Madrasa - Knowledge

7757: 7432:

sciences during the time of the Ottoman Empire, madrasas included curriculums that included a wide range of natural sciences. There were many well-known Muslim scholars, mathematicians, and scientists that all worked to teach high-ranking families and children of the sciences. it known that "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all primarily concerned with religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madrasas – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heavily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but rather Islamic in nature. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madrasas were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

6765:, had the opportunity to travel to India and see the daily life of girls at a residential madrasa. In these madrasas in Northern India, young girls have the ability to receive an education, however, many of the practices within these institutions can be seen as very restrictive or at least by Western standards. Many madrasas that enroll girls act as "purdah institutions." In Persian, purdah translates to curtain or cover. With respect to these madrasas in Northern India, a purdah institution is an institution in which there are several guidelines female students must adhere to as a way to cover themselves both physically and culturally, These restrictions are based on the students' gender and create a segregation of sorts. Girls are expected to wear veils over their faces and cover their entire bodies as a means of dressing modestly by cultural standards. In addition to the clothes that these girls wear, the physical building itself also adheres to the ideals of a purdah institution. Classrooms and hallways are separated by gender in order to prevent fraternization. Within many of these madrasas, even the windows are lined with metal grills in order to prevent students from looking to the outside as well as to prevent people on the outside to look inward. In addition to the physical layout of the building, there are a series of rules female students must adhere to. Some of these rules include girls must lower their head and their voice when addressing their male counterparts. As they pass windows, even with barriers blocking most of their view to the outside and blocking the view of those on the outside, they are expected to lower their gaze. Going back to the idea of clothing, they must wear a 1985: 8423:. After this event, the United States implemented a plan to force Pakistan to completely shut down all madrasas that have links to militant groups, and to persuade madrasa students to instead attend public schools. Such a reaction and belief of the ties between Pakistan's madrasas and militancy were especially prominent during these times, and even in modern-day society to a similar extent, due to false assumptions regarding the roles of madrasas in upbringing militant groups, the prevalence of enrollment in such institutions, and more. To touch more on the prevalence of enrollment in Pakistan's madrasas, a 2005 study by Andrabi and others could be looked at. According to the study's results, seventy-five percent of all households that send one child to a madrasa also tended to incorporate public and private schools for the education of the rest of their children (Those who were not sent to a madrasa). Therefore, only twenty-five percent of all households relied solely on madrasas for the education of all their children. When taking this into account, one can see that enrollment in madrasas is not as prevalent as many people would assume due to parental choice being a strong deciding factor. 7469:

infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.

7411:. He built eight madrasas that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madrasas for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madrasas and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning. 11315:, or authorization. In Europe, the license to teach was a license to teach a certain field of knowledge. It was conferred by the licensed masters acting as a corporation, with the consent of a Church authority, in Paris, by the Chancellor of the Cathedral Chapter... Certification in the Muslim East remained a personal matter between the master and the student. The master conferred it on an individual for a particular work, or works. Qualification, in the strict sense of the word, was supposed to be a criterion, but it was at the full discretion of the master, since, if he chose, he could give an ijaza to children hardly able to read, or even to unborn children. This was surely an abuse of the system... but no official system was involved. The ijaza was a personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one. 7794: 5149: 5625: 7249: 8067: 1816: 7929: 1436: 7138:

side of the courtyard. The Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes also contained two side-chambers opening off the lateral sides of its courtyard, which may reflect an influence of the older four-iwan layout. However, most other Moroccan madrasas did not have this feature and the courtyards were instead flanked by ornate galleries. By contrast with Mamluk structures to the east, Moroccan and Maghrebi madrasas were not prominently distinguishable from the outside except for an ornate entrance portal decorated with carved wood and stucco. This model continued to be found in later madrasas like the

8261: 7407:

in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madrasas are the ones built by

7631: 6924: 7478: 5250: 7314: 7058: 8354:

different topics in their curriculum. Some madrasas in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madrasas were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic." This is similar to the Western world, in which

7155: 2529: 5416:. There was a premium fee required to study Islamic law, which was sometimes fronted by state or private subsidiaries. The topics of this higher education also expanded larger than the Islamic time and area. Arab translations of Greco-Roman classical texts were often examined for mathematical and grammatical discourse. Since the focus of theology and legal study was utmost, specified law schools began their own development. On the theological side however, these remained mainly at the general 6830: 53: 2315:

these seven categories: calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, intellectual sciences, spiritual sciences, theoretical rational sciences, and practical rational sciences. The first Ottoman medrese was created in İznik in 1331, when a converted Church building was assigned as a medrese to a famous scholar, Dâvûd of Kayseri. Suleyman made an important change in the hierarchy of Ottoman medreses. He established four general medreses and two more for specialised studies, one devoted to the

5984:. Madrasas by the 11th century had buildings and full time working educators. These educators were provided with places to live inside the madrasas. The institutions by this time occumulated a wide spread of attendance among the population. The attraction of the educational institution was that it provided free education for everyone in attendance. Furthermore, sciences at madrasas were indeed taught, and much of the material was from well-known scholars of the sciences such as 7556:(both located in Fes) because they provided accommodations for students coming from other cities. Many of these students were poor, seeking sufficient education to gain a higher position in their home towns, and the madrasas provided them with basic necessities such as lodging and bread. However, the madrasas were also teaching institutions in their own right and offered their own courses, but usually with much narrower and more limited curriculums than the Qarawiyyin. The 13989: 6673: 5028: 6610:, a successful businesswoman, and 'A'isha, a strong leader and interpreter of the Prophet's actions. According to a hadith attributed both to Muhammad and 'A'isha, the women of Medina were praiseworthy because of their desire for religious knowledge: Although female madrasas did exist before the 1970s large strides were made is regards to female education. After the 1970s a large increase in total female madrasas took place expanded very rapidly across the region. 6402:

promote the ideas of their elders and preserve tradition, rather than introduce them to innovative ideas that challenge ‘received texts.’ Moreover, if Professor Huff had looked more carefully at the European institutions that produced science, he would have found that they were mainly academies and royal courts protected by individual potentates and not the universities that he wishes to promote. But neither universities nor courts were beyond the reach of the

7756: 15502: 7852:, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR ministry of the government of India has recently declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madrasas in India. Though the madrasas impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. 19135: 8449: 16658: 2173: 6464: 8208: 7655: 2338: 5238: 16902: 5872: 19183: 8309:. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the Hanafi school of thought. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to form the 7337: 19195: 17814: 6130:

presence, teaching, and licensing of certain sciences in madrasas has been historically underrepresented. This information, along with some of what is discussed in the following sections/paragraphs on this page, may now hopefully help one in identifying whether or not madrasas can indeed be classified as "Universities". However, arguments for why they should not be classified as such will later be proposed as well.

19147: 17827: 15491: 693: 19159: 18074: 8435: 13977: 6262:('licence ') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of 7806: 6021:

further examines the specific fields of secular sciences that have achieved an established position in madrasa curriculum. Such fields included the sciences of mathematics, medicine and pharmacology, natural philosophy, divination, magic, and alchemy (The last three being clumped up into one set of coursework). To support the claims mentioned earlier in this section, it has been noted that

92: 19171: 6749:. This school is generally thought to be the first Muslim religious school in the country for young girls. El Yunusiyah, a deeply religious woman, believed that Islam demanded a central role for women and women's education. The school gained considerable popularity and by the end of the 1930s had as many as five hundred students. The scholar Audrey Kahin calls 9216:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with 11081: 2244:) could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elites were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasas (and other similar foundations) thus allowed them to maintain some status and means of living even after their fathers' deaths. Madrasas built in this period were often associated with the mausoleums of their founders. 2494:) are the product of the madrasas. The madrasas also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasas is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrasas may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men. 6005:, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, at least in Sunni madrasas, astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why 5868:) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madrasas, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university". 6626:, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasas and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men did not approve of this practice, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (d. 1336) who was appalled at the behaviour of some women who informally 6816:, Iran, include an iwan and an inscription attributing it to Nizam al-Mulk. Nonetheless, it is clear that the Seljuks constructed many madrasas across their empire within a relatively short period of time, thus spreading both the idea of this institution and the architectural models on which later examples were based. 5223:, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account. 11065: 7949:. The Jamia-tul-Madina are also known as Faizan-e-Madina. Dawat-e-Islami has grown its network of madrasas from Pakistan to Europe. In today's time the most centralized location of madrasas is in Pakistan. Although Pakistan hold the most Madrasas the number is still growing in many different countries. 7547:

As elsewhere, rulers in the Maghreb built madrasas to bolster their political legitimacy and that of their dynasty. The Marinids used their patronage of madrasas to cultivate the loyalty of Morocco's influential but independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population

7431:

Although Ottoman madrasas had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. Often mentioned by critics that madrasas did not include a variety of natural

7137:

In Morocco, madrasas were generally built in brick and wood and were still centered around a main internal courtyard with a central fountain or water basin, around which student dorms were distributed across one or two floors. A prayer hall or mosque chamber usually stood opposite the entrance on one

6946:

became eager patrons of architecture. Many of their projects involved the construction of madrasas as part of larger multi-functional religious complexes, usually attached to their personal mausoleums, which provided services to the general population while also promoting their own prestige and pious

6401:

As I noted in my original article, students in the medieval Islamic world, who had the full freedom to chose their teacher and the subjects that they would study together, could not have been worse off than today’s students, who are required to pursue a specific curriculum that is usually designed to

6192:

designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madrasas that predate the founding of the

5841:

has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madrasas and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Some other

5206:

schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature,

2237:

in Cairo in 1176–1177, introducing this institution to Egypt. The Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids built many more madrasas across their territories. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status for its patrons but it could also be an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their

1780:

was taught along with other secondary subjects, but not to secular science schools, modern or historical. These institutions were typically housed in specially designed buildings which were primarily devoted to this purpose. Such institutions are believed to have originated, or at least proliferated,

1531:

The madrasas became the longest serving institutions of the Ottoman Empire, beginning service in 1330 and operating for nearly 600 years on three continents. They trained doctors, engineers, lawyers and religious officials, among other members of the governing and political elite. The madrasas were a

11284:

There was no examination at the end of the course of study. Many of the students were well advanced in years. Those who left al-Azhar obtained an idjāza or licence to teach; this was a certificate given by the teacher under whom the student had followed courses, testifying to the student's diligence

7406:

is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans

6634:

what some women do when people gather with a shaykh to hear books. At that point women come, too, to hear the readings; the men sit in one place, the women facing them. It even happens at such times that some of the women are carried away by the situation; one will stand up, and sit down, and shout

6319:

were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. Moroever, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence

6129:

for scientific subjects, thereby proving that such licenses were indeed issued along with those regarding religious studies. There are many more examples of this that are not listed on this page, but can easily be found. When taking this evidence into account, one may then reasonably assume that the

5471:

in Delhi which he specifically included the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, and geography besides the standard subjects of law, history, secular and religious sciences. Although little is known about the management and inner workings of these places of Islamic higher education, religious studies

5440:

started off as providing higher education similarly to other parts of the Islamic world. The primary function for these institutions was to train and prepare workers for bureaucratic work as well as the judicial system. The curriculum generally consisted of logic, philosophy, law, history, politics,

7401:

brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the

6601:

and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by

6294:

respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day." According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval

6020:

to those who proved satisfactory in the knowledge of their specific scientific field of study, were indeed conducted. It is historically inaccurate to definitively mention that all forms of science were studied solely for the advancement/supplication of religious needs. This can be evident when one

5756:

Toby Huff argues that no medical degrees were granted to students, as there was no faculty that could issue them, and that therefore, no system of examination and certification developed in the Islamic tradition like that of medieval Europe. However, the historians Andrew C. Miller, Nigel J. Shanks

5584:

course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's

12519:

Having come to the conclusion that the cruciform madrasa was Egyptian in origin, I shall show that its influence on Syria was almost nil. Only two madrasas, one built by an Egyptian sultan and the other by an Egyptian emīr, show signs of this influence, (a) the Madrasa of Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Bibars at

10678:

Thus the university, as a form of social organisation, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

8284:

In South Africa, the madrasas also play a social and cultural role in giving after-school religious instruction to children of Muslims who attend government or private non-religious schools. However, substantial numbers of Muslim children attend fully-fledged private Islamic schools, which combine

6344:

criticized Huff's views regarding the legal autonomy of European universities and limited curriculum of Madrasahs, demonstrating that there were many Madrasahs dedicated to the teaching of non-religious subjects and arguing that Madrasahs generally had greater legal autonomy than medieval European

6306:

However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by other scholars to be independent medieval European developments with no necessary Islamic influence. Norman Daniel criticizes Makdisi for overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels" while

6214:

Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

6175:

From a structural and legal point of view, the madrasa and the university were contrasting types. Whereas the madrasa was a pious endowment under the law of religious and charitable foundations (waqf), the universities of Europe were legally autonomous corporate entities that had many legal rights

2314:

Taşköprülüzâde's concept of knowledge and his division of the sciences provides a starting point for a study of learning and medrese education in the Ottoman Empire. Taşköprülüzâde recognises four stages of knowledge—spiritual, intellectual, oral and written. Thus all the sciences fall into one of

9220:

in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be

7924:

It is sometimes speculated that parents send their children to madrasas in Pakistan due to the inability to afford a good education. Although Madrasas are free they do provide adequate education for their students. It is sometimes speculated that due to lower quality of education those who finish

7784:

are called the Alia madrasas and they number some 7,000, offering, in addition to religious instruction, subjects such as English and science, and its graduates often complete their education in secular institutions, to the extent that some 32% of the university teachers in the humanities and the

7230:

The form of the madrasa does not appear to have changed significantly over time in this region. The Timurid period (late 14th and 15th century), however, was a "golden age" of Iranian madrasas, during which the four-iwan model was made much larger and more monumental, on a par with major mosques,

6844:

In contrast to early Iranian Seljuk madrasas, a large number of madrasas from the Anatolian Seljuk Empire (between 1077 and 1308) have survived, and are the closest examples we have of Iranian-influenced early madrasa architecture. However, though each usually included a large central courtyard,

6219:

Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have

5772:

to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine. The study of Medicine and many other sciences that took place in Madrasas made large contributions to

6009:

was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madrasas. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the

5402:

Mosques were more than a place of worship as they were also utilized as an area to host community transactions of business. It was the center of most of a city's social and cultural life. Along with this came trades of information and teachings. As the mosque was a starting ground for religious

7468:

As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the

8353:

in American English) and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, not even one as broad as Islam in the general sense. Madrasas often have varied curricula. A large misconception is that madrasas only focused on the study of religion which is not true. Madrasas often included many

7940:

The madrasas rose as colleges of learning in the Islamic world in the 11th century, though there were institutions of learning earlier. They catered not only to the religious establishment, though that was the dominant influence over them, but also the secular one. To the latter they supplied

6197:

and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which

5450:

in 1206 which set a basis of importance for Muslim education. Under control of the Delhi Sultanate, two early important madrasas were founded. The first was the Mu’zziyya named after Muḥammad Ghuri of the Ghorid Dynasty and his title of Muʿizz al-Dīn and founded by Sultan Iltutmish. The other

8156:, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madrasas. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the 6010:

medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".

11686:

It is more likely that the undeniable similarities sprang from similar circumstances. Both cultural traditions had sacred writings which needed to be examined, both had systems of law that looked back to ancient precedent, neither culture knew printing (which meant that dictation and verbal

6977:

school. Moreover, due to the already dense urban fabric of Cairo, Mamluk architectural complexes adopted increasingly irregular and creatively designed floor plans to compensate for limited space while simultaneously attempting to maximize their prominence and visibility from the street.

6184:. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendant), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madrasas in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the 8415:, claimed that specifically Pakistani madrasas were responsible for the development of thousands of jihadists/terrorists, and that they were essentially weapons of mass destruction. During the time of the article's release, videos surfaced of young boys intensely memorizing/studying the 6769:

in order to go outside. Within a cultural context, these rules are very appropriate. In addition to teaching specific subject academic content, institutions such as these purdah madrasas are also incorporating appropriate cultural and societal behavior outside the walls of the building.

7859:

created a stir when it de-recognised madrasa education, receiving criticism from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"

8194:, which succeeded the ARMM, the eligibility of Madrasa teachers are covered by the autonomous region's education code. Prospect teachers barring any exception will have to take special examinations organized by the region's education ministry in order to secure their eligibility. 5394:

In the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, "Madaris were divided into lower and specialised levels, which reveals that there was a sense of elevation in school. Students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as

5056:. Their exact origin is uncertain, but they appear to have been already widespread in the early Abbasid period (8th-9th centuries) and may have played an early role in socializing new ethnic and demographic groups into the Islamic religion during the first few centuries after the 5571:

to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an

7266:

evolved out of its Anatolian Seljuk predecessors into a particular style. In the classical Ottoman period (15th-16th centuries), the typical form of the madrasa had become a large courtyard surrounded by an arched gallery covered by a series of domes, similar to the

7279:

or charitable complex. This marked a certain departure from other madrasa styles as it emphasized the feeling of space for its own sake instead of focusing on the practical function of housing as many students as possible within a small area. This is evident in the

10659:

The first section, typology of institutions and the law of waqf, is crucial to the main thesis, since the college is defined in terms of the charitable trust, or endowment, as in Europe: it is admitted that the university, defined as a corporation, has no Islamic

8400:

An article about a pointed exchange over a Web site report that said Senator Barack Obama had attended an Islamic school or madrassa in Indonesia as a child referred imprecisely to madrassas. While some teach a radical version of Islam, most historically have

6210:; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the sixth century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madrasas. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions: 5937:

al-Azhar. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose."

7548:

as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. Madrasas also served to train the scholars and educated elites who generally operated the state bureaucracy. A number of madrasas also played a supporting role to major learning institutions like the older

6333:"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy. Toby Huff, in a discussion of Makdisi's hypothesis, argues: 11051:

was that of al-Azhar in Cairo. This was established during the last quarter of the tenth century by the Fatimids to teach the principles of jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, logic and astronomy. It is here that we may find the origins of the modern

7863:

In March 2024, the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh declared the Madrasa Act of 2004 to be unconstitutional, according to a court order, while ordering the state government to move students enrolled in the Islamic system into mainstream schools.

6220:

Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'chairman' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term '

8008:

The number of madrasas more than doubled from 2002/2003 to 2011/2012, going from 63,000 to 145,000, unrecognized madrasas accounting for 17% of all schools in the country while the recognized madrasas account for nearly 1/3 of the secondary schools.

5420:

since it was more common and easier for the lower-level students to approach. The requirement of competent teachers to keep a madrasa up and running was also important. It was not uncommon for these scholars to be involved in multiple fields such as

2475:, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madrasas along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammar, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette." 7618:(1925–41), and made a gradual comeback—though lagging behind growth of Iran's population, "between 1920 and 1979 the Persian population tripled ... but enrollment in madrasas only doubled"—in the four decades before the revolution when his son ( 6328:

in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of

1437: 9914: 1933:, is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars, though the application of the term "university" to institutions of the medieval Muslim world is disputed. According to tradition, the al-Qarawiyyin mosque was founded by 6845:

their overall layouts were more variable and may have reflected more multi-purpose functions, often with an attached mausoleum, a minaret, and an ornate entrance portal. The courtyards were sometimes covered by a large dome (as with the

13152: 7397:"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, 6013:

Although there is a sort of validity to what was just mentioned in this section, more specifically in the previous paragraph, other sources also convey that an emphasis on the teaching of sciences in madrasas, and the licensing of

6756:

While madrasas continue to play a pivotal role in the education of many, including young girls, there are still some cultural norms that find their way into the hallways and classrooms of these institutions. In article from 2021,

8175:-funded DepEd project Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) has assisted a group of private madrasas seeking a Permit To Operate from the government and implement the SMC. These private madrasas are scattered throughout 9894: 2140:

depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madrasas, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the

13234: 7776:

In 2006 there were 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasas with the Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board, though the figure could be well over double that number if unregistered madrasas were counted.

8373:

When articles mentioned "madrassas," readers were led to infer that all schools so-named are anti-American, anti-Western, pro-terrorist centres having less to do with teaching basic literacy and more to do with political

5663:

was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

13560: 8118:

for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. Students who wish to attend a mainstream school may opt to take classes on weekends at the

11239:

Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010:

10147:), logic and, sometimes, philosophy and mathematics. In addition to the above, other subjects such as literary studies, history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry were also taught. 6176:

and privileges. These included the capacity to make their own internal rules and regulations, the right to buy and sell property, to have legal representation in various forums, to make contracts, to sue and be sued."

5445:

were often subsidized and founded by states or private individuals, and well-qualified teachers filled in the role for professors. Foundations of Islamic higher education in India is tied to the establishment of the

8101:

like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the

7440:

As is previously mentioned, religion dominated much of the knowledge and teachings that were endowed upon students. "Religious learning as the only true science, whose sole aim was the understanding of God's word."

13321: 6027:

are not issued to these sciences as much as they are to religious studies, yet at the same time, there is no evidence fully supporting that none were given to these subjects. Clear examples of the issuing of such

7989:

in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in

7925:

have a hard time finding employment. Those who attended Madrasas have problem finding a job soon after. The education those receive madrasas in Pakistan closely resembles public institutions in the United States.

7732:

There are three different madrasa education systems in Bangladesh: the original darse nizami system, the redesigned nizami system, and the higher syllabus alia nisab. The first two categories are commonly called

5472:

bore the focus amongst most other subjects, particularly the rational sciences such as mathematics, logic, medicine, and astronomy. Although some tried to emphasize these subjects more, it is doubtful that every

11510:

Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period. 1. From madrasa to university" Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved

13052: 7001:

also holds a concentration of Mamluk-era architecture, including madrasas. However, the most significant Mamluk archtiectural patronage outside of Cairo is likely in Jerusalem, as with the example of the major

1702:

was usually specific to institutions of higher learning, which generally taught Islamic law and occasionally other subjects, as opposed to elementary schools or children's schools, which were usually known as

5407:

became more common. In this context, a madrasa would be referred to as a localized area or center within the mosque for studies and teachings relating the Quran. Among the first advanced topics featured at a

11669:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588

11656:

7567:

While some historical madrasas in Morocco remained in use well into the 20th century, most are no longer used for their original purpose following the reorganization of the Moroccan education system under

7235:

and his successors. Madrasas in the Iranian architectural tradition continued to be centered around a large square or rectangular courtyard with a central water basin and surrounded by a one or two-story

13354: 5326:

was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madrasas were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the ninth century

13534: 2310:(public bathhouse). The following excerpt provides a brief synopsis of the historical origins and starting points for the teachings that took place in the Ottoman madrasas in the Early Modern Period: 9911: 9750: 6726:(charitable trust) system. Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women. Royal women were also major patrons of culture and architecture in the Ottoman Empire, founding many 1984: 5673:

college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity

5717:(professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called 6957:

and faced each other across a central courtyard, while two "lateral" iwans faced each across each on the other two sides of the courtyard. Prominent examples of these include the madrasa of the

2062:. Although madrasa-type institutions appear to have existed in Iran before Nizam al-Mulk, this period is nonetheless considered by many as the starting point for the proliferation of the formal 13144: 1772:

or "madrasa" usually refers more narrowly to Islamic institutions of learning. Historians and other scholars also employ the term to refer to historical learning institutions throughout the

3739: 11640:, J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, individual entries on: Baccalarius; Collegium; Disputatio; Grade, universitäre; Magister universitatis, Professor; Rector; Studia humanitatis; Universität 9891: 2054:), created a system of state madrasas (in his time they were called the Niẓāmiyyahs, named after him) in various Seljuk and ʻAbbāsid cities at the end of the 11th century, ranging from 11281:

Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010

8419:, thus facilitating the false stereotype that madrasas brainwash and breed children to becoming future jihadists. This stereotype was even further accentuated following the events of 1905:

In the early history of the Islamic period, teaching was generally carried out in mosques rather than in separate specialized institutions. Although some major early mosques like the

7572:

and in the period following independence in 1956. Likewise, while some madrasas are still used for learning in Tunisia, many have since been converted to other uses in modern times.

6042:. He mentioned that in places like Syria and Egypt, it has been suggested that public performances of knowledge, which its conduction was required for one to finally receive their 13556: 11228:

There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.

8089:

equivalent, or "Pre-U", at several schools). Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream

13884: 6198:

introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. Many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian

6307:

failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Daniel also points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the

17979: 6969:(built from 1356 to 1363), with a large central courtyard surrounded by four enormous iwans. While the unique Madrasa of Sultan Hasan provided instruction in all four Sunni 6653:

is often translated as 'that which is indecent', which usually meant the exposure of anything other than a woman's face and hands, although scholarly interpretations of the

5651:'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the 13079: 13311: 7832:

school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the

7273:(courtyard) of imperial mosques. Madrasas were generally limited to a main ground floor, and were often built as auxiliary buildings to a central mosque which anchored a 11243:

Madrasa,...in mediaeval usage, essentially a college of law in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.

6113:

to Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din M. b. M. b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi. This license was very extensive, allowing him to teach religious, philosophical, and even medical texts like

5933:. In the second half of the 19th century in Egypt, Muslim Egyptians began to attend secular schools, and a movement arose in the late 19th to the early 20th century to 5776:

In the Early Modern Period in the Ottoman Empire, "Suleyman I added new curriculums to the Ottoman medreses of which one was medicine, which alongside studying of the

15538: 13049: 6420: 6337:

It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic madrasas.

2394:- the holy book of the Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on 2323:

and the other to medicine. He gave the highest ranking to these and thus established the hierarchy of the medreses which was to continue until the end of the empire.

1528:. From there, the construction of madrasas spread across much of the Muslim world over the next few centuries, often adopting similar models of architectural design. 7941:

physicians, administrative officials, judges and teachers. Today many registered madrasas are working effectively and coping up with modern education system such as

13870: 15241: 13615: 11134: 8589: 7296:, often considered the apogee of Ottoman architecture, included four madrasas as part of a vast and carefully designed architectural ensemble at the top of one of 6812:. Practically none of the first madrasas founded under Nizam al-Mulk (Seljuk vizier between 1064 and 1092) have survived, though partial remains of one madrasa in 6295:

Madrasa system from the ninth century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the

5425:

who was an expert in medicine, grammar, linguistics, law, alchemy, and philosophy. The choice of freedom in inquiry was also important. Muslim higher education at

13122: 15123: 8137:

According to a 2006 International Religious Freedom Report of the US State Department the country has some 2000 madrasas, with half of them located in Mindanao.

