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signals of recent positive selection that we observe at TRIP4 in Mbuti
Pygmies and IYD in Biaka Pygmies may reflect such genetic adaptations to an iodine-deficient diet. Furthermore, alterations in the thyroid hormone pathway can cause short stature. We therefore suggest that short stature in these Pygmy groups may have arisen as a consequence of genetic alterations in the thyroid hormone pathway. his would suggest that short stature arose as an indirect consequence of selection in response to an iodine-deficient diet. Second, since different genes in the thyroid hormone pathway show signals of selection in Mbuti vs. Biaka Pygmies, this would suggest that short stature arose independently in the ancestors of Mbuti and Biaka Pygmies, and not in a common ancestral population. Moreover, most Pygmy-like groups around the world dwell in tropical forests, and hence are likely to have iodine-deficient diets. The possibility that independent adaptations to an iodine-deficient diet might therefore have contributed to the convergent evolution of the short stature phenotype in Pygmy-like groups around the world deserves further investigation.
2116:(2004), "4.3 The origin of the African pygmies": "The common view, however, is that the pygmies are the ancient denizens of the forest zone, dating from at least the Middle Stone Age (MSA) (e.g., Cavalli-Sforza 1968a). They would have lived by hunting and gathering until they encountered expanding Central Sudanic, Adamawa-Ubangian and Bantu-speaking farmers ca. 4000 bp. Since that date they have lived in a symbiosis with the farmers, often as a despised and marginalised group. If this is the case, then major MSA archaeological sites in the area of the present-day rain-forest are presumed to be the traces of these ancient pygmy groups. There is no doubt the Central African rainforest has been occupied for a very long time (Clist 1995; Mercader and Marti 1999), but there is no direct evidence as to the racial or genetic affiliations of the populations whose stone tools have been recovered. These sites have problems of dating, but it is usually assumed that the sites, 'Sangoan' or 'Lupemban' are >40,000 years old (the usual limit of radio-carbon dating)."
1002:
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Africa to evict the
Pygmies from their forest habitat in order to profit from the sale of hardwood and the resettlement of farmers onto the cleared land. In some cases, as in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this conflict is violent. Certain groups, such as the Hutus of the Interahamwe, wish to eliminate the Pygmy and take the resources of the forest as a military conquest, using the resources of the forest for military as well as economic advancement. Since the Pygmies rely on the forest for their physical as well as cultural survival, as these forests disappear, so do the Pygmy.
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45:
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subsistence strategies. Blench adduced the lack of clear linguistic and archaeological evidence for the antiquity of the
African Pygmies, that the genetic evidence, at the time of his writing, was inconclusive, and that there is no evidence of the Pygmies having a hunting technology distinctive from that of their neighbors. He argued that the short stature of Pygmy populations can arise relatively quickly (in less than a few millennia) under strong selection pressures.
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populations from Africa and estimated separation times and gene flow between these populations. The model identified included the early divergence of the ancestors of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and farming populations ~60,000 years ago, followed by a split of the
Pygmies' ancestors into the Western and Eastern Pygmy groups ~20,000 years ago. Our findings increase knowledge of the history of the peopling of the African continent in a region lacking archaeological data.
76:
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714:, or is otherwise specialized for the forest and is shared between the two western Pygmy groups. This substrate has been suggested as representing a remnant of an ancient "western Pygmy" linguistic phylum, dubbed "Mbenga" or "Baaka". However, as substrate vocabulary has been widely borrowed between Pygmies and neighboring peoples, no reconstruction of such a "Baaka" language is possible for times more remote than a few centuries ago.
1323:, published a review showing that Pygmy populations often had less access to health care than neighboring communities. According to the report, even where health care facilities exist, many Pygmies do not use them because they cannot pay for consultations and medicines, they do not have the documents and identity cards needed to travel or obtain hospital treatment, and they are subjected to humiliating and discriminatory treatment.
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customs and technology. The one characteristic that is common to them all, regardless of their location or degree of acculturation, is their disdain for the term 'pygmy'. Without exception, they prefer to be called by their appropriate ethnic name, such as Mbuti, Efe, Aka, Asua, and consider the term 'pygmy' as pejorative."
