29:
247:
421:
653:-brokered peace talks, the Moro rebel groups underwent a series of protracted peace and a never-ending peace process believed to be employed only as a counterinsurgency strategy of the Philippine government and not meant sincerely to end hostilities in Mindanao. These allegedly deceptive policies of the government allegedly exasperated young Moros and students, which led some to join extremist groups, such as the
49:
645:(MILF). Until the present, the struggle for freedom and independence continues among the younger Moro generation. At the legal front, the Maradeka (literally means freedom) became seen at the forefront of a nonviolent political movement enjoying the democratic space afforded to many political groups and activists in the Philippines.
560:
During the
Merdeka Talks of 1956, the year before Malaya's independence, the British agreed to grant Singapore self-government over domestic issues, while the British retained control of finance and the military. This seemed to satisfy Marshall initially, but the negotiation later broke down when the
533:
had members that were elected by the population for the first time become the majority in
Singapore's legislature. Previously, only six members of the Legislative Council were elected — the rest were appointed. This however did not satisfy individuals calling for full self-government at least in the
592:
of 1956, some nine hundred people were arrested. Leading a negotiation delegation consisting of several
Singapore political leaders from various parties, Lim managed to convince the British to grant Singapore Merdeka by amending and revamping its Constitution in 1958 to allow for a fully elected
289:
in 1945 to 1949, it was used as a national salute of victory and honor, by raising open palms as high as the head and shouting out loud "Merdeka!" From here many slogans came, such as "Sekali
Merdeka tetap Merdeka!" (Freedom once and for all) or "Merdeka atau Mati" (Freedom or death). This was
657:, and mount a violent attacks against the Philippine government. Several incidents in the rejection by the MILF of the Philippine government's counterproposal to the former proposal for compromise accession to substate formula will suspend and further stall the peace negotiations.
587:
took over as
Singapore's Chief Minister and continued the effort to push for independence. Lim then undertook harsh measures against the communists demonstrating that his administration was willing to take a tough stance to safeguard internal security. In the
290:
intended to raise the morale of all the people of
Indonesia to continue to fight against the Dutch and the Allied forces trying to re-establish control over Indonesia; it was so important that even it became a Government
28:
648:
Analytically looking at the history of long peace process since 1975, while East Timor was able to attain full self governance thru a United
Nations brokered Determination Vote and Free Aceh Movement acceded to
463:
was held following independence. North Borneo and
Sarawak in northern Borneo were to officially join to form Malaysia on 31 August 1963 but due to opposition from Indonesia and the Philippines and to allow the
482:, declared Malayan independence in 1957 with seven shouts of "Merdeka" and now, the cry continues to be featured prominently in Malaysian Hari Merdeka celebrations. The construction of the megatall skyscraper
553:
narrowly won the
Singapore general election of 1955, but being anticolonialist, tended to be a vocal opponent of the British rule. As such, the British found it hard to work out a compromise. A
502:
slowly declined. It usually does not refer to
Singapore's independence from Malaysia in 1965, which followed its merger with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak on 16 September 1963 after having held the
134:
is a Dutch corruption of the Portuguese version of the original Sanskrit words and was used to designate former Portuguese and Dutch slaves from India in the East Indies, known as
468:
team time to conduct referendums in North Borneo and Sarawak regarding their participation in a new federation, the date was postponed to 16 September, which now celebrated as
486:, the tallest building in Malaysia, has been said to resemble, and was inspired in its design by, Tunku Abdul Rahman's outstretched hand gesture while declaring "Merdeka."
852:
310:
Continue on that loud battle cry, as the soul calls out loud for freedom! A soul of freedom, one of fighting and working spirit! TO FIGHT AND TO WORK! Prove it!"
274:
in a similar way to designate freedom from the Dutch colonial government during the struggle for independence in the 1940s. Republic of Indonesia declared its
580:. The march towards independence was stalled and Marshall resigned in 1956 making good on his earlier pledge that he would step down in the case of failure.