8110:(IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the 14491: 13344: 7587:

declared it to be at the beginning of the 16th century, and the number of Shiʿite madrasas in Iran (or Persia) grew rapidly from that time on. Since 1979, the

7351:. It cites sources in support of certain statements and quotes, but these are used as arguments leading to conclusions with no supporting citations. (See also 11520:

Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,

5991:

However, the classification of madrasas as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madrasas, the

1862:

was appointed there by Muhammad as teacher and among the students. In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an, The Hadith, fara'iz,

18107: 16982: 13582: 9193:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the 6965:(finished in 1304). One exceptional madrasa, which also served as a mosque and was easily one of the most massive structures of its time, was the monumental 2612: 13526: 10143:

The main subjects taught were Quranic exegesis, theology, jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence, grammar and syntax, the Traditions of Muhammad(

7126:

in Fes, built in 1350–1355, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public

9734: 7724:

which has 200 teachers and 3000 students, and in all, some 380,000 students were enrolled in these government recognized madrasas, including 55,000 girls.

6733:

In the 20th century in Indonesia, madrasas founded by women played an important role in increasing educational standards in the country. In November 1923,

12139: 15108: 13504: 12207: 1686:

in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the

8396:

published in January 2007 a correction for misusing the word "madrassa" in a way that assumed it meant a radical Islamic school. The correction stated:

5276:

were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madrasas teaching both the religious and the "secular sciences", such as

5173:

school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote, they should be taught the Qur'an,

18395: 6133:

Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madrasas and

18051: 13376: 9474: 18611: 18594: 18567: 18383: 18371: 18344: 18280: 18227: 18046: 7610:

Historically, its estimated that there were about 5,000 religious students in Iran/Persia in 1924–25, but, that number dropped sharply owing to the

2074:. Part of the motivation for this widespread adoption of the madrasah by Sunni rulers and elites was a desire to counter the influence and spread of 11032: 10816: 10316: 10128: 10078: 6912:

founded in 1242, to which was later attached al-Salih's mausoleum. In Syria, an exceptional example of a monumental madrasa from this period is the

6552:". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in 6488:, women "became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty". In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in 18582: 18361: 18310: 18256: 18239: 18102: 15207: 13174: 8515: 1805: 7965:

In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madrasas or Islamic schools are known as

18520: 18496: 18434: 18332: 18199: 16632: 13707: 8016:

in Indonesia is also refer to secular-style public and private schools with more Islamic subjects in its curriculum. There are several levels of

6869:

founded in 1136–37. Madrasa architecture in this region appears to have evolved out of Seljuk prototypes. Another early important example is the

6808:), of which some early surviving remains demonstrate this type of layout. Another possible origin may have been domestic houses in the region of 6167:

to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a

10790: 18626: 18189: 16692: 15531: 12256: 11467: 11303:

Perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two systems is embodied in their systems of certification; namely, in medieval Europe, the

9391:(June 2003), "Between doubts and certainties: on the place of history of science in Islamic societies within the field of history of science", 13026: 7882:

school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within

5753:

dedicated to the teaching of medicine. For example, of the 155 madrasa colleges in 15th century Damascus, three of them were medical schools.

18036: 9337: 6320:

on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek

8917: 8405:

There are many other instances where attempts to deem madrasas as just radical Islamic schools were made. In the year 2000, an article from

17863: 11807: 8657: 7540:

built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in

6758: 13406: 9189:

No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the

6865:

In Syria and the surrounding region, the earliest madrasas were often relatively small buildings, the earliest example of which is one in

6448:

to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the

1666:

does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether

19230: 18290: 17974: 17784: 15138: 11541:, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010 10240: 9367: 6722:

in the 12th and 13th centuries, when 160 mosques and madrasas were established in Damascus, 26 of which were funded by women through the

2129: 18376: 13768: 7602:. ("The vast majority" of the population is Twelver Shia Muslim. There are nearly three hundred thousand clerics in Iran's seminaries. 7560:

in Fes, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public

5988:, who was the “most famous and most successful” editor of the Shi’i law, kalam philosophy which include mathematic works and astrology. 18606: 9663: 8362: 5939: 5580:, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a 4415: 10716:

as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B. (eds.),

9912:

Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education

6793:(vaulted chambers open on one side) arranged symmetrically around the courtyard. The origin of this architectural model may have been 6171:

in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:

2221:

in 1136. One of the earliest madrasas in Damascus, and one of the first madrasas to be accompanied by the tomb of its founder, is the

1917:

had separate rooms which were devoted to teaching, this distinction between "mosque" and "madrasa" was not very present. Notably, the

18793: 18599: 18407: 18400: 18388: 18273: 18261: 17947: 17212: 15524: 15212: 15128: 8550: 7738: 6981:

While Mamluk architecture outside Cairo was generally of lesser quality and craftsmanship, there were nonetheless many examples. The

6889:. As with the earlier Seljuk madrasas, it is likely that these foundations were motivated by a desire to counteract the influence of 6437:

have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume

2727: 13189: 10192: 7100:

built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The main architectural highlights among these are the

18508: 18268: 18090: 15229: 13940: 13738: 9087: 7181:, which dates from 1227 and is also the earliest "universal" madrasa, which is to say the first madrasa that taught all four Sunni 5003: 17728: 13464: 13435: 12559:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis. 12411: 5856:

is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 as a mosque by

18735: 15192: 15113: 13071: 12324: 7622:) ruled. At the biggest religious center in Iran, Qom, stipends for students came from religious taxes starting in the 1920s. 7588: 2133: 466: 13669: 13005: 12888: 11736: 7520:

generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th century, under the

7458:

D) Spiritual sciences—theoretical, such as Islamic theology and mathematics; and practical, such as Islamic ethics and politics.

2259:

built in Tunis in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). By the late 13th century, the first madrasas were being built in

2207:

dynasties (11th-16th centuries) in the Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasas through a religious endowment and

15133: 14023: 13644: 8098: 7713: 4390: 1303: 18095: 17952: 7957:

Nepal has 907 madrasas recognized on the same level as government schools but the total number in the country is around 4000.

17789: 17428: 16760: 15143: 15100: 13923: 13878: 12501: 12318: 12172: 12072: 12045: 11480:

C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi",

11267: 11075: 10923: 10633:

Daniel, Norman (1984). "Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi"".

10422: 9183: 9097: 8149: 353: 12507: 12078: 6224:' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having ' 16065: 16040: 10460: 8184: 3779: 17723: 16360: 9932: 9363: 8106:, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the 7781: 7203:. In some cases, these madrasas were directly attached and integrated into larger mosques, as with those attached to the 6639:

will appear; in her house, their exposure would be forbidden — how can it be allowed in a mosque, in the presence of men?

6467: 5148: 4395: 4157: 3321: 2086: 752: 13612: 6496:. Mahbuba was one of these. Another female (albeit probably fictional) figure to be remembered for her achievements was 3754: 2169:

and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.

1473:, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. In countries outside the 18513: 18439: 18349: 16685: 16316: 15663: 13114: 12848: 12602: 12536: 8555: 8094: 7793: 6056: 5111: 4400: 12178: 9892:

A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia's Islamic Education Strategy

8873: 8289:

origin, madrasas also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be.

5980:

in 1227, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the

5268:

referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst

2433:

course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in

19225: 16228: 14995: 14949: 14609: 14603: 13843: 12966: 12358: 12283: 12240: 12230: 12111: 12021: 11987: 11921: 11887: 11784: 11707: 11580: 11525: 11498: 11115: 10988: 10887: 10828: 10784: 10756: 10725: 10699: 10620: 10441: 10055: 10014: 9990: 9855: 9821: 9744: 9717: 9657: 9630: 9602: 9457: 9132: 8953: 8247: 8090: 7898:

A 'madrasa' in Kerala refers to an extra-curricular institution where children receive basic (Islamic) religious and

7694: 7384: 6789:

Madrasas were generally centered around an interior courtyard and the classical madrasa form generally featured four

6449: 4430: 3744: 2377: 531: 13947: 7366: 2402:. To Islam, the Quran is the core of all learning, it is described in this journal as the “Spine of all discipline” 1597:

literally means "a place where learning and studying take place" or "place of study". The word is also present as a

17856: 16777: 16556: 14866: 14722: 14199: 14095: 13963: 12697:

Hamadeh, Shirine (2004). "Ottoman Expressions of Early Modernity and the 'Inevitable' Question of Westernization".

12271: 9400: 6966: 6928: 6300: 6296: 2390:

The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the

131: 5441:

and particularly religious sciences, later incorporating more of mathematics, astronomy, geography, and medicine.

17697: 16286: 15360: 15166: 7746: 6882: 5585:"career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded 5090:

entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at

5044:

In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school (for children or for those learning to read) was known as a '

4256: 2941: 723: 18587: 18525: 18501: 18337: 18315: 18244: 18232: 15880: 10188: 9621:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands".

7414:

This is the rank of madrasas in the Ottoman Empire from the highest ranking to the lowest: (From İnalcık, 167).

6345:

universities. According to Saliba, Madrasahs "were fully protected from interference in their curriculum by the

6099:, issued by a physician from Damascus, was present to confirm that one was indeed issued here for said student. 18916: 17794: 17475: 16624: 15425: 14973: 14871: 13852:

Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer". Retrieved 2010-11-25.

12808: 12471: 12131: 9221:

defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.

8229: 7676: 7569: 7347: 7042: 7038: 7034: 6429:

Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world's Islamic scholars. However,

6424: 5317: 5216: 3837: 2951: 2359: 668: 13993: 13494: 12930: 12903: 12199: 12102:

Munawaroh, Unaidatul (2002). "Rahmah el-Yunusiah: Pelopor Pendidikan Perempuan". In Burhanuddin, Jajat (ed.).

6900:. Among the surviving Ayyubid madrasas in Egypt are the remains of the Madrasa of al-Kamil (founded by Sultan 6877:

madrasas began to take on added importance, with the first madrasa in Egypt (no longer extant) being built by

19250: 17774: 17769: 17764: 16720: 16678: 16421: 16416: 16155: 14783: 14542: 14219: 13557:"Muslim Congressman: American Schools Should Be Modeled After Madrassas, 'Where The Foundation Is The Koran'" 13232: 13001: 8329:

called Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York. Presently, the Darul Uloom in New York City, an affiliate of

6962: 6159:. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and 4132: 2117: 1477:, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the religion of 402: 11943: 6718:

mosque in 859, which later developed into a madrasa. The role of female patrons was also evident during the

19220: 17779: 17759: 17754: 17733: 17606: 16994: 16838: 16730: 16355: 15345: 15322: 14932: 14788: 14778: 14684: 14337: 13468: 13439: 13410: 13384: 12661: 12555:

Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010).

11776: 11603:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

11392:"A Mongol Mahdi in Medieval Anatolia: Rebellion, Reform, and Divine Right in the Post-Mongol Islamic World" 11200:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

11167: 10350:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

9708:

Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).

8132: 8078: 7761: 7742: 7216: 7159: 7080:), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, madrasas began to be constructed in the 13th century under the 6951:, which largely used stone, the madrasa layout generally had two prominent iwans which were aligned to the 5765:

learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his

5220: 4996: 4677: 2538: 1879: 434: 11493:

Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005,

17849: 16755: 16539: 15447: 15312: 15118: 14886: 14679: 14056: 13930: 12927:

M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 81; quoted in

12593:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

10720:, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, vol. 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 83–99, 10070: 9113: 8298: 8107: 7549: 7248: 6715: 6513: 6386: 5930: 5845: 5493:

was originally used to refer more specifically to a medieval Islamic centre of learning, mainly teaching

5328: 5277: 4565: 4323: 4318: 4261: 3832: 2121: 2103: 1918: 1820: 481: 308: 12900:

M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 77; quoted in

19125: 17157: 16604: 15875: 15547: 15197: 15080: 14597: 14016: 13694: 13349: 12538:

Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum. 2e partie. Syrie du Sud. Tome 1er. Jérusalem "Ville"

12009: 11975: 11909: 11875: 11572: 11258:

Lessnoff, Michael (2007), "Islam, Modernity and Science", in Malešević, Siniša; Haugaard, Mark (eds.),

10980: 10946: 10033: 9521: 8648: 8510: 8366: 8141: 8086: 6556:. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in 6517: 6354: 6311:, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic 6291: 6038:

multiple collections of manuscript titles and biographies. Further evidence of this was illustrated by

4447: 4328: 3395: 2652: 1508:), as well as other subjects on occasion. The origin of this type of institution is widely credited to 1296: 521: 10182: 10159: 8066: 1520:

in the 11th century, who was responsible for building the first network of official madrasas in Iran,

1492:

and historical context, the term generally refers to a particular kind of institution in the historic

16750: 16740: 16506: 15290: 15277: 14978: 14807: 14503: 14225: 14188: 13981: 13215:

Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. xi.

12597:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 12302:

Women from Traditional Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia : Negotiating Public Spaces

10935:

Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

10770: 9510:

Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

7945:, which is a chain of Islamic schools in Pakistan and in European and other countries established by 6753:"one of the most successful and influential of the schools for women" in pre-independence Indonesia. 6107:

who was considered to be a proficient polymath, astronomer, philosopher, and physician who issued an

5624: 5031:

The Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, built in the 15th century. The bottom floor contained a

4380: 4375: 3842: 3749: 2988: 2882: 2233:(Saladin) overthrew the Shi'a Fatimids in Egypt in 1171, he founded a Sunni madrasa near the tomb of 2217:. The first documented madrasa created in Syria was the Madrasa of Kumushtakin, added to a mosque in 616: 328: 39: 16962: 16781: 7928: 6710:

Women played an important role in the foundations of many Islamic educational institutions, such as

19235: 18659: 17707: 16990: 16916: 16637: 16586: 16431: 16070: 15442: 15161: 14985: 14758: 14238: 13733: 13034: 11637: 10937: 10859: 10842: 9512: 8225: 7672: 7211:(17th century). In other cases they were built as more or less separate entities, such as with the 6939: 6886: 6561: 6525: 6316: 6188:

views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madrasas were not as popular. Unlike the

6059:, a prominent mathematician in his day, was mentioned to be responsible for giving his students an 5926: 5422: 5269: 5067: 4246: 3326: 3113: 2468: 2355: 2204: 1574: 548: 348: 46: 17: 13589: 6075:

to his student al-Quff for proving sufficient in knowledge of his commentary on the medical book,

4642: 17065: 16765: 16571: 16516: 16375: 16272: 15791: 15300: 14111: 12574:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.)

12350: 11799: 9213: 9089:

Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan, 1500-1850

8909: 8566: 8378:

Various American public figures in the early 2000s used the word in a negative manner, including

8218: 8085:). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and 7665: 7362: 7170: 7109: 6438: 5967: 5963: 5757:

and Dawshe Al-Kalai point out that, during this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the

4989: 4882: 3057: 2983: 2936: 2348: 2271:

in Fes (founded in 1271) and culminating with much larger and more ornate constructions like the

1910: 1470: 1132: 143: 14265: 11417: 8643: 5388: 5110:, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and 2471:. Depending on the educational demands, some madrasas also offer additional advanced courses in 17897: 17254: 16806: 16321: 15656: 15457: 15386: 15355: 15285: 14209: 14204: 14122: 13956: 13935: 13414: 11538: 8894:

Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". In List, Regina A.; Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.).

8157: 8061: 8049: 7592: 7408: 7289: 7285: 6846: 6607: 6100: 5977: 5706: 5581: 5289: 4495: 4410: 4313: 4251: 4122: 4072: 3721: 3709: 3291: 2559: 2185: 1458: 1267: 597: 363: 16725: 13760: 13145:"In Maharashtra, students obtaining full-time religious education to be considered uneducated" 12013: 12003: 11979: 11969: 11913: 11903: 11879: 11869: 10178: 8679: 7536:, founded in Tunis in 1252 and followed by many others. In Morocco, the first madrasa was the 7096:

founded in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). In Morocco, the first madrasa was the

5563:

to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the

3657: 19240: 17460: 16863: 16821: 16801: 16461: 16365: 16135: 16098: 16050: 15938: 15403: 15381: 14132: 14009: 10436:

Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,

8286: 7919: 7619: 7237: 7204: 7174: 7003: 6194: 6119: 4460: 4385: 4062: 2554: 2512: 1989: 1973:). By the 900s AD, the Madrasa is noted to have become a successful higher education system. 1839: 1756:

literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

1532:

specific educational institution, with their own funding and curricula, in contrast with the

1289: 592: 417: 201: 156: 18798: 18412: 9647: 9359: 8260: 7840:, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: 7825:

hosting most of them, estimated by the Indian government to have 10,000 of those back then.

7317: 7293: 7253: 1815: 19245: 19026: 18855: 18300: 18073: 17806: 17560: 16858: 16853: 16843: 16828: 16811: 16796: 16786: 16735: 16715: 16701: 16481: 16130: 15630: 15060: 14967: 14912: 13345:"Poor Indonesian families are more likely to send their daughters to cheap Islamic schools" 13252:

OSELLA, FILIPPO, and CAROLINE OSELLA. “Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India.”

10413:

Gibb, H. A. R. (1970), "The University in the Arab-Moslem World", in Bradby, Edward (ed.),

8520: 8420: 8330: 7849: 7841: 7263: 7200: 7093: 7046: 6982: 6854: 6833: 6779: 6762: 6434: 6104: 6077: 6049:

included mathematics in its content. There are plenty of other examples of the issuance of

5985: 3847: 2971: 2966: 2854: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2549: 2256: 1622: 1489: 926: 11309: 9448:(2000) , "Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence", in Shank, Michael H. (ed.), 9010: 8994: 8974: 8958: 8938: 8584: 7821:

In 2008, India's madrassas were estimated to number between 8000 and 30,000, the state of

7199:) nonetheless built numerous monumental madrasas, many of which are excellent examples of 6663: 6655: 6646: 6573: 6502: 6454: 6442: 6279: 6269: 6255: 6246: 6234: 6161: 6153: 5999: 5956: 5895: 5794: 5777: 5720: 5675: 5668: 5653: 5637: 5615: 5602: 5592: 5574: 5565: 5557: 5548: 5534: 5525: 5487: 5480: 5429:

offered not only mastery in specified fields but also a more generalized, broader option.

5337: 5321: 5262: 5200: 5193: 5167: 5160: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5092: 5084: 5072: 5061: 5050: 2445: 2427: 2419: 2407: 2317: 2107: 2048: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2014: 1944: 1936: 1766: 1731: 1676: 1656: 1591: 1584: 1555: 1452: 8: 19199: 18757: 17818: 17576: 17418: 17348: 17320: 17259: 17152: 16833: 16816: 16791: 16770: 16576: 16207: 16145: 16055: 15992: 15902: 15890: 15295: 15171: 15065: 14881: 14320: 14117: 10598: 9982: 9217: 8355: 8310: 8180: 7833: 7240:. Either two or four large iwans stood at the ends of the central axes of the courtyard. 7139: 7105: 7062: 6948: 6734: 6603: 6232:' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of 6138: 6006: 5879: 5865: 5838: 5822: 5433: 5332: 5281: 5212: 5174: 4605: 4595: 4520: 4209: 4152: 4142: 4112: 4077: 4057: 2871: 2677: 2647: 2584: 2162: 1970: 1855: 1691: 1630: 1001: 716: 602: 236: 136: 65: 13939:, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the 13728: 12625:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

6349:

that established them in the first place." Examples include the Dakhwariyya madrasah in

3363: 1694:, madrasas had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as 16745: 16561: 16524: 16491: 16486: 16451: 16408: 16296: 16267: 16187: 16150: 15685: 15585: 15462: 15376: 15307: 15217: 15153: 14961: 14937: 14614: 14592: 14552: 14394: 14297: 14248: 14214: 14105: 13915:

Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan

13812: 13472: 13443: 13316: 13312:"A madrasa blends traditional education with modern to keep up with the changing times" 13292: 13168: 12714: 12403: 12375: 12250: 11620: 11461: 11421: 11413: 11217: 11024: 10958: 10650: 10545: 10520: 10485: 10367: 10308: 10232: 10120: 9533: 9487: 9483: 9428: 9329: 8392: 8325:

of Indiana called for additional madrasas in the United States. There is a madrassa in

8041: 8033: 7580: 7557: 7482: 7352: 7123: 6974: 6913: 6870: 6681: 6584: 6168: 5902: 5826: 5809: 5285: 5178: 4535: 4470: 4455: 4425: 4224: 4219: 4204: 4097: 4092: 3786: 3759: 3358: 2946: 2916: 2902: 2503: 2272: 2222: 2177: 2146: 2116:. In addition to religious subjects, they taught the "rational sciences," as varied as 2095: 2091: 1859: 626: 583: 553: 536: 511: 456: 412: 124: 14460: 12300: 10498: 8615: 6089:

managed to show that one of its readers had sufficient knowledge in the medical text,

5966:(founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world." 2020:

created one of the first major official academic institutions known in history as the

1022: 19215: 19175: 18976: 18835: 18456: 17964: 17515: 16927: 16657: 16614: 16247: 16192: 16182: 16174: 16140: 16025: 15974: 15796: 15649: 15437: 15432: 15337: 15327: 15317: 14990: 14876: 14828: 14671: 14582: 14285: 14275: 14270: 14260: 14255: 14088: 13919: 13874: 13839: 13679: 13674: 12989: 12844: 12804: 12598: 12497: 12467: 12407: 12395: 12354: 12314: 12279: 12236: 12168: 12107: 12068: 12041: 12017: 11983: 11917: 11883: 11780: 11724: 11703: 11586: 11576: 11537:

Extensive bibliography in: Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa."

11521: 11494: 11425: 11408: 11391: 11263: 11111: 11071: 11028: 10984: 10962: 10919: 10883: 10824: 10780: 10776: 10752: 10731: 10721: 10695: 10616: 10550: 10490: 10437: 10418: 10312: 10236: 10124: 10051: 10010: 9986: 9851: 9817: 9740: 9713: 9653: 9626: 9598: 9537: 9453: 9420: 9412: 9333: 9321: 9179: 9171: 9128: 9093: 8494: 8482: 8463: 8025: 7630: 7553: 7521: 7513: 7212: 7081: 6923: 6905: 6897: 6853:), reflecting an ongoing transition to domed Islamic buildings in Anatolia and later 6809: 6623: 6541: 6485: 6229: 5922: 5758: 5501:, usually affiliated with a mosque, and funded by an early charitable trust known as 5313: 5099: 4711: 4692: 4238: 4199: 4147: 4137: 4127: 4102: 4087: 4050: 3681: 3065: 2809: 2472: 2264: 2125: 1997: 1950: 1891: 1626: 1272: 677: 663: 631: 578: 491: 451: 313: 13636: 7112:(completed in 1341), all of which are lavishly decorated with sculpted wood, carved 6180:

As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of

5356: 3936: 19163: 18926: 18845: 18016: 18001: 17991: 17937: 17672: 17480: 17358: 17202: 17192: 17115: 16922: 16466: 16326: 16278: 16197: 16015: 15516: 15467: 15452: 15202: 14907: 14629: 14567: 14557: 14547: 14532: 14280: 14183: 14155: 14043: 13802: 13282: 12706: 12387: 12306: 11612: 11403: 11209: 11107: 11016: 10950: 10875: 10642: 10540: 10532: 10480: 10472: 10359: 10300: 10224: 10112: 9525: 9432: 9404: 9313: 9209: 9205: 9120: 8989: 8440: 8326: 7942: 7537: 7097: 6994: 6580: 6545: 6330: 6263: 6199: 6145:) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a 6082: 5943: 5842:

scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

5769: 5742: 5498: 5309: 5208: 5103: 5033: 4682: 4667: 4652: 4600: 4505: 4405: 4308: 4271: 4214: 4194: 4189: 4162: 4082: 3941: 3704: 3612: 3502: 3497: 3281: 3186: 3124: 3089: 3081: 2931: 2921: 2824: 2657: 2287: 2268: 2208: 2192: 2158: 2059: 2043: 1638: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1525: 1392: 1366: 1360: 1322: 476: 471: 422: 407: 392: 301: 180: 13807: 13790: 13287: 13270: 12640:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

9736:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

7477: 7313: 5455:

was the Nāṣiriyya, named after Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd and built by Balban. These two

4722: 2486:, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the 19255: 19139: 18936: 18931: 18870: 18860: 18840: 18552: 18026: 17647: 17465: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17177: 16937: 16661: 16566: 16496: 16252: 16202: 16020: 15907: 15595: 15393: 15090: 15035: 14835: 14521: 14481: 14370: 14326: 14100: 13951: 13913: 13897: 13889: 13619: 13238: 13190:"Court ruling effectively outlaws Islamic schools in India's most populous state" 13056: 12864: 12532: 12491: 12487: 12062: 10820: 10811: 10568: 9918: 9898: 9301: 9158: 9017: 9001: 8981: 8965: 8945: 8620: 8525: 8505: 8454: 8407: 8383: 8349:(مدرسه) means any educational institution, of any description, (as does the term 8342: 7906: 7899: 7887: 7634: 7599: 7517: 7358: 7192: 6958: 6874: 6719: 6711: 6594: 6501: 6203: 5981: 5890: 5875: 5857: 5818: 5801: 5542: 5447: 5380: 5273: 5254: 5132:

school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a

5066:

was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian

5057: 4959: 4832: 4687: 4615: 4580: 4480: 4370: 4276: 4117: 3921: 3647: 3512: 3378: 3368: 3331: 3097: 2764: 2707: 2697: 2434: 2200: 2066:

across the rest of the Muslim world, adapted for use by all four different Sunni

1966: 1954: 1934: 1739: 1711: 1634: 1430: 1386: 1232: 1077: 658: 611: 427: 387: 376: 358: 261: 206: 119: 10813:

A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages

9317: 8322: 8168:, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content. 4727: 3642: 3607: 1886:. The first part of madrasa-based education is estimated from the first day of " 1874:, etc. There was also training in horse-riding, the art of war, handwriting and 18961: 18830: 18730: 18643: 18478: 18322: 18174: 18169: 18144: 18063: 17621: 17616: 17505: 17407: 17295: 17264: 16942: 16932: 16426: 16093: 15917: 15912: 15885: 15754: 15505: 15222: 15075: 14917: 14619: 13527:"BARMM to grant special eligibility for Madaris teachers in new education code" 10536: 10476: 9388: 8835:

Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".

