Dutch East Indies - Knowledge

5340: 6449: 5770: 6603: 6842: 5031: 6830: 6002: 5256: 5603: 6238: 6838:

years progressed and Dutch influence became stronger, many natives began mixing European styles within their traditional clothing. High-ranking natives within the colony, as well as nobility, would wear European-style suits with their batik sarongs for special occasions and even for everyday use. Increasingly, native Indonesians began to dress more European. This came with the idea that those who wore European clothing were more progressive and open towards a European society and the etiquette that came with it. More and more the European influence was gaining precedence within native Indonesians. This probably stems from the fact that many natives were treated better if they wore European clothing. Their European counterparts acknowledged them, and that in turn was most likely a catalyst for adoption western clothing into traditional Indonesian clothing.

5983: 5807: 4687: 5930: 4798: 5292: 5994:

plantations cultivated by Javanese peasants, collected by Chinese intermediaries, and sold on overseas markets by European merchants. In the late 19th century economic growth was based on heavy world demand for tea, coffee and cinchona. The government invested heavily in a railroad network (240 km or 150 mi long in 1873, 1,900 km or 1,200 mi in 1900), as well as telegraph lines, and entrepreneurs opened banks, shops and newspapers. The Dutch East Indies produced most of the world's supply of quinine and pepper, over a third of its rubber, a quarter of its coconut products, and a fifth of its tea, sugar, coffee and oil. The profit from the Dutch East Indies made the Netherlands one of the world's most significant colonial powers. The

4965:("Poenale sanctie") of 1880, which allowed the plantation owners to serve as judge, jury and executioner resulted in widespread atrocities. It included a penal sanction which allowed owners to physically punish their coolies as they saw fit. Punishments that were used against coolies included whippings or beatings, after which the open wounds were rubbed with salt. Other punishments used were electrocution, crucifixion and suspending coolies by their toes or thumbs until they broke. Medical care for the coolies was scarce and often aimed at healing punished coolies so they could return to work or be tortured more extensively. Rape of adult female coolies as well as their children was also common. 6310: 6076: 2123: 705: 4640:. In theory, slave masters did not have free rein to punish their own slaves as they wished. Punishments of slaves had to be decided in court, and certain punishments could only be applied when the slave was found guilty in an official court case. In reality however abuse of slaves by their masters was rampant and often went unpunished. Beatings and whippings were a commonplace punishment for disobedient slaves. Rape of female slaves by their masters was a common occurrence as well, as these women and girls were obliged to provide sexual services for their masters. Refusing to do so could result in severe physical punishment. 5456: 5926:(forced plantation) in Indonesia, farmers were required to deliver, as a form of tax, fixed amounts of specified crops, such as sugar or coffee. Much of Java became a Dutch plantation and revenue rose continually through the 19th century, which was reinvested into the Netherlands to save it from bankruptcy. Between 1830 and 1870, 840 million guilder (€8 billion in 2018) were taken from the East Indies, on average making a third of the annual Dutch government budget. The Cultivation System, however, brought much economic hardship to Javanese peasants, who suffered famine and epidemics in the 1840s. 4946:

one estimate, the mortality rates increased by as much as 30% during this period. Due to widespread criticism of the system, it was abolished in 1870. According to one study, the mortality rate in Java would have been 10–20% higher by the late 1870s if the Cultivation system had not been abolished. The introduction of trucks, railways, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems all contributed to famine elimination in Java which had historically been common. Java experienced rapid population growth during the 19th century and there were no significant famines in Java after the 1840s.

86: 6102:, the existing languages of trade, were adopted. Prior to 1870, when Dutch colonial influence was largely restricted to Java, Malay was used in government schools and training programs such that graduates could communicate with groups from other regions who immigrated to Java. The colonial government sought to standardise Malay based on the version from Riau and Malacca, and dictionaries were commissioned for governmental communication and schools for indigenous peoples. In the early 20th century, Indonesia's independence leaders adopted a form of Malay from Riau, and called it 5306:. Traditional rulers who survived displacement by the Dutch conquests were installed as regents and indigenous aristocracy became an indigenous civil service. While they lost de facto control, their wealth and splendour under the Dutch grew. This indirect rule did not disturb the peasantry and was cost-effective for the Dutch; in 1900, only 250 European and 1,500 indigenous civil servants, and 16,000 Dutch officers and men and 26,000 hired native troops, were required to rule 35 million colonial subjects. From 1910, the Dutch created the most centralised state power in 912: 898: 859: 845: 6986: 691: 761: 5520: 4957:, which was founded on Sumatra in 1869. Large-scale plantations were built to grow cash crops and Javanese, Chinese, Malay, Batak and Indian people were shipped to the plantations in Sumatra and Java to perform harsh labor. It is estimated that over 500,000 coolies were transported to Sumatra during the late 19th and early 20th century. The precise death rate among coolie laborers is hard to estimate due to scarce or unreliable records but has been estimated to be as high as 25% in certain places, with a possible death toll of many tens of thousands. 5516:. Britain was a protector of Aceh and it granted the Dutch request to conduct their anti-piracy campaign. The campaign quickly drove out the Sultan, but across Aceh numerous local Muslim leaders mobilised and fought the Dutch in four decades of expensive guerrilla war, with high levels of atrocities on both sides. Colonial military authorities tried to forestall a war against the population by means of a 'strategy of awe'. When a guerrilla war did take place the Dutch used either a slow, violent occupation or a campaign of destruction. 4644:

whose masters were financially compensated for the loss of their workforce. However, on many other islands where slave masters were more often indigenous rulers, little changed. The main reason for this was financial, as the Dutch state at that time did not want to spend the money necessary to free the slaves on the more distant islands. Another reason was to appease local rulers and to prevent political turmoil. Due to the lax policy of the Dutch state slavery persisted in parts of the Dutch East Indies well into the 20th century.

803: 733: 72: 5288:. From 1815 to 1848 the ministry was under direct authority of the Dutch king. In the 20th century the colony gradually developed as a state distinct from the Dutch metropole with its treasury separated in 1903, public loans being contracted by the colony from 1913, and quasi-diplomatic ties were established with Arabia to manage the Haji pilgrimage from the Dutch East Indies. In 1922 the colony came on equal footing with the Netherlands in the Dutch constitution, while remaining under the Ministry of Colonies. 6925: 996: 4519: 169: 7113: 884: 940: 719: 831: 817: 7085: 1993: 926: 7099: 4149: 789: 747: 7127: 775: 11585: 4790:. However, from about 1840, Dutch national expansionism saw them wage a series of wars to enlarge and consolidate their possessions in the outer islands. Motivations included the protection of areas already held, the intervention of Dutch officials ambitious for glory or promotion, and the aim to establish Dutch claims throughout the archipelago to prevent intervention from other Western powers during the 5174:

represented by the Republik. This was unacceptable to Sukarno. Sjahrir proposed a compromise, but this was rejected by the Dutch. Sjahrir resigned and was replaced by Sjarifuddin. Sukarno declared a state of emergency in the areas that were in the hands of the Republik and assumed charge of the negotiations. The situation deteriorated further, and the Dutch resorted to military intervention under

11102: 4683:. There were numerous wars and disturbances across the archipelago as various indigenous groups resisted efforts to establish Dutch hegemony, which weakened Dutch control and tied up its military forces. Piracy remained a problem until the mid-19th century. Finally, in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. 6749: 6056:

with 12,000 km of asphalted surface, 41,000 km of metalled road area and 16,000 km of gravel surfaces had been built. In addition 7,500 kilometres (4,700 mi) of railways, bridges, irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares (5,400 sq mi) of rice fields, several harbours, and 140 public drinking water systems had been built.

6990: 6987: 5272:). Until 1903 all government officials and organisations were formal agents of the governor-general and were entirely dependent on the central administration of the 'office of the governor-general' for their budgets. Until 1815 the governor-general had the absolute right to ban, censor or restrict any publication in the colony. The so-called 6670:(nobles) and a few educated native were exposed to European cuisine, and it was held with high esteem as the cuisine of upperclass elite of Dutch East Indies society. This led to the adoption and fusion of European cuisine into Indonesian cuisine. Some dishes which were created during the colonial era are Dutch-influenced: they include 10072: 6989: 6258:(Dutch for "Beautiful Indies") was originally coined as the title of 11 reproductions of Du Chattel's watercolor paintings which depicted the scene of East Indies published in Amsterdam in 1930. The term became famous in 1939 after S. Sudjojono used it to mock the painters that merely depict all pretty things about Indies. 5974:, Dutch businessmen were able to set up large, profitable plantations. Sugar production doubled between 1870 and 1885; new crops such as tea and cinchona flourished, and rubber was introduced, leading to dramatic increases in Dutch profits. Changes were not limited to Java, or agriculture; oil from Sumatra and 6619:, a rice table consisting of 7 to 40 popular dishes from across the colony. More an extravagant banquet than a dish, the Dutch colonials introduced the rice table not only so they could enjoy a wide array of dishes at a single setting but also to impress visitors with the exotic abundance of their colony. 5791:

subjects. According to the 1930 census, 6% of Indonesians were literate; however, this figure recognised only graduates from Western schools and those who could read and write in a language in the Roman alphabet. It did not include graduates of non-Western schools or those who could read but not write

6837:

Within the colony of the Dutch East Indies, fashion played an important role to define ones' status and social class. The European colonials wore European fashion straight out of the Netherlands, or even Paris, while the natives wore their traditional clothing that is distinct in every region. As the

6820:

of the 1940s, and economic stagnation during the politically turbulent 1950s and 1960s meant that much colonial architecture has been preserved through to recent decades. Colonial homes were almost always the preserve of the wealthy Dutch, Indonesian and Chinese elites; however, the styles were often

6764:

From the end of the 19th century, significant improvements to technology, communications and transportation brought new wealth to Java. Modernistic buildings, including train stations, business hotels, factories and office blocks, hospitals and education institutions, were influenced by international

5978:

became a valuable resource for industrialising Europe. Dutch commercial interests expanded off Java to the outer islands with increasingly more territory coming under direct Dutch control or dominance in the latter half of the 19th century. However, the resulting scarcity of land for rice production,

5173:

After this high point in the relations between the two countries, the situation rapidly deteriorated. On both sides more extreme parties got the upper hand. The Dutch unilaterally instituted an interim government for the colony on a "federal" basis, with representation for the parts of the colony not

5117:

followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony; although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia's territory a guerrilla struggle ensued, and the majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured Indonesian independence. The Netherlands committed war crimes: summary

4960:

While coolies were often paid laborers who worked out of free will, in practice their circumstances often involved forced labor and more closely resembled slavery. They were often misled when signing work contracts or even forced to sign contracts. Others were kidnapped or forced to work due to debts

4581:

like coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco, rubber, sugar and opium, and safeguarded their commercial interests by taking over surrounding territory. Smuggling, the ongoing expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was formally dissolved in 1800

7045:

Including their second-generation descendants, they are currently the largest foreign born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Census Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered 387,000 first- and second-generation Indos living in the Netherlands. Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch

6872:

Later on in the history of the Dutch East Indies, as a new wave of Europeans were brought into the colony, many adopted Indonesian styles, and many even went so far as to wear traditional Javanese kebaya at home. Kebaya and batik sarong became increasingly popular among the resident Dutch over time,

5625:

In 1898, the population of Java numbered 28 million with another 7 million on Indonesia's outer islands. The first half of 20th century saw large-scale immigration of Dutch and other Europeans to the colony, where they worked in either the government or private sectors. By 1930, there were

4945:

and the extreme incentive for profit resulted in widespread abuses. Farmers were often forced to either use more than 20% of their farmland, or the most fertile land, for cultivation of cash crops. The system led to an increase in famine and disease among Javanese peasants in the 1840s. According to

6857:

The fashion influences between colonials and natives were a reciprocal phenomenon. Just as the Europeans influenced the natives, the natives too influenced the European colonials. For example, the thick European fabrics was considered too hot to wear in tropical climate. Thus, the light clothing of

6176:

Most Dutch literature was written by Dutch and Indo-European authors. However, in the first half of the 20th century under the Ethical Policy, indigenous Indonesian authors and intellectuals came to the Netherlands to study and work. They wrote Dutch language literary works and published literature

5790:

Graduates of Dutch schools opened their own schools modelled on the Dutch school system, as did Christian missionaries, Theosophical Societies and Indonesian cultural associations. This proliferation of schools was further boosted by new Muslim schools in the Western mould that also offered secular

5786:

in Roman alphabet with "link" schools preparing bright Indonesian students for entry into the Dutch-language schools. Vocational schools and programs were set up by the Indies government to train indigenous Indonesians for specific roles in the colonial economy. Chinese and Arabs, officially termed

5543:

passed law creating a native militia of 18,000 by a majority of 43 to 4, with only the moderate Great Indonesia Party objecting. After the declaration of war with Japan, over 100,000 natives volunteered. The KNIL hastily and inadequately attempted to transform them into a modern military force able

4968:

The coolie system was heavily criticized, especially after 1900 with the rise of the so-called "Ethical Politics". A critical pamphlet named "De miljoenen uit Deli" was published by J. van den Brand. The document described abuses committed against coolies including the torture and sexual abuse of a

4937:

Due to the high monetary costs of several Dutch conquests in the 19th century, the Cultivation System ("Cultuurstelsel") was implemented in 1830. Under this system it was stipulated that Indonesian farmers had to use 20% of their farmland for the cultivation of cash crops for export such as indigo,

6730:

construction to Indonesia where previously timber and its by-products had been almost exclusively used. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Batavia was a fortified brick and masonry city. For almost two centuries, the colonialists did little to adapt their European architectural habits to the tropical

6112:

was not made the official language of the colony and was not widely used by the indigenous Indonesian population. The majority of legally acknowledged Dutchmen were bilingual Indo-Eurasians. Dutch was used by only a limited educated elite, and in 1942, around two percent of the total population in

5781:

The Dutch school system was extended to Indonesians with the most prestigious schools admitting Dutch children and those of the Indonesian upper class. A second tier of schooling was based on ethnicity with separate schools for Indonesians, Arabs, and Chinese being taught in Dutch and with a Dutch

4987:

were bought by Dutch colonials, but this practice was cut short after 1860 with the abolition of slavery. In the late 19th century, increasing numbers of Dutch immigrants arrived in colonial Indonesia, leading to a shortage of available women, as most immigrants were men. The Dutch then bought the

6884:

experienced significant growth in the Dutch East Indies starting in the last decade of the 19th century, with the emergence of the first football clubs on Java. The existence of city championships was initially documented in the early 1900s, coinciding with the establishment of local and regional

6055:

was directly followed by a steep increase in short term sentencing to forced labour, from 70,000 persons in 1870 to 275,000 in 1900. In that same period the prison population also increased from 80,000 to 320,000 for prison labour and forced labour in especially coal mines. By 1950 a road network

6018:

and coffee trade on which the colony had been built thrived, and rubber, tobacco, tea and oil also became principal exports. Political reform increased the autonomy of the local colonial administration, moving away from central control from the Netherlands, whilst power was also diverted from the

5993:

The colonial exploitation of Indonesia's population and wealth contributed to the industrialisation of the Netherlands, while simultaneously laying the foundation for the industrialisation of Indonesia. The Dutch introduced coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco and rubber, and large expanses of Java became

5945:

Critical public opinion in the Netherlands led to much of the Cultivation System's excesses being eliminated under the agrarian reforms of the "Liberal Period". According to one study, the mortality rate in Java would have been 10–20% higher by the late 1870s if the system of forced labor had not

5098:

during World War II brought about the fall of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government structure as they could, replacing it with their own regime. Although the top positions were held by the Japanese, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that

4643:

Slavery and its excesses did not end with the bankruptcy of the VOC in 1798, but continued under Dutch state rule. Due to growing international criticism slavery was eventually abolished in the Dutch East Indies in 1860. In reality this was mostly limited to the slaves present on Java and Madura,

5118:

and arbitrary killings of Indonesian villagers and farmers, torture of Indonesian prisoners and execution of prisoners. Ad van Liempt documented the mass murder of 364 Indonesians by Dutch soldiers in the village of Galoeng Galoeng. Alfred Edelstein and Karin van Coevorden, documented later the

4627:

Slaves could be acquired through trade at indigenous slave markets or captured on raids. In certain cases the VOC stirred up ethnic tensions between rivalling populations in the hope they could cheaply buy war captives at slave markets after the conflict. Slaves were transported from islands in

6262:

later would identified as the genre of painting that occurred during the colonial East Indies that capture the romantic depictions of the Indies as the main themes; mostly natural scenes of mountains, volcanoes, rice paddies, river valleys, villages, with scenes of native servants, nobles, and

6038:

across Java and extended throughout the entire colonial period. During the 19th century, involuntary servitude was increased for the construction of roads and railroads, other infrastructure such as bridges and canals, and many other economic activities. Compulsory service could be enforced to

6013:

saw the commodity prices on which the colony depended collapse. Journalists and civil servants observed that the majority of the Indies population were no better off than under the previous regulated Cultivation System economy and tens of thousands starved. Commodity prices recovered from the

5372:

prison on Sumatra prisoners had to perform manual labour in the coal mines. Separate prisons were built for juveniles (West Java) and for women. In the Bulu women's prison in Semarang inmates had the opportunity to learn a profession during their detention, such as sewing, weaving and making

7237:

Note: The Bulu women's prison in Semarang, which housed both European and indigenous women, had separate sleeping rooms with cots and mosquito nets for elite indigenous women and women in the European legal class. Sleeping on the floor like the female peasantry was considered an intolerable

5323:

was limited to an advisory role and only a small portion of the indigenous population was able to vote for its members. The council comprised 30 indigenous members, 25 European and 5 from Chinese and other populations, and was reconstituted every four years. In 1925 the Volksraad was made a

4666:

From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, Dutch control over the Indonesian archipelago was always tenuous. Although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including

6106:. In the latter half of the 19th century, the rest of the archipelago, in which hundreds of language groups were used, was brought under Dutch control. In extending the native education program to these areas, the government stipulated this "standard Malay" as the language of the colony. 8528:

Breman J.C., Koelies, planters en koloniale politiek. Het arbeidsregime op de grootlandbouwondernemingen aan Sumatra's Oostkust in het begin van de twintigste eeuw (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk instituut voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde CXXIII; Dordrecht: Foris Publications,

5878:

Education reforms, and modest political reform, resulted in a small elite of highly educated indigenous Indonesians, who promoted the idea of an independent and unified "Indonesia" that would bring together disparate indigenous groups of the Dutch East Indies. A period termed the

5094:, a vast majority of the indigenous Dutch East Indies population first welcomed the Japanese as liberators from the colonial Dutch empire, but this sentiment quickly changed as the occupation turned out to be far more oppressive and ruinous than the Dutch colonial government. The 6821:

rich and creative combinations of two cultures, so much so that the homes remain sought after into the 21st century. Native architecture was influenced by the introduction of European styles, and Western elements remain an influence on Indonesia's contemporary built environment.

6121:). These words generally had no alternative in Malay and were adopted into the Indonesian vocabulary giving a linguistic insight into which concepts are part of the Dutch colonial heritage. Hendrik Maier of the University of California says that about a fifth of the contemporary 9010:

Harry J. Benda, S.L. van der Wal, "De Volksraad en de staatkundige ontwikkeling van Nederlandsch-Indië: The Peoples Council and the political development of the Netherlands-Indies." (With an introduction and survey of the documents in English). (Publisher: J.B. Wolters, Leiden,

5918:, was appointed to exploit the Indies through Dutch appropriation of its resources. With the Dutch achieving political domination throughout Java for the first time in 1830, it was possible to introduce an agricultural policy of government-controlled forced cultivation. Termed 5030: 6731:

climate. They built row houses which were poorly ventilated with small windows, which was thought as protection against tropical diseases coming from tropical air. Years later the Dutch had learnt to adapt their architectural styles with local building features (long eaves,

5946:

been abolished. Dutch private capital flowed in after 1850, especially in tin mining and plantation estate agriculture. The Martavious Company's tin mines off the eastern Sumatra coast was financed by a syndicate of Dutch entrepreneurs, including the younger brother of King

5360:

law and to indigenous regents and district courts, unless cases were escalated before Dutch judges. Following Indonesian independence, the Dutch legal system was adopted and gradually a national legal system based on Indonesian precepts of law and justice was established.

5279:

Until 1848 the governor-general was directly appointed by the Dutch monarch, and in later years via the Crown and on advice of the Dutch metropolitan cabinet. During two periods (1815–1835 and 1854–1925) the governor-general ruled jointly with an advisory board called the

5335:

The legal system was divided by the three main ethnic groups classified under the Dutch colonial administration— Europeans, Foreign Orientals (Arabs and the Chinese) and the indigenous— which were subject to their own legal systems that were all simultaneously in force.

6022:

The world economy recovered in the late 1890s and prosperity returned. Foreign investment, especially by the British, were encouraged. By 1900, foreign-held assets in the Netherlands Indies totalled about 750 million guilders ($ 300 million), mostly in Java.

5559:

in 1947 and 1948–1949, Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony failed and the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949. The KNIL was disbanded by 26 July 1950 with its indigenous personnel being given the option of demobilising or joining the

6873:

though the Dutch distinguished their own with expensive fabrics and European patterns. Batik was also a big influence for the Dutch. The technique was so fascinating to them that they brought it to their colonies in Africa where it was adopted with African patterns.

5497:' recruiting not only Dutch volunteers, but many other European nationalities (especially German, Belgian and Swiss mercenaries). While most officers were Europeans, the majority of soldiers were indigenous Indonesians, the largest contingent of which were 5760:

did not significantly affect the majority of Indonesians, and Indonesia remained an agricultural colony; by 1930, there were 17 cities with populations over 50,000 and their combined populations numbered 1.87 million of the colony's 60 million.

6773:—being expressed in essentially European buildings with Indonesian trim. Practical responses to the environment carried over from the earlier Indies Style, included overhanging eaves, larger windows and ventilation in the walls, which gave birth to the 4628:

Indonesia itself, or from other countries such as India and China. Estimates of the scale of the slave trade in the Dutch East Indies are scant, but it is suggested that around 1 million slaves were active during its peak in the 17th and 18th century.

