosul 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:U.S. invasion 5132: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5097:Iran–Iraq War 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Buyid dynasty 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Halaf culture 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Army Aviation 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313:. Routledge. 4312: 4309:IISS (2019). 4307: 4303: 4301:1-55750-255-2 4297: 4293: 4288: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4073: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3685:on 2005-11-06 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3620:Friedman 1992 3616: 3608: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3509:, p. 35. 3508: 3503: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3043: 3042:Robinson 2022 3038: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2962: 2961:Friedman 1992 2957: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855:Karsh, Efraim 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2702:, 1990, p.170 2701: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2579: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2387: 2379: 2371: 2366: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2268:Ali Shamkhani 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236:, and is now 2235: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210:Rihab al-Taha 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173:There was an 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1914:, armed with 1913: 1912:missile boats 1910: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1895:Iran–Iraq War 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1848:United States 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:Iran–Iraq War 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1714:Iran–Iraq War 1711: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Ar Rustamiyah 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1461:Shia militias 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:United States 1117: 1113: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:Iraqi Kurdish 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031:Shatt al-Arab 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:United States 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 965:neighbouring 964: 961: 957: 953: 952:Iran–Iraq War 944: 935: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 875: 871: 867: 863: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 754: 749: 739: 737: 733: 729: 724: 721: 716: 709: 704: 696: 692: 690: 686: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 586:Iran–Iraq War 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:Ground forces 500: 496: 487: 484: 482: 478: 472: 469: 468: 464: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 426: 415: 413: 402: 400: 389: 387: 376: 374: 373:United States 363: 362: 360: 356: 353: 349: 345: 343: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 300: 289: 287: 283: 280: 270: 268: 264: 261: 251: 249: 245: 242: 232: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 205: 201: 198: 194: 191: 189: 185: 179: 176: 175: 173: 167: 164: 162: 151: 149: 138: 136: 125: 124: 122: 119: 117: 113: 99: 95: 81: 77: 65: 59: 56: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7286: 7164:Saudi Arabia 7118: 6939:Turkmenistan 6899:Saudi Arabia 6793: 6456:Dwekh Nawsha 6398:92nd Brigade 6393:52nd Brigade 6244:Mukhtar Army 6137:Shia Islamic 6095:Popular Army 6038:Iraqi Police 6010: 5957:Armed groups 5749:Christianity 5631:Demographics 5565:Oil reserves 5560:Oil Industry 5527:Central Bank 5471: 5423:Human rights 5349:Constitution 5294:Tigris river 5274:Persian Gulf 4982:Ottoman Iraq 4967:Qara Qoyunlu 4801:Ubaid period 4681: 4669:Intelligence 4644:Iraqi Police 4603:Paramilitary 4560: 4471: 4450: 4438: 4431: 4421: 4412: 4390: 4365: 4361: 4352: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4270: 4259:Bibliography 4245:. Retrieved 4221:. Retrieved 4217: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4191: 4182: 4169: 