8265: 8161: 7970: 7946: 7873: 7525: 7154: 7101: 7085: 7026: 7022: 6909: 6695: 6691: 6627: 6537: 6533: 6416: 5918: 5834: 5750: 5297: 5249: 5182: 4872: 4657: 4632: 4303: 4184: 4176: 3976: 3906: 3622: 3597: 3450: 3400: 3348: 3286: 3231: 3134: 2998: 2956: 2819: 2804: 2712: 2687: 2632: 2622: 2528: 2464: 2460: 2279: 2248: 2196: 2009: 1906: 1835: 1687: 1533: 740: 709: 571: 558: 516: 461: 75: 18631: 18577: 12310: 10749:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

9959:

Landau, J.M.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Kuttāb".

9176:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

7057: 3602: 2304:-based religious foundation which included other elements like a mosque and a 19209: 19102: 18901: 18875: 18825: 18366: 18214: 18129: 17917: 17892: 17300: 17285: 16336: 16237: 15829: 15734: 15620: 15408: 15235: 15085: 14624: 14587: 14562: 14399: 13907:

Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan

12993: 12399: 11720: 11590: 11020: 10735: 10304: 10116: 9416: 9325: 9197: 8653: 8412: 8379: 8302: 7978: 7845: 7822: 7810: 7734: 7403: 6890: 6529: 6493: 6472: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6341: 5710: 5698: 5464: 5364: 5301: 4914: 4752: 4697: 4475: 4001: 3983: 3492: 3154: 3073: 3028: 2961: 2887: 2418: 2306: 2234: 2081: 2013: 1958: 1899: 1789: 1517: 1509: 1247: 1112: 1102: 1092: 636: 541: 501: 11005:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 10834: 10289:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 10101:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 1601:

with the same general meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as:

19151: 18805: 18139: 17996: 17831: 17586: 16848: 16551: 16456: 16446: 16346: 16311: 16291: 16232: 16160: 16045: 15948: 15895: 15495: 15420: 15070: 14922: 14800: 14516: 14365: 14350: 14064: 12164:

Peran kaum mudo dalam pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau 1803-1942

12162: 12064:

Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan

10590: 10494: 9939: 9424: 9201: 8865: 8570: 8468: 8387: 8268: 8176: 7769: 7638: 7611: 7486: 7321: 7196: 7007: 6829: 6805: 6489: 6221: 6066: 5849: 5830: 5459:

bear importance as a starting point for higher education for Muslim India.

4944: 4867: 4757: 4662: 4545: 4338: 3726: 3699: 3617: 3547: 3527: 3316: 3276: 3265: 3050: 3013: 2779: 2520: 2238:

descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves (

1926: 1883: 1828: 1773: 1562: 1493: 1207: 1167: 1147: 931: 911: 697: 643: 380: 112: 101: 52: 16952: 12956: 10554: 10265:

Pederson, J; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R (March 30, 2009). "Madrasa".

6672: 6397:

which taught astronomy along with religious studies. According to Saliba:

5889:

Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī

5185:, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills). 3996: 3988: 3867: 1902:

initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres.

18921: 18865: 18664: 17902: 17433: 17167: 17147: 16529: 16441: 16370: 16306: 16262: 16080: 16035: 15988: 15922: 15766: 15729: 15575: 15558: 15047: 14537: 14445: 14345: 14232: 12541:(in French). Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 10747:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

10228: 9445: 9190: 8488: 8301:, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are 7883: 7856: 7814: 7798: 7712:

As of early 2021, Afghanistan had some 5000 madrasas registered with the

7561: 7127: 6893: 6801: 6703: 6403: 5762: 5305: 5027: 4954: 4909: 4807: 4647: 4011: 3632: 3587: 3522: 3430: 3353: 3206: 3201: 3008: 2926: 2897: 2892: 2747: 2467:, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by 2154: 2055: 1962: 1875: 1521: 1217: 1072: 439: 397: 321: 13988: 13816: 13296: 9235:

The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171

8365:

examined bias in United States newspaper coverage of Pakistan since the

7288:, which included 16 madrasa buildings arranged symmetrically around the 5860:. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the 5351:

between 1155 and 1260. Institutions of learning were established in the

45:"Madraseh", "Medrese", and "Madraza" redirect here. For other uses, see 19187: 19087: 18850: 18710: 18572: 18468: 18164: 18006: 17631: 17591: 17402: 17137: 17050: 16986: 16670: 16594: 16501: 16476: 16436: 16030: 15801: 15786: 15781: 15749: 15724: 15350: 14432: 14389: 14360: 12718: 10954: 9529: 9408: 8232: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8191: 7879: 7765: 7721: 7679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7030: 6572: 6477: 6430: 6390: 6358: 6325: 6039: 6035: 5947: 5746: 5736: 5545:

system had its origins in the ninth century after the formation of the

5352: 5336: 4919: 4847: 4827: 4822: 4420: 4286: 4107: 3916: 3694: 3627: 3574: 3440: 3343: 3226: 2993: 2849: 2784: 2672: 2617: 2399: 2362: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2226: 2137: 2113: 2099: 2075: 2021: 1474: 1262: 1227: 444: 18946: 18740: 18194: 17738: 17652: 17490: 13871:"Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas" 13256:, vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346., doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198. 12592: 11624: 11221: 10654: 10571:. "The History of Libraries in the Arab World: A Diffusionist Model". 10415:

The University Outside Europe: Essays on the Development of University

10371: 9393:

NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin

9112:

while other scholars have argued that this distinction belongs to the

7275: 6686: 6669:

have always tended to vary, with some more or less strict than others.

6266:

are also modelled on Islamic custom." The Islamic scholarly system of

5950:

delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of

5541:("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic 5376: 2769: 2296: 19097: 19092: 19067: 18971: 18705: 18700: 18295: 17841: 17423: 17381: 17363: 17132: 17055: 17000: 16947: 16257: 16088: 15979: 15776: 15761: 15744: 15739: 15719: 15615: 15610: 15055: 14486: 14428: 14375: 14243: 13836:

Teaching and Learning the Sciences in Islamicate Societies (800-1700)

13702: 11845:, p. 23, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon 11832:, p. 22, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon 10461:"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres" 10382: 10380: 8369:, and found the term has come to contain a loaded political meaning: 8071: 8003: 7615: 7512:, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the 7224: 7188: 7163: 7143: 7066: 6938:

After the faltering of the Ayyubid dynasty and the transition to the

6813: 6453: 6382: 6378: 6189: 6123:. These are just a few select/historical examples of the issuance of 5060:

of the region. Like madrasas (which referred to higher education), a

4929: 4899: 4762: 4590: 4555: 4530: 4333: 4291: 4281: 3931: 3455: 3216: 3164: 3129: 2839: 2642: 2607: 2414: 2391: 2172: 2142: 1895: 1871: 1867: 1801: 1537: 1182: 1097: 1087: 1062: 1017: 951: 946: 896: 861: 343: 61: 13050:

Testimony of Samina Ahmed to U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee

12710: 12493:

The Muslim Architecture of Egypt: Ayyūbids and early Baḥrite Mamlūks

11725:"Flying Goats And Other Obsessions: A Response to Toby Huff's Reply" 10216: 8207: 7654: 7369:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7215:(also in Isfahan, 17th-18th centuries), or the 15th-century Timurid 6797: 6463: 2682: 2337: 2078:

at the time, by using these institutions to spread Sunni teachings.

19134: 19107: 19062: 19057: 18542: 18424: 18419: 17959: 17942: 17392: 17353: 17290: 17233: 17207: 17172: 17070: 16891: 16609: 16242: 15824: 15771: 15672: 15398: 14894: 14752: 14704: 14498: 14404: 14355: 14083: 13909:. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996. 12961: 12391: 11616: 11544: 11213: 10646: 10363: 9194: 8472: 8448: 8272: 8145: 7991: 7891: 7529: 7398: 7325: 7297: 7257: 7220: 7089: 6986: 6901: 6794: 6699: 6497: 6350: 6114: 5906: 5766: 5647:

who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title

5628: 5344: 5293: 5237: 5071: 4964: 4877: 4857: 4842: 4637: 4610: 3966: 3926: 3872: 3460: 3241: 3196: 3149: 3139: 3023: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2692: 2252: 2181: 2150: 2090:

consider the period between the 11th and 14th centuries to be the "

1887: 1846:

was the teacher and the students were some of his followers. After

1843: 1750:

also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term

1746: 1598: 1482: 1277: 1202: 1187: 1082: 801: 796: 791: 786: 653: 621: 335: 269: 57: 19021: 18815: 17555: 16901: 11004: 10851: 10377: 10288: 10100: 8077:

In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by

6920:. Many more examples from this period, however, have not survived. 6766: 6622:

While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal

6500:, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by 6460:(the women scholars of hadith), and found at least 8,000 of them. 6361:; the Madrasah established by Kamal al-Din Ibn Man`a (d. 1242) in 5871: 5610: 5384: 4797: 4792: 4737: 4006: 19182: 19077: 19052: 18986: 18966: 18941: 18820: 18810: 18777: 18752: 18679: 18638: 18616: 18557: 18537: 18491: 18486: 18429: 18327: 18134: 17969: 17907: 17702: 17525: 17510: 17485: 17338: 17182: 17080: 17010: 16957: 16599: 16301: 16212: 16060: 16007: 15943: 15837: 15590: 15413: 15009: 14697: 14455: 14450: 14437: 14421: 14414: 14409: 14141: 13583:"Application for membership Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York" 13499: 13380: 12653: 12554: 11937: 11482:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

11159: 9707: 9072:İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In 8476: 8111: 7933: 7837: 7584: 7541: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7208: 7183: 7178: 7131: 7077: 7015: 6998: 6990: 6970: 6878: 6553: 6321: 6287: 5971: 5951: 5853: 5727:, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit." 5719: 5547: 5368: 5360: 5114:

among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and

4969: 4939: 4894: 4862: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4747: 4742: 4672: 4627: 4585: 4465: 4067: 3894: 3769: 3764: 3445: 3405: 3373: 3191: 3159: 2260: 2230: 2071: 2067: 2005: 1993: 1930: 1863: 1824: 1752: 1742: 1257: 1162: 1142: 1057: 991: 981: 936: 901: 816: 806: 781: 163: 35: 31: 13104:. Working Paper. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, p. 18 10518: 9890:

Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015).

8834: 6819: 6618:; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith. 3808: 2417:(the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a 2405:

A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a

19158: 19112: 19082: 19072: 19047: 19042: 19016: 18981: 18951: 18911: 18906: 18896: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18747: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18695: 18674: 18621: 18532: 18451: 18285: 18204: 18041: 18031: 17932: 17922: 17872: 17662: 17611: 17601: 17596: 17581: 17549: 17520: 17495: 17470: 17397: 17343: 17269: 17217: 17197: 17085: 17075: 17060: 17045: 16547: 16110: 15697: 15600: 15568: 14927: 14901: 14860: 14821: 14738: 14651: 14572: 14474: 14384: 14315: 14310: 14077: 14001: 13976: 12557:

Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia

9710:

Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia

9578:

Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture

8560: 8434: 8172: 8115: 7829: 7750: 7130:. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in 7118: 7113: 6943: 6917: 6730:

s (religious and charitable complexes) that included madrasas.

6589: 6521: 6254: 6241: 6225: 6185: 6125: 6109: 6095: 6071: 6061: 6050: 6044: 6030: 6023: 6016: 5998: 5993: 5974: 5910: 5702: 5682: 5533: 5514: 5494: 5413: 5372: 5348: 5232: 5153: 5115: 5038: 5022: 4949: 4934: 4924: 4777: 4732: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4540: 4490: 3961: 3956: 3946: 3911: 3877: 3825: 3818: 3803: 3798: 3734: 3688: 3662: 3652: 3552: 3537: 3532: 3517: 3507: 3482: 3470: 3465: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3311: 3296: 3236: 3221: 3169: 3144: 3033: 3018: 3003: 2844: 2814: 2794: 2789: 2774: 2752: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2395: 2240: 2166: 1851: 1847: 1792:

and subsequently spread to other regions of the Islamic world.

1786: 1777: 1720: 1705: 1667: 1606: 1513: 1497: 1443: 1425: 1237: 1197: 1177: 1157: 1137: 1122: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 996: 986: 976: 971: 966: 921: 886: 876: 826: 771: 506: 496: 285: 253: 245: 230: 224: 108: 19194: 17813: 12232:

Women shaping Islam : Indonesian women reading the Qurʼan

9958: 9697:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 9646:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).

9156:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

8741:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".

7737:

or non-government madrasas. Amongst them the most notable are

6034:

can be seen in numerous manuscripts, or more specifically, in

5098:

schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in

3667: 3487: 3383: 2478:

People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming

2149:, the territories under the Caliphate experienced a growth in 1834:

The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of

19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18891: 18669: 18562: 18547: 18356: 18222: 18154: 18124: 18119: 18021: 17986: 17912: 17887: 17677: 17657: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17248: 17238: 17187: 17142: 17127: 17121: 17095: 17090: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17005: 16886: 16103: 15953: 15844: 15819: 15714: 15625: 15580: 15563: 15176: 15001: 14955: 14943: 14745: 14731: 14690: 14467: 14305: 14162: 14148: 14069: 14032: 12803:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 12038:

The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire

11550:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

11325: 11323: 11296:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

10671:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

10386:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

9846:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

9812:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Hafsid".

8499: 8416: 8358:

began with Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools.

8306: 7717: 7642: 7596: 7452:

B) Oral sciences—such as Arabic language, grammar and syntax.

7232: 6953: 6932: 6866: 6850: 6837: 6662: 6645: 6598: 6568: 6549: 6509: 6362: 6268: 5883: 5693: 5687: 5644: 5601: 5591: 5460: 5253:

An illustration of an "Arab university in Cairo" from 1869's

5242: 5107: 5082:

in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the

4974: 4904: 4837: 4787: 4782: 4767: 4550: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4485: 4353: 4343: 4266: 4016: 3951: 3793: 3774: 3637: 3592: 3582: 3557: 3542: 3415: 3306: 3251: 3246: 3211: 3181: 2834: 2829: 2702: 2667: 2627: 2602: 2597: 2426: 2218: 1914: 1478: 1410: 1372: 1252: 1242: 1222: 1212: 1152: 1127: 1107: 1067: 1047: 956: 941: 916: 906: 891: 881: 871: 866: 846: 831: 821: 744: 648: 526: 217: 175: 168: 91: 83: 13678:. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from 8854:. United States: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 46, 76, 77. 7805: 7191:

dynasty and the many dynasties that followed them (e.g. the

6508:

because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent

5997:

were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of

18463: 18446: 18305: 18184: 18179: 18159: 18149: 18114: 18058: 18011: 17927: 17667: 17626: 17412: 17386: 17243: 17162: 16978: 16331: 16114: 15984: 15641: 14842: 14814: 14764: 14711: 14656: 14169: 13223: 13221: 10030:

The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

8165: 7269: 6790: 6557: 6394: 6346: 6312: 6278: 6181: 6147: 5914: 5518: 4852: 4772: 4525: 4358: 4348: 3862: 3813: 3410: 3301: 2717: 2662: 2637: 2479: 2294:) was a common institution as well, often part of a larger 2213: 1782: 1602: 1501: 1416: 1346: 1328: 1192: 1172: 1117: 961: 856: 776: 761: 277: 185: 13918:. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006. 13377:"Contrasting views of madrasahs in multi-ethnic Singapore" 12725: 12627:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 11320: 10217:"Medieval Higher Education: Islamic and Western Academics" 9450:

The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

7813:, India. This mosque dates back to the 1700s and is where 18251: 16471: 15958: 15858: 12889:

A History of Tension between Iran's Clerics and the State

12684:

Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

12595:

Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre

11683:, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1992), pp. 272-273 (272): 11562: 11560: 11130: 10264: 9901:. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2). 9645: 9452:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 215–31, 5555:(schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the 1976: 1401: 1340: 836: 13218: 12132:"Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah" 12106:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 1–38. 10345: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 9845: 8590:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

7909:' of Kerala are the equivalent of north Indian madrasas. 6065:

to teach his mathematical treatise on the dust letters.

11729:

Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies

11700:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

11454:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

11371: 11359: 11347: 10864:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1957–1958 10847:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1155–1156 10768: 10692:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

10613:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

8765:

Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah".

7716:(unregistered ones being uncounted) with around 250 in 6421:

Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world

5808:) simply means 'university'. For more information, see 27:

School or college, often providing an Islamic education

12434:

Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis

11652: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11557: 11335: 11262:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196, 11181: 9814:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

9623:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

8743:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

7994:, where a significant Muslim population can be found. 7785:

social sciences are graduates of these Alia madrasas.

7219:

and two other monumental 17th-century madrasas at the

5837:, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel argue that the European 5825:

have argued that, starting in the tenth century, some

1957:

in 969–970 in Cairo, initially as a center to promote

1850:(migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in 19123: 13495:"Catholic Philippines teaches Islam in state schools" 12200:"Rahmah el Yunusiyyah Pejuang Pendidikan Kaum Wanita" 10332: 9360:"Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic" 8852:

Curriculum Studies in Turkey:A Historical Perspective

7878:

Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional

7780:

The madrasas regulated by the government through the

7455:

C) Intellectual sciences—logic in Islamic philosophy.

7025:, came to prominence in Egypt. They also appeared in 6993:, is still essentially Ayyubid in style. The city of 5288:. Some madrasas further extended their curriculum to 1670:, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word 1485:), though this may not be the only subject studied. 1413: 1375: 1343: 15546: 11665: 11663: 8430: 6744: 1407: 1404: 1369: 1337: 1334: 13670:"Jumping on the US Bandwagon for a "War on Terror"" 12957:"Govt Plans to Bring Madrassas Under State Control" 11643: 9921:. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62. 9295: 9293: 7449:

A) Calligraphic sciences—such as styles of writing.