557:
was started in 1956 which collected the signatures of 167,000 — a vast portion of the electorate in that era — in a petition that demanded Merdeka.
333:("Indonesia the Great, be free, be free! My land, my country which I love. Indonesia the Great, be free, be free! Long live Indonesia the Great!")
880:
910:
670:
546:
279:
900:
776:
330:
Indonesia Raya, merdeka, merdeka! Tanahku, negeriku yang kucinta. Indonesia Raya, merdeka, merdeka! Hiduplah Indonesia Raya!
633:(MNLF). The over four decades of Moro struggle asserts freedom from Philippine colonialism as argued by Moro leaders Prof.
625:(MIM) and the Muslim fundamentalist Ansar el Islam led by prominent Muslim leaders such as Philippine Muslim Senator Dr.
503:
530:
744:
518:
451:
merged in 1963, the term still remains pertinent in the present. It can be seen in the Malaysian national holiday of
895:
598:
522:
865:
730:
630:
642:
251:
622:
589:
565:
to the local government. The British felt that Marshall was not doing enough to counter the threats of the
440:
424:
676:
499:
452:
392:, and the meaning of the term ranges from greater freedom to outright political independence. The major
601:, but the Labour Front lost as Lim's harsh techniques had alienated large portions of the electorate.
169:. It became a rallying call for those demanding independence from the colonial administrations of the
510:
37:
853:"MERDEKA!!! Singapore's Merdeka Talks of 1956,1957, and 1958, and Merdeka proclamations before 1965"
479:
573:
526:
444:
342:
255:
142:
slaves brought from India and the East Indies, who were liberated by the Dutch if they abandoned
124:
905:
764:
286:
147:
629:
while leading the Islamic revival movement also supported the formation of the secessionist
282:
on 17 August 1945, and it has become national holiday and commemorated annually ever since.
718:
8:
405:
389:
385:
166:
97:
610:
475:
397:
246:
235:
202:
186:
52:
780:
357:. "Merdeka" is also included in several mass media names, e.g. in newspapers (such as
123:, this term had acquired the meaning of a freed slave. The term is also used in other
805:
740:
669:
Republik Indonesia, a national holiday celebrated every 17 August, commemorating the
577:
562:
514:
158:
120:
109:
666:
460:
350:
214:
197:
in the same meaning as freedom or liberation and a political group there is called
48:
734:
456:
139:
138:, whence the Malay meaning of "free(dom)" is derived. The Mardijkers were former
153:
The term was used by the anti-colonialist and pro-independence movements in the
819:
736:
Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History
638:
626:
542:
465:
363:
338:
337:
The name "Merdeka" is used as the name of Indonesian important places, such as
317:
182:
174:
162:
101:
92:
83:
609:
The Philippines has the longest-running struggle for the Moro people right to
889:
538:
369:
190:
584:
550:
469:
428:
105:
698:
634:
483:
170:
154:
143:
69:
22:
692:
654:
621:" began in 1968 when Datu Udtog Matalam announced the formation of the
569:
525:. The Legislative Assembly would become the predecessor to the modern
494:
In the context of Singapore, Merdeka usually refers to the gaining of
566:
495:
448:
322:
271:
263:
218:
135:
55:
as he proclaimed Malaysian independence on 31 August 1957, chanting "
33:
388:
autonomy movements currently use the term to express the concept of
688:
594:
593:
legislature which would form an internal government with complete
554:
436:
393:
231:
198:
178:
113:
420:
792:
Showing the usage of the term by the Indonesian poet Charil Anwar
682:
404:), as does the major armed independence group in West Papua, the
354:
346:
298:
259:
597:
over domestic affairs. This government was formed following the
806:"Merdeka – 31 August 1957 | Perpustakaan Sultanah Bahiyah"
650:
181:, the Moro people belonging to major ethnolinguistic groups of
866:
Datu Udtog Matalam of the Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM)
498:
and self-government from the United Kingdom in the 1950s, as
455:, commemorating Malaya's independence on 31 August 1957, and
291:
119:(महर्द्धिक) meaning "rich, prosperous, and powerful". In the
459:(Independence Square) where the first ceremony raising the
381:
73:
513:
had been amended in 1953 following recommendations by the
820:"Set to be one of the world's tallest buildings in 2022"
679:, the date of Malaysia's independence from British rule
18:
Indonesian and Malay term for "independent" or "free"
537:The call for Merdeka was a growing tension between
723:
545:, cooperation and hostility towards the British.