8658:

Though initially welcomed as liberators, the Japanese gradually established themselves as harsh overlords. Their policies fluctuated according to the exigencies of the war, but in general their primary object was to make the Indies serve Japanese war

5544:

to protect the Dutch East Indies from Imperial Japanese invasion. On the eve of the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Dutch regular troops in the East Indies comprised about 1,000 officers and 34,000 men, of whom 28,000 were indigenous. During the

6039:

fifty-two days per year per person. On Java and Madura combined, the total number of forced labour was some twenty millions days around 1895. Another source of free labour was obtained through the penal system. The local population was subjected to

5099:

Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions. In contrast to Dutch repression of Indonesian nationalism, the Japanese allowed indigenous leaders to forge links among the masses, and they trained and armed the younger generations.

7002:

Many surviving colonial families and their descendants who moved back to the Netherlands after independence tended to look back on the colonial era with a sense of the power and prestige they had in the colony, with such items as the 1970s book

6051:. Also, long term convicts were subjected to forced labour for constructing infrastructure, including irrigation works, work at coal and tin mines, agricultural production and deployed for military campaigns. The abolishment of forced labour of 4874:

as the technology gap widened. Military leaders and Dutch politicians believed they had a moral duty to free the native Indonesian peoples from indigenous rulers who were considered oppressive, backward, or disrespectful of international law.

5263:

Since the VOC era, the highest Dutch authority in the colony resided with the office of the governor-general. During the Dutch East Indies era the governor-general functioned as chief executive president of colonial government and served as

4631:

Punishments for slaves could be extremely harsh— for instance, runaway slaves and their accomplices could be subject to whipping, chain gangs, or death. Other punishments included the cutting of hands, ears, breasts and noses, forms of

6805:. In the first three decades of the 20th century, the Department of Public Works funded major public buildings and introduced a town planning program under which the main towns and cities in Java and Sumatra were rebuilt and extended. 6988: 5602: 5007:

were forcefully separated from European men, who were put into internment camps. After Sukarno proclaimed an independent Indonesia, the Njai were forced to choose between going with their partners to Europe, or staying in Indonesia.

7046:

society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'Repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture. Practically every town in the Netherlands has a '

7034:(Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. In 4623:

by the VOC to be replaced with slaves. Dutch slaves worked in agriculture, manufacturing, and services, but most were used as domestic servants including housemaids and houseboys, cooks, seamstresses, musicians, and concubines.

4614:

When the VOC arrived in the Indonesian archipelago, they started to use and expand upon the then-existing indigenous system of slavery. In certain places slaves were used on plantations such as on the Maluku islands, namely the

7846: 6614:

Dutch colonial families, through their domestic servants and cooks, were exposed to Indonesian cuisine, and as a result they developed a taste for native tropical spices and dishes. A notable Dutch East Indies colonial dish is

5190:(17 January 1948). This agreement, however, did not lead to a solution. Provocative actions from both sides led to a tense military situation, and the Dutch for the second time resorted to military intervention with the second 10857: 6459:

The rich nature and culture of the Dutch East Indies attracted European intellectuals, scientists and researchers. Some notable scientists that conducted most of their important research in the East Indies archipelago are

5866:

design. To this day, the ideas of Dutch colonial irrigation engineers continue to exert a strong influence over Indonesian design practices. Moreover, the two highest-internationally ranking universities of Indonesia— the

4923:. The colonial wars in the Dutch East Indies exacted a heavy toll on the Indonesian population, with around 3 to 4 million deaths including both direct war casualties and indirect victims of war due to famine and disease. 4869:

resistance in northern Sumatra was quashed in 1895. Towards the end of the 19th century, the balance of military power shifted towards the industrialising Dutch and against pre-industrial independent indigenous Indonesian

5901:

The economic history of the colony was closely related to the economic health of the Netherlands. Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely affected by the cost of the

5347:

The Dutch government adapted the Dutch codes of law in its colony. The highest court of law, the Supreme Court in Batavia, dealt with appeals and monitored judges and courts throughout the colony. Six councils of justice

139: 6332:

are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported

7392: 5564:. At the time of disbandment the KNIL numbered 65,000, of whom 26,000 were incorporated into the new Indonesian Army. The remainder were either demobilised or transferred to the Netherlands Army. Key officers in the 9984: 7608: 4690:

Collectie Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen Figure Megalith found year 1931 Location of the Kepaksian Pernong Sekala Brak in Hanibung Batu Brak, independent Dutch control securing British settlements in

5169:

on 10 December, and in this form accepted by the Dutch Parliament on 20 December 1946. It was formally signed by the parties on 25 March 1947 in Djakarta, with the Indonesian side rejecting the "elucidation".

5149:, Lieutenant-Governor General (ex officio). The Commission achieved a cease-fire on 14 October (a month after its arrival in Batavia) and a draft agreement on 15 November with the negotiators for the Republik 4878:

Although Indonesian rebellions broke out, direct colonial rule was extended throughout the rest of the archipelago from 1901 to 1910 and control taken from the remaining independent local rulers. Southwestern

4219:

trade in the 19th century, and coal and oil exploration in the 20th century. The colonial social order was rigidly racial with the Dutch elite living separately from but linked to their native subjects. The

7276:, and named it one of the best books of the year, among several (other) iconic literary works of 1958: 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' by Truman Capote, 'Doctor Zhivago' by Pasternak and 'Lolita' by Nabokov. See: 6955:

are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include the Amsterdam

5740:

The Dutch colonialists formed a privileged upper social class of soldiers, administrators, managers, teachers and pioneers. They lived together with the natives, but at the top of a rigid social and racial

5310:. Politically, the highly centralised power structure established by the Dutch administration, including the exorbitant powers of exile and censorship, was carried over into the new Indonesian republic. 8399:

P. de Zwart, D. Gallardo-Albarrán, A.: 'The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java 1834–1879', Wageningen University & Research (WUR) & Universiteit Utrecht, 2021

7974: 6337:

and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first locally produced film,

5527:

By 1900 the archipelago was considered "pacified" and the KNIL was mainly involved with military police tasks. The nature of the KNIL changed in 1917 when the colonial government introduced obligatory

10143:

The Portuguese language rolled more easily off Malay tongues than did Dutch or English. Ironically, if any European tongue was the language of merchant intercourse, even in Batavia, it was Portuguese.

8909: 5508:

Dutch policy before the 1870s was to take full charge of strategic points and work out treaties with the local leaders elsewhere so they would remain in control and co-operate. The policy failed in

5079:. The rubber plantations and oil fields of the Dutch East Indies were considered crucial for the Japanese war effort. Allied forces were quickly overwhelmed by the Japanese and on 8 March 1942 the 10919: 7948: 6344:, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the 6353: 5998:

shipping line supported the unification of the colonial economy and brought inter-island shipping through to Batavia, rather than through Singapore, thus focusing more economic activity on Java.

4969:

15-year-old female coolie who had rejected sexual advances of a Dutch plantation overseer. The penal sanction was eventually abolished in 1931 and the Coolie Ordinances ended in the early 1940s.

4938:

coffee and sugar. Through this system considerable profits were made; the net profit for the Dutch treasury is estimated at 4% of the Dutch GDP at the time and around 50% of total state revenue.

159: 5339: 7842: 9839: 8454: 6193:. By exploring new literary themes and focusing on indigenous protagonists, they drew attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight. Examples include the Javanese prince and poet 9861: 5752:, under which the colonial government had a duty to further the welfare of the Indonesian people in health and education. Other new measures under the policy included irrigation programs, 11009: 5071:

The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. On 10 January 1942, during the

137: 10741: 6943:

founded in the 16th century have developed into leading knowledge centres about Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies. Leiden University has produced academics such as Colonial adviser

5626:

more than 240,000 people with European legal status in the colony, making up less than 0.5% of the total population. Almost 75% of these Europeans were in fact native Eurasians known as

6283:, Oei Tiang Oen and Siauw Tik Kwie. These painters usually exhibit their works in art galleries such as Bataviasche Kuntkringgebouw, Theosofie Vereeniging, Kunstzaal Kolff & Co and 5548:

of 1941–42 the KNIL and the Allied forces were quickly defeated. All European soldiers, which in practice included all able bodied Indo-European males, were interned by the Japanese as

4208:

against indigenous rulers and peoples, which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. Dutch rule reached its greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century with the occupation of

9220: 5198:, in December 1948. This was militarily successful (the Dutch managed to capture Sukarno), but again international political pressure forced the Dutch to back down and be party to the 9411: 7011:, and other books and materials that became quite common in the 1970s and 1980s. Moreover, since the 18th century Dutch literature has a large number of established authors, such as 5377:. This training was held in high esteem and helped re-socialise women once they were outside the correctional facility. In response to the communist uprising of 1926 the prison camp 11613: 6448: 10849: 10940:

Nieuwenhuys, Robert, (1973) Tempo doeloe : fotografische documenten uit het oude Indie, 1870–1914 E. Breton de Nijs (pseud. of Robert Nieuwenhuys) Amsterdam : Querido,

157: 10948:– noting that the era wasn't fixed by any dates – noting the use of Tio, Tek Hong,(2006) Keadaan Jakarta tempo doeloe : sebuah kenangan 1882–1959 Depok : Masup Jakarta 6905: 4849:

in which a Dutch invasion in 1873 was met with indigenous guerrilla resistance and ended with an Acehnese surrender in 1912. Disturbances continued to break out on both Java and

5493:, but a separate military arm commanded by the governor-general and funded by the colonial budget. The KNIL was not allowed to recruit Dutch conscripts and had the nature of a ' 4752: 11623:

Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines

138: 11500: 10022: 7683: 4992:. While officially contract workers, these women enjoyed few rights. They could be bought and sold together with the house they worked in as so-called "Indigenous Furniture" ( 6869:

were considered quite suitable for everyday clothing in hot and humid climate of the East Indies, though the Dutch typically wore European clothes for more formal occasions.

7396: 11440: 9980: 7600: 7578: 7370: 4854: 10020:

ten Horn-van Nispen, Marie-Louise; Ravesteijn, Wim (2009). "The road to an empire: Organisation and technology of road construction in the Dutch East Indies, 1800–1940".

8132: 6602: 6841: 9723: 6135:

to the present day. It includes Dutch, Indo-European, and Indonesian authors. Its subject matter thematically revolves around the Dutch colonial era, but also includes

4911:, requested Dutch protection from independent neighbours thereby avoiding Dutch military conquest and were able to negotiate better conditions under colonial rule. The 7150: 5769: 14147: 11189: 158: 14137: 10888: 8437:

Van Klaveren M., Death among Coolies: Mortality of Chinese and Javanese Labourers on Sumatra in the Early Years of Recruitment, 1882–1909, Cambridge Journals, 1997

8184: 8841: 5539:) for European conscripts older than 32. Petitions by Indonesian nationalists to establish military service for indigenous people were rejected. In July 1941 the 11758: 4802: 4661: 1703: 502: 8158: 6829: 14127: 13016: 7970: 6001: 3798: 5854:(RHS), to train civilian officers and servants. In 1927, STOVIA's status was changed to that of a full tertiary-level institution and its name was changed to 14142: 14132: 10692: 7312:

near The Hague, for the benefit of the victims of the storm disaster of 2 June 1927 in the Netherlands. The market is opened by the minister of Colonies dr.

5356:

dealt with civil matters and less serious offences like estate divorces, and matrimonial disputes. The indigenous population was subject to their respective

5255: 9100: 8901: 11083: 7295:

Some of the university faculties still include: Indonesian Languages and Cultures; Southeast Asia and Oceania Languages and Cultures; Cultural Anthropology

6721: 6268: 4261:. The Dutch, aiming to re-establish control of the archipelago, responded by deploying roughly 220,000 troops, which fought the Indonesian nationalists in 3728: 10911: 9231: 14122: 11636: 11627: 9408:"plechtigheden in Djakarta bij de opheffing van het KNIL Polygoon 1950 3 min. 20;embed=1 Video footage showing the official ceremony disbanding the KNIL" 7944: 4513: 8815: 4999:

By the 1910s the number of Njai had decreased, although prostitution had become more prevalent. The practice had not died out, however, by the time the

10070: 6254:

The natural beauty of East Indies has inspired the works of artists and painters, that mostly capture the romantic scenes of colonial Indies. The term

4996:). Njai were also not allowed custody of the children they had with their Dutch masters, and when they were fired, their children would be taken away. 4953:, a name for low-wage indentured laborers. After the abolition of the Cultivation System in 1870, the economy shifted to private companies such as the 3848: 9632: 9067: 6237: 14162: 11960: 10974: 10130: 8878: 5396: 3668: 1683: 11281: 10909:

To this day the Dutch royal family is in fact the wealthiest family of the Netherlands, one of the foundations of its wealth was the colonial trade.

9831: 9544: 8447: 14157: 12680: 10778: 9869: 9657: 3167: 2173: 323: 10545: 10250: 8831:

Meijer, Hans. 'In Indie geworteld, de Geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders, de twintigste eeuw.' (Publisher Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) P.245

14082: 11748: 6304: 6300: 5276:

of the governor-general allowed him to exile anyone regarded as subversive and dangerous to peace and order, without involving any Court of Law.

4786:'s governor-generalship (1830–1835) confirmed profitability as the foundation of official policy, restricting its attention to Java, Sumatra and 3332: 1663: 10245:

Oost-Indische spiegel. Wat Nederlandse schrijvers en dichters over Indonesië hebben geschreven vanaf de eerste jaren der Compagnie tot op heden.

8791: 4794:. As exploitation of Indonesian resources expanded off Java, most of the outer islands came under direct Dutch government control or influence. 14087: 11154: 11049: 6745:

was one of the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and adapt to the climate, then known as Indies Style.

4740: 3425: 2021: 5352:

dealt mostly with crime committed by people in the European legal class and only indirectly with the indigenous population. The land councils

14167: 11897: 10174: 10163: 7015:, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of inspiration. In fact, one of the great masterpieces of 4177: 10800: 10225:'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in Dutch Literature.' University of California, Berkeley, Website, 2011. 11768: 11610: 11596: 10484: 9407: 6349: 5471: 5446: 5387:. As of 1927, political prisoners, including indigenous Indonesians espousing Indonesian independence, were 'exiled' to the outer islands. 5095: 5046: 5021: 4238: 3708: 1752: 891: 850: 567: 11287:

Prayogo, Wisnu Agung (2009). "Sekilas Perkembangan Perfilman di Indonesia" [An Overview of the Development of Film in Indonesia].

5745:. The Dutch East Indies had two legal classes of citizens; European and indigenous. A third class, Foreign Easterners, was added in 1920. 5531:

for all male conscripts in the European legal class and in 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of a 'Home guard' (

5225:'s government campaigned for Indonesian control of the territory, and with pressure from the United States, the Netherlands agreed to the 4538:, only one third of the original crew made it back to Holland and other Dutch expeditions soon followed. Recognising the potential of the 14092: 9268: 9193:

Blakely, Allison (2001). Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society. Indiana University Press. p. 15

8572:

Herman Theodore Bussemaker, "Paradise in Peril: The Netherlands, Great Britain and the Defence of the Netherlands East Indies, 1940–41,"

6947:

who specialised in native oriental (Indonesian) affairs, and it still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures.

6485: 6271:; East Indies-born Dutch painters: Henry van Velthuijzen, Charles Sayers, Ernest Dezentje, Leonard Eland and Jan Frank; Native painters: 5459: 5203: 4862: 4278: 3748: 3262: 2075: 606: 7485: 12829: 11699: 10006: 8479: 6414: 5034: 4838: 4834: 4553:

In March 1602 the VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, and make treaties across Asia. A capital was established in

4285:

after World War II. During the revolution and after Indonesian independence, almost all Dutch citizens repatriated to the Netherlands.

10980: 7042:(short for Indo-European). Of the 296,200 so-called Dutch 'repatriants' only 92,200 were expatriate Dutchmen born in the Netherlands. 4212:. The Dutch East Indies was one of the most valuable colonies under European rule, though its profits depended on exploitative labor. 12577: 11970: 10266: 7211:

Note: The European legal class was not solely based on race restrictions and included Dutch people, other Europeans, but also native

6574:(Scientific Council of the Dutch East Indies) in 1928. It operated as the country's main research organization until the outbreak of 5911: 5250: 5042: 4464:

throughout the region. The islands were known to the Europeans and were sporadically visited by expeditions such as that of Italians

4400:

supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states (the most important were

4062: 3958: 405: 11605: 11497: 10608:

INDOBEX Conf. on Building Construction Technology for the Future: Construction Technology for Highrises & Intelligence Buildings

10454: 9134: 7680: 5982: 5806: 4686: 13370: 12950: 12789: 12705: 12154: 8645: 7280: 5324:

semilegislative body; although decisions were still made by the Dutch government, the governor-general was expected to consult the

3415: 2978: 2974: 7918:

R. Baay(2021), Daar werd wat gruwelijks verricht: Slavernij in Nederlands-Indië, Athenaeum, 4de editie, page 13, 104, 109, 110,113

5830:

toward independence as well in developing medical education in Indonesia, such as Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo, who established the

85: 13169: 11850: 11828: 11437: 10827: 8931:

Van Der Meulen, Jan; Sorters, Joseph (1 July 2005). "Dutch Courage: The Politics of Acceptable Risks. Armed Forces and Society".

7570: 6357: 5929: 5818:

Some higher education institutions were also established. In 1898 the Dutch East Indies government established a school to train

4254: 3678: 2067: 580: 10600: 10507: 6367:

Generally films produced in the Indies dealt with traditional stories or were adapted from existing works. The early films were

12056: 8124: 6296: 5232:

In 2013 the Netherlands government apologised for the violence used against the Indonesian people, an apology repeated by King

5056:

on May 14, 1940. The royal family fled to exile in Britain. Germany and Japan were Axis allies. On 27 September 1940, Germany,

8125:"Het beleid der Commissie Generaal; de uitwerking der beginselen van 1815 in het Regeerings Reglement van 1818 (dissertation)" 6492:, was established in 1778 with the aim to promote research and publish findings in the field of arts and sciences, especially 5302:

The governor-general led a hierarchy of Dutch officials: the residents, the assistant residents, and district officers called

4797: 13996: 13992: 13761: 12940: 12732: 12640: 11902: 11778: 11753: 11526: 11248: 11168: 11079: 9626: 9510: 9179: 9162: 9032: 8547: 8422: 7775: 7729: 7554: 7452: 7427: 6889: 5555:

Following World War II, a reconstituted KNIL joined with Dutch Army troops to re-establish colonial "law and order". Despite

4535: 4531: 4509: 4067: 2847: 1797: 696: 479: 9719: 9377: 9038: 8713: 8611: 7659:

Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India anno 1624–1629

6118: 5291: 4919:), was brought under Dutch administration in 1920. This final territorial range would form the territory of the Republic of 12700: 12690: 12665: 9214: 7140: 6885:

football federations. However, many of these federations were short-lived, often dissolving shortly after their formation.

4657: 4038: 3808: 3382: 3312: 3117: 1938: 14077: 13535: 12520: 12129: 11855: 11712: 5995: 5858:(GHS). The GHS occupied the same main building and used the same teaching hospital as the current Faculty of Medicine of 5838:

was established in 1920 by the Dutch colonial administration to meet the needs of technical resources at its colony. One

4779:. The resulting borders between former British and Dutch possessions remain today between modern Malaysia and Indonesia. 4653: 4620: 4441: 3838: 3688: 3608: 3362: 3067: 1898: 77: 11738: 10880: 8292: 8180: 5236:

on a state visit in 2020. To this day, the colonial war is commonly referred to as "police actions" in the Netherlands.

14112: 14107: 13102: 13021: 12814: 12233: 11589: 11100: 9677: 9670:

Cribb, Robert, 'Development policy in the early 20th century ' in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds,

8845: 7346: 6715: 5896: 5467: 5442: 5145:, Dutch Prime Minister from 1945 to 1946; F. De Boer, Liberal politician; Max van Poll, Catholic Party politician; and 5057: 4205: 2528: 2014: 1960: 10194: 9809: 6225:, who is the best-read Dutch author in contemporary Indonesia, and second generation Indo-European immigrants such as 4833:(1859–1863) in southeast Kalimantan resulted in the defeat of the Sultan. After failed expeditions to conquer Bali in 14117: 13197: 12794: 12474: 12457: 12046: 11872: 11482: 11404: 11401: 11355: 11332: 11309: 11267: 11225: 11206: 11033: 11007: 11004: 10953: 10945: 10587: 10159: 10124: 9567: 9531: 9502: 9482: 9458: 9437: 9395: 9347: 9331: 9262: 9198: 8836: 8774: 8732: 8374: 8278: 8154: 8098: 8073: 8029: 7642: 7479: 6099: 4888: 4884: 4842: 4782:

Since the establishment of the VOC in the 17th century, the expansion of Dutch territory had been a business matter.

4437: 4170: 3828: 3322: 1918: 905: 864: 554: 6928:

Dutch imperial imagery representing the Dutch East Indies (1916). The text reads "Netherlands' most precious jewel."