417:, claimed to have found the mythical "Pygmies". A commentator wrote in 1892 that, thirty years ago (viz., in the 1860s), "nobody believed in the existence of African dwarf tribes" and that "it needed an authority like Dr. Schweinfurth to prove that pygmies actually exist in Africa" (referencing Georg August Schweinfurth's
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jungle villages, Pygmies and Bantus alike say
Pygmies are often paid at the master's whim: in cigarettes, used clothing, or even nothing at all. In 2022, after decades of facing these conditions and working to get legal protections for the Pygmies, a group of 45 indigenous organizations successfully petitioned the
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phenotype differences between
Pygmies and Bantu farmers accumulated, Pygmy women started marrying male Bantu farmers (but not the opposite). This trend started around 40,000 years ago, and continued until several thousand years ago. Subsequently, the Pygmy gene pool was not enriched by external gene influxes.
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little is known about the chronology of the demographic events—size changes, population splits, and gene flow—ultimately giving rise to contemporary Pygmy (Western and
Eastern) groups and neighboring agricultural populations. We studied the branching history of Pygmy hunter–gatherers and agricultural
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The greatest environmental problem the
Pygmies face is the loss of their traditional homeland, the tropical forests of Central Africa. In countries such as Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo this is due to deforestation and the desire of several governments in Central
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e found strong signals for selection in both
African Pygmy groups at two genes involved in the iodide-dependent thyroid hormone pathway: TRIP4 in Mbuti Pygmies; and IYD in Biaka Pygmies. These observations suggest that the Efe have adapted genetically to an iodine-deficient diet; we suggest that the
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is hypothesized to have originated in a homeland of Bantu-speaking peoples located around western
Cameroon, a part of which Shum Laka is viewed as being of importance in the early period of this expansion. By 3000 BP, the Bantu expansion is hypothesized to have already begun. Yet, the sampled ancient
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Historically, the Pygmy have always been viewed as inferior by both the village dwelling Bantu tribes and colonial authorities. This has translated into systematic discrimination. One early example was the capture of Pygmy children under the auspices of the Belgian colonial authorities, who exported
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and attacked Luba villages. A Luba militia known as "Elements" attacked back, notably killing at least 30 people in the "Vumilia 1" displaced people camp in April 2015. Since the start of the conflict, hundreds have been killed, and tens of thousands have been displaced from their homes. The weapons
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Music permeates daily life, with songs for entertainment, special events, and communal activities. The Pygmie people are known to use an instrument called the n'dehou which is a bamboo flute. The n'dehou only produces a single sound, however, the person using this instrument would wield their breath
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Most contemporary Pygmy groups are only partially foragers and partially trade with neighboring farmers to acquire cultivated foods and other material items; no group lives deep in the forest without access to agricultural products. A total number of about 900,000 Pygmies were estimated to be living
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Vol. 47 – 1996/3. "Pygmies are distributed discontinuously across nine different African countries Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Zaire, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Congo and live in innumerable distinct ethnic groups that are separated by geography, language,
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website conducted research on the Pygmies. The human rights organization states that, as the forest has receded under logging activities, its original inhabitants have been pushed into populated areas to join the formal economy, working as casual laborers or on commercial farms and being exposed to
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was a teenage pygmy boy from the Congo. Ota was purchased from slave traders and was brought to the United States to be exhibited for his unique looks. Ota had sharpened teeth as a result of the traditions of his tribe, and he was also short in stature. In 1906, Ota was brought to the Bronx Zoo and
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Tishkoff, S. A; Reed, F. A; Friedlaender, F. R; Ehret, C; Ranciaro, A; Froment, A; Hirbo, J. B; Awomoyi, A. A; Bodo, J.-M; Doumbo, O; Ibrahim, M; Juma, A. T; Kotze, M. J; Lema, G; Moore, J. H; Mortensen, H; Nyambo, T. B; Omar, S. A; Powell, K; Pretorius, G. S; Smith, M. W; Thera, M. A; Wambebe, C;
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Studies in Cameroon and the DRC in the 1980s and 1990s showed a lower prevalence of HIV in Pygmy populations than among neighboring groups, but recent increases have been recorded. One study found that the HIV prevalence among the Baka Pygmies in eastern Cameroon rose from 0.7 percent in 1993 to 4
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Since poverty has become very prevalent in Pygmy communities, sexual exploitation of indigenous women has become a common practice. Commercial sex has been bolstered by logging, which often places large groups of male laborers in camps which are set up in close contact with the Pygmy communities.