7014:), which was rebuilt in its current form by Sultan 5241:Courtyard of the Al-Azhar Mosque and University in 2497: 2327: 1589:, meaning "a place where something is done". Thus, 1398: 1395: 1331: 1325: 13729:"Madrassas breeding grounds of terrorists: Powell" 12097: 12095: 12040:. Reaktion Books. pp. 268–368 and elsewhere. 9848:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 9174:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 8285:secular and religious education. Among Muslims of 8144:nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in 7977:) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม ( 6973:, most madrasas and mosques in Egypt followed the 6737:opened a school located in Padang Panjang called 6579:in the 12th century, there were opportunities for 6406:, which is another point that he seems to neglect. 13954: (archived October 27, 2009). Reprinted from 13686: 12891:, Mehdi Khalaji 26 July 2010 Washington Institute 12783:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 12681: 11660: 10772:The heritage of European universities, Volume 548 10519:Nigel J. Shanks, Dawshe Al-Kalai (January 1984). 9933:"Islamic religious schools, Madrasas: Background" 8297:The first Madressa established in North America, 7836:constitutes one of the biggest madrasas) and the 7809:This is a madarasa of the Jamia Masjid mosque in 7583:has been the official religion of Iran since the 2165:but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the 19207: 13761:"Rivals CNN and Fox News Spar Over Obama Report" 13721: 13041: 12998:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh 12451:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 12436:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 12192: 10918:by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - 10071:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition — Brill" 9811: 9712:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF. 9620: 9580:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 9290: 9262: 8516:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation 7187:s (legal schools of thought). Later, the Mongol 7169:Very few if any formal madrasas from before the 6738: 5485:" can now refer to any type of school, the term 1806:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation 13838:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 77–111. 12092: 10046:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999), 10005:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999), 9977:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999), 9695:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 9553:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 9284:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 9282:The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo 9074:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 8764: 7528:dynasties which succeeded them. In Tunisia (or 7402:Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through 7149: 1759: 13663: 13661: 13115:"Indian state de-recognises madrasa education" 12520:Damascus, and (b) the Tankizīya, at Jerusalem. 12431: 12376:"Inside a Residential Girls' Madrasa in India" 11307:, or license to teach; in medieval Islam, the 11260:Ernest Gellner and contemporary social thought 10718:Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society 9387: 9265:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction 7463: 6840:, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art 5523:Madrasas were largely centred on the study of 17857: 16686: 15657: 15532: 14017: 13533:. Bangsamoro Information Office. 2021-05-19. 13231:Volume VI. Leiden E. J. Brill 1988 p. 458-66 12832: 12828:. Princeton University Press. pp. 29–30. 12154: 12125: 12123: 11719: 9472: 8485:—most common madrasa curriculum in South Asia 8070:Students of Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah in 6820:Evolution and spread across different regions 4997: 1297: 717: 13637:"What role for madrassas that teach Hindus?" 13211: 13209: 13173:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13143:Rashid, Alok Deshpande, Omar (3 July 2015). 13072:"An education: Inside Bangladesh's madrasas" 12931:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia" 12904:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia" 12686:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 12531: 12278:. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 175. 12228: 12060: 11773:Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800 11770: 11442:2nd ed. (Cambridge University, 2003) p. 149. 10934: 10045: 10004: 9976: 9509: 8767:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 7173:have survived in Iran. One exception is the 5749:teaching hospitals, there were also several 1724: 1650: 1578: 1446: 13864:Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan 13758: 13752: 13658: 12921: 12894: 12857: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12622: 12263: 11963: 11961: 11253: 11251: 10567: 9357: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 8896:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society 8866:"madrasah - Origin and meaning of madrasah" 7424:Madrasas built by earlier sultans in Bursa. 5198:refers to the secondary education stage of 1943:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named 17864: 17850: 16693: 16679: 16123: 15664: 15650: 15539: 15525: 14024: 14010: 12766:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe 12682:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). 12446: 12298: 12255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12167:. Padang: BPSNT Padang Press. p. 63. 12120: 11611:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 11596: 11466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11208:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 11101: 10996: 10868: 10684: 10358:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 10161:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world 9299: 9252:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. 9106: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 8740: 8583: 8363:Yale Center for the Study of Globalization 8140:In 2004, madrasas were mainstreamed in 16 7886:. The latter section consists of majority 6961:(built in 1284–1285) and the neighbouring 5004: 4990: 4416:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy 2153:, having the highest literacy rate of the 2004:In the late 11th century, during the late 1304: 1290: 724: 710: 13806: 13342: 13309: 13286: 13206: 12768:. United Kingdom: U of Cambridge P, 2002. 12570: 12568: 12566: 12101: 12035: 11935: 11407: 10841:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 10544: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10484: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10282: 10280: 9972: 9970: 9930: 9302:"Islamic Education: History and Tendency" 8248:Learn how and when to remove this message 7828:The majority of these schools follow the 7739:Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam 7695:Learn how and when to remove this message 7385:Learn how and when to remove this message 7052: 6989:, which contains the mausoleum of Sultan 6849:, founded in 1279, and other madrasas in 6081:. In addition, a copy of a commentary on 5785: 5691:, soliciting from him a response, called 5343:, as well as 75 madrasas in Cairo, 51 in 2378:Learn how and when to remove this message 1823:(marked by the green roofs and the white 16700: 16407: 13941:Lahore University of Management Sciences 13899:Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror? 13833: 13692: 13264: 13262: 12882: 12785:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 12776: 12774: 12753: 12731: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12525: 12486: 12432:El Kadi, Galila; Bonnamy, Alain (2007). 12005:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11971:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11958: 11905:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11871:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11605:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11396:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11377: 11365: 11353: 11341: 11329: 11257: 11248: 11202:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11187: 10882:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 10874: 10635:Journal of the American Oriental Society 10626: 10589: 10525:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 10465:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 10352:Journal of the American Oriental Society 9789: 9787: 9692: 9351: 9232: 9127:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 9119: 8336: 8333:in Pakistan, also serves as a madrassa. 8259: 8065: 7927: 7804: 7792: 7755: 7629: 7476: 7312: 7247: 7153: 7056: 6922: 6828: 6784: 6671: 6462: 5870: 5623: 5335:(the most famous), the eleventh century 5248: 5236: 5165:wrote that children should be sent to a 5147: 5026: 2171: 1983: 1814: 51: 13902:. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. 13667: 13248: 13246: 13019: 12987: 12838: 12801:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 12794: 12792: 12699:The Journal of Architectural Historians 12696: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12550: 12548: 12461: 12001: 11967: 11901: 11867: 11602: 11569:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 11566: 11456:(2nd ed.). Cambridge. p. 179. 11199: 10977:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 10974: 10906:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441. 10904:Engineering Education in the Arab World 10896: 10349: 9807: 9805: 9793: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9652:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 9616: 9614: 9145:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441. 9143:Engineering Education in the Arab World 9027: 8491:—another similar type of Islamic school 7532:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the 7427:Madrasas endowed by great men of state. 7092:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the 6587:, writing that women could study, earn 6206:prior to their formal establishment as 5016: 1996:, established in 1227, one of the only 1698:. In medieval usage, however, the term 14: 19208: 17871: 15684: 13492: 13142: 13082:from the original on 21 September 2021 12969:from the original on 21 September 2021 12954: 12928: 12901: 12826:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 12798: 12780: 12742: 12740: 12563: 12373: 11002: 10857: 10840: 10769:Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (2006-01-01). 10632: 10505: 10458: 10447: 10417:, Ayer Publishing, pp. 281–298 , 10286: 10277: 10260: 10258: 10215:Garcia, Michelle (February 25, 2013). 10214: 10210: 10208: 10173: 10171: 10098: 10009:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 34–5, 9967: 9961:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9954: 9952: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9649:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 9588: 9586: 9551:Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages 9085: 9008:) translates as 'Islamic school', and 8893: 8837:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8083:Islamic Religious Council of Singapore 7855:In July 2015, the state government of 7714:Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs 5403:discourse in the Islamic world, these 5260:During its formative period, the term 5188: 4391:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 2112:curriculum and the subsequent rise of 17845: 16674: 16396: 15683: 15645: 15520: 15262: 15030: 14646: 14005: 13634: 13259: 13187: 12843:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale. 12823: 12771: 12637: 12611: 12344: 12269: 12142:from the original on 16 February 2021 12061:Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017-03-02). 11946:from the original on 29 November 2016 11755: 11389: 11154: 11152: 11063: 10711: 10595:Traditional Islam in the modern world 10521:"Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages" 10243:from the original on January 15, 2023 9910:Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015). 9875: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9732: 9592: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9444: 9276: 9274: 9247: 8849: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8610: 8608: 7641:, built in the early-14th century in 7444:The following is taken from İnalcık. 7303: 6702:) and designed by imperial architect 2042:, who would later be murdered by the 1925:), established in 859 in the city of 1429: 15031: 14647: 13788: 13310:Rajbanshi, Arjun (27 October 2019). 13268: 13243: 13069: 12789: 12581: 12545: 12440: 12425: 12338: 12160: 11681:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11451: 11300:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260): 11070:. Infobase Publishing. p. 447. 10823:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 10751:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 10675:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): 10412: 10022: 9802: 9798:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 9764: 9611: 9178:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8230:adding citations to reliable sources 8201: 8197: 8185:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 8093:curriculum subjects and sit for the 7677:adding citations to reliable sources 7648: 7330: 6963:complex of his son al-Nasir Muhammad 5143: 2413:course teaching memorization of the 2360:adding citations to reliable sources 2331: 12929:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) . 12902:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) . 12817: 12750:. New York: U of Cambridge P, 2006. 12737: 12455: 12129: 11858:. (Hollis and Carter, 1964), p. 196 10916:Civilization: The West and the Rest 10573:Libraries & the Cultural Record 10255: 10205: 10168: 10050:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 37, 9949: 9830: 9796:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 9726: 9701: 9677: 9583: 9364:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9021: 9005: 8985: 8969: 8949: 8411:, authored by university professor 7782:Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board 7308: 6614:How splendid were the women of the 6468:Al-Jamiatul Arabia Haildhar Madrasa 6410: 5805: 5226: 4396:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 4051:National literatures of Arab States 2087:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1725: 1723:word for a university, however, is 1651: 1579: 1447: 24: 19231:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia 18072: 17729:Influences on Western architecture 13856: 13559:. Fox News Channel. July 5, 2012. 13383:. 19 February 2009. Archived from 13343:Asadullah, M Niaz (6 March 2020). 12988:Siddiqi, ABM Saiful Islam (2012). 12347:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia 11810:from the original on 16 March 2017 11554:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264) 11149: 11137:from the original on 25 April 2012 10459:Miller, Andrew C (December 2006). 10390:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260) 9931:Blanchard, Christopher M. (2008). 9864: 9559: 9271: 9165: 8972:) translates as 'private school', 8605: 6860: 6824: 6087:Problems of Medicine for Students, 5773:western societies in later years. 4401:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 1776:, which is to say a college where 25: 19267: 16229:Attributes of God in Christianity 13969: 13873:, Oxford University Press, 2009. 13613:Translation of "مدرسه" in English 13563:from the original on May 20, 2013 12496:. Hacker Art Books. p. 131. 11760:. Oxford: Interface Publications. 11687:communication were so important). 9162:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 9092:. Northwestern University Press. 9076:. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178. 8910:"Alternate Spellings of Madrassa" 8773: 8749: 8697: 7960: 7797:Quvvathul Islam Senior Madrassa, 7243: 7231:thanks to intense patronage from 7021:Cruciform madrasas, which have a 6450:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 6252:('reading aloud the Qur'an') and 6151:institution like the madrasa and 5730: 2251:introduced the first madrasas to 2225:(or Madrasa al-Kubra) founded by 1949:. This was later followed by the 1649:In the Arabic language, the word 1644: 19193: 19181: 19169: 19157: 19145: 19133: 17825: 17812: 16900: 16656: 15548:Islamic educational institutions 15501: 15500: 15489: 15010:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 14200:Timeline of the history of Islam 14031: 13987: 13975: 13782: 13628: 13606: 13575: 13549: 13519: 13486: 13457: 13428: 13399: 13369: 13336: 13303: 13181: 13155:from the original on 3 July 2015 13136: 13107: 13094: 13063: 12981: 12955:Rahimi, Zahra (8 January 2021). 12948: 12690: 12675: 12646: 12631: 12480: 12367: 12292: 12276:The Religious traditions of Asia 12274:. In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). 12229:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (2006). 12222: 12210:from the original on 16 May 2022 12054: 12029: 11995: 11929: 11895: 11861: 11848: 11835: 11822: 11792: 11771:Guity Nashat, Lois Beck (2003), 11764: 11749: 11713: 11692: 11673: 11630: 11531: 11514: 11504: 11487: 11418:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611 11409:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611 9263:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). 8660:from the original on 6 June 2019 8447: 8433: 8316: 8206: 8123:instead of enrolling full-time. 7720:, including the Darul-Ulom Imam 7653: 7335: 7160:Ulugh Beg Madrasa (15th century) 6904:in 1229) and the more important 6452:, has written 40 volumes on the 6301:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 6297:University of Naples Federico II 6093:Later on in this commentary, an 2527: 2498:Education in historical madrasas 2336: 2328:Islamic education in the madrasa 1961:teachings, which later became a 1810: 1682:more closely resembles the term 1561:derives from the triconsonantal 1391: 1365: 1321: 691: 90: 17698:Aga Khan Award for Architecture 16287:Great Architect of the Universe 15361:List of ex-Muslim organisations 13931:Revisiting the Madrasa Question 13771:from the original on 2015-06-05 13741:from the original on 2017-05-04 13710:from the original on 2008-02-05 13695:"Rumsfeld's war-on-terror memo" 13693:Rumsfeld, Donald (2003-10-16). 13647:from the original on 2011-09-23 13537:from the original on 2021-05-19 13507:from the original on 2 May 2021 13493:Mogato, Manny (21 March 2007). 13357:from the original on 1 May 2021 13324:from the original on 2 May 2021 13125:from the original on 2022-06-10 13102:The State and Madrasas in India 13008:from the original on 2016-03-06 12664:from the original on 2020-07-24 12510:from the original on 2023-01-15 12414:from the original on 2021-11-22 12327:from the original on 2022-03-23 12181:from the original on 2022-07-01 12081:from the original on 2022-04-08 11739:from the original on 2009-12-31 11474: 11445: 11432: 11383: 11290: 11275: 11233: 11193: 11170:from the original on 2020-08-08 11123: 11095: 11084:from the original on 2022-04-08 11057: 11038:from the original on 2017-09-23 10968: 10928: 10909: 10858:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia", 10804: 10793:from the original on 2023-01-15 10762: 10741: 10705: 10665: 10605: 10583: 10561: 10430: 10406: 10393: 10322:from the original on 2017-09-23 10195:from the original on 2008-10-07 10152: 10134:from the original on 2017-09-23 10092: 10081:from the original on 2021-08-09 10063: 10039: 9998: 9924: 9904: 9884: 9753:from the original on 2023-01-15 9666:from the original on 2023-01-15 9639: 9595:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide 9576:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. 9543: 9503: 9466: 9438: 9381: 9370:from the original on 2019-04-17 9340:from the original on 2023-01-15 9300:Hilgendorf, Eric (April 2003). 9256: 9241: 9226: 9150: 9079: 8931: 8920:from the original on 2017-10-14 8902: 8887: 8876:from the original on 2020-08-13 8858: 8279: 8217:needs additional citations for 7747:Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah 7664:needs additional citations for 7605: 7252:The Salis Medrese, part of the 6773: 5152:Muslim children at a maktab in 2347:needs additional citations for 1471:type of educational institution 12305:. Amsterdam University Press. 11756:Nadwi, Mohammad Akram (2013). 10880:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 10702:, p. 133-139, 149-159, 179-189 10075:referenceworks.brillonline.com 9237:. Clarendon Press. p. 36. 9125:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 8843: 8672: 8636: 8621:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 8577: 8544: 8126: 7768:lies in front of the historic 7707: 7108:(built in 1323–1325), and the 6967:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan 6929:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan 6881:(Saladin) in 1180 next to the 6425:List of female Muslim scholars 5609:'scholar competent in issuing 5124:described the curriculum of a 2184:, originally built in 1167 by 1977:The development of the formal 1890:" to the first portion of the 1431:[mædˈræ.sæ,ˈmad.ra.sa] 13: 1: 16066:Trinity of the Church Fathers 13992:The dictionary definition of 13808:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135 13668:Moeller, Susan (2007-06-21). 13288:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135 13070:Anam, Tahmima (20 May 2011). 13002:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 12748:Early Modern Europe 1450–1789 12466:. Fayard. pp. 139, 240. 10048:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4 10007:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4 9979:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4 9486:, p. 117, archived from 9358:Tony Street (July 23, 2008). 9267:. E.J. Brill. pp. 58–62. 9024:) translates as 'university'. 8593:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 8532: 8356:the evolution of universities 8321:On May 26, 2012, Congressman 7932:Madrasa e Faizan e Madina in 7727: 7625: 7595:"), has been a Twelver Shi'i 6091:Synopses of the Alexandrians. 5745:was most often taught at the 5531:(Islamic jurisprudence). The 5508: 2000:-era madrasas remaining today 1827:) on the skyline of historic 1674:in British English, the word 1569:'to learn, study', using the 1543: 1469:, is the Arabic word for any 17790:Sudano-Sahelian architecture 16397: 15671: 15346:Apostasy in Islam by country 15213:Liberalism and progressivism 13635:Nahar, Sunita (2006-03-31). 13033:. 2009-03-31. Archived from 13027:"Qawmi madrasas under watch" 12272:"7. Islam in Southeast Asia" 11777:University of Illinois Press 11440:Rise of early modern science 11064:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). 10403:2nd. ed. p. 78-79; 136, 155. 10401:Rise of Early Modern Science 10189:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 9306:Peabody Journal of Education 8537: 8479:— Jewish religious schooling 8133:Education in the Philippines 8079:Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura 8055: 7997: 7867: 7762:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh 7743:Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya 7550:Qarawiyyin Mosque-University 7492:In northwestern Africa (the 7435: 7201:Iranian Islamic architecture 7150:Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia 7072:In northwestern Africa (the 6883:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i 6746:Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat 6484:From around 750, during the 5864:s (such as al-Qarawīyīn and 5599:'scholar of jurisprudence', 5589:s giving them the status of 5536:ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ 2145:of royal courts. During the 1760:Meaning and usage in English 1548: 7: 16317:Phenomenological definition 13791:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth" 13759:Bill Carter (2007-01-27) . 13271:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth" 13227:Miller, R. E. "Mappila" in 12638:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 12623:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 12576:Islam: Art and Architecture 11843:The Awakened: Women in Iraq 11830:The Awakened: Women in Iraq 11702:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, 11484:, No. 2 (1983), pp. 304-305 11310: 11131:"Metapress - Discover More" 11003:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), 10694:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, 10615:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, 10287:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), 10099:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), 9880:. Antique Collectors' Club. 9816:. Oxford University Press. 9733:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 9693:Williams, Caroline (2018). 9625:. Oxford University Press. 9318:10.1207/s15327930pje7802_04 9114:University of al-Qarawiyyin 9011: 8995: 8975: 8959: 8939: 8870:Online Etymology Dictionary 8426: 8299:Al-Rashid Islamic Institute 8152:(DepEd). The DepEd adopted 8108:International Baccalaureate 7913: 7892:Islamists (political Islam) 7464:Social life and the medrese 7365:the claims made and adding 6745: 6664: 6656: 6647: 6574: 6503: 6455: 6443: 6357:, a subject also taught at 6280: 6270: 6256: 6247: 6235: 6162: 6154: 6057:Ali b. Muhammad al-Qalasadi 6000: 5957: 5942:also delivered lectures on 5931:logic in Islamic philosophy 5896: 5795: 5778: 5721: 5676: 5669: 5654: 5638: 5616: 5603: 5593: 5575: 5566: 5558: 5549: 5535: 5526: 5488: 5481: 5338: 5329:University of al-Qarawiyyin 5322: 5263: 5201: 5194: 5168: 5161: 5135: 5127: 5120: 5093: 5085: 5073: 5062: 5051: 4566:One Thousand and One Nights 2446: 2443:(Qur'anic interpretation), 2428: 2420: 2408: 2318: 2108: 2049: 2038: 2036:(sessions of the shaykhs). 2031: 2023: 2015: 1945: 1937: 1767: 1732: 1677: 1657: 1592: 1585: 1556: 1536:palace schools attended by 1453: 265:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 19272: 17158:Islamic geometric patterns 15263: 13964:Madrasa Education in India 13827: 13188:Mogul, Rhea (2024-03-25). 12996:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). 12374:Borker, Hem (2021-06-01). 12036:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) . 12010:Greenwood Publishing Group 12002:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11976:Greenwood Publishing Group 11968:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11910:Greenwood Publishing Group 11902:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11876:Greenwood Publishing Group 11868:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11573:Edinburgh University Press 11160:"Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya" 11102:Necipogulu, Gulru (1996), 10981:Edinburgh University Press 10947:University of Hawaii Press 10810:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: 10537:10.1177/014107688407700115 10477:10.1177/014107680609901208 10034:Cambridge University Press 9850:. Paris: Louvre éditions. 9522:University of Hawaii Press 8769:. Oxford University Press. 8745:. Oxford University Press. 8649:Collins English Dictionary 8511:List of Islamic seminaries 8367:September 11, 2001 attacks 8148:under the auspices of the 8130: 8059: 8001: 7917: 7871: 7472: 7104:(built in 1321–1328), the 7088:dynasties. In Tunisia (or 7018:in the late 15th century. 6896:and propaganda during the 6777: 6414: 5734: 5512: 5230: 5020: 4329:Arcs of Descent and Ascent 3396:Andalusian classical music 3322:Arabic musical instruments 2653:Islamic geometric patterns 2501: 1894:. At the beginning of the 1799: 1795: 1785:in the 11th century under 1010:Legal vocations and titles 56:The three madrasas at the 44: 29: 19035: 18884: 18786: 18688: 18652: 18477: 18213: 18083: 18070: 17880: 17803: 17747: 17716: 17690: 17640: 17592:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) 17569: 17453: 17446: 17372: 17329: 17278: 17226: 17104: 17020: 16971: 16909: 16898: 16879: 16872: 16708: 16654: 16623: 16585: 16538: 16515: 16403: 16392: 16345: 16221: 16173: 16079: 16006: 15967: 15931: 15868: 15857: 15810: 15705: 15696: 15692: 15679: 15554: 15484: 15369: 15336: 15276: 15272: 15258: 15185: 15152: 15124:Geography and cartography 15099: 15046: 15042: 15026: 14852: 14774: 14721: 14670: 14666: 14642: 14512: 14336: 14296: 14179: 14131: 14055: 14051: 14040: 13926:. Chapter on "Madrassas". 