6352:

beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio. The majority of films produced during the occupation were

5883:, the first half of the 20th century saw the nationalist movement develop strongly, but also face Dutch oppression. 14097: 14072: 13433: 12767: 12327: 12238: 12104: 12024: 11867: 7897: 7820: 6802: 6585: 5565: 5561: 3878: 3858: 3558: 3107: 3002: 2869: 1953: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1908: 12695: 10684: 9218: 6267:

painters are European artists: F. J. du Chattel, Manus Bauer, Nieuwkamp, Isaac Israel, PAJ Moojen, Carel Dake and

3342: 14152: 13011: 12834: 12670: 12065: 11892: 11124: 9094: 7637:(Second ed.). Houndmills, Baingstoke, Hampshire and London: The Macmillan Press Limited. pp. 271, 297. 7362: 6753: 5872: 5379: 5186:

did not achieve its goals, and international pressure forced the Dutch government to accept a cease-fire and the

3738: 3395: 3372: 3232: 3097: 2508: 427: 11087: 6309: 13031: 12282: 12190: 11997: 11929: 11773: 11728: 11692: 11669: 10227: 9513:– By 1930 more European women had arrived in the colony, and they made up 113,000 out of the 240,000 Europeans. 9228: 7313: 6960:, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography and anthropology. 6901: 6817: 6480:. Many important art, culture and science institutions were established in Dutch East Indies. For example, the 6361: 5947: 5862:. The old links between the Netherlands and Indonesia are still clearly visible in such technological areas as 5847: 5114: 5025: 4258: 4122: 3998: 3988: 3968: 3938: 3588: 3578: 2071: 1970: 1762: 1010: 593: 14028: 6026:

Besides slavery and forced plantation work, the Dutch added to the exploitation of the population by means of

4941:

The system proved disastrous for the local population; at its height, over 1 million farmers worked under the

13124: 13119: 12885: 12839: 12809: 12737: 12636: 12606: 12570: 12435: 12422: 12267: 12168: 12124: 11823: 11798: 11783: 11419: 9749: 8812: 8700: 6998:

and Indigenous people from the Dutch East Indies performing traditional dance and music in traditional attire

5827: 5606: 5315: 5199: 5091: 5061: 4716: 3948: 3788: 3718: 3618: 3477: 3405: 3222: 2843: 2653: 2007: 1975: 1965: 1948: 1913: 1837: 1807: 1742: 1572: 1275: 1098: 975: 456: 13617: 10850:"Did you know Dutch East Indies, erstwhile Indonesia, were the first flagbearers of Asia in FIFA World Cup?" 7030:

The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are

5284:(Indies Council). Colonial policy and strategy were the responsibility of the Ministry of Colonies based in 4227:

was used for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals conceived

71: 13632: 13363: 13065: 12727: 12440: 12332: 12017: 11882: 11743: 9609: 9292: 9135:"Chapter 4: The Netherlands Indies, 1800–1942 | Digital Atlas of Indonesian History – by Robert Cribb" 9063: 6489: 6113:

the Dutch East Indies spoke Dutch, including over 1 million indigenous Indonesians. A number of Dutch

6075: 5910:, and the Dutch loss of Belgium in 1830 brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. In 1830, a new 5417:

were both divided into residencies, but while the residencies under the provincies were divided again into

5080: 5038: 4163: 4087: 4072: 4028: 3978: 3888: 3818: 3568: 3488: 3077: 2988: 2787: 2102: 1591: 1284: 382: 10114: 8870: 7870:""The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century" 7793:""The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century" 5182:). The Commission General was dissolved on 15 November 1947 after Schermerhorn and Van Poll resigned. The 2122: 13242: 13159: 13051: 12920: 12799: 12139: 11924: 11838: 11788: 9573: 8627:

Shigeru Satō: War, nationalism, and peasants: Java under the Japanese occupation, 1942–1945 (1997), p. 43

7155: 6944: 6741: 5880: 4077: 3908: 3898: 3528: 3202: 2498: 1817: 363: 13956: 13690: 11519:

The corporation that changed the world : how the East India Company shaped the modern multinational

10173:

Groeneboer, K (1993) Weg tot het westen. Het Nederlands voor Indie 1600–1950. Publisher: KITLEV, Leiden.

7927:

R. Baay(2021), Daar werd wat gruwelijks verricht: Slavernij in Nederlands-Indië, Athenaeum, 4de editie,

6221:

in Dutch Indies literature has been written by Indo-European authors led by the "avant garde visionary"

5850:. In 1924, the colonial government again decided to open a new tertiary-level educational facility, the 5206:

then started on 22 August 1949, which led to the agreement to transfer sovereignty to a Republic of the

5102:

According to a UN report, four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.

14067: 13858: 13553: 13412: 12945: 12870: 12824: 12782: 12757: 12544: 12467: 12370: 12317: 12114: 12051: 11887: 11862: 10537: 10248: 9290:

Groen, Petra (2012). "Colonial warfare and military ethics in the Netherlands East Indies, 1816–1941".

7160: 5581: 5556: 5545: 5494: 5207: 5072: 5017: 4748: 4736: 4554: 4008: 3868: 3598: 3087: 2613: 2079: 1772: 919: 662: 528: 515: 394: 352: 220: 8637: 7363:"Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/816 - Wikisource, the free online library" 6568:

With growing interest in scientific research, the government of the Dutch East Indies established the

6432:. A less elite form of theatre, popular with both European and indigenous people, were the travelling 5213:

In December 1949 the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty with the exception of the

12993: 12981: 12804: 12772: 12494: 12387: 12357: 12223: 12200: 12002: 11987: 11955: 11845: 11685: 11663: 11653: 11045: 9342:

Willems, Wim 'Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942).' (COMT, Leiden, 1994). Chapter I, P.32-36

9326:

Willems, Wim 'Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942).' (COMT, Leiden, 1994). Chapter I, P.32-33

8787: 8367:

Het gelijk van Multatuli : het handelen van Eduard Douwes Dekker in rechtshistorisch perspectief

6900:. However, their journey was cut short in the first round, as they suffered a 0–6 defeat against the 6284: 5627: 5141:(Commission General for the Dutch Indies) on 14 September 1946. This Commission-General consisted of 5133:

After the political situation in Indonesia devolved into a deadlock the new Dutch government, led by

4543: 2603: 1923: 11606:

Chapter 4: The Netherlands Indies, 1800–1942 | Digital Atlas of Indonesian History – By Robert Cribb

14102: 13656: 13393: 13323: 13273: 13149: 13092: 13046: 12998: 12986: 12900: 12875: 12762: 12563: 12412: 12347: 12134: 12099: 10190: 6461: 4912: 4715:, but shortly after his arrival, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including 4351: 4197: 3778: 3698: 3538: 3127: 2797: 2563: 2389: 1903: 1324: 8510:

Makdoembaks N., Foute dokters en de tabaksindustrie van Sumatra, Uitgeverij de Woordenwinkel, 2019

5455: 5068:

signed a treaty outlining "spheres of influence". The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere.

13356: 13134: 12976: 12752: 12484: 12380: 12302: 12297: 12012: 11415: 10792: 6675: 6509: 6453: 6429: 6373: 6218: 6198: 6136: 6128: 6070: 5979:

combined with dramatically increasing populations, especially in Java, led to further hardships.

5868: 5859: 4724: 4720: 4112: 4082: 4018: 3928: 3508: 3267: 3242: 2992: 1070: 11511:

Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company and the Northeast Coast of Java, 1680–1743

10476: 8046:

Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company and the Northeast Coast of Java, 1680–1743

6833:

Javanese nobles adopted and mixed some aspects of European fashion, such as this couple in 1890.

6777:. The largest stock of colonial era buildings are in the large cities of Java, such as Bandung, 6706:

commonly found in front of schools and marketplaces are believed to be derived from poffertjes.

4711:

as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. In 1811 Daendels was replaced by Governor-General

126: 13961: 13720: 13685: 13283: 13112: 13087: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12905: 12890: 12392: 12365: 12312: 12149: 12061: 11992: 11975: 11965: 11811: 11551:

Lindblad, J. Thomas (1989). "The Petroleum Industry in Indonesia before the Second World War".

6968: 6465: 6386: 6031: 5915: 5753: 5490: 5475: 4900: 4805: 4708: 4561:), which became the center of the VOC's Asian trading network. To their original monopolies on 4397: 4282: 4221: 4193: 3658: 3628: 2929: 2777: 2703: 2663: 836: 260: 9252: 7469: 6686:. Cakes and cookies also can trace their origin to Dutch influences; such as kue bolu (tart), 13379: 13164: 13129: 13097: 13041: 12910: 12880: 12742: 12715: 12675: 12450: 12445: 12402: 12397: 12292: 12287: 12180: 12109: 11943: 11793: 11733: 10977:"Novels: Coming to terms with Calvinism, colonies and the war." (NRC Handelsblad. July 1998) 6584:(Organisation for Scientific Research). This organization was the predecessor of the current 6477: 6027: 5162: 4988:"Njai", who were indigenous women who officially served as maids but were often also used as 3918: 3435: 3147: 2889: 1827: 1554: 1019: 794: 738: 316: 210: 11574:(1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. 11472: 9474: 9468: 8065: 8059: 4871: 4273:

if they did not agree to transfer sovereignty to Indonesia, leading to Dutch recognition of

14004: 13730: 13578: 13428: 13217: 13212: 13154: 13077: 12853: 12777: 12650: 12611: 12513: 12479: 12342: 12215: 12205: 12144: 12087: 12040: 12034: 11982: 11919: 11877: 11833: 11720: 10978: 8492:

J. Breman, Controversial Views on Writing Colonial History,2011, Cambridge University Press

6881: 5749: 5597: 5573: 4493: 4453: 4386: 3548: 3473: 3352: 3252: 3022: 2767: 2475: 2134: 1855: 1618: 1581: 1534: 1464: 1434: 1404: 1374: 984: 294: 13654: 13391: 11647: 10538:"Dutch Food Influences – History of Dutch Food – Culinary Influences on the Dutch Kitchen" 10274: 7339:

Surabaya City Of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000 (Ohio RIS Southeast Asia Series)

6413:'s archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the 5787:"foreign orientals", could not enrol in either the vocational schools or primary schools. 4845:

brought northern Bali under Dutch control. The most prolonged military expedition was the

8: 13810: 13786: 13756: 13316: 13309: 13184: 13144: 13036: 12964: 12865: 12819: 12598: 12590: 12375: 12322: 12262: 12195: 12119: 10511: 10446: 9254:

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

9138: 8501:

R. Baay, Daar werd wat gruwelijks verricht, page 242, Uitgeverij Atheneum, 4de druk(2021)

7393:"INDES NEERLANDAISES Passeport 1931 DUTCH EAST INDIES Passport - Revenues - Delcampe.net" 6964: 6893: 6798: 6410: 6122: 6103: 6087: 5756:, communications, flood mitigation, industrialisation and protection of native industry. 5677: 5142: 4896: 4783: 4712: 4696: 4469: 4425: 4408:). Since centuries BCE the islands were part of migratory and commercial exchange within 2899: 2593: 2111: 2051: 1673: 1638: 1504: 1424: 1294: 877: 49: 11411:

Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century

8641: 7277: 6994:

Dutch newsreel dated 1927 showing a Dutch East Indian fair in the Netherlands featuring

5161:, Junior Minister of Health, chairman of the Indonesian Christian Party. This so-called 13780: 13700: 13202: 13139: 13107: 12660: 12616: 12529: 12407: 12337: 12307: 12277: 12272: 12257: 12228: 12185: 11912: 11907: 11237: 11163:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. 11150: 10772: 10039: 9914: 9885:"The Demographic Effects of Colonialism: Forced Labor and Mortality in Java, 1834–1879" 9651: 9309: 8948: 8705: 7889: 7812: 7225: 7118: 6933: 6597: 6521: 6340: 6052: 6040: 5892: 5661: 5614: 5577: 5265: 5226: 5218: 5187: 4932: 4916: 4818: 4732: 4728: 4297: 4293: 4242: 4209: 4134: 2817: 2737: 2553: 2485: 2331: 2197: 1878: 1863: 1524: 1494: 1414: 1334: 1167: 780: 11409: 10823: 10732:

Lukman, Christine Claudia; Piliang, Yasraf Amir; Sunarto, Priyanto (30 October 2013).

6005:

Workers pose at the site of a railway tunnel under construction in the mountains, 1910

4883:

was occupied in 1905–06, the island of Bali was subjugated with military conquests in

13766: 13710: 13468: 13438: 13332: 13247: 13232: 13227: 13207: 13174: 13082: 13003: 12655: 12539: 12462: 12072: 11532: 11522: 11478: 11397: 11351: 11344: 11328: 11305: 11263: 11244: 11221: 11202: 11196: 11164: 11075: 11029: 11000: 10949: 10941: 10611: 10583: 10155: 10120: 10043: 10000: 9918: 9906: 9622: 9563: 9527: 9506: 9498: 9478: 9454: 9433: 9391: 9343: 9327: 9313: 9258: 9210: 9209:

Cribb, R.B. (2004) 'Historical dictionary of Indonesia.' Scarecrow Press, Lanham, US.

9194: 9175: 9158: 9028: 8952: 8842:"Extremists Run Amok Against Indische-Nederlanders | Dutch-Indonesian Community" 8832: 8770: 8728: 8709: 8543: 8473: 8418: 8378: 8370: 8284: 8274: 8094: 8069: 8025: 7881: 7804: 7771: 7725: 7638: 7550: 7475: 7448: 7423: 7342: 7224:

Note: Adat law communities were formally established throughout the archipelago e.g.

7132: 6948: 6940: 5955: 5800: 5757: 5513: 5512:, in northern Sumatra, where the Sultan tolerated pirates who raided commerce in the 5175: 5146: 5119: 4811: 4534:

set sail to reach the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. After

4473: 4417: 4342: 4262: 4201: 4117: 3157: 3032: 2422: 2412: 2311: 1693: 1474: 1364: 1354: 1314: 1049: 1001: 808: 710: 5519: 13977: 13924: 13882: 13751: 13453: 13278: 12895: 12534: 12007: 11560: 11387: 11383: 10734:"Kebaya Encim as the Phenomenon of Mimicry in East Indies Dutch Colonial's Culture" 10031: 9896: 9301: 9248: 9088: 8940: 8695: 8687: 7928: 7090: 7016: 6813: 6809: 6774: 6524:

established in 1817, with the aim to study the flora and fauna of the archipelago.

6437: 6345: 6132: 5528: 5502: 5233: 5214: 5158: 5154: 4289: 4129: 4107: 3648: 3498: 3302: 2949: 2859: 2807: 2673: 2518: 2432: 2321: 2268: 1997: 1873: 1628: 1454: 1444: 1137: 933: 822: 766: 7269: 6531: 6473: 6166: 13612: 13337: 13237: 13222: 12915: 12685: 11617: 11564: 11504: 11456: 11444: 11106: 11013: 10984: 10738:

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

10254: 10231: 10076: 9681: 9305: 9235: 9224: 9022: 8839:. Note: Citing Dutch newspaper 'De Haagsche Post', article dated 4 December 1954. 8819: 8672: 8615: 7687: 7284: 7265: 7145: 7104: 7008: 6390: 6276: 6242: 6222: 6035: 6010: 5967: 5618: 5498: 5483: 5450: 5195: 5065: 5000: 4962: 4961:

or were criminals sentenced to forced labour by the colonial justice system. The

4830: 4791: 4768: 4704: 4321: 4153: 3638: 3518: 3292: 3192: 2757: 2462: 2452: 2399: 2376: 1868: 1609: 1484: 1384: 1344: 1177: 110: 104: 11434:

The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800–2000

11186:

The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800–2000

9373: 9360:

Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India

5474:(ML-KNIL), were established in 1814 and 1915, respectively. Naval forces of the 5126:

also targeted Dutch and Eurasian civilians, particularly under the direction of

4891:, as were the remaining independent kingdoms in Maluku, Sumatra, Kalimantan and 13705: 13563: 13026: 12631: 12626: 12430: 12252: 11571: 11427:

Roots of violence in Indonesia: Contemporary violence in historical perspective

8944: 8608: 7663:

The official register at Castle Batavia, of the census of the Dutch East Indies

7251:

Note: In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP),

7035: 7012: 6924: 6897: 6794: 6790: 6726:

The 16th- and 17th-century arrivals of European powers in Indonesia introduced

6394: 6329: 6150: 6109: 6095: 5951: 5819: 5796: 5783: 5532: 5307: 5110: 4772: 4637: 4591: 4527: 4497: 4485: 4457: 4452:, local kingdoms and tribes were all connected through trade, creating a mixed 4409: 4329: 4313: 4250: 2879: 2727: 2723: 2643: 2583: 2442: 2043: 1544: 1514: 1394: 1217: 1147: 995: 724: 251: 246: 35: 11494:

Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942

11321: 11295:] (Bachelor's of History Thesis) (in Indonesian). University of Indonesia. 9901: 9884: 8411: 7677:

Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900–1942

7549:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 248–249. 7447:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. pp. 168–169. 7054:' (night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year. 4582:

and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago (including much of

4518: 168: 14061: 14043: 14030: 13892: 13887: 13543: 13520: 13515: 13499: 13463: 13458: 13443: 13263: 13192: 12747: 12645: 12621: 11536: 11289:

Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Baru Terhadap Perfilman Indonesia Tahun 1966–1980

9910: 9611:

De Privaatrechterlijke Toestand: Der Vreemde Oosterlingen Op Java En Madoera

8155:"KERAJAAN ADAT KEPAKSIAN PERNONG SEKALA BRAK MENJAWAB SEJARAH_compressed.PDF" 7885: 7843:"Indonesië krijgt geen excuses, terwijl de slavenhandel daar juist floreerde" 7808: 7193: 7058: 6547: 6535: 6210: 6202: 6044: 5150: 4892: 4787: 4747:

that would define the government of the colony for a century. Under the 1824

4616: 4566: 4489: 4481: 4461: 4270: 4266: 3758: 3463: 3012: 2623: 2573: 2298: 2083: 1197: 255: 146: 11662: 11394:

Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920

10997:

Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920

9675: 9169: 8288: 6622:

Throughout the colonial period the Dutch introduced European dishes such as

6542:

in 1912, after an aeroplane crash accident in 1911 and rumours about living

13877: 13680: 13494: 13489: 13473: 13448: 13289: 10186: 9801: 9672:

Development and social welfare: Indonesia's experiences under the New Order

9497:

Beck, Sanderson, (2008) South Asia, 1800–1950 – World Peace Communications

9122:

Balans van beleid. Terugblik op de laatste halve eeuw van Nederlands-Indië.

8673:"Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves" 7932: 7240:

Balans van beleid. Terugblik op de laatste halve eeuw van Nederlands-Indië.

7020: 6957: 6699: 6695: 6659: 6539: 6280: 6226: 6194: 6158: 6145: 6083: 6043:, by which local administrators could sentence minor offenders directly to 5963: 5959: 5934: 5742: 5610: 5130:

who personally supervised the summary executions of hundreds of civilians.

5053: 5003:

invaded and occupied the Indies. During the occupation, the Njai and their

4954: 4577:, the company and later colonial administrations introduced non-indigenous 4477: 4472:

in 1321. The first Europeans to establish themselves in Indonesia were the

4232: 3212: 3137: 3042: 2939: 2747: 2059: 1187: 1117: 1080: 752: 286: 274: 13856: 11545:

The Social World of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in Colonial Indonesia

11072:

Indisch is een gevoel, de tweede en derde generatie Indische Nederlanders.

8691: 8382: 6034:

who forced tens of thousands of locals to work on the construction of the

6014:

recession, leading to increased investment in the colony. The sugar, tin,

5966:). From 1870, the Indies were opened up to private enterprise. Due to the 5795:, Malay or Dutch, or those who could write in non-Roman alphabets such as 13834: 13715: 13573: 13548: 12489: 9024:

Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée

8268: 7422:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 142. 7212: 7066: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7031: 6995: 6687: 6683: 6663: 6575: 6501: 6497: 6433: 6368: 6334: 6317: 6272: 6048: 5987: 5693: 5364:

By 1920 the Dutch had established 350 prisons throughout the colony. The

5166: 5076: 5004: 4776: 4542:

trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the

4539: 4429: 4421: 2144: 1304: 1227: 1029: 442: 13348: 11646: 11622: 10035: 7893: 7869: 7816: 7792: 7770:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 32. 7724:(4th ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. p. 30. 4288:

In 1962, the Dutch turned over their last possession in Southeast Asia,

13622: 13588: 12244: 10733: 7062: 6671: 6651: 6616: 6607: 6421: 6364:

several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers.

6248: 5975: 5863: 5831: 5384: 5369: 5365: 5134: 4989: 4984: 4700: 4606:) were nationalized under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. 4465: 4449: 4440:. By the 16th century, a large part of the archipelago was ruled under 4241:

dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the

3768: 2909: 2683: 2633: 2288: 2243: 2184: 1247: 13808: 11120: 10601:"Architectural Design Consideration for Modern Buildings in Indonesia" 9862:"Indonesia's Infrastructure Problems: A Legacy From Dutch Colonialism" 7571:"How studying 1945-1949 wars can benefit Indonesia - The Jakarta Post" 6936:

was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from colonial trade.

6117:

are used in present-day Indonesian, particularly technical terms (see

4727:

becoming Lieutenant Governor. Following Napoleon's defeat at the 1815

13829: 13602: 13568: 11708: 11677: 11280:- translated from Dutch by E. M. Beekman (Publisher: Periplus, 1999) 10598: 9559: 7057:

Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the

7024: 6766: 6703: 6655: 6647: 6543: 6398: 6140: 6114: 5907: 5810:

Dutch, Eurasian and Javanese professors of law at the opening of the

5285: 5105:

Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders

4920: 4904: 4822: 4764: 4735:, independent Dutch control was restored in 1816 on the basis of the 4578: 4405: 4401: 4274: 4228: 4216: 2713: 2693: 2351: 2341: 2208: 2063: 1257: 1207: 1157: 1060: 958: 12555: 10224: 6279:, Mas Soeryo Soebanto and Henk Ngantunk; and also Chinese painters: 6131:

has been inspired by both colonial and postcolonial Indies from the

5552:. Twenty-five percent of the POWs did not survive their internment. 5229:

which ceded the territory to Indonesian administration in May 1963.

4269:

threatened to terminate financial aid for the Netherlands under the

14000: 13695: 13268: 12586: 10765:

The Netherlands East Indies at the Tropenmuseum: a colonial history

8559:

Jack Ford, "The Forlorn Ally—The Netherlands East Indies in 1942,"

6973: 6786: 6782: 6770: 6732: 6691: 6558: 6551: 6527: 6094:

Across the archipelago, hundreds of native languages are used, and

5903: 5585: 5479: 5296: 4880: 4858: 4846: 4826: 4756: 4633: 4574: 2157: 2091: 1039: 962: 541: 282: 278: 236: 11637:

Yasuo Uemura, "The Depression and the Sugar Industry in Surabaya"

11046:"Official CBS website containing all Dutch demographic statistics" 10793:"Indonesian Batik – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO" 7238:

aggravation of the legal sanction. See: Baudet, H., Brugmans I.J.