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populations. Researchers identified an ancestral and autochthonous lineage of mtDNA shared by Pygmies and Bantus, suggesting that both populations were originally one, and that they started to diverge from common ancestors around 70,000 years ago. After a period of isolation, during which current
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of (former) hunter-gatherer populations that ring the rainforest. He argued that the Pygmies do not form the residue of a single ancient stock of Central African hunter-gatherers, but that they are rather descended from several neighboring ethno-linguistic groups, independently adapting to forest
1542:
Olivero, JesĂşs; Fa, John E; Farfán, Miguel A; Lewis, Jerome; Hewlett, Barry; Breuer, Thomas; Carpaneto, Giuseppe M; Fernández, MarĂa; Germi, Francesco; Hattori, Shiho; Head, Josephine; Ichikawa, Mitsuo; Kitanaishi, Koichi; Knights, Jessica; Matsuura, Naoki; Migliano, Andrea; Nese, Barbara; Noss,
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masters. The nation is deeply stratified between these two major ethnic groups. The Pygmy slaves belong from birth to their Bantu masters in a relationship that the Bantus call a time-honored tradition. Even though the Pygmies are responsible for much of the hunting, fishing and manual labor in
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Quintana-Murci, L; Quach, H; Harmant, C; Luca, F; Massonnet, B; Patin, E; Sica, L; Mouguiama-Daouda, P; Comas, D; Tzur, S; Balanovsky, O; Kidd, K. K; Kidd, J. R; Van Der Veen, L; Hombert, J.-M; Gessain, A; Verdu, P; Froment, A; Bahuchet, S; Heyer, E; Dausset, J; Salas, A; Behar, D. M (2008).
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Patin, Etienne; Laval, Guillaume; Barreiro, Luis B; Salas, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana; Kidd, Kenneth K; Kidd, Judith R; Van Der Veen, Lolke; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Gessain, Antoine; Froment, Alain; Bahuchet, Serge; Heyer, Evelyne; Quintana-Murci, LluĂs (2009).
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Human rights groups have also reported widespread sexual abuse of indigenous women in the conflict-ridden eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Despite these risks, Pygmy populations generally have poor access to health services and information about HIV. One British medical journal,
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Hiernaux (1975) distinguished the Pygmies proper (Mbuti and Biaka), with an average male and female height of around 155 and 144 cm, from "Pygmoid" groups (Twa and neighbouring groups of Uganda, Rwuanda and South Congo) with a somewhat larger average height of 155 to 160 cm (cited after
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The two earlier Shum Laka foragers from 8000 BP and two later Shum Laka foragers from 3000 BP show 5000 years of population continuity in region. Yet, modern peoples of Cameroon are more closely related to modern West Africans than to the ancient Shum Laka foragers. Modern Cameroonian
740:(1997, 1999) criticized the hypothesis of an ancestral "Pygmy language", arguing that even if there is evidence for a common ancestral language rather than just borrowing, it will not be sufficient to establish a specifically "Pygmy" origin rather than any of the several potential
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exhibited in the monkey house. Ota was given a bow and arrow for protection from the animals. After the exhibit was closed, Ota was not able to return home to the Congo. He lived out the rest of his life in Virginia, until he became depressed and died by suicide at the age of 33.
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Bozzola, M; Travaglino P; Marziliano N; Meazza C; Pagani S; Grasso M; Tauber M; Diegoli M; Pilotto A; Disabella E; Tarantino P; Brega A; Arbustini E (Nov 2009). "The shortness of Pygmies is associated with severe under-expression of the growth hormone receptor".
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Other proposed explanations include the potentially lesser availability of protein-rich food sources in rainforest environments, the often reduced soil-calcium levels in rainforest environments, the caloric expenditure required to traverse rainforest terrain,
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to Central Africa, albeit substantially affected by later migrations from West Africa, from their first appearance in the historical record in the 19th century limited to a comparatively small area within Central Africa, greatly decimated by the prehistoric
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There are roughly 500,000 Pygmies remaining in the rainforest of Central Africa. This population is rapidly decreasing as poverty, intermarriage with Bantu peoples, Westernization, and deforestation gradually destroy their way of life and culture.