297:On 1 September it was mentioned by the president
887:
685:, the equivalent cheer used in the Philippines
222:have the same Sanskrit etymology as the Malay
753:
419:
245:
74:
47:
27:
21:For the skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur, see
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
691:, an Islamic political organisation at
671:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
280:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
177:. In the southern Philippine island of
888:
800:
798:
729:
91:
82:
836:
739:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
306:"Since today we will cry out loud,
13:
795:
599:Singapore general election of 1959
531:Singapore general election of 1955
14:
922:
911:Political terminology in Malaysia
874:
519:Legislative Assembly of Singapore
637:of the MNLF and the late Ustadz
523:Legislative Council of Singapore
881:Our Story - Merdeka (Singapore)
270:The term "merdeka" was used in
859:
812:
769:
712:
631:Moro National Liberation Front
623:Mindanao Independence Movement
604:
1:
777:"Inside Indonesia - Merdeka!"
643:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
561:British refused to turn over
901:Indonesian words and phrases
590:Chinese middle schools riots
583:Another Labour Front leader
576:(MCP) which had sparked the
534:matter of domestic affairs.
489:
241:
7:
660:
415:
10:
927:
400:has the term in its name (
315:"Merdeka" is also used in
276:Hari Kemerdekaan Indonesia
112:". It is derived from the
20:
511:Constitution of Singapore
321:, the national anthem of
38:Independence of Indonesia
705:
504:1962 national referendum
480:Malaysian Prime Minister
410:Organisasi Papua Merdeka
373:) and websites (such as
287:struggle of independence
258:or Independence Square,
254:stands in the middle of
896:Malay words and phrases
759:Mallari, J. P. (2011).
695:that advocates autonomy
574:Malayan Communist Party
527:Parliament of Singapore
432:
396:movement in Aceh, the
335:
313:
267:
60:
45:
765:Holy Angel University
517:, creating a 32-seat
423:
327:
303:
301:in his short speech:
249:
148:Dutch Reformed Church
51:
31:
731:Scott, William Henry
627:Ahmad Domocao Alonto
402:Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
155:colonial territories
125:Indonesian languages
547:David Saul Marshall
500:imperialism in Asia
439:, in which Malaya,
406:Free Papua Movement
294:on 31 August 1945.
226:and means freeman,
167:Straits Settlements
40:bearing the words "
32:A 1985 painting in
611:self-determination
476:Tunku Abdul Rahman
433:
398:Free Aceh Movement
268:
236:Philippine society
84:[mərˈdɛka]
61:
53:Tunku Abdul Rahman
46:
36:commemorating the
701:, mega-skyscraper
578:Malayan Emergency
563:internal security
515:Rendel Commission
252:National Monument
159:Dutch East Indies
121:Malay Archipelago
93:[mərdeka]
918:
868:
863:
857:
856:
849:
834:
833:
831:
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816:
810:
809:
808:. 5 August 2019.
802:
793:
791:
789:
788:
779:. Archived from
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767:
757:
751:
750:
727:
721:
716:
667:Hari Kemerdekaan
529:. The following
478:, the inaugural
351:Merdeka Building
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76:
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728:
724:
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713:
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673:from Dutch rule
663:
613:. The cry for "
607:
521:to replace the
492:
457:Dataran Merdeka
418:
332:
244:
146:and joined the
96:) is a term in
88:
79:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
924:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
884:
883:
876:
875:External links
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870:
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858:
835:
811:
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768:
752:
745:
722:
710:
709:
707:
704:
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696:
686:
680:
674:
662:
659:
639:Salamat Hashim
606:
603:
491:
488:
466:United Nations
461:flag of Malaya
425:Merdeka Square
417:
414:
377:news portal).