5875:, established in 1920— were both founded during the colonial era. 4707:

to the Dutch throne, which led to the 1808 appointment of Marshal

13675: 13597: 13558: 12028: 10447:"NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJKE raad voor Nederlandsch-Indie te Batavia" 9745: 7945:"Over deze Nederlandse slavernijgeschiedenis hebben we het nooit" 7189: 6778: 6757: 6736: 6727: 6635: 6562: 6505: 6493: 6469: 6214: 6206: 6146:

Max Havelaar: Or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company

5843: 5569: 5222: 5123: 5106: 4950: 4908: 4850: 4760: 4595: 4587: 4558: 4246: 2087: 1127: 301: 290: 225: 10716:

Chic in kebaya: catatan inspiratif untuk tampil anggun berkebaya

10154:

Meijer, Hans (2004) In Indie geworteld. Publisher: Bert bakker.

10067:

The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society.

6739:, large windows and ventilation openings), and the 18th-century 5826:(STOVIA). Many STOVIA graduates later played important roles in 5165:

was first "elucidated" by the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs

4522:

Expansion of the Dutch East Indies in the Indonesian Archipelago

13908: 13746: 13725: 13627: 13607: 13525: 11628:

Yasuo Uemura, "The Sugar Estates in Besuki and the Depression"

11584: 10271:

Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta

9883:

Zwart, Pim de; Gallardo-Albarrán, Daniel; Rijpma, Auke (2022).

8670: 6979: 6913: 6866: 6859: 6850: 6845:

Dutch colonial couple in the early 20th century wearing native

6643: 6639: 6627: 6382: 5971: 5792: 5127: 5075:, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the 4680: 4676: 4603: 4599: 4570: 4562: 4433: 4215:

The colony contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and

3282: 2919: 2278: 1237: 206: 11121:"Indisch-eten Startpagina, verzameling van interessante links" 8636: 6642:

and tea were also popular in the colonial East Indies. Bread,

6197:, a writer and journalist, and the Dutch language writings of 6019:

central Batavia government to more localised governing units.

4436:

were dominant; however, increasing trade links instigated the

4204:

government in 1800. During the 19th century, the Dutch fought

10634: 10632: 10019: 7070: 7050:' (Dutch Indonesian Shop) or Indonesian restaurant and many ' 7027:

in 1860 as criticism of exploitative Dutch policies in Java.

6952: 6909: 6863: 6846: 6631: 6623: 6015: 5938: 5374: 5368:

prison in Batavia incarcerated the unruliest inmates. In the

4866: 4743:

reformed the public finances of the colony and drew up a new

4413: 4300:. At that point, the entirety of the colony ceased to exist. 1107: 270: 11278:

Mirror of the Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature

9882: 8609:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

8417:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 254. 4853:

during the remainder of the 19th century. This included the

4428:

onwards the archipelago was also a major part of the global

10853: 9390:"Last Post – the End of Empire in the Far East", John Keay 8270:

Krakatoa : the day the world exploded, August 27, 1883

7971:"Slavernij en slavenhandel in Nederlands-Indië (1820–1900)" 6321: 5509: 5357: 5269: 5122:. The independence movement during the later phases of the 4978: 4926: 4672: 4668: 4583: 4445: 10629: 10361: 10349: 8902:"Dutch king apologises for colonial killings in Indonesia" 7601:"Decolonization of the Dutch East Indies/Indonesia | EHNE" 7151:

Postage stamps and postal history of the Dutch East Indies

6896:, making them the first Asian country to participate in a 1000:"Netherlands' most precious jewel", Dutch imperial art by 11597:

11 Dutch Indies objects in 'The European Library Harvest'

10373: 9720:"TU Delft Colonial influence remains strong in Indonesia" 6263:

sometimes bare-chested native women. Some of the notable

5549: 10325: 8725:

History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition

6748: 5052:

The Netherlands capitulated their European territory to

4983:

During earlier stages of colonization female indigenous

11664:"Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java" 10881:"The Dutch East Indies, a colonial team at a World Cup" 10668: 10531: 10529: 9787: 9785: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9552:

De demografische geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders

9526:, Report no.64 (Publisher: NIDI, The Hague, 2002) P.36 9524:

De demografische geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders

9170:

Cribb, R. B; Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (2000),

7706: 7704: 6919: 6666:

during the colonial era. Some of the native upperclass

5120:

execution of hundreds of men in the village of Rawagede

4480:

and fortresses throughout the region, including at the

4192:

The Dutch East Indies was formed from the nationalised

2086:

to Britain, leading to its eventual incorporation into

11611:

Historical Documents of the Dutch Parliament 1814–1995

10406: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8181:"Paksi Pak Skala Brak"Gedung Dalam Kepaksian Pernong"" 7743: 7741: 5332:

was dissolved in 1942 during the Japanese occupation.

4803:

The Submission of Prince Dipo Negoro to General De Koc

16:

Dutch colony in Southeast Asia and Oceania (1800–1949)

14003:

in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the

11639:

Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

11630:

Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities

11373:

Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial Era

11293:

New Order Policy Towards Indonesian Films (1966–1980)

10505: 10427: 10385: 10337: 8930: 8395: 8393: 8391: 7511:

Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial Era

6978:, a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in 6011:

worldwide recession of the late 1880s and early 1890s

4829:(1825–30) ended significant Javanese resistance. The 4281:. Indonesia became one of the leading nations of the 2062:

with territory mostly comprising the modern state of

11084:"IMES/ Second&third generations Dutch Eurasians" 10731: 10526: 10313: 10301: 10289: 9832:"Promotie Huib Ekkelenkamp op 9 april 2019 TU Delft" 9782: 9686: 9453:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 8788:"How the Netherlands Hid Its War Crimes for Decades" 8767:

War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War

7701: 7080: 6722:

List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

6571:

Natuurwetenschappelijke Raad voor Nederlandsch-Indië

6482:

Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen

5259:

The governor-general's palace in Batavia (1880–1900)

11028:(Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) pp.12–13 9746:"URAP – University Ranking by Academic Performance" 9362:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), 236. 9124:(Publisher: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1984) P.76, 121, 130 9096:

Features – The Indonesian Legal System: An Overview

8316: 7738: 6650:, sandwiches filled with ham, cheese or fruit jam, 11343: 11320: 11236: 8410: 8388: 8350:P. Hagen (2018), Koloniale oorlogen in Indonesie. 8337: 8335: 8333: 7065:, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as 6348:. The rate of production declined again after the 5782:curriculum. Ordinary Indonesians were educated in 5295:House of the Resident (colonial administrator) in 4763:, and the British secured the Dutch settlement of 4245:on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders 4235:, setting the stage for an independence movement. 8701:20.500.11755/c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092 6963:The traditions of the KNIL are maintained by the 6674:(solo salad), bistik jawa (Javanese beef steak), 6581:Organisatie voor Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek 5397:Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies 5319:for the Dutch East Indies commenced in 1918. The 4503: 14148:1940s disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies 14059: 11470: 10560: 10116:The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade 9975: 9973: 9247: 9089:http://alterisk.ru/lj/IndonesiaLegalOverview.pdf 9058: 9056: 5011: 41: 14138:1942 disestablishments in the Dutch East Indies 11327:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 11161:History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java 8330: 7304:Note: 1927 garden party, at the country estate 6305:List of film directors of the Dutch East Indies 6301:List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies 5748:In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the 5580:and Chief of Staff of the Indonesian army; and 4857:in the aftermath of the tremendous eruption of 4514:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 10826:. The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 10599:W. Wangsadinata and T.K. Djajasudarma (1995). 10247:, (Publisher: Querido, Amsterdam, 1978) p.555 9714: 9712: 9556:The demography of the Dutch in the East Indies 9174:, Curzon; Singapore : New Asian Library, 8219:Vickers (2005), p. 10; Ricklefs (1991), p. 131 8206: 8204: 8202: 8122: 7756:Ricklefs (1991), p. 110; Vickers (2005), p. 10 6440:, made popular by Auguste Mahieu (1865–1903). 6385:; later films would be in Dutch, Malay, or an 6275:, Mas Pirngadi, Abdullah Surisubroto, Wakidi, 6139:discourse. Masterpieces of this genre include 5617:), R. Sastro Widjono and M. N. Dwidjo Sewojo ( 4741:Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies 14128:States and territories disestablished in 1949 13364: 12571: 11693: 11239:Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen 10878: 10535: 10508:"The rise and fall of Indonesia's rice table" 10101: 9970: 9613:( The private law situation: Java and Madoera 9053: 8519:Van den Brand J., De miljoenen uit Deli, 1902 8352:Vijf eeuwen verzet tegen vreemde overheersing 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 6862:fabrics and the comfortable and easy to wear 6765:styles. The early-20th-century trend was for 6662:were commonly consumed by colonial Dutch and 6090:was decided to be the national language, 1928 5401:The Dutch East Indies was divided into three 4200:, which came under the administration of the 4171: 2015: 14143:1945 establishments in the Dutch East Indies 14133:1800 establishments in the Dutch East Indies 11474:Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy 11425:Colombijn, Freek, and Thomas Lindblad, eds. 11260:The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950 11118: 10777:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10582:, p. 8, 1994 Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, 9656:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9542: 9451:Netherlands India: a Study of Plural Economy 8093:. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. p. 44. 8024:. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 23–25. 8014: 8012: 5472:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force 5447:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force 5022:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 4949:Another source of profit were the so-called 4619:where most of the local population had been 4448:that retained a Hindu majority. Sultanates, 4296:), to Indonesia under the provisions of the 892:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 851:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 102: 11396:(University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008), 10999:(University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008), 9709: 9371: 9152: 9020: 8865: 8863: 8542:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu. 8273:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. Ch. 9. 8199: 8061:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7768:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7722:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7635:A History of Modern Indonesian since c.1300 7547:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7445:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7420:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 7073:are still very popular in the Netherlands. 6760:, designed by architect Henri Maclaine-Pont 6579: 6578:in 1942. In 1948 the institute was renamed 6569: 6486:Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences 6397:writes that all films from before 1950 are 5460:Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem 5390: 631:1,919,440 km (741,100 sq mi) 144: 124: 27: 14123:States and territories established in 1800 13822: 13371: 13357: 12578: 12564: 11700: 11686: 11302:A Modern History of Indonesia, 2nd edition 11156:Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa 10762: 8741: 8266: 8231: 6789:. Notable architects and planners include 6415:Netherlands Government Information Service 6064: 5824:School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen 5405:—Groot Oost, Borneo and Sumatra—and three 4357:Scholars writing in English use the terms 4178: 4164: 2022: 2008: 167: 14007:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010. 13378: 10912:"In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals" 10879:van de Vooren, Jurryt (8 February 2022). 10713: 10580:The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia 9900: 9448: 9092: 8699: 6082:(Indonesian Students Union) delegates in 5968:exploitation of Chinese migrant labourers 5568:that were former KNIL soldiers included: 5251:Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 5244: 5137:of the Catholic People's Party, formed a 5043:governor-general of the Dutch East Indies 14163:19th-century establishments in Indonesia 11550: 11299: 11243:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 11220:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 10187:"A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia" 9607: 8860: 8722: 8671:Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). 8540:Nyai & Pergundikan di Hindia Belanda 8147: 7989: 7765: 7719: 7632: 7544: 7442: 7417: 6984: 6923: 6890:Dutch East Indies national football team 6840: 6828: 6747: 6601: 6447: 6409:) records several as having survived at 6308: 6236: 6074: 6000: 5981: 5928: 5805: 5775:School Tot Opleiding Van Indische Artsen 5768: 5601: 5523:Decorated indigenous KNIL soldiers, 1927 5518: 5454: 5338: 5290: 5254: 5139:Commissie-Generaal voor Nederlands-Indië 5029: 4927:Cultivation System and Coolie Ordinances 4895:. Other rulers including the Sultans of 4796: 4685: 4517: 4396:At the time when Europeans arrived, the 14158:1800 establishments in the Dutch Empire 11553:Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 11341: 11286: 11218:Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia 10821: 10412: 9473:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9093:Tabalujan, Benny S. (2 December 2002), 8642:"Indonesia :: Japanese occupation" 8057: 7628: 7626: 6381:; 1930) generally considered the first 6358:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 5204:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 4594:, and the hinterlands of ports such as 4336:) was translated by the English as the 4279:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 3749:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 607:Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference 581:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 14083:Former countries in Indonesian history 14060: 11707: 11516: 11318: 11234: 11194: 10973:Etty, Elsbeth literary editor for the 10824:"Dutch East Indies – Football History" 10727: 10725: 10574: 10572: 10096: 10005:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 9466: 9432:John Keegan, page 314 "World Armies", 9414:from the original on 27 September 2011 9376:. Dutch East Indies Campaign website. 8478:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 8408: 8116: 8019: 7581:from the original on 26 September 2023 6297:List of films of the Dutch East Indies 6119:List of Dutch loan words in Indonesian 5584:, founder of the elite special forces 4792:European push for colonial possessions 14088:Former countries in Malaysian history 13855: 13807: 13653: 13390: 13352: 12585: 12559: 11681: 11215: 11149: 10891:from the original on 16 November 2023 10763:Legêne, S., & Dijk, J. V (2011). 10487:from the original on 21 November 2019 10457:from the original on 24 February 2021 10433: 10391: 10379: 10367: 10355: 10343: 10331: 10319: 10307: 10295: 10215:Nieuwenhuys (1999) pp. 126, 191, 225. 10184: 10133:from the original on 16 November 2023 9726:from the original on 25 February 2021 9289: 9041:from the original on 16 November 2023 9001:Cribb, R.B., Kahin, pp. 140 & 405 8794:from the original on 1 September 2020 8369:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Lubberhuizen. 8295:from the original on 16 November 2023 8135:from the original on 16 November 2023 8088: 7977:from the original on 13 February 2023 7951:from the original on 13 February 2023 7900:from the original on 13 November 2020 7849:from the original on 13 February 2023 7823:from the original on 13 November 2020 7611:from the original on 21 November 2023 7373:from the original on 24 December 2018 7330: 7255:was the best university in Indonesia. 7215:, Indo-Chinese and indigenous people. 6682:), sayur kacang merah (brenebon) and 6420:Theatre plays by playwrights such as 6393:. The American visual anthropologist 6080:Perhimpunan Pelajar-Pelajar Indonesia 5639:1930 census of the Dutch East Indies 4510:Company rule in the Dutch East Indies 2082:, the Dutch ceded the governorate of 173:Map of Dutch Expansion in Indonesia: 14168:1940s disestablishments in Indonesia 13017:States and municipalities by exports 12706:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 11257: 10744:from the original on 14 January 2024 10695:from the original on 15 January 2024 10197:from the original on 19 January 2012 10112: 9987:from the original on 19 October 2023 9103:from the original on 17 January 2023 8983:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, pp. 87, 295 8648:from the original on 9 February 2007 8460:from the original on 19 October 2023 8187:from the original on 19 October 2022 7867: 7790: 7623: 7505: 7503: 7467: 7336: 7242:(Publisher: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1984) 7141:Freemasonry in the Dutch East Indies 6920:Colonial heritage in the Netherlands 5609:members in 1918: D. Birnie (Dutch), 5113:declared Indonesian independence. A 4767:as well as Dutch possessions in the 4695:In 1806, with the Netherlands under 4039:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 13995:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; 11603:Digital Atlas of Indonesian History 11074:(Amsterdam University Press, 2009) 10922:from the original on 6 October 2008 10722: 10569: 10548:from the original on 5 October 2011 10069:(UNSW Press, Sydney, 2003) P.87-89 9752:from the original on 6 October 2014 9155:Digital atlas of Indonesian history 8912:from the original on 18 August 2021 8899: 8605:The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42 7468:Hart, Jonathan (26 February 2008). 6290: 5996:Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij 5836:De Technische Hogeschool te Bandung 5429:first before being subdivided into 5343:The Supreme Court Building, Batavia 4391: 3839:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 13: 14093:Former countries in Southeast Asia 13655:Colonies and trading posts of the 13392:Colonies and trading posts of the 11759:French and British era (1806–1816) 11453:(Cambridge University Press, 2008) 11365: 11179:Historical dictionary of Indonesia 11127:from the original on 30 March 2010 9380:from the original on 26 July 2011. 9271:from the original on 23 April 2016 9070:from the original on 31 March 2012 8881:from the original on 22 March 2023 8719:from the original on 19 July 2018. 8574:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 7488:from the original on 18 March 2015 6716:Colonial architecture of Indonesia 6424:(1869–1948) were performed at the 6030:. This started under the reign of 5922:(cultivation system) in Dutch and 5897:Liberal Period (Dutch East Indies) 5468:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 5443:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 5035:Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer 4647: 4548:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie 4490:Portugal formed a union with Spain 3679:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 3599:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 2121: 14: 14179: 11578: 11052:from the original on 11 June 2010 10860:from the original on 13 July 2023 10830:from the original on 23 June 2023 10189:. Institute of European Studies, 10185:Maier, H.M.J. (8 February 2005). 10162:. P.33, 35, 36, 76, 77, 371, 389 10119:. Kodansha America. p. 203. 9842:from the original on 8 March 2021 9638:from the original on 24 July 2011 8813:Who is responsible for 'Bersiap'? 8161:from the original on 27 July 2022 7500: 7264:Note: In December 1958, American 7228:. See: Cribb, R.B., Kahin, p. 140 6818:Indonesia's independence struggle 6638:. As the producer of cash crops; 5572:, second president of Indonesia; 5557:two successful military campaigns 4354:'s documents of the early 1620s. 3849:Attacks against places of worship 2070:on 17 August 1945. Following the 906:Japanese occupation of New Guinea 865:Japanese occupation of New Guinea 555:Second Dutch intervention in Bali 306: 12666:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 11583: 11451:The idea of Indonesia: A history 11323:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 11112: 11064: 11038: 11018: 10989: 10967: 10958: 10934: 10903: 10872: 10842: 10815: 10785: 10756: 10707: 10677: 10659: 10650: 10641: 10592: 10499: 10469: 10439: 10418: 10397: 10259: 10237: 10218: 10209: 10178: 10167: 10148: 10090: 10081: 10059: 10050: 10013: 9961: 9952: 9943: 9934: 9925: 9876: 9854: 9824: 9794: 9773: 9764: 9738: 9700: 9664: 9601: 9592: 9583: 9536: 9516: 9491: 9442: 9426: 9400: 8413:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 7533:The idea of Indonesia: A history 7298: 7289: 7258: 7245: 7125: 7111: 7097: 7083: 6586:Indonesian Institute of Sciences 5950:. Mining began in 1860. In 1863 5777:(STOVIA) aka Sekolah Doctor Jawa 5633: 5566:Indonesian National Armed Forces 4861:in 1883. However, the island of 4755:and British settlements such as 4147: 3809:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 2074:, Indonesia and the Netherlands 1991: 994: 938: 924: 910: 896: 882: 857: 843: 829: 815: 801: 787: 773: 759: 745: 731: 717: 703: 689: 155: 135: 84: 70: 13716:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies 11779:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 11477:. Cambridge U.P. p. viii. 11422:, 2011, retrieved: 23 May 2011. 11216:Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). 11143: 11026:De uittocht uit Indie 1945–1995 10803:from the original on 3 May 2017 10685:"The Architecture of Indonesia" 9889:The Journal of Economic History 9812:from the original on 7 May 2020 9384: 9365: 9352: 9336: 9320: 9283: 9241: 9229:Netherlands Ministry of Defense 9203: 9187: 9127: 9114: 9082: 9014: 9004: 8995: 8986: 8977: 8974:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 140 8968: 8965:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 108 8959: 8924: 8893: 8871:"Tijdbalk Indonesische kwestie" 8825: 8806: 8780: 8759: 8750: 8664: 8630: 8621: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8566: 8553: 8532: 8522: 8513: 8504: 8495: 8486: 8440: 8431: 8402: 8359: 8344: 8307: 8260: 8251: 8222: 8213: 8173: 8107: 8082: 8051: 8038: 7963: 7937: 7921: 7912: 7861: 7835: 7784: 7759: 7750: 7713: 7692: 7669: 7651: 7593: 7563: 7538: 7525: 7522:R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 118 7516: 7278:Official Maria Dermout Website. 7231: 7218: 7205: 6939:Universities such as the Royal 6754:Bandung Institute of Technology 6709: 6565:during his work in the Indies. 6360:in 1945 and during the ensuing 5954:obtained a concession from the 5873:Bandung Institute of Technology 5871:, established in 1898, and the 5591: 5482:, supplemented by the colonial 5436: 4863:Lombok came under Dutch control 4340:, to keep it distinct from the 4239:Japan's World War II occupation 3669:Penang terminal bridge collapse 2654:Separation of Perlis from Kedah 428:Pieter Gerardus van Overstraten 12047:People's Consultative Assembly 11670:New International Encyclopedia 11388:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe276 11350:. Cambridge University Press. 11262:. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd. 10767:. Amsterdam: KIT. p. 146. 9608:Cornelis, Willem, Jan (2008). 9257:. Cambridge U.P. p. 104. 8638:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7461: 7436: 7411: 7385: 7355: 7182: 7173: 6902:Hungary national football team 6606:Dutch family enjoying a large 5962:) for a large tobacco estate ( 5848:Indonesian National Revolution 5662:Indigenous islanders (Pribumi) 5313:A People's Council called the 5026:Indonesian National Revolution 4972: 4504:Dutch East Indies Company rule 4454:Hindu-Buddhist-Islamic culture 4259:Indonesian National Revolution 3579:Campbell Shopping Complex fire 2072:Indonesian War of Independence 1704:French and British interregnum 594:Indonesian National Revolution 503:French and British interregnum 1: 12637:Japanese occupation of Malaya 11789:Transitional period (1965–66) 11774:National Revolution (1945–49) 11769:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 11764:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 11420:Institute of European History 11346:A History of Modern Indonesia 11304:. MacMillan. chapters 10–15. 10656:Schoppert (1997), pp. 102–105 10647:Schoppert (1997), pp. 104–105 9802:"Waarde van de gulden / euro" 9470:A History of Modern Indonesia 9374:"Dutch East Indies 1941–1942" 9172:Historical atlas of Indonesia 7323: 6808:A lack of development in the 6232: 5828:Indonesia's national movement 5489:The KNIL was not part of the 5239: 5115:four-and-a-half-year struggle 5092:Indonesian National Awakening 5012:World War II and independence 4753:Kepaksian Pernong Sekala Brak 4636:, being burned alive and the 4536:many skirmishes and hardships 4476:who established a network of 3789:2002 Taman Hillview landslide 2844:Japanese occupation of Malaya 2303: 2162: 324:Head of the Batavian Republic 133:("Those in whom Dutch blood") 12951:State legislative assemblies 12671:Sarawak communist insurgency 11565:10.1080/00074918812331335569 11461:The perspective of the World 11319:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 11201:. Harvard University Press. 10477:"Selamat Ulang Tahun, LIPI!" 10234:Retrieved: 24 September 2011 10023:Journal of Transport History 9306:10.1080/14623528.2012.719365 9293:Journal of Genocide Research 8409:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 8257:Ricklefs (1991), pp. 138–139 8113:Ricklefs (1991), pp. 111–114 6576:World War II in Asia Pacific 6518:Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense 6490:National Museum of Indonesia 6177:in literary reviews such as 5846:, whom later would lead the 5764: 5470:(KNIL) and its air arm, the 5081:Royal Dutch East Indies Army 4434:Hindu-Buddhist civilizations 4303: 4029:2024 Lumut helicopters crash 3949:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 3829:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 3108:North Borneo self-governance 1592:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 491:• Direct Dutch control 7: 13170:Water supply and sanitation 12696:1997 Asian financial crisis 12155:Water supply and sanitation 11465:Civilization and Capitalism 11436:(U. of Hawaii Press, 2002) 11429:(Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002) 11188:(U. of Hawaii Press, 2002) 10638:Schoppert (1997), pp. 72–77 10566:Schoppert (1997), pp. 38–39 10506:Geotravel Research Center. 9543:Van Nimwegen, Nico (2002). 8064:. Westview Press. pp. 7665:]. Vol. VOC. 1624. 7268:praised the translation of 7156:The Portuguese in Indonesia 7076: 6945:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje 6906:Vélodrome Municipal Stadium 6742:Dutch Indies country houses 6694:), spiku (lapis Surabaya), 6379:Karnadi the Frog Contractor 6086:, an important event where 5881:Indonesian National Revival 5041:, the last and penultimate 4725:Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 4283:Asian independence movement 3879:Genting Highlands bus crash 3859:Cameron Highlands bus crash 3559:AIA building hostage crisis 3529:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 3478:Philippine militant attacks 3283:Federal Territory of Labuan 3213:Declaration of Rukun Negara 3203:National Operations Council 3168:Second communist insurgency 1099:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms 10: 14184: 14078:Former colonies in Oceania 13859:Kingdom of the Netherlands 12733:Cities, towns and villages 12691:1988 constitutional crisis 11784:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 11749:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 11654:Collier's New Encyclopedia 10273:(in Dutch). Archived from 9967:Dick, et al. (2002), p. 97 9931:Dick, et al. (2002), p. 95 9120:Baudet, H., Brugmans I.J. 9027:. NUS Press. p. 177. 9021:Tagliacozzo, Eric (2009). 8945:10.1177/0095327X0503100405 8933:Armed Forces & Society 8680:Eighteenth-Century Studies 8267:Winchester, Simon (2005). 7161:Netherlands Indies guilder 6824: 6719: 6713: 6595: 6591: 6561:disease was discovered by 6488:), the predecessor of the 6443: 6401:. However, JB Kristanto's 6354:Japanese propaganda shorts 6294: 6241:The romantic depiction of 6068: 6059: 5890: 5886: 5694:Dutch people and Eurasians 5595: 5546:Dutch East Indies campaign 5440: 5394: 5248: 5208:United States of Indonesia 5073:Dutch East Indies Campaign 5018:Dutch East Indies campaign 5015: 4976: 4930: 4737:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 4651: 4609: 4532:the first Dutch expedition 4507: 4384: 4380: 4009:2022 Batang Kali landslide 3323:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 2080:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 1773:United States of Indonesia 1610:Chinese Kongsi federations 920:United States of Indonesia 516:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 353:Carel de Vos van Steenwijk 14113:20th century in Indonesia 14108:19th century in Indonesia 13986: 13970: 13949: 13933: 13917: 13901: 13870: 13866: 13851: 13818: 13803: 13775: 13739: 13668: 13664: 13649: 13587: 13534: 13508: 13482: 13421: 13405: 13401: 13386: 13303: 13256: 13183: 13073: 13064: 12972: 12963: 12861: 12852: 12723: 12714: 12597: 12507: 12421: 12356: 12214: 12176: 12167: 12095: 12086: 11951: 11942: 11898:Provincial highest points 11819: 11810: 11719: 11471:Furnivall, J. S. (1944). 10610:. Jakarta. Archived from 10102: 9902:10.1017/S0022050721000577 9449:Furnivall, J.S. (1967) . 9358:John Sydenham Furnivall, 8765:Cited in: Dower, John W. 7341:. Ohio University Press. 6876: 6407:Indonesian Film Catalogue 6129:Dutch language literature 6032:governor-general Daendels 5200:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement 5180:first "politionele actie" 4817:The Dutch subjugated the 4717:the Spice islands in 1810 4544:United East India Company 3939:Movida Bar grenade attack 3689:Bright Sparklers disaster 3589:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 3569:National Monument bombing 3539:Kuala Lumpur flash floods 3333:Royal Immunity Amendments 3078:Singapore self-governance 2989:Crown Colony of N. Borneo 2604:Siamese invasion of Kedah 1924:Javanese historical texts 954: 668: 658: 654: 644: 640: 635: 625: 620: 616: 603: 590: 577: 564: 551: 538: 525: 512: 499: 489: 476: 472: 464: 452: 448: 433: 418: 414: 404: 400: 388: 378:• 1816–1840 (first) 376: 372: 362: 358: 346: 336: 332: 322: 317:Dutch Colonial government 312: 300: 266: 242: 232: 216: 202: 166: 119: 98: 66: 59: 21: 14118:19th century in Malaysia 13957:Curaçao and Dependencies 13691:Curaçao and Dependencies 13669:Colonies in the Americas 13657:Dutch West India Company 13394:Dutch East India Company 13223:Malay ethnic nationalism 12681:Second Malayan Emergency 11956:Administrative divisions 11489:, comprehensive coverage 11443:25 December 2019 at the 11342:Vickers, Adrian (2005). 10674:Schoppert (1997), p. 105 10578:Dawson, B., Gillow, J., 10230:13 November 2011 at the 10191:University of California 9598:Reid (1974), p. 170, 171 9168:from the earlier volume 8818:28 November 2016 at the 8576:(2000) 31#1 pp: 115–136. 8563:(1993) 11#1 pp: 105–127. 8020:Witton, Patrick (2003). 7874:Journal of World History 7797:Journal of World History 7766:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7720:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7545:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7443:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7418:Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). 7337:Dick, Howard W. (2002). 