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music using a one-note instrument. Along with the different sounds of the breath and the n'dehou, the musician may also stomp their feet or tap on their chest to add even more dimension and complexity to the music. The n'dehou was popularized by
1161:(DRC) government, and the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of the Indigenous Pygmy Peoples, the first legislation in the country that recognizes and safeguards the specific rights of the Indigenous pygmy peoples, was signed into law.
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Pygmies are often evicted from their land and given the lowest paying jobs. At a state level, Pygmies are not considered citizens by most African states, and are refused identity cards, deeds to land, health care and education access.
1928:
Lachance, Joseph; Vernot, Benjamin; Elbers, Clara C; Ferwerda, Bart; Froment, Alain; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Lema, Godfrey; Fu, Wenqing; Nyambo, Thomas B; Rebbeck, Timothy R; Zhang, Kun; Akey, Joshua M; Tishkoff, Sarah A (2012).
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says that the level of polyphonic complexity of Pygmy music was reached in Europe in the 14th century, yet Pygmy culture is unwritten and ancient, some Pygmy groups being the first known cultures in some areas of Africa.
1970:
Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017).
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908:– distributed among both modern West and Central African agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers. One earlier Shum Laka forager was of haplogroup B and one later Shum Laka forager haplogroup B2b, which, together, as
2230:
Jarvis, Joseph P; Scheinfeldt, Laura B; Soi, Sameer; Lambert, Charla; Omberg, Larsson; Ferwerda, Bart; Froment, Alain; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Beggs, William; Hoffman, Gabriel; Mezey, Jason; Tishkoff, Sarah A (2012).
1851:
Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin (Jan 2020).
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family. It is assumed that Pygmies once spoke their own language(s), but that, through living in symbiosis with other Africans, in prehistorical times, they adopted languages belonging to these two families."
1009:
Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the short stature of African pygmies. Becker, et al., suggest African pygmyism may have evolved as an adaptation to the significantly lower average levels of
982:
are generally recognized as being the earliest divergent modern human group, having diverged from other groups around 250,000 BP – 200,000 BP, as a result of the sampling of the ancient Shum Laka foragers,
2012:
Schlebusch, Carina M; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017).
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to investigate a campaign of extermination against pygmies. Although they have been targeted by virtually all the armed groups, much of the violence against Pygmies is attributed to the rebel group the
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uptake, and subsequently restricted bone growth and maintenance, resulting in an overall population average skeletal mass near the lowest periphery of the spectrum among anatomically modern humans.
432:" among the Pygmy peoples of Central Africa: the term is considered a pejorative, and people prefer to be referred to by the name of their respective ethnic or tribal groups, such as
1201:("the erasers") who wanted to clear the land of people to open it up for mineral exploitation. Both sides of the war regarded them as "subhuman", and some say their flesh can confer
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1543:
Andrew; Ekoumou, Dieudonné Ongbwa; Paulin, Pascale; Real, Raimundo; Riddell, Mike; Stevenson, Edward G. J; Toda, Mikako; Vargas, J. Mario; Yasuoka, Hirokazu; Nasi, Robert (2016).
444:. There is no clear replacement for the term "Pygmy" in reference to the umbrella group. A descriptive term that has seen some use since the 2000s is "Central African foragers".
3043:
2282:
López Herráez, David; Bauchet, Marc; Tang, Kun; Theunert, Christoph; Pugach, Irina; Li, Jing; Nandineni, Madhusudan R; Gross, Arnd; Scholz, Markus; Stoneking, Mark (2009).
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speakers are greatly distinct from the ancient Shum Laka foragers, thus, showing that the ancient Shum Laka people were not the ancestral source population of the modern
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The mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups found in the ancient Shum Laka foragers were Sub-Saharan African haplogroups. Two earlier Shum Laka foragers were of
4147:
3329:
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hunter-gatherers, while partly descended, are not largely descended from the Shum Laka foragers, due to the apparent absence of descent from Basal West Africans.
4163:
2500:
Silva, Marina; Alshamali, Farida; Silva, Paula; Carrilho, Carla; Mandlate, Flávio; Jesus Trovoada, Maria; ÄŚernĂ˝, Viktor; Pereira, LuĂsa; Soares, Pedro (2015).
2942:
1464:
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 168, Table "A Summary of Hiernaux's Classification (Hiernaux 1975) of the Sub-Saharan African Peoples").