13885:"Understanding Madrasahs" 13407:"Background of Madrasahs" 13229:The Encyclopedia of Islam 12841:Fès: La ville essentielle 12839:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003). 12746:Wiesner-Hanks, E. Merry. 12654:"Madrasah-i Madar-i Shah" 12104:Ulama perempuan Indonesia 9794:Marçais, Georges (1954). 9739:. Yale University Press. 9233:Creswell, K.A.C. (1952). 8292: 7982: 6947:reputations. In Egyptian 6324:which set the scholastic 6055:for scientific subjects. 6036:Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi's 5940:‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī 5833:. However, scholars like 5782:was given highest rank." 5667:Much of the study in the 5037:and the top floor held a 4376:The Theology of Aristotle 3843:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 3740:Love in Arabic literature 2989:Arabic geometric patterns 2952:Islamic hardstone carving 2883:Ancient South Arabian art 1662:simply means the same as 1481:(loosely equivalent to a 19226:Arabic words and phrases 17708:Museum with No Frontiers 16071:Trinitarian universalism 15443:Islamic view of miracles 13948:"Madaris in Perspective" 13834:Brentjes, Sonja (2018). 13789:Fair, Christine (2012). 13625:, accessed 11 April 2021 13269:Fair, Christine (2012). 12799:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 12781:Parker, Richard (1981). 12642:. Yale University Press. 12447:O'Kane, Bernard (2016). 12351:Rowman & Littlefield 12299:Srimulyani, Eka (2012). 12204:Jejak Islam untuk Bangsa 11841:Doreen Insgrams (1983), 11828:Doreen Insgrams (1983), 11638:Lexikon des Mittelalters 11390:Brack, Jonathan (2019). 11021:10.1177/0011392106058837 10938:Journal of World History 10861:Lexikon des Mittelalters 10844:Lexikon des Mittelalters 10712:Pryds, Darleen (2000), " 10305:10.1177/0011392106058837 10117:10.1177/0011392106058837 9513:Journal of World History 8048:(MAK, the equivalent of 8046:Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan 8032:(MTs, the equivalent of 8024:(MI, the equivalent of 7952: 7888:Salafists (the Mujahids) 7788: 7589:Islamic Republic of Iran 6971:legal schools of thought 6365:which taught astronomy, 5927:early Islamic philosophy 3745:Arabic erotic literature 2942:Palestinian wood carving 2482:. The certificate of an 2028:, based on the informal 1990:Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya 1907:Great Mosque of Damascus 1898:period, the reliance on 1854:on the east side of the 354:Medieval Islamic science 47:Madrasa (disambiguation) 30:Not to be confused with 17819:Architecture portal 16273:Godhead in Christianity 15198:Creationism (evolution) 12462:Raymond, André (1993). 12235:. Urbana. p. 173. 11936:ibn al-Hajjaj, Muslim. 10184:Encyclopædia Britannica 9248:Brett, Michael (2017). 9186:, pp. 35–76 (35): 9116:, also founded in 859. 8567:Oxford University Press 8154:Department Order No. 51 8150:Department of Education 8040:(MA, the equivalent of 7575: 7142:of the 16th century in 6439:biographical dictionary 5968:Mustansiriya University 5846:Al-Qarawīyīn University 5829:madrasas indeed became 5255:Die Gartenlaube Journal 4252:Islamic Aristotelianism 4247:Early Arabic Philosophy 1911:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As 1496:which primarily taught 18077: 17724:Indo-Saracenic Revival 17124:(multicoloured ashlar) 15458:Persecution of Muslims 15356:List of former Muslims 14205:Succession to Muhammad 13936:The News International 13862:Sultan Ali of Sawabi. 13531:BARMM Official Website 13413:. 1994. Archived from 12824:Irwin, Robert (2019). 12345:Kahin, Audrey (2015). 11689: 11567:Goddard, Hugh (2000), 11539:Encyclopaedia of Islam 11317: 11287: 11245: 11230: 10975:Goddard, Hugh (2000), 10681: 10267:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9223: 8403: 8376: 8276: 8160:, Sarang Bangun LC in 8158:Islamic City of Marawi 8074: 8062:Madrasahs in Singapore 8050:vocational high school 7974: 7937: 7818: 7802: 7773: 7646: 7591:, the head of state (" 7554:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque 7489: 7461: 7409:Muhammad the Conqueror 7328: 7320:and medrese (1580) in 7260: 7166: 7122:mosaic tilework. The 7094:Madrasa al-Shamma'iyya 7069: 7053:Maghreb (North Africa) 6959:Sultan Qalawun complex 6935: 6841: 6739: 6707: 6641: 6635:in a loud voice. her 6630:lectures in his time: 6620: 6585:medieval Islamic world 6481: 6408: 6339: 6315:and medieval European 6217: 6208:universitas scholarium 6178: 6101:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 5886: 5786:Madrasa and university 5703:religious law of Islam 5632: 5320:. The curriculum of a 5257: 5246: 5157: 5102:instead of individual 5041: 4889:South Arabian deities 4411:Theologus Autodidactus 3292:Rhythm in Arabic music 2325: 2257:Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya 2188: 2001: 1831: 364:Succession to Muhammad 68: 18076: 17461:Congregational mosque 16919:(four-arch structure) 16099:Fate of the unlearned 16051:Shield of the Trinity 15242:Conversion to mosques 15109:Alchemy and chemistry 13100:Nair, Padmaja (2009) 12935:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12908:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12270:Johns, A. H. (1989). 11684: 11301: 11282: 11241: 11226: 11067:Encyclopedia of Islam 10676: 10028:Toby E. Huff (2003), 9876:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 9593:Burns, Ross (2009) . 9218:medieval universities 9187: 9086:McHugh, Neil (1994). 8850:Aktan, Sümer (2018). 8563:UK English Dictionary 8398: 8371: 8337:Common misconceptions 8263: 8069: 7931: 7920:Madrassas in Pakistan 7808: 7796: 7759: 7633: 7620:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 7480: 7446: 7316: 7251: 7175:Mustansiriyya Madrasa 7157: 7060: 7004:al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa 6926: 6873:from 1167. Under the 6871:Madrasa of Nur al-Din 6832: 6785:Architectural origins 6675: 6632: 6612: 6470:was the first female 6466: 6399: 6355:dedicated to medicine 6335: 6212: 6195:medieval universities 6173: 5970:, established by the 5874: 5627: 5252: 5240: 5151: 5058:Arab-Muslim conquests 5030: 4718:North Arabian deities 4622:Fictional Arab people 4461:Atlantis of the Sands 4386:The Book of the Apple 2967:Islamic ivory carving 2312: 2255:, beginning with the 2175: 2068:Islamic legal schools 1987: 1818: 1764:In English, the term 55: 19251:Islamic architecture 18301:Raising hands in Dua 17785:Ottoman architecture 17775:Moorish architecture 17770:Islamic architecture 17765:Iranian architecture 17188:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) 17042:(or müezzin mahfili) 16702:Islamic architecture 14968:Ma malakat aymanukum 14543:Association football 14442:Moderate Kharijites 13984:at Wikimedia Commons 13896:Malik, Jamal (ed.). 13254:Modern Asian Studies 12449:The Mosques of Egypt 12380:Current Anthropology 11806:. 25 February 2007. 10599:Taylor & Francis 10229:10.2139/ssrn.2224276 9878:Ottoman Architecture 9476:Delivering Education 8684:Cambridge Dictionary 8502:—used in Shi'a Islam 8331:Darul Uloom Haqqania 8226:improve this article 7850:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 7842:Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah 7673:improve this article 7570:French colonial rule 7264:Ottoman architecture 7029:, e.g., Jerusalem's 6983:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya 6906:Madrasa al-Salihiyya 6855:Ottoman architecture 6834:Ince Minaret Medrese 6780:Islamic architecture 6763:Jamia Millia Islamia 6740:Diniyah School Putri 6435:Mohammad Akram Nadwi 6244:, as of Muhammad'), 6105:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 6078:On the Nature of Man 5986:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5964:Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād 5761:. In 931 AD, Caliph 5389:Caliphate of Córdoba 5331:, the tenth century 5017:Elementary education 3848:Modern Arabic poetry 3523:Gnawa (North Africa) 3364:Classical Arab music 2356:improve this article 2267:, starting with the 2229:in 1167–1172. After 2104:integration of logic 1923:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn 403:Association football 19221:Arabic architecture 17822: • 17809: • 17795:Yemeni architecture 17780:Mughal architecture 17760:Berber architecture 17755:Arabic architecture 17419:Salsabil (fountain) 17153:Islamic calligraphy 16633:Slavic Native Faith 16056:Trinitarian formula 15993:Father of Greatness 15876:Abrahamic religions 13623:context.reverso.net 13000:(Second ed.). 12206:. 24 January 2020. 12161:Seno, Seno (2010). 11528:, pp. 126-7, 282-98 11452:Huff, Toby (2003). 11104:Muqarnas, Volume 13 9983:Motilal Banarsidass 9473:Andrew J. Coulson, 8311:AlMaghrib Institute 8030:Madrasah Tsanawiyah 8022:Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 7834:Darul Uloom Deoband 7538:Madrasa as-Saffarin 7294:Süleymaniye complex 7254:Süleymaniye complex 7213:Chahar Bagh Madrasa 7140:Ben Youssef Madrasa 7098:Madrasa as-Saffarin 7063:Ben Youssef Madrasa 6949:Mamluk architecture 6735:Rahmah el Yunusiyah 6714:'s founding of the 6139:medieval university 6007:Ptolemaic astronomy 5946:at al-Azhar, while 5866:al-Azhar University 5839:medieval university 5823:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5333:al-Azhar University 5189:Secondary education 5175:Islamic metaphysics 5068:Islamic philosopher 4521:Iram of the Pillars 3780:Mirrors for princes 3327:Great Book of Music 3060:(Arabian Peninsula) 2648:Islamic calligraphy 2275:(founded in 1350). 1971:Al-Azhar University 1856:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 1838:near a hill called 1692:Early Modern Period 164:Profession of Faith 137:Day of Resurrection 66:Timurid Renaissance 64:, built during the 18078: 17496:Kuttab (or maktab) 16595:Abrahamic prophecy 16525:Ayyavazhi theology 16297:Apophatic theology 15686:Conceptions of God 15586:Islamic University 15463:Quran and miracles 15377:Criticism of Islam 15081:Geometric patterns 14933:Gender segregation 14504:Non-denominational 13883:Evans, Alexander. 13765:The New York Times 13618:2021-03-08 at the 13317:The Kathmandu Post 13237:2023-01-15 at the 13055:2011-03-03 at the 12865:"Religion of Iran" 12311:20.500.12657/34531 11804:The New York Times 11800:"A Secret History" 10955:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 10819:2023-01-15 at the 9917:2017-08-29 at the 9897:2017-08-29 at the 9530:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 9484:Hoover Institution 9409:10.1007/BF02908588 9250:The Fatimid Empire 8996:madrasah Islāmīyah 8393:The New York Times 8277: 8075: 8042:senior high school 8034:junior high school 7985:) in Thailand and 7938: 7819: 7803: 7774: 7647: 7558:Bou Inania Madrasa 7534:Madrasat al-Ma'raḍ 7518:reformist doctrine 7490: 7483:Bou Inania Madrasa 7346:possibly contains 7329: 7318:Şemsi Pasha Mosque 7304:Madrasas by region 7300:'s highest hills. 7261: 7256:(16th century) in 7167: 7124:Bou Inania Madrasa 7106:Madrasa al-Attarin 7070: 7065:(16th century) in 6936: 6931:(14th century) in 6914:al-Firdaws Madrasa 6908:founded by Sultan 6842: 6836:(13th century) in 6708: 6682:Atik Valide Mosque 6597:), and qualify as 6482: 6169:university college 6117:first book in his 5905:for a theological 5887: 5810:Islamic university 5633: 5476:made this effort. 5258: 5247: 5217:trade and commerce 5158: 5042: 4643:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad 4471:Beast of the Earth 4426:Sicilian Questions 4257:Islamic Platonism 4210:Arabic mathematics 3760:Arabic short story 3755:Literary_criticism 2947:Islamic embroidery 2917:Arabic calligraphy 2504:Education in Islam 2273:Bou Inania Madrasa 2247:Further west, the 2223:Madrasa al-Nuriyya 2189: 2178:Nur al-Din Madrasa 2147:Islamic Golden Age 2096:Islamic philosophy 2024:Madrasah Niẓāmīyah 2002: 1965:institution under 1860:Ubada ibn as-Samit 1832: 1577:form or template) 1483:Christian seminary 69: 19121: 19120: 18856:Sufis persecution 17898:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 17839: 17838: 17686: 17685: 17442: 17441: 17429:Shading Umbrellas 17213:Stucco decoration 17113:For overview, see 16928:Four-centred arch 16668: 16667: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16279:Latter Day Saints 16248:Divine simplicity 16169: 16168: 16026:Consubstantiality 16002: 16001: 15853: 15852: 15797:Theistic finitism 15639: 15638: 15514: 15513: 15480: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15448:Domestic violence 15438:Islamic terrorism 15433:Islamic extremism 15254: 15253: 15250: 15249: 15022: 15021: 15018: 15017: 14808:Marriage contract 14638: 14637: 14598:Political aspects 14327:Story of Prophets 14096:Prophets of Islam 13980:Media related to 13960:, March 21, 2004. 13943:(LUMS), Pakistan. 13929:Tanweer, Bilal. " 13924:978-0-19-597863-6 13879:978-0-19-547672-9 13675:YaleGlobal Online 13119:www.aljazeera.com 12764:Goffman, Daniel. 12503:978-0-87817-175-0 12320:978-90-8964-421-3 12174:978-602-8742-16-0 12138:(in Indonesian). 12130:Raditya, Iswara. 12074:978-1-351-91315-7 12047:978-1-86189-253-9 11854:Anthony Nutting, 11332:, p. 77-111. 11269:978-0-521-70941-5 11077:978-1-4381-2696-8 11009:Current Sociology 10924:978-1-84614-273-4 10902:Kettani, M. Ali. 10777:Council of Europe 10679:like it anywhere. 10424:978-0-8369-1548-8 10293:Current Sociology 10105:Current Sociology 9985:, pp. 33–4, 9280:Jonathan Berkey, 9184:978-0-521-54113-8 9141:Kettani, M. Ali. 9099:978-0-8101-1069-4 8988:) translates as ' 8952:) translates as ' 8624:. Merriam-Webster 8495:Education in Mali 8483:Dars-e Nizamiyyah 8464:Bias in education 8258: 8257: 8250: 8198:Western countries 8026:elementary school 7890:and the minority 7745:, in Patiya, and 7705: 7704: 7697: 7516:, who espoused a 7481:Courtyard of the 7395: 7394: 7387: 7348:original research 7217:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 7158:Courtyard of the 7102:Madrasa as-Sahrij 7061:Courtyard of the 7045:, and Damascus's 6942:around 1250, the 6898:Fatimid Caliphate 6761:, a professor at 6567:According to the 6486:Abbasid Caliphate 6359:Islamic hospitals 6215:like it anywhere. 6200:cathedral schools 6120:Canon of Medicine 6103:was a student of 6083:Hunayn b. Ishaq's 5923:Islamic astronomy 5901:, had individual 5812:(disambiguation). 5759:Abbasid Caliphate 5711:religious matters 5681:, presented to a 5144:Primary education 5014: 5013: 4314:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 4225:Arabic technology 4220:Arabic psychology 4205:Arabic Golden Age 2972:Islamic Metalwork 2728:Stucco decoration 2473:Arabic literature 2388: 2387: 2380: 2176:Courtyard of the 1953:establishment of 1946:Muḥammad al-Fihrī 1892:Umayyad Caliphate 1821:Qarawiyyin Mosque 1781:in the region of 1357: 1314: 1313: 734: 733: 664:Deobandi jihadism 16:(Redirected from 19263: 19198: 19197: 19186: 19185: 19174: 19173: 19172: 19162: 19161: 19150: 19149: 19148: 19138: 19137: 19129: 18846:Sufi metaphysics 18802: 18744: 18635: 18603: 18591: 18529: 18517: 18505: 18443: 18416: 18404: 18392: 18380: 18353: 18341: 18319: 18277: 18265: 18248: 18236: 18111: 18099: 18055: 17992:Nass al-Houdhour 17983: 17956: 17866: 17859: 17852: 17843: 17842: 17832:Islam portal 17830: 17829: 17828: 17817: 17816: 17451: 17450: 17116:Islamic ornament 16995:South Asian dome 16923:Discharging arch 16904: 16877: 16876: 16721:Anatolian Seljuk 16695: 16688: 16681: 16672: 16671: 16660: 16405: 16404: 16394: 16393: 16281: 16121: 16120: 16016:Athanasian Creed 15866: 15865: 15703: 15702: 15694: 15693: 15681: 15680: 15666: 15659: 15652: 15643: 15642: 15541: 15534: 15527: 15518: 15517: 15504: 15503: 15496:Islam portal 15494: 15493: 15492: 15274: 15273: 15266: 15260: 15259: 15101:Medieval science 15044: 15043: 15034: 15028: 15027: 14685:Economic history 14668: 14667: 14644: 14643: 14630:Islam by country 14415:Bektashi Alevism 14053: 14052: 14044:Outline of Islam 14026: 14019: 14012: 14003: 14002: 13991: 13979: 13849: 13821: 13820: 13810: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13776: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13699: 13690: 13684: 13683: 13665: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13652: 13632: 13626: 13610: 13604: 13603: 13601: 13600: 13594: 13588:. Archived from 13587: 13579: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13553: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13523: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13480: 13471:. Archived from 13461: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13442:. Archived from 13432: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13422: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13392: 13373: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13350:The Conversation 13340: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13307: 13301: 13300: 13290: 13281:(744): 135–140. 13266: 13257: 13250: 13241: 13225: 13216: 13213: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13185: 13179: 13178: 13172: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13140: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13111: 13105: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13067: 13061: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13023: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12952: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12925: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12796: 12787: 12786: 12778: 12769: 12762: 12751: 12744: 12735: 12734:, p. 36-37. 12729: 12723: 12722: 12694: 12688: 12687: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12620: 12609: 12608: 12590: 12579: 12572: 12561: 12560: 12552: 12543: 12542: 12533:Berchem, van, M. 12529: 12523: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12488:Creswell, K.A.C. 12484: 12478: 12477: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12419: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12296: 12290: 12289: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12254: 12246: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12158: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12147: 12127: 12118: 12117: 12099: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12086: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12033: 12027: 12026: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11965: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11865: 11859: 11852: 11846: 11839: 11833: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11717: 11711: 11696: 11690: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11658: 11654: 11641: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11564: 11555: 11548: 11542: 11535: 11529: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11491: 11485: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11465: 11457: 11449: 11443: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11411: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11318: 11313: 11305:licentia docendi 11294: 11288: 11285:and proficiency. 11279: 11273: 11272: 11255: 11246: 11237: 11231: 11224: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11156: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11133:. 24 June 2016. 11127: 11121: 11120: 11108:Brill Publishers 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11000: 10994: 10993: 10972: 10966: 10965: 10932: 10926: 10913: 10907: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10838: 10832: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10766: 10760: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10709: 10703: 10688: 10682: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10630: 10624: 10609: 10603: 10602: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10548: 10516: 10503: 10502: 10497:. Archived from 10488: 10456: 10445: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10347: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10284: 10275: 10274: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10212: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10175: 10166: 10165: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10140: 10139: 10133: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10043: 10037: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9974: 9965: 9964: 9956: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9938:. Archived from 9937: 9928: 9922: 9908: 9902: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9873: 9862: 9861: 9843: 9828: 9827: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9791: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9690: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9618: 9609: 9608: 9590: 9581: 9574: 9557: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9492: 9481: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9297: 9288: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9224: 9169: 9163: 9154: 9148: 9138: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9083: 9077: 9070: 9025: 9023: 9014: 9012:madrasah jāmiʻah 9007: 8998: 8990:religious school 8987: 8978: 8976:madrasah dīnīyah 8971: 8962: 8960:madrasah khāṣṣah 8951: 8942: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8832: 8771: 8770: 8762: 8747: 8746: 8738: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8612: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8569:. Archived from 8548: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8443: 8441:Education portal 8438: 8437: 8253: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8233: 8210: 8202: 8171:Since 2005, the 7984: 7975:religious school 7943:Jamia-tul-Madina 7700: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7680: 7657: 7649: 7390: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7370: 7367:inline citations 7339: 7338: 7331: 7171:Mongol invasions 6940:Mamluk Sultanate 6927:Interior of the 6748: 6742: 6667: 6659: 6650: 6604:Muhammad's wives 6595:academic degrees 6581:female education 6577: 6506: 6458: 6446: 6444:al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ 6411:Female education 6331:Greek philosophy 6283: 6273: 6264:academic freedom 6259: 6250: 6238: 6222:academic circles 6204:monastic schools 6165: 6157: 6003: 5982:natural sciences 5960: 5954:. Another early 5944:Islamic medicine 5899: 5827:medieval Islamic 5807: 5798: 5781: 5770:Sinan ibn Thabit 5751:medical madrasas 5743:Islamic medicine 5724: 5679: 5672: 5661:licentia docendi 5657: 5655:ijāzat al-tadrīs 5649:licentia docendi 5645:Islamic scholars 5641: 5639:ijāzat al-tadrīs 5635:The Arabic term 5631:Madrasa, c. 1906 5619: 5606: 5596: 5578: 5569: 5561: 5552: 5538: 5529: 5491: 5484: 5347:and up to 44 in 5341: 5325: 5274:secular sciences 5266: 5227:Higher education 5204: 5197: 5171: 5164: 5138: 5130: 5123: 5096: 5088: 5076: 5065: 5054: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4683:Princess Jasmine 4668:Layla and Majnun 4653:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 4601:She-Camel of God 4596:Shams al-Ma'arif 4406:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 4272:Sufi metaphysics 4200:Arabic geography 4195:Arabic astronomy 4190:Arabic astrology 4185:Arabic chemistry 3750:Arabic grimoires 3730: 3503:Chaabi (Morocco) 3498:Chaabi (Algeria) 3282:Arab tone system 3101: 3093: 3085: 3077: 3069: 3061: 2932:Arabic miniature 2658:Islamic ornament 2531: 2508: 2507: 2449: 2431: 2423: 2411: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2340: 2332: 2321: 2269:Saffarin Madrasa 2209:charitable trust 2193:Anatolian Seljuk 2159:classical Athens 2157:, comparable to 2111: 2094:" of Arabic and 2052: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2018: 1948: 1940: 1938:Fāṭimah al-Fihrī 1770: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1680: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1559: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1390: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1268:Tabi' al-Tabi'in 736: 735: 726: 719: 712: 698:Islam portal 696: 695: 694: 94: 71: 70: 21: 19271: 19270: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19262: 19261: 19260: 19236:Arab inventions 19206: 19205: 19204: 19192: 19180: 19170: 19168: 19156: 19146: 19144: 19132: 19124: 19122: 19117: 19031: 18880: 18871:Sufi psychology 18861:Sufi philosophy 18841:Sufi literature 18796: 18782: 18738: 18684: 18648: 18629: 18597: 18585: 18523: 18511: 18499: 18473: 18437: 18410: 18398: 18386: 18374: 18347: 18335: 18313: 18271: 18259: 18242: 18230: 18209: 18105: 18093: 18079: 18068: 18049: 18047:The Seven ranks 17977: 17950: 17876: 17870: 17840: 17835: 17826: 17824: 17811: 17799: 17743: 17734:Moorish Revival 17712: 17682: 17648:Albarrana tower 17636: 17565: 17552:in modern Iran) 17466:Dar al-Muwaqqit 17438: 17389:(fountain type) 17374: 17368: 17331: 17325: 17316:Reflecting pool 17311:Persian gardens 17306:Paradise garden 17274: 17251:(entrance hall) 17222: 17178:Nagash painting 17100: 17022: 17016: 16967: 16938:Lambrequin arch 16905: 16896: 16868: 16839:Sudano-Sahelian 16704: 16699: 16669: 16664: 16662:Religion portal 16642: 16619: 16581: 16562:Holy Scriptures 16534: 16511: 16399: 16380: 16341: 16277: 16253:Divine presence 16217: 16165: 16119: 16075: 16021:Comma Johanneum 15998: 15963: 15927: 15861: 15849: 15806: 15688: 15675: 15670: 15640: 15635: 15550: 15545: 15515: 15510: 15490: 15488: 15472: 15394:Cultural Muslim 15365: 15332: 15278:Other religions 15268: 15264: 15246: 15181: 15148: 15095: 15038: 15036:Islamic studies 15032: 15014: 14848: 14793: 14770: 14717: 14662: 14661: 14634: 14583:Moral teachings 14526: 14508: 14482:Nation of Islam 14395:Twelver Shi'ism 14332: 14298:Religious texts 14292: 14210:Early conquests 14193: 14175: 14127: 14047: 14036: 14030: 13972: 13952:Wayback Machine 13912:Rahman, Tariq. 13893:, Jan/Feb 2006. 13890:Foreign Affairs 13869:Ali, Saleem H. 13859: 13857:Further reading 13846: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13795:Current History 13787: 13783: 13774: 13772: 13757: 13753: 13744: 13742: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13713: 13711: 13697: 13691: 13687: 13666: 13659: 13650: 13648: 13633: 13629: 13620:Wayback Machine 13611: 13607: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13585: 13581: 13580: 13576: 13566: 13564: 13555: 13554: 13550: 13540: 13538: 13525: 13524: 13520: 13510: 13508: 13491: 13487: 13478: 13476: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13449: 13447: 13434: 13433: 13429: 13420: 13418: 13405: 13404: 13400: 13390: 13388: 13387:on 2 April 2015 13375: 13374: 13370: 13360: 13358: 13341: 13337: 13327: 13325: 13308: 13304: 13275:Current History 13267: 13260: 13251: 13244: 13239:Wayback Machine 13226: 13219: 13214: 13207: 13198: 13196: 13186: 13182: 13166: 13165: 13158: 13156: 13141: 13137: 13128: 13126: 13113: 13112: 13108: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13068: 13064: 13057:Wayback Machine 13047:Ahmed, Samina. 13046: 13042: 13025: 13024: 13020: 13011: 13009: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12953: 12949: 12939: 12937: 12926: 12922: 12912: 12910: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12883: 12873: 12871: 12863: 12862: 12858: 12851: 12837: 12833: 12822: 12818: 12811: 12797: 12790: 12779: 12772: 12763: 12754: 12745: 12738: 12730: 12726: 12711:10.2307/4127991 12695: 12691: 12680: 12676: 12667: 12665: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12636: 12632: 12621: 12612: 12605: 12591: 12582: 12573: 12564: 12553: 12546: 12530: 12526: 12513: 12511: 12504: 12485: 12481: 12474: 12460: 12456: 12445: 12441: 12430: 12426: 12417: 12415: 12372: 12368: 12361: 12353:. p. 505. 12343: 12339: 12330: 12328: 12321: 12297: 12293: 12286: 12268: 12264: 12248: 12247: 12243: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12198: 12197: 12193: 12184: 12182: 12175: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12143: 12128: 12121: 12114: 12100: 12093: 12084: 12082: 12075: 12059: 12055: 12048: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12000: 11996: 11990: 11966: 11959: 11949: 11947: 11934: 11930: 11924: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11866: 11862: 11853: 11849: 11840: 11836: 11827: 11823: 11813: 11811: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11769: 11765: 11754: 11750: 11742: 11740: 11718: 11714: 11697: 11693: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11661: 11655: 11644: 11635: 11631: 11601: 11597: 11583: 11575:, p. 100, 11565: 11558: 11552:Studia Islamica 11549: 11545: 11536: 11532: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11505: 11492: 11488: 11479: 11475: 11459: 11458: 11450: 11446: 11437: 11433: 11388: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11364: 11360: 11352: 11348: 11340: 11336: 11328: 11321: 11298:Studia Islamica 11295: 11291: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11256: 11249: 11238: 11234: 11198: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11173: 11171: 11158: 11157: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11118: 11100: 11096: 11087: 11085: 11078: 11062: 11058: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11015:(1): 112–132 , 11001: 10997: 10991: 10973: 10969: 10933: 10929: 10914: 10910: 10901: 10897: 10890: 10873: 10869: 10856: 10852: 10839: 10835: 10821:Wayback Machine 10809: 10805: 10796: 10794: 10787: 10779:. p. 121. 