7166: 7038:they are referred to as 6894:1938 World Cup in France 6125:can be traced to Dutch. 5856:Geneeskundige Hogeschool 5391:Administrative divisions 5157:, Defense Minister, and 5086:Fuelled by the Japanese 4621:deported or exterminated 4526:Following disruption of 4492:, and therewith entered 4352:Dutch East India Company 4198:Dutch East India Company 3959:Darul Quran madrasa fire 3779:2001 Kampung Medan riots 3699:Highland Towers collapse 3396:Pakatan Harapan takeover 2798:Unfederated Malay States 2390:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1684:Dutch East India Company 1325:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 697:Dutch East India Company 480:Dutch East India Company 390:• 1948–1949 (last) 342:Augustijn Gerhard Besier 14098:Maritime Southeast Asia 14073:Former colonies in Asia 13740:Trading posts in Africa 13474:Northeast coast of Java 11521:. London: Pluto Press. 11503:9 November 2017 at the 11416:European History Online 11300:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). 11235:Heider, Karl G (1991). 11181:(Scarecrow Press, 2004) 11177:Cribb, R.B., Kahin, A. 10113:Corn, Charles (1999) . 9467:Vicker, Adrian (2005). 9372:Klemen, L (1999–2000). 8756:Ricklefs (1991), p. 199 8747:Vickers (2005), page 85 8723:Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). 8603:L., Klemen, 1999–2000, 8594:Ricklefs (1991), p. 195 8228:Ricklefs (1991), p. 142 8210:Ricklefs (1991), p. 131 8123:Oranje, D.J.P. (1936). 7686:9 November 2017 at the 7474:. Polity. p. 200. 7274:The Ten Thousand Things 6538:was first described by 6520:was a major centre for 6510:Bogor Botanical Gardens 6436:theatre shows known as 6430:Gedung Kesenian Jakarta 6374:Karnadi Anemer Bangkong 6199:Soewarsih Djojopoespito 6171:The Ten Thousand Things 6071:Dutch Indies literature 6065:Language and literature 5869:University of Indonesia 5860:University of Indonesia 5709:Other foreign orientals 5090:war propaganda and the 4855:Banten Peasant's Revolt 4721:Java the following year 4662:French and British rule 4658:Second Dutch Expedition 4019:2023 Elmina plane crash 3999:2021-22 Malaysia floods 3979:2020-21 Malaysia floods 3969:2018 Subang Temple riot 3929:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 3909:2014–15 Malaysia floods 3819:Bukit Gantang bus crash 3263:South China Sea dispute 3243:1977 Kelantan Emergency 3233:Federal Territory of KL 3128:Sarawak self-governance 2202:65,000–40,000 BCE 2040:Netherlands East Indies 14153:1949 disestablishments 13022:Science and technology 12130:Science and technology 11971:Regencies & Cities 11258:Reid, Anthony (1974). 11105:7 January 2016 at the 9779:Ricklefs (1991), p 119 9234:1 October 2011 at the 8585:Morison (1948), p. 191 8365:Phijffer, Tom (2000). 7710:Ricklefs (1991), p. 27 7633:Ricklefs, M C (1991). 7007:(Old times) by author 6999: 6969:Royal Netherlands Army 6929: 6854: 6834: 6761: 6611: 6580: 6570: 6456: 6454:Buitenzorg Plantentuin 6452:Museum and lab of the 6426:Schouwburg Weltevreden 6403:Katalog Film Indonesia 6325: 6251: 6219:postcolonial discourse 6091: 6006: 5990: 5942: 5916:Johannes van den Bosch 5815: 5778: 5622: 5536: 5524: 5491:Royal Netherlands Army 5476:Royal Netherlands Navy 5463: 5344: 5299: 5268:of the colonial army ( 5260: 5245:Law and administration 5049: 4814: 4751:the Dutch secured the 4709:Herman Willem Daendels 4703:appointed his brother 4692: 4654:First Dutch Expedition 4523: 4398:Indonesian archipelago 4333: 4317: 4275:Indonesian sovereignty 3629:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 3499:Brunei's Limbang claim 3343:Asian financial crisis 2930:Sandakan Death Marches 2778:Federated Malay States 2664:Crown Colony of Labuan 2126: 2055: 2047: 1735:Emergence of Indonesia 837:Sultanate of Palembang 145: 125: 103: 42: 28: 13993:constituent countries 13526:West coast of Sumatra 13380:Dutch colonial empire 12676:Singapore in Malaysia 11739:Hinduism-Buddhism era 11592:at Wikimedia Commons 11543:Taylor, Jean Gelman. 11517:Robins, Nick (2012). 11432:Dick, Howard, et al. 11380:The Dutch East Indies 11184:Dick, Howard, et al. 11012:23 April 2016 at the 10714:Pentasari, R (2007). 10689:The Fact of Indonesia 10665:Vickers (2005), p. 24 10087:Taylor (2003), p. 289 10075:23 April 2016 at the 10065:Sneddon, James (2003) 10056:Taylor (2003), p. 288 9958:Vickers (2005), p. 18 9949:Vickers (2005), p. 16 9940:Vickers (2005), p. 20 9791:Taylor (2003), p. 240 9706:Taylor (2003), p. 287 9697:Taylor (2003), p. 286 9223:23 April 2016 at the 8992:Vickers (2005), p. 15 8727:. London: MacMillan. 8692:10.1353/ecs.1998.0021 8538:Baay, Reggie (2010). 8327:Vickers (2005), p. 14 8313:Vickers (2005), p. 13 8131:(in Dutch). Utrecht. 7868:Vink, Markus (2003). 7791:Vink, Markus (2003). 7747:Vickers (2005), p. 10 7253:Universitas Indonesia 6993: 6927: 6844: 6832: 6812:, the turmoil of the 6751: 6605: 6451: 6312: 6240: 6078: 6028:involuntary servitude 6004: 5985: 5932: 5840:Technische Hogeschool 5809: 5803:, Chinese or Arabic. 5772: 5605: 5522: 5458: 5342: 5328:on major issues. The 5294: 5258: 5163:Linggadjati Agreement 5083:surrendered in Java. 5033: 4913:Bird's Head Peninsula 4800: 4689: 4521: 4324:). The original name 3869:Hulu Langat landslide 3549:Malaysian haze crisis 3313:Constitutional crisis 3148:Singapore in Malaysia 3138:Formation of Malaysia 3003:Anti-cession movement 2890:Parit Sulong Massacre 2369:Rise of Muslim states 2293:100 BCE–1474 CE 2125: 2068:declared independence 1790:Republic of Indonesia 1656:European colonization 1555:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 795:Sultanate of Bulungan 739:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 243:Common languages 14005:Netherlands Antilles 13052:World Bank Relations 12790:World Heritage Sites 12768:environmental issues 12651:Federation of Malaya 11873:Environmental issues 11616:4 April 2012 at the 11371:Booth, Anne, et al. 11198:Indonesian Destinies 10983:20 July 2011 at the 10885:Sportgeschiedenis.nl 10822:Stokkermans, Karel. 10691:. 15 November 2015. 10451:opac.perpusnas.go.id 10424:Heider (1991), p. 14 10403:Heider (1991), p. 15 10370:, pp. 334, 340. 10358:, pp. 319, 332. 10267:"Mooi Indie, Aliran" 10253:28 June 2012 at the 10099:Weg tot het Westen ( 9872:on 24 November 2012. 9680:23 June 2018 at the 9589:Vickers (2005), p. 9 9562:: NIDI. p. 35. 9153:Cribb, R. B (2010), 8614:26 July 2011 at the 8354:, De Arbeiderspers.' 8248:Friend (2003), p. 21 8183:. 11 February 2022. 8058:Schwarz, A. (1994). 7845:. 14 December 2022. 7509:Booth, Anne, et al. 7471:Empires and Colonies 7283:2 April 2012 at the 7179:as High Commissioner 6892:participated in the 6557:and its relation to 6514:Herbarium Bogoriense 5986:De Javasche Bank in 5933:Headquarters of the 5598:Dutch Ethical Policy 5421:, residencies under 4699:domination, Emperor 4387:History of Indonesia 3799:Indian Ocean tsunami 3489:Singapore race riots 3474:North Borneo dispute 3253:Pedra Branca dispute 3068:Malayan Independence 3023:Federation of Malaya 2788:Anglo-Siamese Treaty 2768:Mat Salleh Rebellion 2564:Dutch–Portuguese War 2283:100 BCE–642 CE 2235:11,000–200 BCE 2048:Nederlands(ch)-Indië 2038:, also known as the 1998:Indonesia portal 1619:Heshun Confederation 1535:Yogyakarta Sultanate 1465:Kalinyamat Sultanate 1435:Sultanate of Jailolo 1405:Sultanate of Ternate 1118:Tarumanagara Kingdom 338:• 1800 (first) 295:Traditional Religion 261:Indigenous languages 127:Wien Neêrlands Bloed 62:1942–1945 (in exile) 14040: / 13811:Noordsche Compagnie 13809:Settlements of the 13787:Society of Suriname 13633:Vietnam (1637–1643) 13406:Governorate General 12820:Peninsular Malaysia 11794:New Order (1966–98) 11754:VOC era (1603–1800) 11392:Bosma U., Raben R. 11378:Borschberg, Peter, 11195:Friend, T. (2003). 11151:Biran, Misbach Yusa 11070:De Vries, Marlene. 10995:Bosma U., Raben R. 10536:Karin Engelbrecht. 10382:, pp. 367–370. 10036:10.7227/TJTH.30.1.5 9770:Dick, et al. (2002) 9522:Van Nimwegen, Nico 8848:on 10 December 2011 8089:Kumar, Ann (1997). 7947:. 19 October 2017. 6965:Regiment Van Heutsz 6803:C. P. W. Schoemaker 6799:Henri Maclaine Pont 6769:influences—such as 6698:(coconut tart) and 6411:Sinematek Indonesia 6387:indigenous language 6350:Japanese occupation 6123:Indonesian language 6088:Indonesian language 5834:political society. 5640: 5576:, commander of the 5562:Indonesian military 5383:was established in 5350:(Raad van Justitie) 5143:Willem Schermerhorn 5096:Japanese occupation 5005:mixed-race children 4784:Graaf van den Bosch 4713:Jan Willem Janssens 4470:Odoric of Pordenone 4426:classical antiquity 4350:is recorded in the 4154:Malaysia portal 3989:LRT train collision 3759:Al-Ma'unah incident 3739:Tropical Storm Greg 3223:New Economic Policy 3060:Independence period 2900:Battle of Singapore 2594:Straits Settlements 2529:Kubang Pasu Kingdom 2248:500 – 200 BCE 1763:National Revolution 1753:Japanese occupation 1639:Santiaogou Republic 1505:Palembang Sultanate 1425:Sultanate of Tidore 1295:Peureulak Sultanate 1228:Dharmasraya Kingdom 878:Straits Settlements 568:Japanese occupation 348:• 1806 (last) 151:(Dutch) (1932–1949) 131:(Dutch) (1815–1932) 13781:Society of Berbice 13140:Malaysian diaspora 13032:Telecommunications 12661:Malaysia Agreement 12617:Portuguese Malacca 12140:Telecommunications 11851:Biosphere reserves 11632:, Vol.4 page.30-78 10964:Nieuwenhuys (1999) 10918:. 30 August 2007. 10718:. Jakarta: Esensi. 10334:, pp. 61, 68. 10277:on 1 November 2011 10243:Nieuwenhuys, Rob. 10097:Groeneboer, Kees. 9141:on 19 January 2012 8790:. 31 August 2020. 8341:Reid (1974), p. 1. 7908:– via JSTOR. 7831:– via JSTOR. 7314:J.C. Koningsberger 7119:Netherlands portal 7000: 6971:and the dedicated 6951:and in particular 6934:Dutch royal family 6930: 6855: 6835: 6762: 6702:(cheese cookies). 6612: 6598:Indonesian cuisine 6530:was discovered by 6522:botanical research 6457: 6341:Loetoeng Kasaroeng 6326: 6269:Romualdo Locatelli 6252: 6092: 6053:the cultuurstelsel 6007: 5991: 5943: 5893:Cultivation System 5816: 5779: 5638: 5623: 5578:Siliwangi Division 5525: 5464: 5425:were divided into 5345: 5300: 5266:commander-in-chief 5261: 5227:New York Agreement 5219:Western New Guinea 5202:(7 May 1949). The 5192:politionele actie, 5188:Renville Agreement 5153:, Prime Minister, 5050: 4933:Cultivation System 4917:Western New Guinea 4825:(1821–38) and the 4821:of Sumatra in the 4815: 4749:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 4745:Regeringsreglement 4733:Congress of Vienna 4729:Battle of Waterloo 4693: 4530:access to spices, 4524: 4474:Portuguese in 1512 4375:colonial Indonesia 4371:Netherlands Indies 4334:Nederlandsch-Indië 4298:New York Agreement 4294:Western New Guinea 4257:, instigating the 4243:Japanese surrender 4210:Western New Guinea 3729:Pos Dipang mudflow 3509:Penang Hartal riot 3353:Reformasi Movement 3098:Sarawak Insurgency 2818:Kelantan rebellion 2738:Jementah Civil War 2644:Kingdom of Sarawak 2614:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 2554:Portuguese Malacca 2486:Selangor Sultanate 2135:Prehistoric period 2127: 1842:1998–present 1743:National Awakening 1573:Christian kingdoms 1539:1755–present 1529:1745–present 1525:Surakarta Sunanate 1495:Kingdom of Kaimana 1449:1526–present 1415:Sultanate of Bacan 1335:Pagaruyung Kingdom 1276:Islamic sultanates 1168:Shailendra Dynasty 781:Pagaruyung Kingdom 14068:Dutch East Indies 14023: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14001:full independence 13941:Dutch East Indies 13847: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13799: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13346: 13345: 13299: 13298: 13125:Income inequality 13120:Human trafficking 13060: 13059: 12959: 12958: 12941:Political parties 12886:Foreign relations 12848: 12847: 12656:Malayan Emergency 12553: 12552: 12503: 12502: 12191:Human trafficking 12163: 12162: 12082: 12081: 12073:Wawasan Nusantara 12057:Political parties 11998:Foreign relations 11938: 11937: 11641:, Vol.3 page.1-54 11590:Dutch East Indies 11588:Media related to 11528:978-1-84964-691-8 11276:Nieuwenhuys, Rob 11250:978-0-8248-1367-3 11170:978-979-3731-58-2 11119:Startpagina B.V. 11090:on 17 August 2009 11080:978-90-8964-125-0 10752:– via CORE. 10514:on 7 October 2011 10483:(in Indonesian). 9866:The Jakarta Globe 9628:978-0-559-23498-9 9621:. Bibiliobazaar. 9511:978-0-9792532-3-2 9181:978-0-7007-0985-4 9164:978-87-91114-66-3 9034:978-9971-69-424-1 8769:(1986; Pantheon; 8561:War & Society 8548:978-979-3731-78-0 8424:978-0-300-10518-6 7777:978-0-8047-6130-7 7731:978-0-8047-6130-7 7556:978-0-8047-6130-7 7454:978-0-8047-6130-7 7429:978-0-8047-6130-7 7367:en.wikisource.org 7194:Dutch East Indies 7133:New Guinea portal 6991: 6949:Leiden University 6941:Leiden University 6752:Ceremonial Hall, 6163:Country of Origin 6100:Portuguese Creole 5956:Sultanate of Deli 5852:Rechts Hogeschool 5812:Rechts Hogeschool 5758:Industrialisation 5738: 5737: 5514:Strait of Malacca 5274:exorbitant powers 5184:Politionele Actie 5176:Operation Product 5147:Hubertus van Mook 5047:Japanese invasion 4963:Coolie Ordinances 4903:(Kalimantan) and 4843:1849 intervention 4812:Nicolaas Pieneman 4418:Arabian peninsula 4377:interchangeably. 4367:Dutch East Indies 4343:Dutch West Indies 4338:Dutch East Indies 4263:attrition warfare 4188: 4187: 4047: 4046: 3709:Genting landslide 3659:Ming Court Affair 3447: 3446: 3426:Bornean Amendment 3406:COVID-19 pandemic 3363:H1N1 flu pandemic 3271: 3176: 3175: 3158:ASEAN Declaration 3051: 3050: 3033:Malayan Emergency 2958: 2957: 2826: 2825: 2537: 2536: 2476:Sarawak Sultanate 2453:Pattani Sultanate 2413:Malacca Sultanate 2360: 2359: 2306:100 CE–1025 2252: 2251: 2036:Dutch East Indies 2032: 2031: 1846: 1845: 1798:Liberal democracy 1781: 1780: 1726: 1725: 1714:Dutch East Indies 1647: 1646: 1600: 1599: 1582:Larantuka Kingdom 1563: 1562: 1475:Mataram Sultanate 1375:Cirebon Sultanate 1355:Malacca Sultanate 1315:Ternate Sultanate 1266: 1265: 1248:Singhasari Empire 1242:1000s–1300s 1208:Kahuripan Kingdom 1089: 1088: 1002:Johan Braakensiek 968: 967: 950: 949: 946: 945: 870: 869: 809:Sultanate of Sulu 711:British Bencoolen 420:• 1800–1801 307:Dutch East Indian 160: 153:("The Wilhelmus") 140: 115:("I will uphold") 23:Dutch East Indies 14175: 14055: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14008: 13868: 13867: 13857:Colonies of the 13853: 13852: 13820: 13819: 13805: 13804: 13785:Governed by the 13779:Governed by the 13666: 13665: 13651: 13650: 13403: 13402: 13388: 13387: 13373: 13366: 13359: 13350: 13349: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13071: 13070: 13007: 12970: 12969: 12859: 12858: 12721: 12720: 12580: 12573: 12566: 12557: 12556: 12523: 12516: 12174: 12173: 12093: 12092: 12035:National capital 11949: 11948: 11817: 11816: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11679: 11678: 11674: 11666: 11658: 11650: 11648:"Surabaya" 11587: 11568: 11540: 11509:Nagtegaal, Luc. 11492:Gouda, Frances. 11488: 11457:Braudel, Fernand 11361: 11349: 11338: 11326: 11315: 11296: 11273: 11254: 11242: 11231: 11212: 11174: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11116: 11110: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11086:. Archived from 11068: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11042: 11036: 11022: 11016: 10993: 10987: 10971: 10965: 10962: 10956: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10856:. 3 March 2023. 10846: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10776: 10768: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10729: 10720: 10719: 10711: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10648: 10645: 10639: 10636: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10616: 10605: 10596: 10590: 10576: 10567: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10533: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10510:. Archived from 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10443: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10416: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10263: 10257: 10241: 10235: 10222: 10216: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10182: 10176: 10171: 10165: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10138: 10110: 10105: 10104: 10103:Road to the West 10094: 10088: 10085: 10079: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10004: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9977: 9968: 9965: 9959: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9932: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9904: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9868:. Archived from 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9798: 9792: 9789: 9780: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9716: 9707: 9704: 9698: 9695: 9684: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9655: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9637: 9620: 9605: 9599: 9596: 9590: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9579:on 23 July 2011. 9578: 9572:. Archived from 9549: 9540: 9534: 9520: 9514: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9464: 9446: 9440: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9404: 9398: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9369: 9363: 9356: 9350: 9340: 9334: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9249:Nicholas Tarling 9245: 9239: 9207: 9201: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9167: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9137:. Archived from 9131: 9125: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9091:, 2002 version: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9060: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9018: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8984: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8966: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8906:Belfasttelegraph 8897: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8867: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8844:. Archived from 8829: 8823: 8822:The Jakarta Post 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8784: 8778: 8763: 8757: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8720: 8718: 8703: 8677: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8619: 8601: 8595: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8557: 8551: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8511: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8493: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8416: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8386: 8363: 8357: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8328: 8325: 8314: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8229: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8055: 8049: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8016: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7941: 7935: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7763: 7757: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7736: 7735: 7717: 7711: 7708: 7699: 7696: 7690: 7675:Gouda, Frances. 7673: 7667: 7666: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7542: 7536: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7514: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7395:. Archived from 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7334: 7317: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7262: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7197: 7196:from 1818 - 1825 7192:was part of the 7186: 7180: 7177: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7091:Indonesia portal 7088: 7087: 7086: 7017:Dutch literature 6992: 6814:Second World War 6810:Great Depression 6801:, J. Gerber and 6775:New Indies Style 6583: 6573: 6438:Komedie Stamboel 6356:. Following the 6346:Great Depression 6291:Theatre and film 6244:De Grote Postweg 6133:Dutch Golden Age 5912:governor-general 5773:Students of the 5641: 5637: 5582:A. E. Kawilarang 5529:military service 5366:Meester Cornelis 5234:Willem-Alexander 5215:Dutch New Guinea 5159:Johannes Leimena 5155:Amir Sjarifuddin 4442:Islamic kingdoms 4432:. For centuries 4392:Before the Dutch 4290:Dutch New Guinea 4180: 4173: 4166: 4152: 4151: 4150: 3919:Sabah earthquake 3460: 3459: 3443: 3416:Political crisis 3390: 3373:Sedition Dragnet 3303:Operation Lalang 3277: 3265: 3189: 3188: 3064: 3063: 2971: 2970: 2967:Formative period 2950:Jesselton revolt 2870:Bornean Campaign 2860:Malayan campaign 2839: 2838: 2808:Battle of Penang 2674:Pahang Civil War 2550: 2549: 2493: 2470: 2433:Pahang Sultanate 2407: 2400:Brunei Sultanate 2384: 2373: 2372: 2305: 2265: 2264: 2242: 2231: 2220: 2196: 2172: 2164: 2156: 2140: 2139: 2115: 2097: 2096: 2078:in 1949. In the 2024: 2017: 2010: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1808:Guided Democracy 1794: 1793: 1739: 1738: 1660: 1659: 1629:Lanfang Republic 1615: 1614: 1578: 1577: 1499:1600s–1926 1489:1528s–1877 1455:Banjar Sultanate 1445:Banten Sultanate 1429:1500s–1967 1345:Brunei Sultanate 1281: 1280: 1258:Majapahit Empire 1158:Srivijaya Empire 1138:Kalingga Kingdom 1104: 1103: 1071:Toba catastrophe 1054:94,000–12,000 BP 1025: 1024: 998: 988: 970: 969: 942: 941: 934:Dutch New Guinea 928: 927: 914: 913: 900: 899: 886: 885: 874: 873: 861: 860: 847: 846: 833: 832: 823:Banjar Sultanate 819: 818: 805: 804: 791: 790: 777: 776: 767:Lanfang Republic 763: 762: 749: 748: 735: 734: 721: 720: 707: 706: 693: 692: 686: 685: 670: 669: 612:27 December 1949 529:Treaty of London 495:31 December 1799 438: 423: 406:Governor-General 195: 189: 183: 177: 171: 162: 161: 150: 142: 141: 130: 108: 88: 74: 54: 53: 45: 39: 31: 29:Nederlands-Indië 19: 18: 14183: 14182: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14103:New Imperialism 14058: 14057: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14039: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14024: 14011: 13990: 13982: 13966: 13945: 13929: 13913: 13897: 13862: 13839: 13814: 13791: 13771: 13735: 13660: 13637: 13583: 13530: 13504: 13478: 13417: 13397: 13382: 13377: 13347: 13342: 13329: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13295: 13252: 13243:Public holidays 13179: 13160:Sex trafficking 13056: 13005: 12955: 12921:Law enforcement 12844: 12710: 12686:13 May incident 12593: 12584: 12554: 12549: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12499: 12490:Personification 12417: 12352: 12333:Public holidays 12318:National heroes 12210: 12159: 12078: 11934: 11903:Natural history 11806: 11744:Spread of Islam 11715: 11706: 11661: 11645: 11618:Wayback Machine 11601:Cribb, Robert, 11581: 11572:Panikkar, K. M. 11529: 11505:Wayback Machine 11485: 11449:Elson, Robert. 