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foragers from the early period of the Stone to Metal Age, in 8000 BP, and two Shum Laka foragers from the late period of the Stone to Metal Age, in 3000 BP.
1817:
2125:
Bahuchet, Serge (1993) "History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics." In C.M. Hladik, ed.,
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between 16,000 BP and 12,000 BP until as late as 1000 BP or some period of time after 1500 CE. West African hunter-gatherers, many of whom dwelt in the
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environments. In similar hypothetical scenarios, because of reduced access to sunlight, a comparatively smaller amount of anatomically formulated
885:(before 60,000 years ago) divergences from other human populations, and a split between eastern and western pygmy groups about 20,000 years ago.
397:
The use of "Pygmy" in reference to the small-framed African hunter-gatherers dates to the early 19th century, in English first by John Barrow,
4107:
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O'Dea, JD (1994). "Possible contribution of low ultraviolet light under the rainforest canopy to the small stature of Pygmies and Negritos".
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have been identified in Aka and in Baka, respectively, on the order of 30% of the lexicon. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with
3322:
3085:
767:, a language isolate, may have been a descending language from the original set(s) of languages spoken by West African hunter-gatherers.
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display the most ancient divergence from other human groups among anatomically modern humans, second only to those displayed among some
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from archaic humans, was found in the 2010s. The lineage of African Pygmies is strongly associated with mitochondrial (maternal line)
608:, not always included in the term "Pygmy", as they tend to be somewhat taller (male average above 155 cm). Subgroups include the
4123:
2490:
Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris
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heat and humidity, and pygmyism as an adaptation associated with rapid reproductive maturation under conditions of early mortality.
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Ohenjo, N. O.; Willis, R.; Jackson, D.; Nettleton, C.; Good, K.; Mugarura, B. (2006). "Health of Indigenous people in Africa".
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There are at least a dozen Pygmy groups, sometimes unrelated to each other. They are grouped in three geographical categories:
1001:
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has greatly affected their everyday lives. Pygmy culture is threatened today by the forces of political and economic change.
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The African Pygmies are particularly known for their vocal music, usually characterized by dense contrapuntal improvisation.
2703:
Becker, Noémie S.A.; Verdu, Paul; Froment, Alain; Le Bomin, Sylvie; Pagezy, Hélène; Bahuchet, Serge; Heyer, Evelyne (2011).
2409:"Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers"
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region, were ultimately acculturated and admixed into larger groups of West African agriculturalists, akin to the migratory
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2562:"Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set"
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2502:"60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2"
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Fagny, Maud; Patin, Etienne; MacIsaac, Julia L; Rotival, Maxime; Flutre, Timothée; Jones, Meaghan J; et al. (2015).
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Polyphonic music is found among the Aka–Baka and the Mbuti, but not among the Gyele (Kola) or the various groups of Twa.
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2233:"Patterns of Ancestry, Signatures of Natural Selection, and Genetic Association with Stature in Western African Pygmies"
1303:
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783:. African Pygmies in the historical period have been significantly displaced by, and assimilated to, several waves of
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2284:"Genetic Variation and Recent Positive Selection in Worldwide Human Populations: Evidence from Nearly 1 Million SNPs"
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1388:(2016), p. 11; Schlebusch et al. (2017). " rainforest hunter-gatherers" is used in population genetics from c. 2015,
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In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti pygmies, told the UN's Indigenous People's Forum that during the
979:
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populations, who live outside of the Central Africa forest environment, partly in open swamp or desert environments.
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1931:"Evolutionary History and Adaptation from High-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequences of Diverse African Hunter-Gatherers"
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A study by Price, et al., provides insight into the role genetics plays in the reduced stature of African pygmies:
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Price AL, Tandon A, Patterson N, Barnes KC, Rafaels N, Ruczinski I, Beaty TH, Mathias R, Reich D, Myers S (2009).
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populations, African pygmy populations display unusually low levels of expression of the genes encoding for human
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401:(1806). However, the term was used diffusely, and treated as unsubstantiated claims of "dwarf tribes" among the
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Mbutis to prospect for minerals and forage for forest food, with those returning empty handed being killed and
406:
102:, "African rainforest hunter-gatherers" (RHG) or "Forest People of Central Africa") are a group of ethnicities
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A map showing the distribution of Congo Pygmies and their languages according to Bahuchet (2006). The southern
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1233:, which is part of the transitional government and still controls much of the north, as well as their allies.