10767: 10763: 10746: 10742: 10728: 10710: 10706: 10689: 10685: 10673:Studia Islamica 10670: 10666: 10631: 10627: 10610: 10606: 10588: 10584: 10569:Arnold H. Green 10566: 10562: 10517: 10506: 10471:(12): 615–617. 10457: 10448: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10411: 10407: 10398: 10394: 10388:Studia Islamica 10385: 10378: 10348: 10333: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10285: 10278: 10263: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10213: 10206: 10198: 10196: 10177: 10176: 10169: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10111:(1): 112–132 , 10097: 10093: 10084: 10082: 10069: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10044: 10040: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10003: 9999: 9993: 9975: 9968: 9957: 9950: 9942: 9935: 9929: 9925: 9919:Wayback Machine 9909: 9905: 9899:Wayback Machine 9889: 9885: 9874: 9865: 9858: 9844: 9831: 9824: 9810: 9803: 9792: 9765: 9756: 9754: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9720: 9706: 9702: 9691: 9678: 9669: 9667: 9660: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9597:. I.B. Tauris. 9591: 9584: 9575: 9560: 9548: 9544: 9508: 9504: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9443: 9439: 9386: 9382: 9373: 9371: 9356: 9352: 9343: 9341: 9298: 9291: 9279: 9272: 9261: 9257: 9246: 9242: 9231: 9227: 9172:Verger, Jacques 9170: 9166: 9159:Studia Islamica 9155: 9151: 9135: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9071: 9028: 8940:Madrasah ʻāmmah 8936: 8932: 8923: 8921: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8892: 8888: 8879: 8877: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8848: 8844: 8833: 8774: 8763: 8750: 8739: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8614: 8613: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8582: 8578: 8554: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8526:Khalwa (school) 8506:Islamic studies 8455:Religion portal 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8429: 8408:Foreign Affairs 8384:Donald Rumsfeld 8374:indoctrination. 8343:Arabic language 8339: 8319: 8295: 8282: 8254: 8243: 8237: 8234: 8223: 8211: 8200: 8135: 8129: 8064: 8058: 8038:Madrasah Aliyah 8006: 8000: 7983:school of Islam 7963: 7955: 7922: 7916: 7907:Arabic Colleges 7905:The so-called ' 7900:Arabic language 7876: 7870: 7791: 7730: 7710: 7701: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7670: 7658: 7635:Alauddin Khalji 7628: 7608: 7581:Twelver Shi'ism 7578: 7514:Almohad dynasty 7475: 7466: 7438: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7311: 7306: 7286:Mehmet II Fatih 7246: 7152: 7110:Madrasa of Salé 7055: 7027:Syria-Palestine 7012:Haram al-Sharif 6887:Qarafa Cemetery 6875:Ayyubid dynasty 6863: 6861:Syria and Egypt 6847:Karatay Madrasa 6827: 6825:Seljuk Anatolia 6822: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6720:Ayyubid dynasty 6712:Fatima al-Fihri 6562:sack of Baghdad 6504:Hārūn al-Rashīd 6427: 6413: 6381:'s Madrasah in 6347:very endowments 5891:Fatimid dynasty 5876:Al-Azhar Mosque 5858:Fatima al-Fihri 5819:Arnold H. Green 5792:Note: The word 5788: 5739: 5733: 5643:was awarded to 5543:legal education 5521: 5511: 5448:Delhi Sultanate 5235: 5229: 5191: 5146: 5025: 5019: 5010: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4883:Isāf and Nā'ila 4714: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4616:Zarqa al Yamama 4481:Book of Wonders 4450: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4371:Liber de Causis 4277:Sufi philosophy 4241: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4215:Arabic medicine 4179: 4169: 4168: 4167: 3728: 3722:Epic literature 3684: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3577: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3513:Fann at-Tanbura 3332:Kitab al-Aghani 3268: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3116: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3039: 2922:Arabic graffiti 2874: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2765:Albarrana tower 2708:Reflecting pool 2698:Nagash painting 2590: 2541: 2506: 2500: 2451:(Islamic law), 2384: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2353: 2341: 2330: 2265:Marinid dynasty 2098:, initiated by 1982: 1955:al-Azhar Mosque 1870:, treatises of 1813: 1808: 1798: 1762: 1647: 1551: 1546: 1435: 1434: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1078:Hujjat al-Islam 1023:Shaykh al-Islām 730: 692: 690: 683: 682: 659:Salafi jihadism 617:Other religions 612:Arabic language 574: 564: 563: 492:Moral teachings 383: 369: 368: 359:Spread of Islam 304: 294: 293: 281:(jurisprudence) 263:Qisas al-Anbiya 212: 211: 191: 190: 159: 149: 148: 104: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19269: 19259: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19203: 19202: 19190: 19178: 19166: 19154: 19142: 19119: 19118: 19116: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19039: 19037: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18888: 18886: 18882: 18881: 18879: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18836:Sufism history 18833: 18831:Sufi cosmology 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18790: 18788: 18784: 18783: 18781: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18692: 18690: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18656: 18654: 18650: 18649: 18647: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18592: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18518: 18506: 18494: 18489: 18483: 18481: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18460: 18459: 18449: 18444: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18405: 18393: 18381: 18369: 18364: 18362:Sufism pillars 18359: 18354: 18342: 18330: 18325: 18323:Salat al-Fatih 18320: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18266: 18254: 18249: 18237: 18225: 18219: 18217: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18170:Lataif-e-Sitta 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18103:Aayane Thabita 18100: 18087: 18085: 18081: 18080: 18071: 18069: 18067: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17884: 17882: 17878: 17877: 17869: 17868: 17861: 17854: 17846: 17837: 17836: 17804: 17801: 17800: 17798: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17751: 17749: 17748:Category pages 17745: 17744: 17742: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17720: 17718: 17714: 17713: 17711: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17694: 17692: 17688: 17687: 17684: 17683: 17681: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17644: 17642: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17622:Medina quarter 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17573: 17571: 17567: 17566: 17564: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17457: 17455: 17448: 17444: 17443: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17410: 17408:Riwaq (arcade) 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17384: 17378: 17376: 17370: 17369: 17367: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17335: 17333: 17327: 17326: 17324: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17296:Islamic garden 17293: 17288: 17282: 17280: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17230: 17228: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17119: 17108: 17106: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17037: 17032: 17026: 17024: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17014: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16975: 16973: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16943:Multifoil arch 16940: 16935: 16933:Horseshoe arch 16930: 16925: 16920: 16913: 16911: 16907: 16906: 16899: 16897: 16895: 16894: 16889: 16883: 16881: 16874: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16712: 16710: 16706: 16705: 16698: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16675: 16666: 16665: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16640: 16635: 16629: 16627: 16621: 16620: 16618: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16591: 16589: 16583: 16582: 16580: 16579: 16574: 16572:Predestination 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16544: 16542: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16521: 16519: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16427:Biblical canon 16424: 16419: 16413: 16411: 16401: 16400: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16382: 16381: 16379: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16352: 16350: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16283: 16282: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16225: 16223: 16222:Other concepts 16219: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16179: 16177: 16171: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16127: 16125: 16118: 16117: 16108: 16107: 16106: 16096: 16094:Apocalypticism 16091: 16085: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16012: 16010: 16008:Trinitarianism 16004: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15996: 15982: 15977: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15964: 15962: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15935: 15933: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15925: 15923:Zoroastrianism 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15899: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15872: 15870: 15863: 15855: 15854: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15847: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15808: 15807: 15805: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15758: 15757: 15755:Urmonotheismus 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15700: 15690: 15689: 15677: 15676: 15669: 15668: 15661: 15654: 15646: 15637: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15561: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15544: 15543: 15536: 15529: 15521: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15498: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15474: 15473: 15471: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15429: 15428: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15396: 15391: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15373: 15371: 15370:Related topics 15367: 15366: 15364: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15342: 15340: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15282: 15280: 15270: 15269: 15256: 15255: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15239: 15232: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15189: 15187: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15158: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15105: 15103: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15052: 15050: 15040: 15039: 15024: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15012: 15007: 15006: 15005: 14993: 14991:Sources of law 14988: 14983: 14982: 14981: 14971: 14964: 14959: 14952: 14947: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14898: 14891: 14890: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14869: 14864: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14804: 14796: 14794: 14792: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14775: 14772: 14771: 14769: 14768: 14761: 14756: 14749: 14742: 14735: 14727: 14725: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14715: 14708: 14701: 14694: 14687: 14682: 14676: 14674: 14664: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14648: 14640: 14639: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14615:Social welfare 14612: 14607: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14524: 14519: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14484: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14440: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14418: 14417: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14387: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14342: 14340: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14302: 14300: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14241: 14236: 14229: 14222: 14220:Historiography 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14196: 14194: 14192: 14191: 14186: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14137: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14081: 14074: 14073: 14072: 14061: 14059: 14049: 14048: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14029: 14028: 14021: 14014: 14006: 14000: 13999: 13985: 13971: 13970:External links 13968: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13946:Ziad, Waleed. 13944: 13927: 13910: 13905:Malik, Jamal. 13903: 13894: 13881: 13867: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13844: 13829: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13781: 13751: 13737:. 2004-03-11. 13720: 13685: 13682:on 2009-05-05. 13657: 13627: 13605: 13574: 13548: 13518: 13485: 13465:"JMS Timeline" 13456: 13427: 13398: 13368: 13335: 13302: 13258: 13242: 13217: 13205: 13180: 13135: 13106: 13093: 13062: 13060:. 19 Apr 2005. 13040: 13037:on 2012-10-23. 13031:The Daily Star 13018: 12994:Islam, Sirajul 12980: 12947: 12920: 12893: 12881: 12856: 12850:978-2867701528 12849: 12831: 12816: 12809: 12788: 12770: 12752: 12736: 12724: 12689: 12674: 12645: 12630: 12610: 12604:978-3902782311 12603: 12580: 12578:. h.f.ullmann. 12562: 12544: 12524: 12502: 12479: 12472: 12454: 12439: 12424: 12392:10.1086/714346 12386:(3): 363–372. 12366: 12359: 12337: 12319: 12291: 12284: 12262: 12241: 12221: 12191: 12173: 12153: 12119: 12112: 12091: 12073: 12053: 12046: 12028: 12022: 11994: 11988: 11957: 11928: 11922: 11894: 11888: 11860: 11847: 11834: 11821: 11791: 11785: 11779:, p. 69, 11763: 11758:al-Muhaddithat 11748: 11712: 11691: 11679:Hugh Kennedy: 11672: 11659: 11642: 11629: 11617:10.2307/604423 11595: 11581: 11556: 11543: 11530: 11513: 11503: 11486: 11473: 11444: 11431: 11402:(3): 611–630. 11382: 11380:, p. 251. 11370: 11368:, p. 161. 11358: 11356:, p. 138. 11346: 11334: 11319: 11289: 11274: 11268: 11247: 11232: 11214:10.2307/604423 11192: 11180: 11148: 11122: 11116: 11110:, p. 56, 11094: 11076: 11056: 10995: 10989: 10983:, p. 99, 10967: 10927: 10908: 10895: 10888: 10876:Esposito, John 10867: 10850: 10833: 10803: 10785: 10761: 10740: 10726: 10704: 10683: 10664: 10647:10.2307/601679 10625: 10604: 10601:. p. 125. 10582: 10560: 10504: 10501:on 2013-02-01. 10446: 10429: 10423: 10405: 10392: 10376: 10364:10.2307/604423 10331: 10299:(1): 112–132, 10276: 10254: 10204: 10167: 10164:. p. 419. 10151: 10091: 10062: 10056: 10038: 10021: 10015: 9997: 9991: 9966: 9948: 9945:on 2005-03-05. 9923: 9903: 9883: 9863: 9856: 9829: 9822: 9801: 9763: 9745: 9725: 9718: 9700: 9676: 9658: 9638: 9631: 9610: 9603: 9582: 9558: 9542: 9502: 9465: 9458: 9437: 9389:Sonja Brentjes 9380: 9350: 9289: 9270: 9255: 9240: 9225: 9200:, such as the 9164: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9139: 9133: 9121:Esposito, John 9105: 9098: 9078: 9026: 8930: 8901: 8886: 8857: 8842: 8772: 8748: 8696: 8671: 8635: 8604: 8576: 8573:on 2019-12-30. 8542: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8444: 8428: 8425: 8338: 8335: 8318: 8315: 8294: 8291: 8281: 8278: 8256: 8255: 8214: 8212: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8131:Main article: 8128: 8125: 8099:GCE 'O' Levels 8087:junior college 8060:Main article: 8057: 8054: 8002:Main article: 7999: 7996: 7962: 7961:Southeast Asia 7959: 7954: 7951: 7947:Dawat-e-Islami 7918:Main article: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7874:Arabic College 7872:Main article: 7869: 7866: 7790: 7787: 7741:in Hathazari, 7729: 7726: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7661: 7659: 7652: 7627: 7624: 7607: 7604: 7593:Supreme Leader 7577: 7574: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7437: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7393: 7392: 7343: 7341: 7334: 7310: 7309:Ottoman Empire 7307: 7305: 7302: 7245: 7244:Ottoman Empire 7242: 7151: 7148: 7054: 7051: 7023:four-iwan plan 6910:al-Salih Ayyub 6902:al-Kamil Ayyub 6862: 6859: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6786: 6783: 6775: 6772: 6692:Nurbanu Sultan 6538:Arabic grammar 6492:, dancing and 6417:Women in Islam 6412: 6409: 6375:New Testaments 6137:s because the 5919:Arabic grammar 5852:, present-day 5835:George Makdisi 5817:Scholars like 5815: 5814: 5787: 5784: 5732: 5731:Medical school 5729: 5510: 5507: 5228: 5225: 5190: 5187: 5183:Islamic ethics 5145: 5142: 5021:Main article: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:Kara Ben Nemsi 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4633:Abdul Alhazred 4630: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4433: 4431:Fusus al-Hikam 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304:Al-aql al-faal 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3977:Arabic prosody 3973: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3729:(ryhmed prose) 3724: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3451:Qudud Halabiya 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3401:Andalusi nubah 3398: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349:Arabic hip hop 3346: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3287:Algerian scale 3284: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3232:Robe of honour 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3165:Tarboush (fez) 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3100:(North Africa) 3095: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2999:Damascus steel 2996: 2991: 2986: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2957:Islamic garden 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2937:Arabic pottery 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2890: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820:Medina quarter 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2688:Multifoil arch 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2633:Horseshoe arch 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2521:Arabic culture 2517: 2516: 2499: 2496: 2465:Ottoman Empire 2461:Muslim history 2386: 2385: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2280:Ottoman period 2249:Hafsid dynasty 2161:' literacy in 2102:'s successful 1981: 1975: 1969:rule (today's 1929:, present-day 1836:Zayd ibn Arqam 1812: 1809: 1797: 1794: 1761: 1758: 1688:Ottoman Empire 1646: 1645:Arabic meaning 1643: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1459:transliterated 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1273:Da'i al-Mutlaq 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 851: 850: 842: 841: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 766: 765: 757: 756: 748: 747: 732: 731: 729: 728: 721: 714: 706: 703: 702: 701: 700: 685: 684: 681: 680: 674: 673: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 646: 641: 640: 639: 634: 624: 619: 614: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 595: 587: 586: 581: 575: 572:Related topics 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 554:Social welfare 551: 546: 545: 544: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 442: 432: 431: 430: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 339: 332: 325: 317: 316: 311: 305: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 283: 274: 273: 267: 259: 251: 242: 241: 221: 213: 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 183: 178: 172: 171: 166: 160: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 144:Predestination 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 125:Revealed Books 122: 116: 115: 105: 100: 99: 96: 95: 87: 86: 80: 79: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19268: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19213: 19211: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19177: 19167: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19153: 19143: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19130: 19127: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19040: 19038: 19034: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18927:Jama'at Khana 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18902:Datuk Keramat 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18889: 18887: 18883: 18877: 18876:Sufi whirling 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18800: 18795: 18792: 18791: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18742: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18693: 18691: 18687: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18660:Antinomianism 18658: 18657: 18655: 18651: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18633: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18601: 18596: 18593: 18589: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18527: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18510: 18507: 18503: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18482: 18480: 18476: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18441: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18414: 18409: 18406: 18402: 18397: 18394: 18390: 18385: 18382: 18378: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18351: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18317: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18275: 18270: 18267: 18263: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18246: 18241: 18238: 18234: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18216: 18212: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18109: 18104: 18101: 18097: 18092: 18089: 18088: 18086: 18082: 18075: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18053: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17981: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17954: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17893:Ahl al-Khutwa 17891: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17883: 17879: 17874: 17867: 17862: 17860: 17855: 17853: 17848: 17847: 17844: 17834: 17833: 17821: 17820: 17815: 17808: 17802: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17752: 17750: 17746: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17689: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17639: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17607:Hasht-Bihisht 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17568: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17481:Jama'at Khana 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17449: 17445: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17379: 17377: 17371: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17336: 17334: 17328: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17301:Mughal garden 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17283: 17281: 17277: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17225: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17123: 17120: 17117: 17114: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17103: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17027: 17025: 17019: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16996: 16992: 16988: 16984: 16980: 16977: 16976: 16974: 16970: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16918: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16908: 16903: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16779: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16696: 16691: 16689: 16684: 16682: 16677: 16676: 16673: 16663: 16659: 16653: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16626: 16622: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16605:Denominations 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16590: 16588: 16584: 16578: 16577:Last Judgment 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16518: 16514: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16410: 16406: 16402: 16395: 16391: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16344: 16338: 16337:Unmoved mover 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16280: 16276: 16275: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16238:Binitarianism 16236: 16234: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16176: 16172: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16122: 16116: 16112: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16086: 16084: 16082: 16078: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16009: 16005: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15966: 15960: 15959:Supreme Being 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15930: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15878: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15856: 15846: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15834: 15831: 15830:Gender of God 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15809: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15735:Kathenotheism 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15695: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15678: 15674: 15667: 15662: 15660: 15655: 15653: 15648: 15647: 15644: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15553: 15549: 15542: 15537: 15535: 15530: 15528: 15523: 15522: 15519: 15507: 15499: 15497: 15487: 15486: 15483: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15409:Post-Islamism 15407: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15368: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15302: 15301:Protestantism 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15288: 15287: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15279: 15275: 15271: 15261: 15257: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15237: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15184: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15155: 15151: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15139:Ophthalmology 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15029: 15025: 15011: 15008: 15004: 15003: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14969: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14957: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14903: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14887:Death penalty 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14853:Other aspects 14851: 14845: 14844: 14840: 14838: 14837: 14833: 14831: 14830: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14812: 14810: 14809: 14805: 14803: 14802: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14773: 14767: 14766: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14750: 14748: 14747: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14736: 14734: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14713: 14709: 14707: 14706: 14702: 14700: 14699: 14695: 14693: 14692: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14658: 14657:Jurisprudence 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14476: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14339: 14338:Denominations 14335: 14329: 14328: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14299: 14295: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14247: 14246: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14234: 14230: 14228: 14227: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14167: 14165: 14164: 14160: 14158: 14157: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14146: 14144: 14143: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14124: 14123:Holiest sites 14121: 14119: 14118:Judgement Day 14116: 14114: 14113: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14045: 14039: 14034: 14027: 14022: 14020: 14015: 14013: 14008: 14007: 14004: 13998:at Wiktionary 13997: 13996: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13965: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13916: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13886: 13882: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13865: 13861: 13860: 13851: 13847: 13845:9782503574455 13841: 13837: 13832: 13831: 13818: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13785: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13755: 13740: 13736: 13735: 13730: 13724: 13709: 13705: 13704: 13696: 13689: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13671: 13664: 13662: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13614: 13609: 13595:on 2013-03-01 13591: 13584: 13578: 13562: 13558: 13552: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13522: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13489: 13475:on 2015-04-02 13474: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13446:on 2015-04-02 13445: 13441: 13437: 13431: 13417:on 2015-04-02 13416: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13372: 13356: 13352: 13351: 13346: 13339: 13323: 13319: 13318: 13313: 13306: 13298: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13265: 13263: 13255: 13249: 13247: 13240: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13224: 13222: 13212: 13210: 13195: 13191: 13184: 13176: 13170: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13139: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13110: 13103: 13097: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13058: 13054: 13051: 13044: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13022: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12984: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12958: 12951: 12936: 12932: 12924: 12909: 12905: 12897: 12890: 12885: 12870: 12866: 12860: 12852: 12846: 12842: 12835: 12827: 12820: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12795: 12793: 12784: 12777: 12775: 12767: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12749: 12743: 12741: 12733: 12732:Brentjes 2018 12728: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12693: 12685: 12678: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12649: 12641: 12634: 12626: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12606: 12600: 12596: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12577: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12558: 12551: 12549: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12528: 12521: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12483: 12475: 12469: 12465: 12458: 12450: 12443: 12435: 12428: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12370: 12362: 12360:9780810874565 12356: 12352: 12348: 12341: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12303: 12295: 12287: 12285:9780028972114 12281: 12277: 12273: 12266: 12258: 12252: 12244: 12242:9780252030772 12238: 12234: 12233: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12166: 12165: 12157: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12126: 12124: 12115: 12113:9789796866441 12109: 12105: 12098: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12067:. Routledge. 