4154: 4142: 4131:. Retrieved 4119: 4109: 4098:. Retrieved 4091:the original 4081: 4072: 4061:. Retrieved 4057: 4048: 4037:. Retrieved 4033: 4024: 4013:. Retrieved 4009: 4000: 3989:. Retrieved 3985: 3976: 3965:. Retrieved 3961: 3952: 3941:. Retrieved 3937: 3928: 3917:. Retrieved 3913: 3904: 3893:. Retrieved 3889: 3880: 3869:. Retrieved 3865: 3856: 3845:. Retrieved 3841: 3832: 3821:. Retrieved 3817: 3808: 3797:. Retrieved 3793: 3784: 3776: 3749: 3737:. Retrieved 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3708: 3698: 3687:. Retrieved 3683:the original 3678: 3668: 3660:"Iraqi Navy" 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3637:the original 3627: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3589:. Retrieved 3578: 3569: 3558:. Retrieved 3544: 3533:. Retrieved 3524: 3514: 3502: 3491:. Retrieved 3462:. Retrieved 3453: 3431: 3422: 3364: 3352:. Retrieved 3341: 3332: 3320:. Retrieved 3309: 3300: 3288: 3268:Maad Fayad, 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3243: 3224: 3214:, retrieved 3209: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3157:the original 3152: 3140: 3128:. Retrieved 3121:the original 3116: 3104: 3092:. Retrieved 3088: 3079: 3072: 3056: 3049: 3037: 3026:the original 3013: 3001: 2990:. Retrieved 2986: 2977: 2968: 2956: 2945:. Retrieved 2941: 2931: 2917: 2890: 2885: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2807: 2801: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2682: 2666: 2642: 2608: 2598: 2591:Pollack 2002 2586: 2572: 2560:. Retrieved 2516: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2465: 2451: 2437: 2423: 2385: 2365: 2350: 2335: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2272: 2257: 2223: 2201: 2195: 2172: 2124: 2110:M16A4 rifles 2053: 2037: 2033: 2019: 2000: 1992:patrol boats 1986: 1983: 1981:battalions. 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1953:(2003). One 1944: 1934: 1924: 1920:Soviet Union 1906: 1903: 1868: 1852: 1845: 1818: 1782: 1765: 1755: 1706: 1699: 1679: 1671: 1664: 1638: 1631: 1601: 1590: 1547: 1535: 1508: 1493:governorates 1482: 1478:Dana Pittard 1451:carried out 1447:-affiliated 1397: 1390: 1359: 1344: 1330:created the 1317: 1310: 1265:British Army 1238: 1211: 1151: 1136: 1109: 1076:Soviet Union 1052:proxy forces 1039: 1003:Persian Gulf 985:movement to 951: 949: 921: 902: 868:included 64 858: 839: 823:Soviet Union 763: 731: 725: 717: 713: 682: 652: 629: 626: 558:coup d'états 555: 533:acts as the 494: 492: 319:Conscription 188:Headquarters 171: 120: 97:Current form 29: 6929:Timor Leste 6884:Philippines 6824:South Korea 6819:North Korea 6719:Afghanistan 6659:White Flags 6541:Nationalist 5905:WikiProject 5706:Marsh Arabs 5691:Circassians 5372:Foreign aid 5264:Mesopotamia 4826:Uruk period 4492:(in Arabic) 3714:13 November 3679:Proceedings 3354:22 February 2275:Tony Cucolo 2156:Al-Samoud 2 1916:P-15 Termit 1810:Breda Ba.65 1808:as well as 1643:during the 1515:air support 1100:Kuwait City 1082:, and most 997:-dominated 854:H-3 airbase 835:Six-Day War 807:King Ghazni 710:tank fires. 570:Six-Day War 336:Expenditure 7301:Categories 7222:Somaliland 7144:Mauritania 7078:Arab world 6949:Uzbekistan 6919:Tajikistan 6834:Kyrgyzstan 6814:Kazakhstan 6739:Bangladesh 6729:Azerbaijan 6532:Insurgents 6151:Mahdi Army 6129:and others 6099:New Return 6064:Ba'athists 6026:Iraqi Navy 6016:Iraqi Army 5822:Television 5802:Literature 5764:Irreligion 5739:Secularism 5676:Minorities 5544:(currency) 5537:Corruption 5382:Government 5173:Insurgency 4972:Aq Qoyunlu 4793:Chronology 4709:Biological 4281:16 October 4223:2024-05-15 4197:11 October 4133:2015-11-17 4100:2006-06-10 4063:2021-02-16 4039:2021-02-16 4015:2021-02-16 3991:2021-02-16 3967:2021-02-16 3943:2021-02-16 3919:2021-02-16 3895:2021-02-16 3871:2021-02-16 3847:2021-02-16 3823:2021-02-16 3799:2021-02-16 3689:2023-05-05 3591:2017-08-23 3560:2017-08-23 3535:2017-12-16 3493:2008-08-26 3464:2008-08-28 3254:11 October 3216:2023-03-11 2992:2023-06-27 2947:2023-05-19 2783:, transl. 2395:References 2277:mentioned 2162:, and the 2152:Al Hussein 2068:MK90 grain 1961:; 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