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1442:, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (2001), p. 312; Thomas Widlok, Wolde Gossa Tadesse (eds.),
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An ancestral Pygmy language has been postulated for at least some Pygmy groups, based on the observation of
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2906:. Teldec Classics: 8573 86584-2. Liner notes by Aimard, Ligeti, Reich, and Simha Arom and Stefan Schomann.
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421:, published 1873). "African Pygmy" is used for disambiguation from "Asiatic Pygmy", a name applied to the
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new diseases. This shift has brought them into closer contact with neighboring ethnic communities whose
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History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.
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there is extensive evidence of mass killings, cannibalism and rape of Pygmies, and they have urged the
904:– broadly distributed throughout modern African populations – and two later Shum Laka foragers were of
1148:, where Pygmies are estimated to make up between 1.2% and 10% of the population, many Pygmies live as
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2943:"After 14 years of advocacy, the DRC president finally signs new Indigenous peoples law (commentary)"
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1973:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
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Pygmy children to zoos throughout Europe, including the World's Fair in the United States in 1907.
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A consortium of researchers conducted a case study on the Pygmies of Africa and concluded that
939:– or, an admixture composed of a modern western Central African hunter-gatherer unit, a modern
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2015:"Ancient genomes from southern Africa pushes modern human divergence beyond 260,000 years ago"
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They were partially absorbed or displaced by later immigration of agricultural peoples of the
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Central African hunter-gatherers in a multi-disciplinary perspective: challenging elusiveness
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Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.
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Blench, Roger (1997) "The languages of Africa". In Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs (eds.),
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1380:"Central African foragers" is used (in some cases alongside "pygmies") in e.g.: Susan Kent,
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peopling of Central Africa, with a separation time from West and East Africans of the order
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2839:"Sensitive Detection of Chromosomal Segments of Distinct Ancestry in Admixed Populations"
1657:"Korounkorokalé revisited: The Pays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex"
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1183:, his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. In neighboring
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1988:
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1609:"Archaeology, language and the peopling of West Africa: a consideration of the evidence"
1560:
1407:
931:
The autosomal admixture of the four ancient Shum Laka forager children was ~35% Western
4060:
3990:
3850:
3805:
3705:
3481:
3219:
3182:
Deforestation in central Africa brings HIV/AIDS to indigenous communities, mainly women
2865:
2838:
2685:
2672:
2639:
2588:
2561:
2536:
2506:
2501:
2443:
2408:
2376:
2343:
2318:
2283:
2259:
2232:
2212:
1955:
1930:
1907:
1894:
1784:
1741:
1728:
1703:
1684:
1676:
1634:
1579:
1544:
1424:
1391:
1353:
1202:
1197:
1131:
1046:
1023:
936:
811:
796:
704:
670:
643:
549:
414:
3207:
3036:"Rebels 'eating Pygmies' as mass slaughter continues in Congo despite peace agreement"
4203:
4091:
4050:
3975:
3890:
3860:
3760:
3629:
3602:
3575:
3476:
3347:
3211:
2891:
2870:
2819:
2737:
2705:"Indirect evidence for the genetic determination of short stature in African Pygmies"
2689:
2677:
2593:
2541:
2448:
2381:
2323:
2264:
2216:
2171:
2150:
2130:
2065:
2002:
1960:
1911:
1899:
1881:
1788:
1774:
1745:
1733:
1688:
1638:
1624:
1584:
1429:
1311:
levels are generally higher. This has led to the spread of HIV into the pygmy group.