12066: 12065: 12057: 12049: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12025: 12023:0-313-32270-8 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12006: 11998: 11991: 11989:0-313-32270-8 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11972: 11964: 11962: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11932: 11925: 11923:0-313-32270-8 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11906: 11898: 11891: 11889:0-313-32270-8 11885: 11881: 11880:196 & 198 11877: 11873: 11872: 11864: 11857: 11851: 11844: 11838: 11831: 11825: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11788: 11786:0-252-07121-2 11782: 11778: 11774: 11767: 11759: 11752: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11721:George Saliba 11716: 11709: 11708:0-521-52994-8 11705: 11701: 11695: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11639: 11633: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11582:0-7486-1009-X 11578: 11574: 11570: 11563: 11561: 11553: 11547: 11540: 11534: 11527: 11526:0-87249-376-8 11523: 11517: 11507: 11500: 11499:1-57958-245-1 11496: 11490: 11483: 11477: 11469: 11463: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11435: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11378:Brentjes 2018 11374: 11367: 11366:Brentjes 2018 11362: 11355: 11354:Brentjes 2018 11350: 11344:, p. 69. 11343: 11342:Brentjes 2018 11338: 11331: 11330:Brentjes 2018 11326: 11324: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11306: 11299: 11293: 11286: 11278: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11254: 11252: 11244: 11236: 11229: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11196: 11190:, p. 80. 11189: 11188:Brentjes 2018 11184: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11119: 11117:90-04-10633-2 11113: 11109: 11105: 11098: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11060: 11053: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10990:0-7486-1009-X 10986: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10939: 10931: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10912: 10905: 10899: 10891: 10889:0-19-512559-2 10885: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10863: 10862: 10854: 10846: 10845: 10837: 10830: 10829:0-521-36105-2 10826: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10807: 10792: 10788: 10786:9789287161215 10782: 10778: 10774: 10773: 10765: 10758: 10757:0-521-36105-2 10754: 10750: 10744: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10727:90-04-11351-7 10723: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10700:0-521-52994-8 10697: 10693: 10687: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10661: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10621:0-521-52994-8 10618: 10614: 10608: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10556: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10443: 10442:0-521-52994-8 10439: 10433: 10426: 10420: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10396: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10281: 10272: 10268: 10261: 10259: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10174: 10172: 10163: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10146: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10059: 10057:81-208-1596-3 10053: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10018: 10016:81-208-1596-3 10012: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9992:81-208-1596-3 9988: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9971: 9962: 9955: 9953: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9907: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9887: 9879: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9859: 9857:9782350314907 9853: 9849: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9825: 9823:9780195309911 9819: 9815: 9808: 9806: 9797: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9752: 9748: 9746:9780300218701 9742: 9738: 9737: 9729: 9721: 9719:9783902782199 9715: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9665: 9661: 9659:9780300088670 9655: 9651: 9650: 9642: 9634: 9632:9780195309911 9628: 9624: 9617: 9615: 9606: 9604:9781845119478 9600: 9596: 9589: 9587: 9579: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9556: 9552: 9549:Ira Lapidus, 9546: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9506: 9493:on 2011-08-17 9489: 9485: 9478: 9477: 9469: 9463:, pages 225-7 9461: 9459:0-226-74951-7 9455: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9354: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9294: 9287: 9283: 9277: 9275: 9266: 9259: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9229: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9161: 9160: 9153: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9134:0-19-512559-2 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9109: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9082: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9006:مدرسة إسلامية 9003: 8999: 8997: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8977: 8967: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954:public school 8947: 8943: 8941: 8934: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8897: 8890: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8768: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8744: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8659: 8655: 8654:HarperCollins 8651: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8413:Jessica Stern 8410: 8409: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8380:Newt Gingrich 8375: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317:United States 8314: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8303:Hafiz (Quran) 8300: 8290: 8288: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8262: 8252: 8249: 8241: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8215:This section 8213: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8114:for boys and 8113: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7967:Sekolah Agama 7958: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7823:Uttar Pradesh 7817:used to pray. 7816: 7812: 7811:Srirangapatna 7807: 7800: 7795: 7786: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7699: 7696: 7688: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7662:This section 7660: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7573: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7562:Friday mosque 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7500:), including 7499: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7470: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7433: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7405: 7404:globalization 7400: 7389: 7386: 7378: 7375:December 2023 7368: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7344:This section 7342: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7128:Friday mosque 7125: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7039:Ṭashtamuriyya 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6781: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6751:Diniyah Putri 6747: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6716:al-Qarawiyyin 6713: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690:sponsored by 6689: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6638: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6570: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6473:qawmi madrasa 6469: 6465: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6407: 6405: 6398: 6396: 6393:madrasahs in 6392: 6388: 6385:which taught 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6342:George Saliba 6338: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5915:jurisprudence 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699:legal opinion 5696: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5582:post-graduate 5579: 5577: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5530: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5465:Mughal Empire 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5221:craftsmanship 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5150: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106:from private 5105: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5024: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4698:Talia al Ghul 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Book of Idols 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309:Aql bi-l-fi'l 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4262:Islamic Logic 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3508:Egyptian folk 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3098:Arab Maghreb 3096: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3076:(Mesopotamia) 3072: 3070: 3066:Arab Mashriq 3064: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3029:Pseudo-Arabic 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2962:Islamic glass 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2888:Nabataean art 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459:(logic), and 2458: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2398:- Oneness or 2397: 2393: 2382: 2379: 2371: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2345:This section 2343: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2082:Dimitri Gutas 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2039:Niẓām al-Mulk 2035: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2016:Niẓām al-Mulk 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:al-Qarawiyyin 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1811:Early history 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1790:Nizam al-Mulk 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1587: 1576: 1575:morphological 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:Nizam al-Mulk 1507: 1503: 1502:jurisprudence 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:architectural 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457:), sometimes 1455: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1388: 1380: 1362: 1351: 1318: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:Seghatoleslam 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 852: 849: 848: 844: 843: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 764: 763: 759: 758: 755: 754: 750: 749: 746: 742: 738: 737: 727: 722: 720: 715: 713: 708: 707: 705: 704: 699: 689: 688: 687: 686: 679: 676: 675: 670: 669:Military laws 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 645: 642: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 573: 568: 567: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:Proselytizing 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435:Denominations 433: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 378: 373: 372: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 333: 331: 330: 326: 324: 323: 319: 318: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 298: 297: 290: 288: 284: 282: 280: 276: 275: 271: 268: 266: 264: 260: 258: 256: 252: 250: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 233: 232: 227: 226: 222: 220: 219: 215: 214: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 158: 153: 152: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 114: 110: 107: 106: 103: 98: 97: 93: 89: 88: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 59: 54: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 19241:School types 19200:Architecture 18956: 18806:Madih nabawi 17823: 17810: 17807:Islamic arts 17587:Caravanserai 17500: 17112: 17066:Loudspeakers 16991:Persian dome 16953:Pointed arch 16751:Indo-Islamic 16741:Great Seljuk 16472:Hamartiology 16457:Ecclesiology 16447:Pneumatology 16356:Christianity 16347:Names of God 16322:Philo's view 16312:Personal god 16292:Great Spirit 16231: / 16188:Christianity 16046:Perichoresis 15949:Emanationism 15891:Christianity 15881:Baháʼí Faith 15859:Singular god 15832: 15792:Spiritualism 15605: 15421:Islamophobia 15286:Christianity 15234: 15167:Contemporary 15061:Architecture 15000: 14966: 14954: 14942: 14900: 14893: 14859: 14841: 14836:Nikah mut'ah 14834: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14763: 14751: 14744: 14737: 14730: 14710: 14703: 14696: 14689: 14602: 14577: 14325: 14249: 14231: 14224: 14168: 14161: 14154: 14147: 14140: 14133:Five Pillars 14110: 14076: 14065:God in Islam 14042: 13994: 13955: 13934: 13914: 13906: 13898: 13888: 13863: 13835: 13801:(744): 136. 13798: 13794: 13784: 13773:. Retrieved 13764: 13754: 13743:. Retrieved 13732: 13723: 13712:. Retrieved 13701: 13698:(Transcript) 13688: 13680:the original 13673: 13649:. Retrieved 13640: 13630: 13622: 13608: 13597:. Retrieved 13590:the original 13577: 13565:. Retrieved 13551: 13539:. Retrieved 13530: 13521: 13509:. Retrieved 13498: 13488: 13477:. Retrieved 13473:the original 13459: 13448:. Retrieved 13444:the original 13430: 13419:. Retrieved 13415:the original 13401: 13389:. Retrieved 13385:the original 13371: 13359:. Retrieved 13348: 13338: 13326:. Retrieved 13315: 13305: 13278: 13274: 13253: 13228: 13197:. Retrieved 13193: 13183: 13157:. Retrieved 13148: 13138: 13127:. Retrieved 13118: 13109: 13101: 13096: 13086:21 September 13084:. Retrieved 13076:The Guardian 13075: 13065: 13048: 13043: 13035:the original 13030: 13021: 13010:. Retrieved 12997: 12983: 12973:21 September 12971:. Retrieved 12960: 12950: 12938:. Retrieved 12934: 12923: 12911:. Retrieved 12907: 12896: 12884: 12872:. Retrieved 12868: 12859: 12840: 12834: 12825: 12819: 12800: 12782: 12765: 12747: 12727: 12705:(1): 32–51. 12702: 12698: 12692: 12683: 12677: 12666:. Retrieved 12657: 12648: 12639: 12633: 12624: 12594: 12575: 12556: 12537: 12527: 12518: 12512:. Retrieved 12492: 12482: 12463: 12457: 12448: 12442: 12433: 12427: 12416:. Retrieved 12383: 12379: 12369: 12346: 12340: 12329:. Retrieved 12301: 12294: 12275: 12265: 12231: 12224: 12212:. Retrieved 12203: 12194: 12183:. Retrieved 12163: 12156: 12144:. Retrieved 12135: 12103: 12083:. Retrieved 12063: 12056: 12037: 12031: 12004: 11997: 11970: 11948:. Retrieved 11939:Sahih Muslim 11938: 11931: 11904: 11897: 11870: 11863: 11855: 11850: 11842: 11837: 11829: 11824: 11812:. Retrieved 11803: 11794: 11772: 11766: 11757: 11751: 11741:, retrieved 11732: 11728: 11715: 11699: 11694: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11632: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11568: 11551: 11546: 11533: 11516: 11506: 11489: 11481: 11476: 11453: 11447: 11439: 11434: 11399: 11395: 11385: 11373: 11361: 11349: 11337: 11308: 11304: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11283: 11277: 11259: 11242: 11235: 11227: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11183: 11172:. Retrieved 11163: 11139:. Retrieved 11125: 11103: 11097: 11086:. Retrieved 11066: 11059: 11052:universitas. 11048: 11046: 11040:, retrieved 11012: 11008: 10998: 10976: 10970: 10949:: 165–186 , 10942: 10936: 10930: 10915: 10911: 10903: 10898: 10879: 10870: 10860: 10853: 10843: 10836: 10812: 10806: 10795:. Retrieved 10771: 10764: 10759:, pp. XIX–XX 10748: 10743: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10691: 10686: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10658: 10641:(3): 586–8. 10638: 10634: 10628: 10623:, p. 179-185 10612: 10607: 10594: 10591:Hossein Nasr 10585: 10576: 10572: 10563: 10531:(1): 60–65. 10528: 10524: 10499:the original 10468: 10464: 10444:, p. 191-193 10432: 10414: 10408: 10400: 10395: 10387: 10355: 10351: 10324:, retrieved 10296: 10292: 10273:: 1123–1189. 10270: 10266: 10247:November 23, 10245:. Retrieved 10220: 10197:, retrieved 10183: 10160: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10136:, retrieved 10108: 10104: 10094: 10083:. Retrieved 10074: 10065: 10047: 10041: 10029: 10024: 10006: 10000: 9978: 9960: 9940:the original 9926: 9906: 9886: 9877: 9847: 9813: 9795: 9755:. Retrieved 9735: 9728: 9709: 9703: 9694: 9668:. Retrieved 9648: 9641: 9622: 9594: 9577: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9524:: 165–186 , 9517: 9511: 9505: 9495:, retrieved 9488:the original 9475: 9468: 9449: 9446:Sabra, A. I. 9440: 9396: 9392: 9383: 9372:. Retrieved 9353: 9342:. Retrieved 9312:(2): 63–75. 9309: 9305: 9285: 9281: 9264: 9258: 9249: 9243: 9234: 9228: 9202:Roman Empire 9188: 9175: 9167: 9157: 9152: 9142: 9124: 9108: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9009: 8993: 8973: 8957: 8937: 8933: 8922:. Retrieved 8913: 8904: 8895: 8889: 8878:. Retrieved 8869: 8860: 8851: 8845: 8836: 8766: 8742: 8687:. Retrieved 8683: 8674: 8662:. Retrieved 8647: 8638: 8626:. Retrieved 8619: 8595:. Retrieved 8588: 8579: 8571:the original 8559: 8546: 8469:Beth midrash 8406: 8404: 8399: 8391: 8388:Colin Powell 8377: 8372: 8360: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8323:André Carson 8320: 8296: 8283: 8280:South Africa 8269:kindergarten 8244: 8238:January 2021 8235: 8224:Please help 8219:verification 8216: 8189: 8181:Soccsksargen 8177:Davao Region 8170: 8164:and SMIE in 8153: 8139: 8136: 8120: 8103: 8082: 8076: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8007: 7986: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7939: 7923: 7902:instruction. 7877: 7862: 7854: 7827: 7820: 7779: 7775: 7770:Lalbagh Fort 7731: 7711: 7691: 7685:January 2010 7682: 7671:Please help 7666:verification 7663: 7639:Qutb complex 7637:'s Madrasa, 7612:anticlerical 7609: 7606:20th century 7579: 7566: 7546: 7533: 7493: 7491: 7467: 7443: 7439: 7430: 7413: 7396: 7381: 7372: 7345: 7290:Fatih Mosque 7281: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7229: 7182: 7168: 7136: 7117: 7073: 7071: 7020: 7011: 7008:Temple Mount 6980: 6952: 6937: 6879:Salah ad-Din 6864: 6843: 6806:Central Asia 6788: 6774:Architecture 6755: 6750: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6709: 6685: 6684:, part of a 6677: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6633: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6588: 6566: 6483: 6471: 6441: 6428: 6400: 6353:, which was 6340: 6336: 6308: 6305: 6277: 6267: 6253: 6245: 6233: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6179: 6174: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6141:(from Latin 6134: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6108: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6070: 6067:Ibn al-Nafis 6060: 6051: 6043: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6012: 5992: 5990: 5978:al-Mustanṣir 5955: 5934: 5894: 5888: 5861: 5844: 5831:universities 5816: 5799: 5791: 5775: 5755: 5740: 5718: 5714: 5692: 5686: 5683:jurisconsult 5674: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5636: 5634: 5614: 5600: 5590: 5586: 5573: 5564: 5556: 5546: 5532: 5524: 5522: 5502: 5486: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5434:Muslim India 5431: 5426: 5423:Abd al-Latif 5417: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5261: 5259: 5199: 5192: 5166: 5159: 5133: 5125: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5070:and teacher 5049: 5045: 5043: 5032: 4945:Dhul Khalasa 4888: 4887: 4717: 4712:Spirituality 4688:Ra's al Ghul 4663:King Marsile 4621: 4620: 4546:Magic carpet 4435: 4364: 4363: 4297: 4296: 4133:Saudi Arabia 4049: 4048: 3975: 3974: 3900: 3899: 3853: 3852: 3824: 3823: 3785: 3784: 3715: 3714: 3687: 3562: 3488:Algerian Raï 3476: 3475: 3389: 3388: 3337: 3336: 3317:Quarter tone 3277:Arabic maqam 3271: 3175: 3174: 3119: 3038: 3014:Hedwig glass 2977: 2976: 2910: 2909: 2877: 2859: 2799: 2780:Caravanserai 2758: 2757: 2591: 2589: 2544: 2539:Architecture 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2438: 2406: 2404: 2389: 2374: 2368:January 2010 2365: 2354:Please help 2349:verification 2346: 2316: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2277: 2246: 2239: 2231:Salah ad-Din 2212: 2190: 2085: 2080: 2063: 2047: 2029: 2008:period, the 2003: 1978: 1935: 1922: 1904: 1884:martial arts 1833: 1819:View of the 1774:Muslim world 1765: 1763: 1751: 1745: 1729: 1719:. The usual 1716: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1655: 1648: 1590: 1570: 1566: 1563:Semitic root 1554: 1552: 1530: 1505: 1494:Muslim world 1487: 1466: 1462: 1316: 1315: 845: 811: 760: 753:Usul al-Fiqh 751: 644:Islamophobia 486: 423:Demographics 418:Circumcision 334: 327: 320: 286: 278: 262: 254: 246: 235: 229: 223: 216: 19246:Law schools 18922:Jama masjid 18866:Sufi poetry 18797: [ 18758:Sufi orders 18739: [ 18653:Misconducts 18630: [ 18598: [ 18586: [ 18524: [ 18512: [ 18500: [ 18438: [ 18411: [ 18399: [ 18387: [ 18375: [ 18348: [ 18336: [ 18314: [ 18272: [ 18260: [ 18243: [ 18231: [ 18106: [ 18094: [ 18050: [ 18037:Sufis ranks 17978: [ 17951: [ 17903:Bash Hezzab 17875:terminology 17434:Windcatcher 17415:(courtyard) 17168:Mosque lamp 17148:Girih tiles 17105:Decorations 16983:Arabic dome 16530:Krishnology 16507:Soteriology 16462:Eschatology 16442:Christology 16307:Open theism 16263:Exotheology 16161:Zoroastrian 16124:By religion 16081:Eschatology 16036:Homoiousian 15989:Ahura Mazda 15767:Panentheism 15730:Hermeticism 15576:Darul uloom 15559:Almajiranci 15291:Catholicism 15186:Other areas 15177:Theological 15172:Eschatology 15129:Mathematics 15066:Calligraphy 14996:Theological 14950:Inheritance 14867:Cleanliness 14239:Shi'a Imams 14233:Ahl al-Bayt 13734:The Tribune 13567:November 8, 13469:muis.gov.sg 13440:muis.gov.sg 13436:"About JMS" 13411:muis.gov.sg 12940:5 September 12913:5 September 12874:5 September 11950:11 November 11878:, pp. 11814:22 February 11698:Toby Huff, 11438:Toby Huff, 10831:, pp. 47-55 10690:Toby Huff, 10611:Toby Huff, 10399:Toby Huff, 10179:"education" 9191:Middle Ages 9022:مدرسة جامعة 8986:مدرسة دينية 8898:. Springer. 8689:19 November 8489:Darul uloom 8345:, the word 8127:Philippines 7884:Sunni Islam 7857:Maharashtra 7815:Tipu Sultan 7799:Taliparamba 7764:madrasa in 7708:Afghanistan 7353:WP:NOTESSAY 7284:complex of 7223:complex in 7205:Shah Mosque 6894:proselytism 6885:in Cairo's 6802:Transoxiana 6798:monasteries 6704:Mimar Sinan 6575:Ibn ʻAsākir 6456:muḥaddithāt 6404:Inquisition 6299:founded by 6143:universitas 5911:Islamic law 5763:Al-Muqtadir 5709:as well as 5621:'teacher'. 5495:Islamic law 5414:Islamic law 5387:during the 5306:metaphysics 5282:mathematics 5207:preaching, 4648:Battal Gazi 3833:Anthologies 3633:Raqs Sharqi 3588:Belly dance 3431:Iraqi maqam 3359:Arabic jazz 3354:Arabic rock 3207:Fouta towel 3009:Girih tiles 2927:Arab carpet 2898:Fatimid art 2893:Islamic art 2748:Windcatcher 2613:Arabic dome 2490:(plural of 2278:During the 2211:known as a 2155:Middle Ages 2118:mathematics 2072:Sufi orders 2056:Mesopotamia 2050:Ḥashshāshīn 1876:calligraphy 1778:Islamic law 1690:during the 1522:Mesopotamia 1498:Islamic law 1073:Grand Mufti 322:Ahl al-Bayt 207:Foundations 19210:Categories 19176:Psychology 19088:Prayer rug 18851:Sufi music 18711:Hizb Rateb 18689:Ceremonies 18457:Zarruqiyya 18165:Ismul Azam 17717:Influences 17632:Well house 17403:Mashrabiya 17051:Hussainiya 16987:Onion dome 16778:Indonesian 16766:Qutb Shahi 16615:Philosophy 16502:Sophiology 16482:Philosophy 16477:Messianism 16437:Paterology 16041:Hypostasis 16031:Homoousian 15862:theologies 15802:Theopanism 15787:Polytheism 15750:Monotheism 15725:Henotheism 15351:Ex-Muslims 15236:Shu'ubiyya 15230:Psychology 15218:Literature 15208:Inventions 15154:Philosophy 14962:Leadership 14938:Honorifics 14593:Philosophy 14400:Isma'ilism 14361:Maturidism 14244:Caliphates 14215:Golden Age 14106:Revelation 13775:2014-09-13 13745:2008-01-14 13714:2008-01-14 13651:2010-05-12 13599:2012-11-08 13479:2015-03-18 13450:2015-03-18 13421:2015-03-18 13199:2024-04-09 13129:2022-06-10 13012:2016-05-08 12990:"Madrasah" 12869:Britannica 12810:2723301591 12668:2020-08-15 12514:2022-06-21 12473:2213029830 12418:2021-11-22 12331:2022-03-11 12185:2022-07-01 12085:2021-11-18 12012:, p. 11978:, p. 11912:, p. 11743:2010-04-02 11511:20/03/2010 11174:2020-08-15 11141:9 February 11088:2021-05-04 11042:2019-06-29 10797:2020-10-27 10326:2019-06-29 10199:2008-09-30 10138:2019-06-29 10085:2020-08-30 10036:, pp. 77–8 9757:2021-10-07 9670:2021-11-18 9497:2008-11-22 9403:: 65–79 , 9374:2008-12-05 9344:2021-11-23 8970:مدرسة خاصة 8950:مدرسة عامة 8924:2017-05-30 8880:2020-08-13 8644:"Madrasah" 8616:"madrassa" 8533:References 8327:Queens, NY 8192:Bangsamoro 7936:, Pakistan 7846:Isma'ilism 7772:courtyard. 