364:Rakyat Merdeka
343:Merdeka Square
339:Merdeka Palace
318:Indonesia Raya
243:
240:
209:(also spelled
175:United Kingdom
163:British Malaya
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
923:
912:
909:
907:
904:
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783:on 2008-07-23
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746:971-10-0524-7
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539:progressivism
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380:Nowadays the
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370:Suara Merdeka
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352:
348:
344:
340:
334:
331:
326:
324:
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319:
312:
311:
307:
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283:
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277:
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265:
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257:
256:Medan Merdeka
253:
248:
239:
237:
234:in classical
233:
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220:
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208:
204:
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196:
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156:
151:
149:
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137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:which means "
103:
99:
94:
85:
71:
67:
66:
59:" seven times
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
35:
30:
24:
16:
906:Battle cries
861:
827:. Retrieved
824:www.arup.com
823:
814:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
771:
761:Tálabaldúgan
760:
755:
735:
725:
714:
677:Hari Merdeka
647:
618:
614:
608:
585:Lim Yew Hock
582:
559:
551:Labour Front
536:
508:
493:
474:
470:Malaysia Day
453:Hari Merdeka
441:North Borneo
434:
429:Kuala Lumpur
409:
401:
379:
374:
368:
362:
358:
336:
329:
328:
316:
314:
309:
305:
304:
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275:
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227:
223:
217:
210:
206:
194:
152:
131:
129:
116:
64:
63:
62:
56:
41:
15:
699:Merdeka 118
635:Nur Misuari
605:Philippines
484:Merdeka 118
386:West Papuan
375:Merdeka.com
345:in central
285:During the
187:Maguindanaw
171:Netherlands
144:Catholicism
117:maharddhika
106:independent
80:Indonesian:
23:Merdeka 118
890:Categories
829:2022-01-14
787:2009-05-27
693:Bangsamoro
655:Abu Sayyaf
570:insurgency
543:radicalism
308:"Merdeka!"
213:) and the
165:, and the
136:Mardijkers
98:Indonesian
719:Mardijker
567:communist
496:self-rule
490:Singapore
449:Singapore
435:Today in
323:Indonesia
272:Indonesia
264:Indonesia
242:Indonesia
219:maharlika
203:Pampangan
132:Mardijker
130:The term
34:Indonesia
733:(1992).
689:Maradeka
661:See also
619:maradeka
595:autonomy
572:and the
555:petition
437:Malaysia
416:Malaysia
394:autonomy
382:Acehnese
232:freedman
228:libertos
211:mardíkas
199:Maradeka
195:maradeka
179:Mindanao
140:Catholic
114:Sanskrit
57:Merdeka!
42:Merdeka!
683:Mabuhay
641:of the
615:merdeka
549:of the
445:Sarawak
390:freedom
359:Merdeka
355:Bandung
349:, also
347:Jakarta
299:Sukarno
260:Jakarta
224:merdeka
215:Tagalog
207:mardíka
183:Meranaw
157:of the
65:Merdeka
743:
651:Norway
201:. The
193:, use
191:Iranun
189:, and
108:" or "
89:Malay:
706:Notes
292:Edict
205:term
102:Malay
75:مرديک
741:ISBN
541:and
509:The
447:and
384:and
341:and
250:The
173:and
110:free
100:and
70:Jawi
617:or
427:in
412:).
353:in
278:or
230:or
892::
838:^
822:.
797:^
763:.
506:.
472:.
443:,
367:,
361:,
325::
262:,
238:.
185:,
161:,
150:.
127:.
87:,
78:;
72::
855:.
832:.
790:.
749:.
431:.
408:(
266:.
68:(
44:"
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