11445:Wayback Machine 11368: 11366:Further reading 11358: 11335: 11312: 11270: 11251: 11228: 11209: 11171: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11130: 11128: 11117: 11113: 11107:Wayback Machine 11093: 11091: 11082: 11069: 11065: 11055: 11053: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11023: 11019: 11014:Wayback Machine 10994: 10990: 10985:Wayback Machine 10975:NRC handelsblad 10972: 10968: 10963: 10959: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10894: 10892: 10877: 10873: 10863: 10861: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10820: 10816: 10806: 10804: 10791: 10790: 10786: 10770: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10747: 10745: 10730: 10723: 10712: 10708: 10698: 10696: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10630: 10620: 10618: 10617:on 14 June 2007 10614: 10603: 10597: 10593: 10577: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10534: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10475: 10474: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10445: 10444: 10440: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10407: 10402: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10342: 10338: 10330: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10255:Wayback Machine 10242: 10238: 10232:Wayback Machine 10223: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10168: 10153: 10149: 10136: 10134: 10127: 10095: 10091: 10086: 10082: 10077:Wayback Machine 10064: 10060: 10055: 10051: 10018: 10014: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9988: 9981:"Archived copy" 9979: 9978: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9930: 9926: 9881: 9877: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9815: 9813: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9753: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9718: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9696: 9687: 9682:Wayback Machine 9669: 9665: 9649: 9648: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9618: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9570: 9547: 9541: 9537: 9521: 9517: 9496: 9492: 9485: 9461: 9447: 9443: 9431: 9427: 9417: 9415: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9389: 9385: 9370: 9366: 9357: 9353: 9341: 9337: 9325: 9321: 9288: 9284: 9274: 9272: 9265: 9246: 9242: 9236:Wayback Machine 9225:Wayback Machine 9208: 9204: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9165: 9151:, sourced from 9144: 9142: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9119: 9115: 9106: 9104: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9064:"Virtueel Indi" 9062: 9061: 9054: 9044: 9042: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8964: 8960: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8900:Jatmiko, Andi. 8898: 8894: 8884: 8882: 8869: 8868: 8861: 8851: 8849: 8840: 8830: 8826: 8820:Wayback Machine 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8764: 8760: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8735: 8716: 8675: 8669: 8665: 8651: 8649: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8616:Wayback Machine 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8571: 8567: 8558: 8554: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8471: 8470: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8448:"Archived copy" 8446: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8389: 8364: 8360: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8331: 8326: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8298: 8296: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8056: 8052: 8044:Luc Nagtegaal, 8043: 8039: 8032: 8017: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7688:Wayback Machine 7674: 7670: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7631: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7575:Histori Bersama 7569: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7543: 7539: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7508: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7310:Wassenaarse weg 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7285:Wayback Machine 7263: 7259: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7232: 7223: 7219: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7146:Poenale sanctie 7131: 7126: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7105:Malaysia portal 7103: 7098: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7009:Rob Nieuwenhuys 6985: 6922: 6879: 6827: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6690:, lapis legit ( 6600: 6594: 6555: 6446: 6428:, now known as 6391:black-and-white 6330:fictional films 6328:A total of 112 6314:Bioscoop Mimosa 6307: 6293: 6285:Hotel Des Indes 6277:Basuki Abdullah 6235: 6223:Tjalie Robinson 6073: 6067: 6062: 6036:great post road 5899: 5889: 5820:medical doctors 5767: 5636: 5600: 5594: 5484:Government Navy 5453: 5451:Government Navy 5441:Main articles: 5439: 5399: 5393: 5253: 5247: 5242: 5196:Operation Kraai 5028: 5016:Main articles: 5014: 5001:Empire of Japan 4981: 4975: 4935: 4929: 4831:Banjarmasin War 4769:Malay Peninsula 4705:Louis Bonaparte 4697:Imperial French 4664: 4650: 4648:Dutch conquests 4612: 4516: 4506: 4438:spread of Islam 4394: 4389: 4383: 4322:Names for India 4306: 4184: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4057: 4049: 4048: 3719:MH2133 incident 3649:Sabah Emergency 3639:Memali Incident 3519:13 May Incident 3457: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3388: 3293:Memali incident 3275: 3193:13 May incident 3186: 3178: 3177: 3061: 3053: 3052: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2853: 2850: 2836: 2828: 2827: 2758:Pahang Uprising 2547: 2546:Colonial period 2539: 2538: 2491: 2468: 2463:Johor Sultanate 2405: 2382: 2377:Kedah Sultanate 2370: 2362: 2361: 2346:700s–1025 2262: 2254: 2253: 2244:Neolithic Klang 2240: 2232:Perak man/woman 2229: 2221:Bewah man/woman 2218: 2194: 2170: 2158:Lenggong Valley 2154: 2137: 2113: 2106: 2088:Malacca (state) 2028: 1992: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1893: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1858: 1848: 1847: 1832:1967–1998 1822:1966–1967 1812:1959–1966 1802:1950–1959 1791: 1783: 1782: 1777:1949–1950 1767:1945–1949 1757:1942–1945 1747:1908–1942 1736: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721:1945–1949 1720: 1719:1800–1942 1708:1806–1816 1698:1685–1824 1688:1602–1799 1678:1521–1677 1668:1512–1850 1657: 1649: 1648: 1643:1777–1853 1633:1777–1884 1623:1776–1854 1612: 1602: 1601: 1575: 1565: 1564: 1559:1824–1911 1549:1814–1946 1519:1725–1946 1509:1659–1823 1485:Johor Sultanate 1479:1586–1755 1469:1527–1599 1459:1526–1863 1439:1496–1903 1419:1515–1946 1409:1486–1914 1399:1496–1903 1389:1475–1554 1385:Demak Sultanate 1379:1445–1677 1369:1405–1851 1359:1400–1511 1349:1368–1888 1339:1347–1833 1329:1267–1521 1319:1257–1914 1309:1225–1613 1285:Spread of Islam 1278: 1268: 1267: 1262:1293–1527 1252:1222–1292 1232:1183–1347 1222:1045–1221 1212:1019–1045 1178:Mataram Kingdom 1101: 1091: 1090: 1022: 1005: 986: 979: 961: 939: 925: 911: 897: 883: 858: 844: 830: 816: 802: 788: 774: 760: 746: 732: 718: 704: 690: 647: 628: 609: 596: 583: 570: 557: 544: 531: 518: 505: 492: 482: 459: 443:A. H. J. Lovink 439: 436: 424: 421: 391: 379: 349: 339: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 259: 250: 223: 198: 197: 196: 1900–1942 193: 191: 187: 185: 181: 179: 175: 156: 154: 152: 143: 136: 134: 132: 114: 105:Je maintiendrai 94: 93: 92: 89: 81: 80: 75: 61: 55: 47: 40: 33: 26: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14181: 14171: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14021: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13967: 13965: 13964: 13959: 13953: 13951: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13911: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13874: 13872: 13864: 13863: 13849: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13832: 13826: 13824: 13816: 13815: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13789: 13783: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13733: 13731:Virgin Islands 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13706:New Netherland 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13662: 13661: 13647: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13594: 13592: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13540: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13486: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13415: 13409: 13407: 13399: 13398: 13384: 13383: 13376: 13375: 13368: 13361: 13353: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13328: 13327: 13320: 13313: 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13189: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13074: 13068: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13027:Stock exchange 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13001: 12999:Federal budget 12996: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12979: 12973: 12967: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12946:Prime Minister 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12871:Shadow Cabinet 12868: 12862: 12856: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12815:National parks 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12758:climate change 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12724: 12718: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12634: 12632:British Borneo 12629: 12627:British Malaya 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12583: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12560: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12525: 12524: 12517: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12475:Floral emblems 12472: 12471: 12470: 12460: 12458:Faunal emblems 12455: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12438: 12433: 12427: 12425: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12373: 12368: 12362: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12220: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12135:Stock Exchange 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12069: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12037: 12032: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11856:National parks 11853: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11839:Climate change 11831: 11826: 11820: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11804: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11705: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11659: 11643: 11634: 11625: 11620: 11608: 11599: 11580: 11579:External links 11577: 11576: 11575: 11569: 11548: 11541: 11527: 11514: 11507: 11490: 11483: 11468: 11454: 11447: 11438:online edition 11430: 11423: 11406: 11390: 11376: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11356: 11339: 11333: 11316: 11310: 11297: 11284: 11274: 11268: 11255: 11249: 11232: 11226: 11213: 11207: 11192: 11190:online edition 11182: 11175: 11169: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11111: 11063: 11037: 11024:Willems, Wim, 11017: 10988: 10966: 10957: 10933: 10902: 10871: 10841: 10814: 10797:www.unesco.org 10784: 10755: 10721: 10706: 10676: 10667: 10658: 10649: 10640: 10628: 10591: 10568: 10559: 10525: 10498: 10468: 10438: 10436:, p. 351. 10426: 10417: 10405: 10396: 10394:, p. 445. 10384: 10372: 10360: 10348: 10346:, p. 145. 10336: 10324: 10312: 10300: 10288: 10258: 10236: 10217: 10208: 10177: 10166: 10147: 10125: 10089: 10080: 10058: 10049: 10012: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9942: 9933: 9924: 9875: 9853: 9823: 9793: 9781: 9772: 9763: 9737: 9708: 9699: 9685: 9663: 9627: 9600: 9591: 9582: 9568: 9535: 9515: 9490: 9483: 9459: 9441: 9425: 9399: 9383: 9364: 9351: 9335: 9319: 9300:(3): 277–296. 9282: 9263: 9251:, ed. (1992). 9240: 9202: 9186: 9180: 9163: 9126: 9113: 9081: 9052: 9033: 9013: 9003: 8994: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8958: 8939:(4): 537–558. 8923: 8892: 8859: 8824: 8805: 8779: 8758: 8749: 8740: 8733: 8686:(3): 349–355. 8663: 8629: 8620: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8565: 8552: 8531: 8521: 8512: 8503: 8494: 8485: 8439: 8430: 8423: 8401: 8387: 8358: 8343: 8329: 8315: 8306: 8279: 8259: 8250: 8230: 8221: 8212: 8198: 8172: 8146: 8129:bibliotheek.nl 8115: 8106: 8099: 8081: 8074: 8050: 8037: 8030: 7988: 7962: 7936: 7920: 7911: 7860: 7834: 7783: 7776: 7758: 7749: 7737: 7730: 7712: 7700: 7691: 7668: 7650: 7643: 7622: 7592: 7562: 7555: 7537: 7535:(2008) pp 1–12 7531:Robert Elson, 7524: 7515: 7499: 7480: 7460: 7453: 7435: 7428: 7410: 7399:on 27 May 2015 7384: 7354: 7348:978-0896802216 7347: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7297: 7288: 7257: 7244: 7230: 7217: 7213:Indo-Europeans 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7181: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7122: 7108: 7094: 7078: 7075: 7023:", written by 7013:Louis Couperus 6967:of the modern 6921: 6918: 6898:FIFA World Cup 6878: 6875: 6826: 6823: 6795:Thomas Karsten 6791:Albert Aalbers 6714:Main article: 6711: 6708: 6593: 6590: 6553: 6445: 6442: 6395:Karl G. Heider 6292: 6289: 6234: 6231: 6217:. Much of the 6183:De Gemeenschap 6151:Louis Couperus 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6047:, without any 5952:Jacob Nienhuys 5920:cultuurstelsel 5888: 5885: 5766: 5763: 5754:transmigration 5750:Ethical Policy 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5635: 5632: 5628:Indo-Europeans 5593: 5590: 5574:A. H. Nasution 5495:Foreign Legion 5478:were based in 5438: 5435: 5431:regentschappen 5419:regentschappen 5415:gouvernementen 5403:gouvernementen 5395:Main article: 5392: 5389: 5308:Southeast Asia 5282:Raad van Indie 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5111:Mohammad Hatta 5039:B. C. de Jonge 5013: 5010: 4994:Inlands Meubel 4977:Main article: 4974: 4971: 4943:Cultuurstelsel 4931:Main article: 4928: 4925: 4649: 4646: 4638:breaking wheel 4611: 4608: 4505: 4502: 4498:Dutch Republic 4486:Maluku islands 4410:Southeast Asia 4393: 4390: 4382: 4379: 4305: 4302: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4068:Constitutional 4065: 4063:Communications 4059: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889:MH370 incident 3885: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3609:MH653 incident 3605: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2880:Battle of Muar 2876: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2724:British Malaya 2720: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2704:Pangkor Treaty 2700: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2584:Pahang Kingdom 2580: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2443:Aceh Sultanate 2439: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2423:Sulu Sultanate 2419: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2326:170–1135 2324: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2263: 2261:Early kingdoms 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2174:Mansuli Valley 2167: 2166: 2165:2,000,0000 BCE 2160: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2056:Hindia Belanda 2030: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1545:Deli Sultanate 1541: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1515:Siak Sultanate 1511: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1395:Aceh Sultanate 1391: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1365:Sulu Sultanate 1361: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1299:840–1292 1297: 1291: 1290: 1289:800–1600 1287: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1238:Pannai Kingdom 1234: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218:Kediri Kingdom 1214: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1202:932–1579 1200: 1194: 1193: 1192:914–1908 1190: 1184: 1183: 1182:716–1016 1180: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1148:Melayu Kingdom 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1006: 999: 991: 990: 981: 980: 973: 966: 965: 956: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 936: 930: 929: 922: 916: 915: 908: 902: 901: 894: 888: 887: 880: 871: 868: 867: 862: 854: 853: 848: 840: 839: 834: 826: 825: 820: 812: 811: 806: 798: 797: 792: 784: 783: 778: 770: 769: 764: 756: 755: 750: 742: 741: 736: 728: 727: 725:Aceh Sultanate 722: 714: 713: 708: 700: 699: 694: 682: 681: 676: 666: 665: 660: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 633: 632: 629: 626: 623: 622: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 604: 601: 600: 597: 591: 588: 587: 586:17 August 1945 584: 578: 575: 574: 571: 565: 562: 561: 558: 552: 549: 548: 545: 539: 536: 535: 532: 526: 523: 522: 521:13 August 1814 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 487: 486: 483: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 462: 461: 454: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 434: 431: 430: 425: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 389: 386: 385: 380: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 268: 264: 263: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 218: 214: 213: 204: 200: 199: 192: 186: 180: 174: 172: 164: 163: 117: 116: 96: 95: 90: 83: 82: 76: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 57: 56: 43:Hindia-Belanda 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14180: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14056: 14053: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13989: 13988: 13985: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13932: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13854: 13850: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13812: 13806: 13802: 13788: 13784: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13774: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13757:Loango-Angola 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13738: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13648: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13507: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13434:Banda Islands 13432: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13420: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13374: 13369: 13367: 13362: 13360: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13307: 13306: 13302: 13292: 13291: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13255: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13103:Ethnic groups 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13063: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13012:States by GDP 13010: 13008: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12962: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12851: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12795:Hill stations 12793: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12773:deforestation 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12748:East Malaysia 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12713: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12646:Malayan Union 12644: 12642: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12622:Dutch Malacca 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12581: 12576: 12574: 12569: 12567: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12522: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12510: 12506: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12371:Ethnic groups 12369: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863:Deforestation 11861: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11809: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11703: 11698: 11696: 11691: 11689: 11684: 11683: 11680: 11672: 11671: 11665: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11649: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11586: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11549: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11520: 11515: 11512: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11486: 11484:9781108011273 11480: 11476: 11475: 11469: 11466: 11463:, vol III in 11462: 11458: 11455: 11452: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11408:Bosma, Ulbe. 11407: 11405: 11403: 11402:9971-69-373-9 11399: 11395: 11391: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11359: 11357:0-521-54262-6 11353: 11348: 11347: 11340: 11336: 11334:0-300-10518-5 11330: 11325: 11324: 11317: 11313: 11311:0-333-57690-X 11307: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11269:0-582-71046-4 11265: 11261: 11256: 11252: 11246: 11241: 11240: 11233: 11229: 11227:0-8014-9108-8 11223: 11219: 11214: 11210: 11208:0-674-01137-6 11204: 11200: 11199: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11126: 11122: 11115: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11034:90-351-2361-1 11031: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11005:9971-69-373-9 11002: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10970: 10961: 10955: 10954:979-25-7291-0 10951: 10947: 10946:90-214-1103-2 10943: 10937: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10906: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10845: 10829: 10825: 10818: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10780: 10774: 10766: 10759: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10726: 10717: 10710: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10671: 10662: 10653: 10644: 10635: 10633: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10589: 10588:0-500-34132-X 10585: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10563: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10532: 10530: 10513: 10509: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10435: 10430: 10421: 10415:, p. 14. 10414: 10409: 10400: 10393: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10345: 10340: 10333: 10328: 10322:, p. 54. 10321: 10316: 10310:, p. 35. 10309: 10304: 10298:, p. 27. 10297: 10292: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10221: 10212: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10161: 10160:90-351-2617-3 10157: 10151: 10144: 10132: 10128: 10126:1-56836-249-8 10122: 10118: 10117: 10108: 10100: 10093: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10062: 10053: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10008: 10002: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9974: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9788: 9786: 9776: 9767: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9703: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9667: 9659: 9653: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9604: 9595: 9586: 9575: 9571: 9569:9789070990923 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9533: 9532:9789070990923 9529: 9525: 9519: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9503:0-9792532-3-3 9500: 9494: 9486: 9484:0-521-54262-6 9480: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9462: 9460:0-521-54262-6 9456: 9452: 9445: 9439: 9438:0-333-17236-1 9435: 9429: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9396:0-7195-5589-2 9393: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9348:90-71042-44-8 9345: 9339: 9333: 9332:90-71042-44-8 9329: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9286: 9270: 9266: 9264:9780521355063 9260: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9215:0 8108 4935 6 9212: 9206: 9200: 9199:0-253-31191-8 9196: 9190: 9183: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9160: 9156: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9123: 9117: 9102: 9098: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9017: 9007: 8998: 8989: 8980: 8971: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8880: 8876: 8875:Parlement.com 8872: 8866: 8864: 8847: 8843: 8838: 8837:90-351-2617-3 8834: 8828: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8809: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8776: 8775:0-394-75172-8 8772: 8768: 8762: 8753: 8744: 8736: 8734:0-333-57689-6 8730: 8726: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8624: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8591: 8582: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8525: 8516: 8507: 8498: 8489: 8481: 8475: 8456: 8449: 8443: 8434: 8426: 8420: 8415: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8375:90-76314-42-X 8372: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8347: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8310: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8280:0-06-083859-0 8276: 8272: 8271: 8263: 8254: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8110: 8102: 8100:962-593-244-5 8096: 8092: 8085: 8077: 8075:1-86373-635-2 8071: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8033: 8031:1-74059-154-2 8027: 8023: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7933:9789025313319 7930: 7924: 7915: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7753: 7744: 7742: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7707: 7705: 7698:Taylor (2003) 7695: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7646: 7644:0-333-57690-X 7640: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7528: 7519: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7487: 7483: 7481:9780745626130 7477: 7473: 7472: 7464: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7431: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7329: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7270:Maria Dermoût 7267: 7266:Time magazine 7261: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7123: 7120: 7109: 7106: 7095: 7092: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7059:Dutch cuisine 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7019:is the book " 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6997: 6983: 6982:to this day. 6981: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6888:Notably, the 6886: 6883: 6874: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6660:Dutch cheeses 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6548:Komodo Island 6545: 6541: 6537: 6536:Komodo dragon 6534:in 1891. The 6533: 6532:Eugène Dubois 6529: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6239: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6211:Sutan Sjahrir 6208: 6204: 6203:Chairil Anwar 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6187:Links Richten 6184: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167:Maria Dermoût 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6045:forced labour 6042: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842:graduate was 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5776: 5771: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5634:Ethnic groups 5631: 5629: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5252: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5151:Sutan Sjahrir 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5088:Light of Asia 5084: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5045:, before the 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893:Nusa Tenggara 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4865:in 1894, and 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723:, leading to 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4617:Banda islands 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482:spice islands 4479: 4478:trading posts 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4462:lingua franca 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271:Marshall Plan 4268: 4267:United States 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:trading posts 4190: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3899:MH17 incident 3897: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3464:Brunei revolt 3462: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3185:Modern period 3182: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3013:Malayan Union 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2975:BMA of Malaya 2973: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2624:Burney Treaty 2622: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2574:Dutch Malacca 2572: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2519:Reman Kingdom 2517: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2509:Setul Kingdom 2507: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2499:Besut Kingdom 2497: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2316:424–775 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2299:Gangga Negara 2297: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2269:Ancient Kedah 2267: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2198:Niah cultures 2193: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:Dutch Malacca 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1198:Sunda Kingdom 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1108:Kutai Kingdom 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 997: 993: 992: 989: 983: 982: 977: 972: 971: 964: 960: 957: 955:Today part of 953: 937: 935: 932: 931: 923: 921: 918: 917: 909: 907: 904: 903: 895: 893: 890: 889: 881: 879: 876: 875: 872: 866: 863: 856: 855: 852: 849: 842: 841: 838: 835: 828: 827: 824: 821: 814: 813: 810: 807: 800: 799: 796: 793: 786: 785: 782: 779: 772: 771: 768: 765: 758: 757: 754: 751: 744: 743: 740: 737: 730: 729: 726: 723: 716: 715: 712: 709: 702: 701: 698: 695: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 667: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 643: 639: 634: 630: 624: 619: 615: 611: 608: 602: 598: 595: 589: 585: 582: 576: 572: 569: 563: 559: 556: 550: 546: 543: 537: 534:17 March 1824 533: 530: 524: 520: 517: 511: 507: 504: 498: 494: 488: 484: 481: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 455: 451: 447: 444: 441: 432: 429: 426: 417: 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 396: 393: 387: 384: 381: 375: 371: 367: 365: 361: 357: 354: 351: 345: 341: 335: 331: 327: 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 308: 305: 303: 299: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 262: 257: 256:lingua franca 253: 248: 245: 241: 238: 235: 231: 227: 222: 219: 215: 212: 208: 205: 201: 170: 165: 149: 148: 147:Het Wilhelmus 129: 128: 122: 118: 112: 107: 106: 101: 97: 87: 79: 73: 65: 58: 51: 44: 37: 30: 20: 14025: 13940: 13509:Commandments 13483:Directorates 13422:Governorates 13324:Bibliography 13290:Rukun Negara 13288: 13198:Architecture 13150:Prostitution 13093:Demographics 12987:Central bank 12901:Human rights 12876:Constitution 12763:conservation 12701:1MDB scandal 12388:Homelessness 12358:Demographics 12298:Martial arts 12243: 12224:Architecture 12201:Prostitution 12071: 12039: 12003:Human rights 11988:Constitution 11846:Conservation 11802:(since 1998) 11799: 11763: 11668: 11652: 11638: 11629: 11602: 11582: 11559:(2): 53–77. 