1248:
1188:
1173:
1169:
1145:
1135:
1035:
655:
250:
236:" in anthropological literature). They are assumed to be descended from the original
3775:
1497:
4030:
4025:
4000:
3980:
3745:
3456:
3223:
3203:
2860:
2850:
2811:
2727:
2719:
2667:
2659:
2583:
2573:
2531:
2523:
2438:
2428:
2371:
2363:
2313:
2303:
2254:
2244:
2018:
1992:
1950:
1942:
1889:
1873:
1766:
1723:
1715:
1668:
1616:
1574:
1564:
1419:
1411:
1252:
1180:
1031:
967:
Shum Laka foragers – two from 8000 BP and two from 3000 BP – show that most modern
776:
752:
741:
711:
636:
565:
237:
2895:
2789:
Short lives, short size – why are pygmies small? « Not Exactly Rocket Science
4065:
4020:
3910:
3880:
3755:
3740:
3680:
3617:
3513:
3307:
3111:
2855:
2578:
2308:
2249:
2096:
2059:
1821:
1801:
1569:
1005:
Size comparison between Pygmies, English officers, Sudanese and Zanzibaris (1890)
963:
800:
700:
678:
639:
586:
569:
545:
410:
387:
262:
246:
119:
3016:
2998:
2815:
1525:
775:
Genetic studies have found evidence that African Pygmies are descended from the
646:. Genetic evidence for the deep separation of Congo Pygmies from the lineage of
4010:
3970:
3920:
3905:
3885:
3835:
3800:
3785:
3765:
3750:
3622:
3563:
3416:
1946:
1719:
1165:
1050:
831:
722:
594:
454:
324:
285:
107:
38:
2663:
1877:
312:
4282:
4242:
4045:
3985:
3955:
3935:
3875:
3840:
3825:
3810:
3780:
3725:
3650:
3461:
3441:
3431:
3156:
1885:
1770:
1620:
1392:"The epigenomic landscape of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers"
1336:
1279:
1153:
1111:
1058:
972:
925:
871:
843:
827:
807:
682:
598:
490:
362:
297:
229:
216:). The more widely scattered (and more variable in physiology and lifestyle)
44:
31:
2640:"Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history"
2433:
2367:
2050:
Older (pre-2010) studies with inconclusive results: R. Blench and M. Dendo.
1997:
1972:
1854:"Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history"
1438:
The alternative "Forest People " sees limited use in the early 2000s, e.g.,
4222:
3925:
3710:
3496:
3451:
3446:
3388:
3363:
3215:
2874:
2823:
2741:
2681:
2597:
2545:
2452:
2385:
2327:
2268:
2006:
1964:
1903:
1737:
1588:
1529:
Unasylva — An international journal of forestry and forest industries
1433:
1382:
Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective
788:
737:
726:
609:
605:
533:
274:
254:
217:
3634:
1613:
Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses
1105:
and inhale making high-pitched sounds; this allows the individual to make
987:
are shown to have likely diverged at a similar time, if not even earlier.
4262:
4252:
3855:
3665:
3612:
3486:
3426:
3421:
2899:
2732:
1526:"Forest peoples in the central African rain forest: focus on the pygmies"
1244:
1192:
1083:
1011:
944:
940:
882:
617:
537:
441:
289:
164:
111:
56:
1680:
1415:
806:
Genetically, African pygmies have some key differences between them and
269:
in the central African forests in 2016, about 60% of this number in the
75:
4257:
4247:
3965:
3870:
3700:
3690:
3660:
3503:
3471:
3436:
3378:
2800:
2723:
2086:
The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies
1672:
1283:
1184:
1106:
1097:
1015:
921:
839:
835:
517:
79:
2527:
912:, is distributed among modern Central African hunter-gatherers (e.g.,
635:
African Pygmies are often assumed to be the direct descendants of the
489:
language families. There has been significant intermixing between the
3508:
2344:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"
1259:
1019:
894:
621:
613:
447:
Regional names used collectively of the western group of Pygmies are
341:
2194:. K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders & G. Rossel eds. 41–60. Leiden: CNWS.
4227:
3607:
2023:
2014:
1358:
1039:
996:
947:/West African unit likely from further north in the regions of the
855:
509:
449:
258:
233:
197:
135:
115:
68:
3256:"As Cameroon's jungle shrinks, pygmies' lifestyle is under threat"
2466:
2147:
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
1256:
used in the conflict are often arrows and axes, rather than guns.
1251:, rose up into militias (such as the "Perci" militia) in Northern
122:
lifestyle. They are divided into three roughly geographic groups:
4197:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
3530:
3525:
3491:
3466:
3383:
875:
815:
760:
725:(1994), "African Pygmies speak languages belonging to either the
647:
556:
541:
422:
402:
213:
189:
155:
3297:
2981:"Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine"
2281:
2011:
1969:
1615:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 39–40, 43–44, 48–49.