7766:Bangladesh 7728:Bangladesh 7722:Abu Hanifa 7626:South Asia 7614:policy of 7421:Darulhadis 7359:improve it 7043:Muzhiriyya 7035:Arghūniyya 7031:Tankiziyya 6778:See also: 6759:Hem Borker 6606:, such as 6542:literature 6526:philosophy 6478:Bangladesh 6431:al-Sakhawi 6415:See also: 6369:, and the 6326:sic et non 6286:, meaning 6242:companions 6115:Ibn Sina's 6040:al-Sakhawi 5948:Maimonides 5880:University 5747:bimaristan 5737:Bimaristan 5735:See also: 5513:See also: 5509:Law school 5467:founded a 5397:danişmends 5355:cities of 5353:Andalusian 5286:philosophy 5270:philosophy 5231:See also: 5179:literature 5177:, Arabic, 5078:(known as 4920:Dhat-Badan 4848:Theandrios 4828:Baalshamin 4823:Atarsamain 4678:Palamedes 4421:Muqaddimah 4381:Al-isharat 4287:Avicennism 4239:Philosophy 4108:Mauritania 3917:Muwashshah 3882:Khamriyyah 3682:Literature 3628:Ouled Nail 3441:Muwashshah 3344:Arabic pop 2903:Mamluk art 2850:Well house 2785:Bimaristan 2673:Mashrabiya 2502:See also: 2469:Süleyman I 2425:); and an 2400:monotheism 2263:under the 2235:al-Shafi'i 2227:Nur al-Din 2191:Under the 2186:Nur al-Din 2138:philosophy 2114:Avicennism 2100:al-Ghazali 2092:Golden Age 1800:See also: 1696:danişmends 1631:Indonesian 1586:mafʻal(ah) 1544:Definition 1516:under the 1475:Arab world 1228:Mujahideen 512:Philosophy 249:(exegesis) 186:Pilgrimage 176:Almsgiving 19164:Education 19098:Tagelmust 19093:Qashabiya 19068:Jellabiya 18972:Mausoleum 18665:Rahbaniya 18479:Waridates 18296:Muraqabah 18291:Muhasabah 17975:Mutahaqiq 17691:Resources 17454:Religious 17424:Shabestan 17382:Hypostyle 17364:Shadirvan 17133:Arabesque 17056:Imamzadeh 17021:Religious 17001:Semi-dome 16948:Ogee arch 16917:Chahartaq 16880:Materials 16807:Almoravid 16782:Malaysian 16492:Practical 16487:Political 16452:Cosmology 16409:Christian 16268:Holocaust 16258:Egotheism 16213:Goddesses 16208:Mormonism 16136:Christian 16089:Afterlife 15975:Sustainer 15782:Polydeism 15777:Pantheism 15762:Mysticism 15745:Monolatry 15740:Nontheism 15720:Dystheism 15616:Pesantren 15611:Nezamiyeh 15468:Symbolism 15426:Incidents 15404:Criticism 15296:Mormonism 15193:Astrology 15119:Cosmology 15114:Astronomy 15056:Arabesque 14923:Etiquette 14882:Blasphemy 14672:Economics 14487:Ahmadiyya 14429:Muhakkima 14376:Wahhabism 14366:Mu'tazili 14351:Ash'arism 13703:USA Today 13169:cite news 13149:The Hindu 12408:234864708 12400:0011-3204 12251:cite book 11856:The Arabs 11591:237514956 11501:, p. 1025 11462:cite book 11426:211662842 11047:One such 11029:144509355 10963:143484233 10736:0926-6070 10660:parallel. 10579:(4): 459. 10313:144509355 10237:142242807 10125:144509355 9538:143484233 9417:1420-9144 9334:129458856 9326:0161-956X 9206:Byzantium 8914:ThoughtCo 8680:"madrasa" 8585:"madrasa" 8556:"madrasa" 8553:(US) and 8551:"madrasa" 8538:Citations 8162:Zamboanga 8072:Singapore 8056:Singapore 8012:The word 8004:Pesantren 7998:Indonesia 7868:In Kerala 7616:Reżā Shah 7436:Curricula 7363:verifying 7225:Samarkand 7164:Samarkand 7144:Marrakesh 7067:Marrakesh 7047:Ẓāhirīyah 6991:Baybars I 6694:(wife of 6643:The term 6564:in 1258. 6560:with the 6514:astronomy 6387:astronomy 6383:Samarqand 6379:Ulugh Beg 6317:civil law 6303:in 1224. 6292:consensus 6193:earliest 6190:corporate 5935:modernize 5903:faculties 5685:, called 5339:Niẓāmīyah 5318:chemistry 5314:astronomy 5112:emulation 4763:Al-Kutbay 4591:Shadhavar 4556:Mount Qaf 4531:Karkadann 4448:Mythology 4334:Asabiyyah 4292:Averroism 4123:Palestine 4045:Mutadārik 4042:Mutaqārib 4033:Mujtathth 3885:Tardiyyah 3705:Classical 3648:Schikhatt 3613:Khaleegy 3390:Art music 3217:Jellabiya 3130:Battoulah 2984:Arabesque 2978:Features 2840:Shadirvan 2643:Hypostyle 2608:Arabesque 2592:Features 2560:Nabataean 2463:. In the 2290:word for 2163:antiquity 2143:patronage 2130:geography 2126:astrology 2122:astronomy 2106:into the 2044:Assassins 1896:Caliphate 1880:athletics 1872:first aid 1868:genealogy 1802:Nizamiyya 1553:The word 1549:Etymology 1538:Devshirme 1208:Ulu'l-amr 1183:Muhaddith 1088:Ayatollah 1063:Mohyeddin 952:Istishhad 947:Istighfar 862:Mustahabb 632:terrorism 584:Criticism 537:Sexuality 507:Mysticism 477:Festivals 457:Education 452:Economics 388:Academics 344:Caliphate 157:Practices 62:Samarkand 19216:Madrasas 19140:Religion 19108:Tarboosh 19063:Gandoura 19058:Djellaba 18675:Taqabbur 18425:Tawassul 18420:Tawakkul 18084:Concepts 18002:Qalandar 17965:Muqarrab 17960:Muqaddam 17943:Marabout 17805:Part of 17641:Military 17577:Baradari 17570:Civilian 17393:Jharokha 17354:Mechouar 17291:Charbagh 17234:Andaruni 17208:Socarrat 17173:Muqarnas 17071:Maqsurah 16963:Vaulting 16892:Tadelakt 16873:Elements 16822:Zayyanid 16802:Aghlabid 16610:Kabbalah 16557:Prophets 16432:Glossary 16398:By faith 16361:Hinduism 16243:Demiurge 16233:in Islam 16193:Hinduism 16183:Buddhism 16175:Feminist 16131:Buddhist 15939:Absolute 15932:Concepts 15908:Hinduism 15903:Buddhism 15869:By faith 15833:and gods 15825:Divinity 15811:Concepts 15772:Pandeism 15673:Theology 15506:Category 15399:Islamism 15382:Muhammad 15338:Apostasy 15313:Hinduism 15203:Feminism 15134:Medicine 14974:Military 14928:Gambling 14877:Apostasy 14872:Criminal 14784:Marriage 14753:Tayammum 14705:Murabaha 14578:Madrasas 14568:Holidays 14558:Clothing 14553:Children 14548:Calendar 14499:Quranism 14433:Khawarij 14405:Alawites 14356:Atharism 14250:Rashidun 14089:In Islam 14084:Muhammad 13982:Madrasas 13957:The News 13817:45319115 13769:Archived 13739:Archived 13708:Archived 13645:Archived 13641:BBC News 13616:Archived 13561:Archived 13535:Archived 13505:Archived 13391:18 March 13355:Archived 13322:Archived 13297:45319115 13235:Archived 13153:Archived 13123:Archived 13080:Archived 13053:Archived 13006:Archived 12967:Archived 12962:TOLOnews 12662:Archived 12535:(1922). 12508:Archived 12490:(1978). 12464:Le Caire 12412:Archived 12325:Archived 12208:Archived 12179:Archived 12140:Archived 12136:tirto.id 12079:Archived 11944:Archived 11808:Archived 11737:archived 11723:(2002), 11710:, p. 155 11168:Archived 11135:Archived 11082:Archived 11033:archived 10878:(2003). 10817:Archived 10791:Archived 10495:17139063 10317:archived 10241:Archived 10223:: 1–74. 10193:archived 10191:, 2008, 10129:archived 10079:Archived 9963:. Brill. 9915:Archived 9895:Archived 9751:Archived 9664:Archived 9425:12852421 9401:Springer 9368:Archived 9338:Archived 9195:medieval 9123:(2003). 8918:Archived 8874:Archived 8839:. Brill. 8658:Archived 8473:midrasha 8427:See also 8273:Yangzhou 8187:(ARMM). 8183:and the 8146:Mindanao 8121:madrasah 8018:madrasah 8014:madrasah 7992:Mindanao 7914:Pakistan 7838:Barelvis 7801:, India 7645:, India. 7585:Safavids 7552:and the 7530:Ifriqiya 7399:Murad II 7326:Istanbul 7298:Istanbul 7258:Istanbul 7221:Registan 7197:Safavids 7193:Timurids 7189:Ilkhanid 7090:Ifriqiya 6987:Damascus 6891:Isma'ili 6814:Khargerd 6810:Khorasan 6795:Buddhist 6700:Selim II 6608:Khadijah 6599:scholars 6571:scholar 6546:theology 6518:medicine 6510:scholars 6498:Tawaddud 6351:Damascus 6069:gave an 6001:sharīʻah 5972:ʻAbbāsid 5962:was the 5907:seminary 5767:muhtasib 5677:mustaftī 5670:madrasah 5659:and the 5617:mudarris 5550:madhāhib 5499:theology 5489:madrasah 5482:madrasah 5457:madrasas 5443:Madrasas 5427:madrasas 5405:madrasas 5381:Valencia 5345:Damascus 5323:madrasah 5310:medicine 5294:politics 5272:and the 5264:madrasah 5213:geometry 5209:medicine 5195:Ibn Sīnā 5162:Ibn Sīnā 5140:school. 5121:Ibn Sīnā 5080:Avicenna 5074:Ibn Sīnā 4878:Yarhibol 4858:Malakbel 4728:Al-‘Uzzá 4638:Ali Baba 4611:Zulfiqar 4298:Concepts 4282:Farabism 4073:Djibouti 4030:Muqtaḍab 4024:Munsariħ 3967:Ghinnawa 3942:Riddles 3927:Mathnawi 3689:Language 3643:Shamadan 3608:Hagallah 3461:Tahmilah 3242:Takchita 3202:Durra'ah 3197:Djellaba 3176:Clothing 3150:Madhalla 3140:Keffiyeh 3120:Headwear 3074:Mashriq 3068:(Levant) 3024:Muqarnas 2743:Voussoir 2738:Vaulting 2733:Tadelakt 2723:Socarrat 2693:Muqarnas 2513:a series 2511:Part of 2447:sharīʻah 2292:madrasah 2253:Ifriqiya 2182:Damascus 2151:literacy 2109:madrasah 2084:and the 2064:madrasah 2060:Khorasan 2006:ʻAbbāsid 1979:madrasah 1959:Isma'ili 1888:nabuwwat 1858:mosque. 1844:Muhammad 1842:, where 1768:madrasah 1747:midrasha 1700:madrasah 1678:madrasah 1658:madrasah 1599:loanword 1593:madrasah 1557:madrasah 1540:pupils. 1526:Khorasan 1467:madrassa 1463:madrasah 1428:: مدرسة 1278:al-Dawla 1218:Mu'azzin 1203:Marabout 1188:Mujaddid 1158:Mufassir 1083:Mujtahid 812:Madrasah 802:Istishab 797:Istihsan 792:Istihlal 787:Ikhtilaf 741:a series 739:Part of 678:Glossary 654:Jihadism 627:Violence 622:Islamism 593:Muhammad 579:Apostasy 522:Politics 472:Feminism 467:Exorcism 428:Diaspora 413:Children 408:Calendar 336:Rashidun 314:Muhammad 309:Timeline 270:Mathnawi 132:Prophets 76:a series 74:Part of 58:Registan 40:Madrasta 18:Medreseh 19126:Portals 19103:Taqiyah 19078:Misbaha 19053:Burnous 19036:Objects 18987:Musalla 18967:Maqbara 18957:Madrasa 18947:Külliye 18942:Khanqah 18937:Khalawi 18917:Gongbei 18821:Qawwali 18811:Nasheed 18794:Ashewiq 18778:Ziyarat 18753:Silsila 18680:Zandaqa 18639:Walayah 18617:Tajalli 18573:Ma'rifa 18558:Karamat 18538:Hidayah 18492:Basirah 18487:Barakah 18430:Tazkiah 18408:Tawajud 18396:Takhlia 18367:Tafakur 18328:Salawat 18135:Ghaflah 18017:Rabbani 17970:Murshid 17948:Mudaqiq 17938:Majzoob 17908:Dervish 17739:Mudéjar 17703:ArchNet 17653:Alcázar 17526:Musalla 17511:Maqbara 17501:Madrasa 17491:Külliye 17486:Khanqah 17476:Gongbei 17375:cooling 17373:Passive 17339:Chhatri 17332:objects 17330:Outdoor 17279:Gardens 17255:Mirador 17193:Shabaka 17183:Qashani 17138:Banna'i 17081:Minaret 17023:objects 17013:(eaves) 17011:Chhajja 16958:Squinch 16859:Umayyad 16854:Timurid 16844:Swahili 16829:Ottoman 16812:Almohad 16797:Moorish 16787:Iranian 16756:Bengali 16736:Fatimid 16731:Chinese 16726:Ayyubid 16716:Abbasid 16600:Aggadah 16548:Oneness 16540:Islamic 16422:Outline 16417:History 16376:Judaism 16371:Jainism 16327:Process 16302:Olelbis 16203:Judaism 16146:Islamic 16061:Trinity 15944:Brahman 15918:Sikhism 15913:Jainism 15886:Judaism 15838:Goddess 15606:Madrasa 15596:Khalawi 15591:Khanqah 15453:Nursing 15414:Qutbism 15328:Sikhism 15323:Judaism 15318:Jainism 15308:Druzism 15144:Physics 15091:Pottery 15076:Gardens 15071:Carpets 14986:Slavery 14908:Divorce 14895:Dhabiĥa 14723:Hygiene 14698:Takaful 14680:Banking 14610:Science 14604:Qurbani 14573:Mosques 14533:Animals 14522:Culture 14456:Nukkari 14451:Azzabas 14438:Azariqa 14422:Zaydism 14410:Alevism 14286:Ottoman 14276:Almohad 14271:Fatimid 14266:Córdoba 14261:Abbasid 14256:Umayyad 14189:Leaders 14184:History 14142:Shahada 14057:Beliefs 13995:madrasa 13950:at the 13828:Sources 13500:Reuters 13381:AsiaOne 12719:4127991 12658:Archnet 12214:13 July 12146:13 July 11657:(586f.) 11164:Archnet 10555:6366229 10546:1439563 10486:1676324 9433:6271842 8477:Yeshiva 8347:madrasa 8341:In the 8275:, China 8142:Regions 8112:songkok 8104:ukhrawi 8081:(MUIS, 8044:), and 7987:madaris 7934:Karachi 7880:Shāfiʿī 7542:Tlemcen 7522:Marinid 7510:Tunisia 7506:Algeria 7502:Morocco 7498:Maghreb 7494:Maghrib 7473:Maghreb 7418:Semniye 7357:Please 7322:Üsküdar 7282:külliye 7276:külliye 7209:Isfahan 7184:maddhab 7179:Baghdad 7132:Tlemcen 7082:Marinid 7078:Maghreb 7074:Maghrib 7016:Qaytbay 7006:on the 6999:Lebanon 6995:Tripoli 6975:Shafi'i 6944:Mamluks 6728:külliye 6706:in 1571 6698:sultan 6696:Ottoman 6687:külliye 6680:of the 6678:medrese 6628:audited 6624:classes 6590:ijazahs 6583:in the 6554:Baghdad 6534:history 6322:Organon 6288:opinion 6248:qirāʼah 6230:reading 6226:fellows 6163:jāmiʻah 6155:jāmiʻah 6135:jāmi‘ah 6126:ijazahs 6052:ijazahs 6031:ijāzahs 6024:ijāzahs 6017:ijāzahs 5994:ijāzahs 5958:jāmiʻah 5952:Saladin 5897:jāmiʻah 5862:jāmiʻah 5854:Morocco 5796:jāmiʻah 5741:Though 5722:ijtihād 5713:). The 5705:covers 5629:Bosnian 5613:', and 5479:While " 5474:madrasa 5469:madrasa 5463:of the 5453:madrasa 5438:madrasa 5418:madrasa 5410:madrasa 5377:Almería 5369:Granada 5361:Seville 5357:Córdoba 5290:history 5245:, Egypt 5156:, India 5116:debates 5104:tuition 5100:classes 5046:kuttāb' 4970:Yaghūth 4940:Basamum 4895:Almaqah 4863:Orotalt 4818:Al-Qaum 4813:Aglibol 4748:Chaabou 4743:Dushara 4693:Sindbad 4673:Othello 4628:Aladdin 4586:Shaddad 4466:Bahamut 4177:Science 4153:Tunisia 4138:Somalia 4113:Morocco 4098:Lebanon 4068:Comoros 4063:Bahrain 4058:Algeria 4036:Muḍāriʿ 3971:Humayni 3895:Hamasah 3787:Islamic 3770:Tezkire 3765:Tabaqat 3658:Tanoura 3598:Deheyeh 3493:Bedouin 3446:Qasidah 3406:Bashraf 3379:Khaliji 3374:Al Jeel 3227:Macawis 3192:Burnous 3160:Tantour 3155:Taqiyah 3092:(Sudan) 3090:Mawset 3084:(Egypt) 3082:Mawset 3058:Khalij 3051:Cuisine 2994:Banna'i 2800:Madrasa 2770:Alcázar 2623:Gardens 2618:Banna'i 2580:Moorish 2575:Fatimid 2570:Abbasid 2565:Umayyad 2550:Islamic 2297:külliye 2288:Turkish 2284:medrese 2261:Morocco 2241:mamālīk 2201:Ayyubid 2134:alchemy 2076:Shi'ism 2032:majālis 2012:vizier 1998:Abbasid 1994:Baghdad 1967:Ayyubid 1951:Fatimid 1931:Morocco 1909:or the 1864:tajweed 1825:minaret 1796:History 1753:midrash 1743:cognate 1733:jāmiʻah 1639:Bosnian 1627:Kurdish 1619:Turkish 1615:Persian 1611:Baluchi 1580:مفعل(ة) 1534:Enderun 1518:Seljuks 1454:madāris 1317:Madrasa 1263:Tabi'un 1258:Sahabah 1163:Murshid 1148:Mawlānā 1143:Khawaja 1133:Mawlawi 1058:Allamah 992:Tazkiah 982:Taqiyya 937:Hirabah 902:Fahisha 817:Maslaha 807:Madhhab 782:Ijtihad 549:Slavery 532:Science 487:Madrasa 482:Finance 393:Animals 381:society 377:Culture 349:Imamate 329:Sahabah 302:History 272:(Poems) 257:(creed) 181:Fasting 109:Oneness 102:Beliefs 36:Madrasi 19256:Ribats 19113:Turban 19083:Miswak 19073:Khirqa 19048:Balgha 19043:Ammama 19027:Zawiya 19017:Turbah 18982:Mosque 18952:Kuttab 18932:Khalwa 18912:Gonbad 18907:Eidgah 18897:Dargah 18885:Places 18773:Wezeea 18768:Tweeza 18763:Tariqa 18748:Sebiba 18726:Mawsim 18721:Mawlid 18716:Idjaza 18701:Bay'ah 18696:Ashura 18622:Thawab 18612:Secret 18595:Rabita 18568:Khatir 18553:Ishrak 18533:Haqiqa 18509:Djadba 18452:Wazifa 18384:Tahlia 18372:Tahara 18345:Shuhud 18286:Lazimi 18281:Latifa 18269:Ichara 18228:Djamaa 18205:Yaqeen 18091:Aayane 18042:Talibe 18032:Siddiq 18027:Sheikh 17933:Khatib 17923:Hezzab 17873:Sufism 17663:Kasbah 17612:Kasbah 17602:Hammam 17597:Ghorfa 17582:Bazaar 17561:Zawiya 17550:takyeh 17521:Mosque 17471:Dargah 17398:Kucheh 17344:Eidgah 17270:Zenana 17218:Zellij 17203:Sitara 17198:Shamsa 17086:Minbar 17076:Mihrab 17061:Kiswah 17046:Gonbad 16910:Arches 16864:Yemeni 16834:Somali 16817:Hafsid 16792:Mamluk 16771:Mughal 16761:Deccan 16709:Styles 16638:Wiccan 16587:Jewish 16567:Angels 16497:Public 16467:Ethics 16156:Taoist 16151:Jewish 16111:Heaven 15968:God as 15698:Theism 15631:Zawiya 15601:Kuttab 15569:Talibe 15265: 15223:poetry 15033: 14918:Ethics 14902:Dhimmi 14861:Baligh 14822:Mahram 14779:Family 14759:Toilet 14739:Miswak 14492:Lahori 14475:Najdat 14371:Salafi 14321:Seerah 14316:Tafsir 14311:Hadith 14281:Sokoto 14226:Sahaba 14101:Angels 14078:Tawhid 14035:topics 13922: 13877: 13866:(2012) 13842: 13815: 13541:19 May 13295: 13159:3 July 12847: 12807: 12717: 12601: 12500: 12470: 12406: 12398: 12357: 12317: 12282: 12239: 12171: 12110: 12071: 12044: 12020: 11986: 11920: 11886: 11783: 11706: 11625:604423 11623: 11589: 11579: 11524: 11497: 11424: 11416: 11311:ijāzah 11266: 11222:604423 11220: 11114: 11074: 11027: 10987: 10961: 10922: 10886: 10827: 10783: 10755: 10734: 10724: 10714:Studia 10698: 10655:601679 10653: 10619: 10553: 10543: 10493: 10483: 10440: 10421: 10372:604423 10370: 10311: 10235: 10145:ḥadīth 10123: 10054: 10013: 9989: 9854: 9820: 9743: 9716: 9656: 9629: 9601: 9555:passim 9536: 9456: 9431: 9423: 9415: 9332: 9324: 9286:passim 9182: 9131: 9096: 9018:Arabic 9002:Arabic 8982:Arabic 8966:Arabic 8946:Arabic 8664:6 June 8628:6 June 8597:6 June 8561:Lexico 8521:Zawiya 8475:, and 8386:, and 8351:school 8293:Canada 8287:Indian 8266:Muslim 8173:AusAID 8116:tudong 7830:Hanafi 7751:Sylhet 7600:cleric 7526:Hafsid 7508:, and 7292:. The 7238:arcade 7119:zellij 7116:, and 7114:stucco 7086:Hafsid 6918:Aleppo 6657:ʻawrah 6648:ʻawrah 6494:poetry 6423:, and 6389:; and 6309:taliqa 6257:ijāzah 6186:Maliki 6110:ijazah 6096:ijazah 6072:ijazah 6062:ijāzah 6045:ijāzah 5975:caliph 5802:Arabic 5779:ḥadīth 5611:fatwās 5576:ijāzah 5567:ijāzah 5559:ijāzah 5515:Sharia 5436:, the 5373:Murcia 5365:Toledo 5349:Aleppo 5298:ethics 5233:Ijazah 5202:maktab 5169:maktab 5154:Bhopal 5136:maktab 5128:maktab 5108:tutors 5094:maktab 5086:maktab 5063:maktab 5052:maktab 5039:kuttab 5023:Kuttab 4950:Haukim 4935:Qaynan 4930:Ta'lab 4925:Haubas 4915:Salman 4910:Athtar 4778:Azizos 4733:Al-Lat 4606:Wāḳwāḳ 4576:Qutrub 4571:Qareen 4561:Nasnas 4541:Luqman 4536:Kujata 4491:Dandan 4456:Ababil 4158:U.A.E. 4093:Kuwait 4088:Jordan 4027:Khafīf 4017:Rajaz 3962:Nabati 3957:Mawwal 3947:Kharja 3937:Nasīb 3932:Ruba'i 3922:Urjūza 3912:Qasida 3907:Diwan 3888:Khawal 3878:Ghazal 3868:Rithā' 3854:Genres 3826:Poetry 3819:Aqidah 3804:Hadith 3799:Tafsir 3735:Maqama 3710:Modern 3663:Yowlah 3653:Tahtib 3623:Mizmar 3603:Guedra 3553:Shaabi 3538:Mezwed 3533:Mawwal 3518:Fijiri 3483:Ataaba 3471:Waslah 3466:Taqsim 3456:Sama'i 3436:Mawwal 3426:Malhun 3421:Layali 3338:Genres 3312:Teslim 3297:Taqsim 3272:Theory 3237:Sirwal 3222:Kaftan 3170:Turban 3145:Litham 3034:Zellij 3019:Kiswah 3004:Damask 2878:Styles 2855:Zawiya 2845:Tekyeh 2815:Mosque 2795:Kasbah 2790:Hammam 2775:Bazaar 2753:Zellij 2683:Mosaic 2585:Mamluk 2555:Yemeni 2545:Styles 2488:ḥuffāẓ 2457:mantiq 2453:hadith 2440:tafsir 2435:Arabic 2415:Qur'an 2396:Tawhid 2392:Qur'an 2319:ḥadīth 2307:hammam 2205:Mamluk 2203:, and 2197:Zengid 2167:maktab 2010:Seljuk 1900:courts 1852:Madina 1848:Hijrah 1787:vizier 1740:Hebrew 1738:. The 1721:Arabic 1717:maktab 1712:khalwa 1706:kuttāb 1684:school 1672:school 1668:Muslim 1664:school 1635:Somali 1607:Pashto 1565:د-ر-س 1524:, and 1514:vizier 1488:In an 1426:Arabic 1238:Shahid 1198:Sheikh 1178:Akhund 1138:Khatib 1123:Mullah 1098:Marja' 1053:Faqeeh 1043:Hadrat 1038:Ashraf 1033:Sharif 1028:Sayyid 1018:Caliph 997:Thawab 987:Tawbah 977:Taghut 972:Tafsir 967:Sunnah 922:Ghibah 897:Bid'ah 887:Baligh 877:Makruh 827:Taqlid 772:Ijazah 603:Hadith 517:Poetry 497:Mosque 462:Ethics 287:Sharia 255:Aqidah 247:Tafsir 231:Hadith 225:Sunnah 169:Prayer 120:Angels 32:Madras 19152:Islam 19022:Türbe 19012:Takya 19007:Surau 19002:Ribat 18997:Rauza 18992:Qubba 18977:Mazar 18962:Maqam 18892:Daara 18816:Naʽat 18801:] 18743:] 18736:Sbooa 18731:Salka 18706:Haḍra 18670:Shath 18644:Warid 18634:] 18607:Ru'ya 18602:] 18590:] 18583:Qabdh 18563:Kashf 18548:Irfan 18543:Ilham 18528:] 18516:] 18504:] 18442:] 18415:] 18403:] 18391:] 18379:] 18357:Shukr 18352:] 18340:] 18318:] 18311:Sahar 18276:] 18264:] 18257:Ibara 18247:] 18240:Djoua 18235:] 18223:Dhikr 18215:Awrad 18175:Maqam 18155:Ihsan 18145:Hijab 18125:Dhawq 18120:Baqaa 18110:] 18098:] 18064:Wasil 18054:] 18022:Salik 18007:Qāriʾ 17987:Murid 17982:] 17955:] 17918:Hafiz 17913:Fakir 17888:Abdal 17881:Sufis 17678:Ribat 17673:Qalat 17658:Amsar 17617:Mahal 17556:Türbe 17546:Takya 17541:Surau 17536:Rauza 17531:Qubba 17516:Mazar 17506:Maqam 17447:Types 17359:Sebil 17249:Liwan 17239:Harem 17227:Rooms 17143:Girih 17128:Alfiz 17122:Ablaq 17096:Zarih 17091:Qibla 17040:Dikka 17035:Bedug 17030:Anaza 17006:Tajug 16972:Roofs 16887:Qadad 16849:Tatar 16746:Hausa 16625:Pagan 16517:Hindu 16366:Islam 16198:Islam 16141:Hindu 16104:Fitra 15954:Logos 15896:Islam 15845:Numen 15820:Deity 15715:Deism 15706:Forms 15626:Surau 15621:Qawmi 15581:Hawza 15564:Daara 15387:Quran 15267:Other 15162:Early 15086:Music 15002:Kalam 14956:Jizya 14944:Hudud 14829:Nikah 14746:Najis 14732:Ghusl 14691:Sukuk 14620:Women 14588:Music 14563:Flags 14468:Sufri 14461:Wahbi 14446:Ibadi 14346:Sunni 14306:Quran 14163:Zakat 14149:Salah 14112:Qadar 14070:Allah 14033:Islam 13813:JSTOR 13593:(PDF) 13586:(PDF) 13511:2 May 13361:1 May 13328:2 May 13293:JSTOR 12992:. In 12715:JSTOR 12404:S2CID 11735:(2), 11670:(587) 11621:JSTOR 11422:S2CID 11414:JSTOR 11218:JSTOR 11049:jamiʻ 11036:(PDF) 11025:S2CID 10959:S2CID 10945:(2), 10651:JSTOR 10368:JSTOR 10320:(PDF) 10309:S2CID 10233:S2CID 10132:(PDF) 10121:S2CID 9943:(PDF) 9936:(PDF) 9534:S2CID 9520:(2), 9491:(PDF) 9480:(PDF) 9429:S2CID 9399:(2), 9330:S2CID 9214:China 9212:, or 9210:Islam 8500:Hawza 8417:Quran 8307:Ulama 7971:Malay 7953:Nepal 7789:India 7735:Qawmi 7718:Kabul 7643:Delhi 7597:faqih 7233:Timur 6954:qibla 6933:Cairo 6867:Bosra 6851:Konya 6838:Konya 6791:iwans 6767:niqāb 6665:ḥijāb 6616:ansar 6569:Sunni 6550:chess 6530:music 6490:music 6391:Shi`i 6367:music 6363:Mosul 6281:ijmāʻ 6271:fatwá 6236:aṣḥāb 5893:as a 5884:Cairo 5806:جامعة 5715:mufti 5707:civil 5701:(the 5694:fatwa 5688:mufti 5604:muftī 5594:faqīh 5587:ijaza 5461:Babur 5385:Cádiz 5302:music 5278:logic 5243:Cairo 5034:sabil 4975:Yatha 4965:Ya'uq 4905:Anbay 4843:Suwa' 4838:Hubal 4808:Abgal 4798:Manāt 4793:Manāt 4788:Quzah 4783:Bajir 4768:Asira 4753:Manaf 4738:Manāt 4723:Allah 4551:Marid 4516:Ifrit 4511:Houri 4501:Ghoul 4496:Falak 4486:Buraq 4365:Texts 4354:Qadar 4344:Irfan 4324:Peace 4319:Dhati 4267:Kalam 4163:Yemen 4148:Syria 4143:Sudan 4128:Qatar 4103:Libya 4078:Egypt 4039:Sarīʿ 4021:Ramal 4012:Hazaj 4007:Wāfir 4002:Kamil 3997:Basīṭ 3993:Madīd 3989:Ṭawīl 3952:Zajal 3901:Forms 3891:Fakhr 3859:Madih 3838:Poets 3794:Quran 3775:Rihla 3716:Prose 3700:Paleo 3638:Samri 3593:Dabke 3583:Ardah 3575:Dance 3558:Zajal 3543:Samri 3416:Dulab 3369:Opera 3307:Lazma 3266:Music 3252:Tiraz 3247:Thawb 3212:Izaar 3187:Bisht 3182:Abaya 3114:Dress 2911:Types 2835:Sabil 2830:Ribat 2825:Qalat 2810:Mazar 2805:Maqam 2759:Types 2713:Riwaq 2703:Qadad 2668:Liwan 2628:Girih 2603:Alfiz 2598:Ablaq 2492:ḥāfiẓ 2484:ʻālim 2480:imams 2429:ʻālim 2421:ḥāfiẓ 2300:or a 2219:Bosra 1963:Sunni 1915:Cairo 1726:جامعة 1652:مدرسة 1623:Azeri 1567:D-R-S 1479:Islam 1448:مدارس 1253:Salaf 1248:Ansar 1243:Hajji 1233:Ghazi 1223:Murid 1213:Ustad 1153:Mawla 1128:Mahdi 1113:Hakim 1108:Hujja 1103:Hafiz 1068:Mufti 1048:Ulama 1002:Wasat 957:Jihad 942:Islah 927:Gunah 917:Fasad 912:Fitna 907:Fasiq 892:Batil 882:Haram 872:Mubah 867:Halal 847:Ahkam 832:Taqwa 822:Qiyas 745:Islam 649:Jihad 598:Quran 559:Women 502:Music 440:Sunni 289:(law) 237:Sirah 218:Quran 202:Texts 84:Islam 38:, or 18826:Sama 18787:Arts 18521:Fath 18497:Bast 18469:Zuhd 18464:Wird 18447:Wajd 18435:Uzla 18333:Samt 18306:Sabr 18200:Sadr 18185:Qalb 18180:Nafs 18160:Ishq 18150:Huwa 18130:Fana 18059:Wali 18012:Qutb 17928:Imam 17668:Ksar 17627:Souq 17548:(or 17413:Sahn 17387:Howz 17349:Fina 17321:Riad 17286:Bagh 17265:Qa’a 17260:Hosh 17244:Iwan 17163:Jali 16979:Dome 16332:Tian 16115:Hell 15985:Good 15980:Time 15048:Arts 14979:POWs 14913:Diet 14843:Zina 14815:Mahr 14801:Haya 14765:Wudu 14712:Riba 14625:LGBT 14517:Life 14390:Shia 14385:Sufi 14170:Hajj 14156:Sawm 13920:ISBN 13875:ISBN 13840:ISBN 13569:2012 13543:2021 13513:2021 13393:2015 13363:2021 13330:2021 13175:link 13161:2015 13088:2021 12975:2021 12942:2023 12915:2023 12876:2023 12845:ISBN 12805:ISBN 12599:ISBN 12498:ISBN 12468:ISBN 12396:ISSN 12355:ISBN 12315:ISBN 12280:ISBN 12257:link 12237:ISBN 12216:2022 12169:ISBN 12148:2022 12108:ISBN 12069:ISBN 12042:ISBN 12018:ISBN 11984:ISBN 11952:2017 11918:ISBN 11884:ISBN 11816:2017 11781:ISBN 11704:ISBN 11636:Cf. 11587:OCLC 11577:ISBN 11522:ISBN 11495:ISBN 11468:link 11264:ISBN 11143:2017 11112:ISBN 11072:ISBN 10985:ISBN 10920:ISBN 10884:ISBN 10825:ISBN 10781:ISBN 10753:ISBN 10732:ISSN 10722:ISBN 10696:ISBN 10617:ISBN 10551:PMID 10491:PMID 10438:ISBN 10419:ISBN 10249:2021 10221:SSRN 10052:ISBN 10011:ISBN 9987:ISBN 9852:ISBN 9818:ISBN 9741:ISBN 9714:ISBN 9654:ISBN 9627:ISBN 9599:ISBN 9454:ISBN 9421:PMID 9413:ISSN 9322:ISSN 9198:West 9180:ISBN 9129:ISBN 9094:ISBN 8691:2023 8666:2019 8630:2019 8599:2019 8421:9/11 8401:not. 8361:The 8305:and 8166:Jolo 8097:and 8095:PSLE 7979:Thai 7760:The 7576:Iran 7524:and 7270:sahn 7195:and 7084:and 6724:waqf 6676:The 6661:and 6637:awra 6558:Iraq 6548:and 6433:and 6395:Iran 6373:the 6313:fiqh 6290:and 6276:and 6228:', ' 6182:waqf 6148:waqf 5929:and 5913:and 5878:and 5821:and 5697:, a 5527:fiqh 5519:Fiqh 5517:and 5503:waqf 5497:and 5412:was 5383:and 5316:and 5284:and 4955:Nasr 4873:Sa'd 4868:Ruda 4853:Wadd 4803:A'ra 4773:Awal 4758:Nuha 4581:Roc 4526:Jinn 4506:Hinn 4359:Qalb 4349:Nafs 4118:Oman 4083:Iraq 3984:Bayt 3873:Waṣf 3863:Hija 3814:Fiqh 3809:Sīra 3727:Saj 3695:Old 3618:Liwa 3548:Sawt 3528:Liwa 3477:Folk 3411:Dawr 3302:Jins 3135:Haik 3125:Agal 2718:Sahn 2678:Riad 2663:Iwan 2638:Howz 2409:ḥifẓ 2302:waqf 2282:the 2214:waqf 2136:and 2070:and 1988:The 1882:and 1840:Safa 1804:and 1783:Iran 1637:and 1603:Urdu 1571:wazn 1512:, a 1506:fiqh 1500:and 1356:also 1193:Qadi 1173:Wali 1118:Imam 962:Qasd 932:Haya 857:Fard 777:Ijma 762:Fiqh 542:LGBT 445:Shia 379:and 279:Fiqh 19188:Art 18627:Uns 18578:Nūr 18252:Dua 18195:Rūḥ 18190:Ran 18140:Hal 18115:Aql 17997:Pir 16552:God 16550:of 14789:Sex 14652:Law 14538:Art 13933:". 13803:doi 13799:111 13283:doi 13279:111 13194:CNN 12707:doi 12388:doi 12307:hdl 12014:197 11980:198 11914:196 11613:doi 11609:109 11404:doi 11400:139 11210:doi 11206:109 11017:doi 10951:doi 10643:doi 10639:104 10541:PMC 10533:doi 10481:PMC 10473:doi 10360:doi 10356:109 10301:doi 10225:doi 10113:doi 9526:doi 9405:doi 9314:doi 8992:', 8956:', 8271:in 8228:by 8190:In 8091:MOE 8052:). 8036:), 8028:), 7848:), 7749:in 7675:by 7496:or 7487:Fes 7485:in 7361:by 7207:in 7177:in 7162:in 7076:or 6997:in 6985:in 6916:in 6800:in 6743:or 6522:law 6512:in 6476:in 6371:Old 6202:or 5882:in 5850:Fez 5848:in 5432:In 5399:." 5048:or 4960:Sīn 4900:Amm 4833:Bēl 4339:Hal 3668:Zār 3384:Raï 2872:Art 2358:by 2180:in 2058:to 1992:in 1927:Fes 1913:in 1829:Fes 1715:or 1465:or 1461:as 1444:pl. 1168:Pir 837:Urf 743:on 637:war 398:Art 113:God 111:of 60:of 19212:: 18799:ar 18741:fr 18632:ar 18600:ar 18588:ar 18526:ar 18514:ar 18502:ar 18440:ar 18413:ar 18401:ar 18389:ar 18377:ar 18350:ar 18338:ar 18316:ar 18274:ar 18262:ar 18245:ar 18233:ar 18108:ar 18096:ar 18052:ar 17980:ar 17953:ar 16993:/ 16989:/ 16985:/ 16780:/ 16349:in 16113:/ 15991:, 13887:, 13811:. 13797:. 13793:. 13767:. 13763:. 13731:. 13706:. 13700:. 13672:. 13660:^ 13643:. 13639:. 13529:. 13503:. 13497:. 13467:. 13438:. 13409:. 13379:. 13353:. 13347:. 13320:. 13314:. 13291:. 13277:. 13273:. 13261:^ 13245:^ 13220:^ 13208:^ 13192:. 13171:}} 13167:{{ 13151:. 13147:. 13121:. 13117:. 13078:. 13074:. 13029:. 13004:. 12965:. 12959:. 12933:. 12906:. 12867:. 12791:^ 12773:^ 12755:^ 12739:^ 12713:. 12703:63 12701:. 12660:. 12656:. 12613:^ 12583:^ 12565:^ 12547:^ 12517:. 12506:. 12410:. 12402:. 12394:. 12384:62 12382:. 12378:. 12349:. 12323:. 12313:. 12253:}} 12249:{{ 12202:. 12177:. 12134:. 12122:^ 12094:^ 12077:. 12016:, 12008:, 11982:, 11974:, 11960:^ 11942:. 11916:, 11908:, 11882:, 11874:, 11802:. 11775:, 11731:, 11727:, 11662:^ 11645:^ 11619:, 11607:, 11585:, 11571:, 11559:^ 11464:}} 11460:{{ 11420:. 11412:. 11398:. 11394:. 11322:^ 11250:^ 11225:: 11216:, 11204:, 11166:. 11162:. 11151:^ 11106:, 11080:. 11045:, 11031:, 11023:, 11013:54 11011:, 11007:, 10979:, 10957:, 10943:20 10941:, 10789:. 10775:. 10730:, 10657:. 10649:. 10637:. 10597:. 10593:. 10577:23 10575:. 10549:. 10539:. 10529:77 10527:. 10523:. 10507:^ 10489:. 10479:. 10469:99 10467:. 10463:. 10449:^ 10379:^ 10366:, 10354:, 10334:^ 10315:, 10307:, 10297:54 10295:, 10291:, 10279:^ 10269:. 10257:^ 10239:. 10231:. 10219:. 10207:^ 10187:, 10181:, 10170:^ 10141:, 10127:, 10119:, 10109:54 10107:, 10103:, 10077:. 10073:. 10032:, 9981:, 9969:^ 9951:^ 9866:^ 9832:^ 9804:^ 9766:^ 9749:. 9679:^ 9662:. 9613:^ 9585:^ 9561:^ 9532:, 9518:20 9516:, 9482:, 9427:, 9419:, 9411:, 9397:11 9395:, 9366:. 9362:. 9336:. 9328:. 9320:. 9310:78 9308:. 9304:. 9292:^ 9273:^ 9208:, 9204:, 9029:^ 9020:: 9004:: 8984:: 8968:: 8948:: 8916:. 8912:. 8872:. 8868:. 8775:^ 8751:^ 8699:^ 8682:. 8656:. 8652:. 8646:. 8618:. 8607:^ 8587:. 8565:. 8558:. 8471:, 8390:. 8382:, 8313:. 8264:A 8179:, 8020:: 7981:: 7973:: 7894:. 7564:. 7544:. 7504:, 7355:.) 7324:, 7227:. 7146:. 7134:. 7049:. 7041:, 7037:, 7033:, 6857:. 6544:, 6540:, 6536:, 6532:, 6528:, 6524:, 6520:, 6516:, 6419:, 6377:; 6240:(' 6085:, 5925:, 5921:, 5917:, 5909:, 5804:: 5505:. 5391:. 5379:, 5375:, 5371:, 5367:, 5363:, 5359:, 5312:, 5308:, 5304:, 5300:, 5296:, 5292:, 5280:, 5219:, 5215:, 5211:, 5181:, 5118:. 2515:on 2455:, 2437:, 2199:, 2195:, 2132:, 2128:, 2124:, 2120:, 1878:, 1866:, 1709:, 1641:. 1633:, 1629:, 1625:, 1621:, 1617:, 1613:, 1609:, 1605:, 1583:; 1451:, 1442:, 1424:; 1411:ɑː 1389:: 1387:UK 1383:, 1379:-/ 1373:ɑː 1367:/- 1363:: 1361:US 1354:, 234:, 78:on 34:, 19128:: 17865:e 17858:t 17851:v 17118:) 17111:( 16997:) 16981:( 16694:e 16687:t 16680:v 15995:) 15987:( 15665:e 15658:t 15651:v 15540:e 15533:t 15526:v 14431:/ 14025:e 14018:t 14011:v 13848:. 13819:. 13805:: 13778:. 13748:. 13717:. 13654:. 13602:. 13571:. 13545:. 13515:. 13482:. 13453:. 13424:. 13395:. 13365:. 13332:. 13299:. 13285:: 13202:. 13177:) 13163:. 13132:. 13090:. 13015:. 12977:. 12944:. 12917:. 12878:. 12853:. 12813:. 12721:. 12709:: 12671:. 12607:. 12476:. 12421:. 12390:: 12363:. 12334:. 12309:: 12288:. 12259:) 12245:. 12218:. 12188:. 12150:. 12116:. 12088:. 12050:. 11954:. 11818:. 11733:4 11615:: 11470:) 11428:. 11406:: 11212:: 11177:. 11145:. 11091:. 11019:: 10953:: 10892:. 10800:. 10645:: 10557:. 10535:: 10475:: 10362:: 10303:: 10271:5 10251:. 10227:: 10115:: 10088:. 9860:. 9826:. 9760:. 9722:. 9673:. 9635:. 9607:. 9528:: 9407:: 9377:. 9347:. 9316:: 9137:. 9102:. 9016:( 9000:( 8980:( 8964:( 8944:( 8927:. 8883:. 8693:. 8668:. 8632:. 8601:. 8251:) 8245:( 8240:) 8236:( 8222:. 7969:( 7844:( 7753:. 7698:) 7692:( 7687:) 7683:( 7669:. 7388:) 7382:( 7377:) 7373:( 7010:( 6804:( 6593:( 6480:. 6047:, 5800:( 5005:e 4998:t 4991:v 2381:) 2375:( 2370:) 2366:( 2352:. 2286:( 2046:( 1921:( 1736:) 1730:( 1573:( 1504:( 1420:/ 1417:ə 1414:s 1408:r 1405:d 1402:æ 1399:m 1396:ˈ 1393:/ 1376:s 1370:r 1350:/ 1347:ə 1344:s 1341:æ 1338:r 1335:d 1332:ˈ 1329:ə 1326:m 1323:/ 1319:( 1305:e 1298:t 1291:v 725:e 718:t 711:v 240:) 228:( 49:. 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index