11556: 11552: 11544: 11518: 11513:(1996) 250pp 11510: 11493: 11473: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11433: 11426: 11410: 11393: 11379: 11372: 11345: 11322: 11301: 11292: 11288: 11282:Google Books 11277: 11259: 11238: 11217: 11197: 11185: 11178: 11160: 11155: 11144:Bibliography 11129:. Retrieved 11114: 11092:. Retrieved 11088:the original 11071: 11066: 11054:. Retrieved 11040: 11025: 11020: 10996: 10991: 10969: 10960: 10936: 10924:. Retrieved 10915: 10905: 10893:. Retrieved 10884: 10874: 10862:. Retrieved 10844: 10832:. Retrieved 10817: 10805:. Retrieved 10796: 10787: 10764: 10758: 10746:. Retrieved 10737: 10715: 10709: 10697:. Retrieved 10688: 10679: 10670: 10661: 10652: 10643: 10619:. Retrieved 10612:the original 10607: 10594: 10579: 10562: 10552:22 September 10550:. Retrieved 10541: 10518:23 September 10516:. Retrieved 10512:the original 10501: 10489:. Retrieved 10480: 10471: 10459:. Retrieved 10450: 10441: 10429: 10420: 10413:Prayogo 2009 10408: 10399: 10387: 10375: 10363: 10351: 10339: 10327: 10315: 10303: 10291: 10281:27 September 10279:. Retrieved 10275:the original 10270: 10261: 10244: 10239: 10220: 10211: 10199:. Retrieved 10180: 10169: 10150: 10142: 10135:. Retrieved 10115: 10107: 10098: 10092: 10083: 10066: 10061: 10052: 10030:(1): 40–57. 10027: 10021: 10015: 9989:. Retrieved 9963: 9954: 9945: 9936: 9927: 9892: 9888: 9878: 9870:the original 9865: 9856: 9844:. Retrieved 9835: 9826: 9814:. Retrieved 9805: 9796: 9775: 9766: 9754:. Retrieved 9740: 9730:22 September 9728:. Retrieved 9702: 9671: 9666: 9640:. Retrieved 9614: 9610: 9603: 9594: 9585: 9574:the original 9555: 9551: 9538: 9523: 9518: 9493: 9469: 9450: 9444: 9428: 9416:. Retrieved 9402: 9386: 9367: 9359: 9354: 9338: 9322: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9273:. Retrieved 9253: 9243: 9227:; . Source: 9205: 9189: 9171: 9154: 9143:. Retrieved 9139:the original 9129: 9121: 9116: 9105:, retrieved 9095: 9084: 9072:. Retrieved 9045:16 September 9043:. Retrieved 9023: 9016: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8914:. Retrieved 8905: 8895: 8883:. Retrieved 8877:(in Dutch). 8874: 8850:. Retrieved 8846:the original 8827: 8808: 8796:. Retrieved 8782: 8766: 8761: 8752: 8743: 8724: 8683: 8679: 8666: 8657: 8650:. Retrieved 8632: 8623: 8604: 8599: 8590: 8581: 8573: 8568: 8560: 8555: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8515: 8506: 8497: 8488: 8462:. Retrieved 8442: 8433: 8412: 8404: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8309: 8297:. Retrieved 8269: 8262: 8253: 8224: 8215: 8189:. Retrieved 8175: 8163:. Retrieved 8149: 8137:. Retrieved 8128: 8118: 8109: 8090: 8084: 8060: 8053: 8045: 8040: 8021: 7979:. Retrieved 7965: 7953:. Retrieved 7939: 7923: 7914: 7902:. Retrieved 7877: 7873: 7863: 7851:. Retrieved 7837: 7825:. Retrieved 7800: 7796: 7786: 7767: 7761: 7752: 7721: 7715: 7694: 7676: 7671: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7634: 7613:. Retrieved 7604: 7595: 7583:. Retrieved 7574: 7565: 7546: 7540: 7532: 7527: 7518: 7513:(1990), Ch 8 7510: 7490:. Retrieved 7470: 7463: 7444: 7438: 7419: 7413: 7401:. Retrieved 7397:the original 7387: 7375:. Retrieved 7366: 7357: 7338: 7332: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7291: 7273: 7260: 7252: 7247: 7239: 7233: 7220: 7207: 7188:The port of 7184: 7175: 7056: 7044: 7029: 7021:Max Havelaar 7005:Tempo Doeloe 7004: 7001: 6972: 6962: 6958:Tropenmuseum 6938: 6931: 6887: 6880: 6871: 6856: 6836: 6807: 6763: 6740: 6725: 6710:Architecture 6700:kaasstengels 6696:klappertaart 6679: 6678:(from Dutch 6667: 6630:, barbecued 6621: 6613: 6610:dinner, 1936 6567: 6540:Peter Ouwens 6526: 6517: 6513: 6481: 6458: 6425: 6419: 6406: 6402: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6339: 6327: 6313: 6281:Lee Man Fong 6264: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6243: 6227:Marion Bloem 6195:Noto Soeroto 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6170: 6162: 6159:E. du Perron 6155:Hidden Force 6154: 6144: 6137:postcolonial 6127: 6108: 6093: 6084:Youth Pledge 6079: 6025: 6021: 6008: 5992: 5964:Deli Company 5960:East Sumatra 5944: 5935:Deli Company 5923: 5919: 5900: 5877: 5855: 5851: 5839: 5835: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5789: 5780: 5774: 5747: 5743:caste system 5739: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5624: 5611:Kan Hok Hoei 5592:Demographics 5554: 5540: 5526: 5507: 5488: 5465: 5437:Armed forces 5430: 5426: 5423:gouvermenten 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5380:Boven-Digoel 5378: 5363: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5301: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5262: 5231: 5212: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5138: 5132: 5104: 5101: 5087: 5085: 5070: 5051: 4998: 4993: 4982: 4967: 4959: 4955:Deli Company 4948: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4877: 4816: 4801: 4781: 4744: 4694: 4665: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4613: 4552: 4547: 4525: 4468:in 1292 and 4395: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4348:Dutch Indies 4347: 4341: 4337: 4326:Dutch Indies 4325: 4309: 4307: 4287: 4277:at the 1949 4255:independence 4237: 4233:nation state 4223: 4214: 4191: 4189: 4113:Kuala Lumpur 3553:1972–present 3483:1962–present 3383:1MDB scandal 3043:Baling Talks 2940:Si Rat Malai 2846: / 2835:World War II 2748:North Borneo 2207: 2183: 2143: 2060:Dutch colony 2039: 2035: 2033: 1980: 1939:Christianity 1713: 1188:Bali Kingdom 1081:Buni culture 1059: 1044:1,000,000 BP 1028: 753:Bali Kingdom 679:Succeeded by 678: 673: 646:• 1930 627:• Total 435:• 1949 287:Confucianism 275:Christianity 233:Largest city 211:Dutch Empire 120: 100:Motto: 99: 91:Coat of arms 14047: / 13861:(1815–1975) 13835:Smeerenburg 13823:Settlements 13813:(1614–1642) 13767:Slave Coast 13659:(1621–1792) 13591:settlements 13549:Banjarmasin 13536:Residencies 13439:Cape Colony 13396:(1602–1798) 12977:Agriculture 12835:Earthquakes 12753:Environment 12612:Prehistoric 12468:Subdivision 12451:Subdivision 12413:LGBT rights 12348:Video games 12100:Agriculture 12018:Enforcement 11868:Earthquakes 11734:Prehistoric 9895:: 211–249. 9806:www.iisg.nl 8798:6 September 7981:13 February 7955:13 February 7853:13 February 7615:21 November 7585:21 November 7377:27 December 7226:Minangkabau 7067:nasi goreng 7052:Pasar Malam 6688:pandan cake 6502:ethnography 6498:archaeology 6389:. All were 6273:Raden Saleh 6049:due process 5988:Banjarmasin 5948:William III 5924:tanam paksa 5653:Percentage 5427:afdeelingen 5354:(Landraden) 5304:controllers 5167:Jan Jonkman 5077:Pacific War 4973:Njai System 4899:in Maluku, 4819:Minangkabau 4777:Dutch India 4586:, parts of 4540:East Indies 4450:city states 4430:spice trade 4422:east-Africa 4346:. The name 4312:comes from 4123:George Town 4078:Immigration 3118:Konfrontasi 2273:<100 BCE 2178:235,000 BCE 2145:Paleolithic 2112:History of 1904:Archaeology 1899:Agriculture 1305:Aru Kingdom 1030:Paleolithic 985:History of 674:Preceded by 460:(1918–1942) 453:Legislature 190: 1800s 184: 1700s 178: 1600s 14062:Categories 13978:New Guinea 13971:Until 1962 13950:Until 1954 13934:Until 1949 13925:Gold Coast 13918:Until 1872 13902:Until 1853 13883:Coromandel 13871:Until 1825 13762:Senegambia 13752:Gold Coast 13589:Opperhoofd 13454:Coromandel 13218:Literature 13113:Healthcare 13088:Corruption 13006:(currency) 12936:Parliament 12931:Monarchies 12906:Censorship 12891:Government 12446:Historical 12381:Healthcare 12328:Properties 12293:Literature 12245:Rumah adat 12105:Automotive 12013:Censorship 11961:Historical 11131:14 October 11094:4 February 10916:Forbes.com 10748:14 January 10699:15 January 10621:18 January 10481:lipi.go.id 10434:Biran 2009 10392:Kahin 1952 10380:Biran 2009 10368:Biran 2009 10356:Biran 2009 10344:Biran 2009 10332:Biran 2009 10320:Biran 2009 10308:Biran 2009 10296:Biran 2009 10137:22 October 9145:19 January 9107:17 January 8652:21 January 8191:19 October 7904:13 January 7880:(2): 175. 7827:13 January 7803:(2): 160. 7324:References 7306:Arendsdorp 7063:Rijsttafel 6720:See also: 6684:sop buntut 6672:selat solo 6652:poffertjes 6617:rijsttafel 6608:Rijsttafel 6596:See also: 6422:Victor Ido 6362:revolution 6316:cinema in 6295:See also: 6265:Mooi Indië 6260:Mooi Indië 6256:Mooi Indië 6249:Buitenzorg 6233:Visual art 6115:loan words 6104:Indonesian 6069:See also: 6041:police law 5976:Kalimantan 5941:circa 1925 5891:See also: 5864:irrigation 5832:Budi Utomo 5728:60,727,233 5666:59,138,067 5596:See also: 5411:Provincies 5407:provincies 5385:New Guinea 5370:Sawahlunto 5249:See also: 5240:Government 5135:Louis Beel 4990:concubines 4985:sex slaves 4759:, both in 4701:Napoleon I 4652:See also: 4590:, much of 4579:cash crops 4508:See also: 4488:. In 1580 4466:Marco Polo 4385:See also: 3769:Sauk Siege 3436:Green Wave 2910:Sook Ching 2684:Larut Wars 2634:Naning War 2457:1516– 1902 2332:Old Pahang 2289:Langkasuka 2224:16,000 BCE 2185:Mesolithic 2090:of modern 2076:made peace 2052:Indonesian 1961:Mass media 1838:Reform era 1818:Transition 1664:Portuguese 1050:Flores Man 1020:Prehistory 650:60,727,233 636:Population 313:Government 302:Demonym(s) 249:(official) 50:Indonesian 14044:5°S 120°E 13830:Jan Mayen 13701:Essequibo 13613:Mauritius 13579:Pontianak 13569:Palembang 13165:Squatting 13130:Languages 13098:Education 13042:Transport 12911:Judiciary 12881:Elections 12840:Volcanoes 12810:Mountains 12743:Divisions 12738:Districts 12716:Geography 12485:Nusantara 12393:Languages 12366:Education 12313:Mythology 12283:Festivals 12150:Transport 12062:President 12041:Pancasila 11993:Elections 11976:Districts 11966:Provinces 11930:Volcanoes 11893:Mountains 11812:Geography 11800:Reformasi 11709:Indonesia 11537:820849779 11418:, Mainz: 10773:cite book 10201:16 August 10044:110005354 9919:247012562 9911:0022-0507 9652:cite book 9560:The Hague 9465:Cited in 9314:145012445 9217:, p. 221 9074:25 August 8953:145692923 8916:18 August 8852:31 August 8710:161921454 8464:11 August 8383:782917895 8022:Indonesia 7886:1045-6007 7809:1045-6007 7025:Multatuli 6932:When the 6767:modernist 6733:verandahs 6704:Kue cubit 6656:pannekoek 6648:margarine 6552:Vitamin B 6550:in 1910. 6544:dinosaurs 6462:Teijsmann 6179:Het Getij 6141:Multatuli 5908:Padri War 5765:Education 5682:1,233,214 5607:Volksraad 5541:Volksraad 5537:Landstorm 5503:Sundanese 5409:in Java. 5330:Volksraad 5326:Volksraad 5321:Volksraad 5316:Volksraad 5286:The Hague 4921:Indonesia 4905:Palembang 4901:Pontianak 4823:Padri War 4765:Singapore 4550:or VOC). 4496:with the 4444:, except 4406:Majapahit 4402:Srivijaya 4308:The word 4304:Etymology 4253:declared 4229:Indonesia 4224:Indonesia 4217:cash crop 4206:many wars 4101:By region 4003:2021–2022 3913:2014–2015 3813:2006–2007 3753:1998–1999 3619:Dawn Raid 3533:1969–2002 3503:1967–2009 3468:1962–1966 3456:Incidents 3430:2021–2023 3420:2020–2022 3410:2020–2022 3367:2009–2010 3357:1998–2022 3347:1997–1998 3317:1987–1988 3257:1979–2008 3227:1971–1990 3207:1969–1971 3172:1968–1989 3152:1963–1965 3122:1963–1966 3102:1962–1990 3092:1960–2012 3037:1948–1960 3027:1948–1963 3017:1946–1948 3007:1946–1963 2997:1946–1963 2983:1945–1946 2954:1943–1944 2944:1943–1945 2934:1942–1945 2874:1941–1942 2864:1941–1942 2854:1941–1945 2802:1909–1946 2782:1895–1946 2772:1894–1905 2762:1891–1895 2752:1882–1946 2732:1874–1946 2718:1875–1876 2714:Perak War 2698:1867–1874 2694:Klang War 2688:1861–1874 2678:1857–1863 2668:1848–1946 2648:1841–1946 2638:1831–1832 2608:1821–1826 2598:1786–1946 2588:1770–1881 2578:1641–1824 2568:1601–1661 2558:1511–1641 2533:1839–1864 2523:1810–1902 2513:1808–1916 2503:1780–1899 2480:1599–1641 2447:1496–1903 2437:1470–1623 2427:1450–1899 2417:1402–1511 2394:1267–1521 2352:Majapahit 2342:Srivijaya 2322:Old Kedah 2209:Neolithic 2064:Indonesia 2058:), was a 1919:Education 1828:New Order 1596:1670–1950 1586:1515–1904 1172:600s–900s 1162:600s–1025 1152:600s–1347 1142:500s–600s 1132:400s-500s 1122:400s–500s 1075:75,000 BP 1061:Neolithic 987:Indonesia 959:Indonesia 599:1945–1949 573:1942–1945 547:1873–1904 508:1806–1816 485:1603–1799 457:Volksraad 383:William I 267:Religion 237:Soerabaja 60:1800–1949 13997:Suriname 13711:Pomeroon 13696:Demerara 13574:Preanger 13559:Cheribon 13469:Moluccas 13333:Category 13213:Folklore 13155:Religion 13078:Abortion 13004:Ringgit 12926:Military 12854:Politics 12778:wildlife 12607:Timeline 12591:articles 12587:Malaysia 12530:Category 12403:Refugees 12398:Religion 12323:Painting 12234:Colonial 12181:Abortion 12110:Aviation 12025:Military 11944:Politics 11729:Timeline 11713:articles 11614:Archived 11501:Archived 11441:Archived 11382:(2016), 11153:(2009). 11125:Archived 11103:Archived 11050:Archived 11010:Archived 10981:Archived 10920:Archived 10889:Archived 10858:Archived 10828:Archived 10807:19 April 10801:Archived 10742:Archived 10693:Archived 10546:Archived 10491:12 March 10485:Archived 10461:12 March 10455:Archived 10251:Archived 10228:Archived 10195:Archived 10131:Archived 10073:Archived 10001:cite web 9985:Archived 9840:Archived 9810:Archived 9756:18 April 9750:Archived 9724:Archived 9678:Archived 9642:17 March 9633:Archived 9418:21 April 9412:Archived 9378:Archived 9269:Archived 9232:Archived 9221:Archived 9157:, Nias, 9101:archived 9099:, LLRX, 9068:Archived 9039:Archived 8910:Archived 8885:21 March 8879:Archived 8816:Archived 8792:Archived 8714:Archived 8646:Archived 8640:(2007). 8612:Archived 8474:cite web 8455:Archived 8293:Archived 8289:61770835 8185:Archived 8165:4 August 8159:Archived 8139:18 March 8133:Archived 7975:Archived 7949:Archived 7898:Archived 7894:20079204 7847:Archived 7821:Archived 7817:20079204 7684:Archived 7609:Archived 7579:Archived 7486:Archived 7371:Archived 7281:Archived 7077:See also 6974:Bronbeek 6882:Football 6816:and the 6787:Surabaya 6783:Semarang 6771:art-deco 6737:porticos 6692:spekkoek 6559:beriberi 6528:Java Man 6466:Junghuhn 5906:and the 5904:Java War 5822:, named 5801:Javanese 5619:Javanese 5586:Kopassus 5499:Javanese 5480:Surabaya 5297:Surabaya 4881:Sulawesi 4872:polities 4859:Krakatoa 4847:Aceh War 4827:Java War 4757:Bengkulu 4731:and the 4691:Sumatra. 4634:scaphism 4575:cinnamon 4088:Military 4073:Economic 4056:By topic 3088:ISA 1960 2336:449–1454 2114:Malaysia 2103:a series 2101:Part of 2092:Malaysia 2066:, which 1966:Military 1944:Hinduism 1934:Buddhism 1929:Religion 1909:Currency 1892:By topic 1112:350–1605 1040:Java Man 1011:Timeline 976:a series 974:Part of 963:Malaysia 659:Currency 542:Aceh War 283:Buddhism 279:Hinduism 14049:-5; 120 13999:gained 13991:Became 13962:Surinam 13893:Suratte 13888:Malacca 13721:Surinam 13686:Cayenne 13676:Berbice 13598:Myanmar 13554:Batavia 13521:Malabar 13500:Suratte 13464:Malacca 13459:Formosa 13444:Celebes 13413:Batavia 13310:Outline 13257:Symbols 13208:Cuisine 13185:Culture 13145:Poverty 13066:Society 13037:Tourism 12965:Economy 12866:Cabinet 12800:Islands 12728:Borders 12599:History 12540:Gallery 12514:Outline 12436:Costume 12423:Symbols 12343:Theatre 12288:Legends 12273:Cuisine 12268:Costume 12239:Mosques 12216:Culture 12206:Smoking 12169:Society 12145:Tourism 12125:History 12088:Economy 12029:Babinsa 11983:Cabinet 11920:Regions 11883:Islands 11878:Geology 11834:Climate 11824:Borders 11721:History 11673:. 1905. 11657:. 1921. 11496:(1996) 10926:5 March 10895:13 July 10864:13 July 10834:13 July 9991:25 July 9674:(1993) 9558:]. 9275:19 July 7679:(1996) 7605:ehne.fr 7492:19 July 7308:on the 7190:Malacca 6853:fashion 6825:Fashion 6779:Jakarta 6758:Bandung 6728:masonry 6668:ningrat 6636:pancake 6592:Cuisine 6563:Eijkman 6506:physics 6494:history 6478:Wallace 6470:Eijkman 6444:Science 6371:, with 6335:serials 6215:Sukarno 6207:Kartini 6060:Culture 5972:coolies 5887:Economy 5844:Sukarno 5814:in 1924 5712:115,535 5698:240,417 5678:Chinese 5615:Chinese 5570:Suharto 5462:, 1894. 5223:Sukarno 5124:Bersiap 5107:Sukarno 5058:Hungary 5054:Germany 4951:coolies 4909:Sumatra 4851:Sumatra 4761:Sumatra 4610:Slavery 4596:Makasar 4588:Sumatra 4567:peppers 4559:Jakarta 4555:Batavia 4494:the war 4484:of the 4424:. From 4381:History 4247:Sukarno 4196:of the 4135:Sarawak 3442:present 3389:present 3276:present 3268:Spratly 2993:Sarawak 2492:present 2469:present 2406:present 2383:present 2312:Pan Pan 1954:Judaism 1914:Economy 1879:Bandung 1864:Jakarta 1856:Regions 1694:British 1674:Spanish 1128:Kantoli 1085:400 BCE 663:Guilder 605:• 592:• 579:• 566:• 553:• 540:• 527:• 514:• 501:• 478:• 465:History 422:(first) 395:Juliana 364:Monarch 291:Animism 226:Jakarta 221:Batavia 217:Capital 209:of the 121:Anthem: 13909:Dejima 13878:Bengal 13747:Arguin 13726:Tobago 13681:Brazil 13628:Tonkin 13608:Dejima 13603:Canton 13564:Malang 13544:Bantam 13516:Bantam 13495:Persia 13490:Bengal 13449:Ceylon 13338:Portal 13284:Flower 13274:Emblem 13269:Anthem 13264:Animal 13203:Cinema 13108:Health 13047:Unions 12994:Energy 12830:States 12825:Rivers 12783:plants 12641:Borneo 12589: 12535:Portal 12441:Emblem 12431:Anthem 12376:Health 12263:Cinema 12196:Piracy 12120:Energy 12052:Police 11925:Rivers 11829:Cities 11711: 11547:(1983) 11535: 11525: 11498:online 11481: 11467:, 1984 11400: 11375:(1990) 11354: 11331: 11308: 11266: 11247: 11224: 11205: 11167: 11078: 11056:1 June 11032: 11003: 10952: 10944: 10740:: 16. 10586: 10158: 10123: 10042: 9917: 9909: 9625: 9566: 9530: 9509: 9501: 9481: 9457: 9436: 9394: 9346: 9330: 9312: 9261: 9213: 9197: 9178: 9161: 9031: 9011:1965.) 8951: 8835: 8773: 8731: 8708: 8659:needs. 8546: 8421: 8381: 8373: 8299:7 July 8287: 8277: 8097: 8072: 8048:(1996) 8028: 7931: 7892: 7884: 7815: 7807: 7774: 7728: 7681:online 7641: 7553: 7478: 7451: 7426: 7403:27 May 7345: 6980:Arnhem 6976:Museum 6914:France 6877:Sports 6867:sarong 6860:kebaya 6851:kebaya 6785:, and 6644:butter 6640:coffee 6628:cheese 6508:. The 6474:Dubois 6383:talkie 6369:silent 6324:, 1941 6303:, and 6165:, and 5793:Arabic 5669:97.4% 5650:Number 5449:, and 5128:Sutomo 5024:, and 4897:Tidore 4788:Bangka 4775:) and 4773:Malaya 4739:. The 4681:Borneo 4677:Lombok 4660:, and 4604:Kupang 4600:Manado 4592:Maluku 4571:cloves 4563:nutmeg 4456:, and 4373:, and 4369:, the 4365:, the 4363:Indies 4310:Indies 4265:. The 4118:Penang 2979:Borneo 2920:Syburi 2848:Borneo 2728:Borneo 2279:Chi Tu 2241: 2230: 2219: 2195: 2171: 2155: 2105:on the 978:on the 468: 437:(last) 410: 368: 328: 207:Colony 203:Status 194: 188: 182: 176: 123: 111:French 46: 32: 14035:120°E 13623:Timor 13429:Ambon 13317:Index 13248:Sport 13238:Names 13233:Music 13228:Media 13175:Women 13083:Crime 12982:Banks 12805:Lakes 12545:Atlas 12521:Index 12495:Songs 12480:Motto 12408:Women 12338:Sport 12308:Music 12303:Media 12278:Dance 12258:Batik 12229:Candi 12186:Crime 12115:Banks 11913:Flora 11908:Fauna 11888:Lakes 11291:[ 11159:[ 11109:P.369 10615:(PDF) 10604:(PDF) 10542:About 10040:S2CID 9915:S2CID 9846:8 May 9816:8 May 9636:(PDF) 9619:(PDF) 9577:(PDF) 9554:[ 9548:(PDF) 9310:S2CID 8949:S2CID 8717:(PDF) 8706:S2CID 8676:(PDF) 8458:(PDF) 8451:(PDF) 7890:JSTOR 7813:JSTOR 7661:[ 7167:Notes 7036:Dutch 6953:KITLV 6910:Reims 6864:batik 6858:thin 6847:batik 6680:smoor 6676:semur 6664:Indos 6632:steak 6624:bread 6512:with 6247:near 6191:Forum 6110:Dutch 6096:Malay 6016:copra 5970:, or 5939:Medan 5797:Batak 5784:Malay 5723:Total 5715:0.2% 5701:0.4% 5685:2.0% 5647:Group 5533:Dutch 5375:batik 5066:Japan 5062:Italy 4867:Batak 4841:, an 4557:(now 4528:Dutch 4460:as a 4458:Malay 4414:India 4359:Indië 4330:Dutch 4318:Indus 4314:Latin 4251:Hatta 4231:as a 4222:term 4202:Dutch 4130:Sabah 4108:Kedah 4083:Legal 3440:2022– 3387:2015– 3274:1980– 2490:1766– 2467:1528– 2404:1368– 2381:1136– 2356:1300s 2044:Dutch 1976:Women 1971:Sport 1949:Islam 1874:Bogor 271:Islam 252:Malay 247:Dutch 224:(now 36:Dutch 13618:Siam 13279:Flag 13135:LGBT 12896:King 12463:Flag 12066:List 11533:OCLC 11523:ISBN 11479:ISBN 11398:ISBN 11352:ISBN 11329:ISBN 11306:ISBN 11264:ISBN 11245:ISBN 11222:ISBN 11203:ISBN 11165:ISBN 11133:2010 11096:2016 11076:ISBN 11058:2010 11030:ISBN 11001:ISBN 10950:ISBN 10942:ISBN 10928:2010 10897:2023 10866:2023 10854:FIFA 10836:2023 10809:2017 10779:link 10750:2024 10701:2024 10623:2007 10584:ISBN 10554:2011 10520:2011 10493:2020 10463:2020 10283:2011 10203:2010 10156:ISBN 10139:2020 10121:ISBN 10007:link 9993:2023 9907:ISSN 9848:2020 9836:KIVI 9818:2020 9758:2012 9732:2011 9658:link 9644:2011 9623:ISBN 9564:ISBN 9545:"64" 9528:ISBN 9507:ISBN 9499:ISBN 9479:ISBN 9455:ISBN 9434:ISBN 9420:2019 9392:ISBN 9344:ISBN 9328:ISBN 9277:2015 9259:ISBN 9211:ISBN 9195:ISBN 9176:ISBN 9159:ISBN 9147:2012 9109:2023 9076:2011 9047:2022 9029:ISBN 8918:2021 8887:2023 8854:2011 8833:ISBN 8800:2020 8771:ISBN 8729:ISBN 8654:2007 8544:ISBN 8529:1987 8480:link 8466:2023 8419:ISBN 8379:OCLC 8371:ISBN 8301:2022 8285:OCLC 8275:ISBN 8193:2022 8167:2022 8141:2023 8095:ISBN 8091:Java 8070:ISBN 8026:ISBN 7983:2023 7957:2023 7906:2024 7882:ISSN 7855:2023 7829:2024 7805:ISSN 7772:ISBN 7726:ISBN 7639:ISBN 7617:2023 7587:2023 7551:ISBN 7494:2015 7476:ISBN 7449:ISBN 7424:ISBN 7405:2015 7379:2018 7343:ISBN 7071:sate 7069:and 7048:Toko 7040:Indo 7032:Indo 6996:Indo 6849:and 6658:and 6646:and 6634:and 6516:and 6504:and 6476:and 6434:Indo 6399:lost 6322:Java 6318:Batu 6213:and 6189:and 6009:The 5895:and 5733:100% 5644:Rank 5550:POWs 5510:Aceh 5501:and 5466:The 5413:and 5358:adat 5270:KNIL 5178:(or 5109:and 5064:and 5037:and 4979:Njai 4889:1908 4887:and 4885:1906 4839:1848 4837:and 4835:1846 4719:and 4679:and 4673:Bali 4669:Aceh 4602:and 4584:Java 4573:and 4512:and 4446:Bali 4420:and 4404:and 4249:and 4043:2024 4033:2024 4023:2023 4013:2022 3993:2021 3983:2021 3973:2018 3963:2017 3953:2017 3943:2016 3933:2015 3923:2015 3903:2014 3893:2014 3883:2013 3873:2011 3863:2010 3853:2010 3843:2009 3833:2008 3823:2007 3803:2004 3793:2002 3783:2001 3773:2000 3763:2000 3743:1996 3733:1996 3723:1995 3713:1995 3703:1993 3693:1991 3683:1989 3673:1988 3663:1987 3653:1986 3643:1985 3633:1985 3623:1981 3613:1977 3603:1977 3593:1976 3583:1976 3573:1975 3563:1975 3543:1971 3523:1969 3513:1967 3493:1964 3400:2018 3377:2014 3337:1993 3327:1989 3307:1987 3297:1985 3287:1984 3247:1977 3237:1974 3217:1970 3197:1969 3162:1967 3142:1963 3132:1963 3112:1963 3082:1959 3072:1957 3047:1955 2924:1942 2914:1942 2904:1942 2894:1942 2884:1942 2822:1915 2812:1914 2792:1909 2742:1879 2708:1874 2658:1843 2628:1826 2618:1824 2034:The 1869:Bali 621:Area 560:1908 78:Flag 14032:5°S 13193:Art 12916:Law 12253:Art 12008:Law 11561:doi 11384:doi 10032:doi 9897:doi 9302:doi 8941:doi 8696:hdl 8688:doi 8607:, " 8066:3–4 7929:EAN 7272:'s 6904:at 6546:in 6169:'s 6161:'s 6153:'s 6143:'s 6098:or 5937:in 5221:). 5194:or 4907:in 4810:by 2094:. 14064:: 12639:/ 11667:. 11651:. 11557:25 11555:. 11531:. 11459:, 11414:, 11123:. 11048:. 10914:. 10887:. 10883:. 10852:. 10799:. 10795:. 10775:}} 10771:{{ 10736:. 10724:^ 10687:. 10631:^ 10606:. 10571:^ 10544:. 10540:. 10528:^ 10479:. 10453:. 10449:. 10269:. 10193:. 10141:. 10129:. 10111:; 10038:. 10028:10 10026:. 10003:}} 9999:{{ 9983:. 9972:^ 9913:. 9905:. 9893:82 9891:. 9887:. 9864:. 9838:. 9834:. 9808:. 9804:. 9784:^ 9748:. 9722:. 9711:^ 9688:^ 9654:}} 9650:{{ 9631:. 9550:. 9505:, 9477:. 9410:. 9308:. 9298:14 9296:. 9267:. 9066:. 9055:^ 9037:. 8947:. 8937:31 8935:. 8908:. 8904:. 8873:. 8862:^ 8721:; 8712:. 8704:. 8694:. 8684:31 8682:. 8678:. 8656:. 8644:. 8618:". 8476:}} 8472:{{ 8453:. 8390:^ 8377:. 8332:^ 8318:^ 8291:. 8283:. 8233:^ 8201:^ 8157:. 8127:. 8068:. 7991:^ 7973:. 7896:. 7888:. 7878:14 7876:. 7872:. 7819:. 7811:. 7801:14 7799:. 7795:. 7740:^ 7703:^ 7625:^ 7607:. 7603:. 7577:. 7573:. 7502:^ 7484:. 7369:. 7365:. 7061:. 6916:. 6912:, 6908:, 6797:, 6793:, 6781:, 6756:, 6735:, 6654:, 6626:, 6588:. 6500:, 6496:, 6472:, 6468:, 6464:, 6417:. 6320:, 6299:, 6287:. 6229:. 6209:, 6205:, 6201:, 6185:, 6181:, 6173:. 6157:, 6149:, 5914:, 5799:, 5630:. 5588:. 5535:: 5505:. 5486:. 5445:, 5433:. 5210:. 5060:, 5020:, 4675:, 4671:, 4656:, 4598:, 4569:, 4565:, 4500:. 4416:, 4412:, 4361:, 4332:: 4316:: 2726:/ 2304:c. 2163:c. 2054:: 2050:; 2046:: 13372:e 13365:t 13358:v 12579:e 12572:t 12565:v 12068:) 12064:( 12031:) 12027:( 11701:e 11694:t 11687:v 11567:. 11563:: 11539:. 11487:. 11386:: 11360:. 11337:. 11314:. 11272:. 11253:. 11230:. 11211:. 11173:. 11135:. 11098:. 11060:. 10930:. 10899:. 10868:. 10838:. 10811:. 10781:) 10703:. 10625:. 10556:. 10522:. 10495:. 10465:. 10285:. 10205:. 10109:. 10106:) 10046:. 10034:: 10009:) 9995:. 9921:. 9899:: 9850:. 9820:. 9760:. 9734:. 9660:) 9646:. 9615:) 9487:. 9475:9 9463:. 9422:. 9316:. 9304:: 9279:. 9238:. 9149:. 9078:. 9049:. 8955:. 8943:: 8920:. 8889:. 8856:. 8802:. 8777:) 8737:. 8698:: 8690:: 8550:. 8482:) 8468:. 8427:. 8385:. 8303:. 8195:. 8169:. 8143:. 8103:. 8078:. 8034:. 8018:* 7985:. 7959:. 7857:. 7780:. 7734:. 7647:. 7619:. 7589:. 7559:. 7496:. 7457:. 7432:. 7407:. 7381:. 7351:. 7316:. 6554:1 6484:( 6405:( 6377:( 5958:( 5706:4 5690:3 5674:2 5658:1 5621:) 5613:( 5217:( 4915:( 4808:, 4806:k 4771:( 4546:( 4328:( 4320:( 4292:( 4179:e 4172:t 4165:v 3480:) 3476:( 3270:) 3266:( 2991:/ 2977:/ 2042:( 2023:e 2016:t 2009:v 1004:. 293:/ 258:) 254:( 228:) 113:) 109:( 52:) 48:( 38:) 34:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.