1545:"Distribution and Numbers of Pygmies in Central African Forests"
662:, with a divergence time between 170,000 and 100,000 years ago.
428:
Dembner (1996) reported a universal "disdain for the term 'pygmy
3597:
3411:
1240:
1149:
952:
917:
859:
780:
459:
433:
209:
205:
201:
185:
2405:
3112:"Caged Congolese teen: Why a zoo took 114 years to apologise"
2340:
1237:
948:
851:
764:
579:
513:
437:
391:
372:
357:
176:
139:
3277:
Kiss of Life for DR Congo Pygmies by Badylon Kawanda Bakiman
3193:
1927:
4083:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
2499:
2229:
3282:
African Pygmies: Hunter-Gatherer Peoples of Central Africa
3281:
2836:
2702:
2057:
1045:
Additional evidence suggests that, when compared to other
830:
groups. L1c prevalence was variously reported as: 100% in
3303:
Undated footage of Pygmy tribe constructing a vine bridge
1850:
1839:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
1759:
Van Beek, Walter E.A.; Banga, Pieteke M. (Mar 11, 2002).
1389:
1308:
1125:
49:
1168:, Ugandan backed rebel groups were accused by the UN of
37:"African Pygmy" redirects here. For the goat breed, see
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3061:"DR Congo: Ethnic Militias Attack Civilians in Katanga"
2558:
2465:
S. Bahuchet/MNHN Common Origins of Pygmies and Bantus.
4165:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
2757:"Ultraviolet light levels available in the rainforest"
1704:"Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene"
361:, as used to refer to diminutive people, derives from
2481:
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180–2195
1386:
Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic
826:
is strongly associated with pygmies, especially with
3289:
Smithsonian Magazine, December 2008 by Paul Raffaele
3129:
2940:
1541:
1502:
1164:
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, during the
943:
unit, existing locally before 8000 BP, and a modern
390:. The word is derived from πυγμή pygmē, a term for "
344:, northeastern Congo) posing with bows and arrows (
328:
Pygmy family posing with a European man for scale (
3337:
3177:
3175:
3173:
2978:
2754:
1120:
394:" (lit. "fist"), suggesting a diminutive height.
4280:
2149:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, p. 154,
1837:"Mbuti, Twa, and Mbenga". In Stokes (ed.) 2009.
1505:"As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered"
3170:
3142:
3086:"In Congo, Wars Are Small and Chaos Is Endless"
2413:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2188:Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction
3238:"Deforestation Threatens Pygmies, Study Finds"
3080:
3078:
3033:
2114:Genetics and linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa
2053:Genetics and linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa
1602:
1600:
1598:
881:Patin, et al. (2009) suggest two unique, late
4109:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3323:
2794:
2769:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2197:
1758:
1022:is produced, resulting in restricted dietary
893:Ancient DNA was able to be obtained from two
249:, and to the present time widely affected by
27:Group of ethnicities native to Central Africa
2959:
2934:
2334:
1460:; Menozzi, Paolo; and Piazza Alberto (1994)
1384:(2006); Richard Bradshaw, Juan Fandos-Rius,
1376:
1374:
1266:
399:Travels Into the Interior of Southern Africa
3075:
2972:
1923:
1921:
1650:
1648:
1595:
463:(the plural form of Aka/Yaka), used in the
381:
375:
228:They are notable for, and named for, their
30:For short-statured peoples in general, see
4101:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
3330:
3316:
3055:
3053:
2962:"Congo rebels are eating pygmies, UN says"
2941:Patrick Saidi Hemedi (November 16, 2022).
2772:HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
2633:
2631:
2392:
4125:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
3145:"Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict"
2864:
2854:
2731:
2712:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2671:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2587:
2577:
2535:
2442:
2432:
2375:
2317:
2307:
2258:
2248:
2206:"A New Recording Of Mauritanian Rock Art"
2203:
2022:
1996:
1954:
1893:
1727:
1654:
1606:
1578:
1568:
1483:
1481:
1423:
1371:
453:(the plural form of Mbenga), used in the
2471:
2119:
1918:
1645:
1462:The History and Geography of Human Genes
1278:
1087:
1000:
335:
323:
311:
74:
55:
43:
3050:
2979:Clayton, Jonathan (December 16, 2004).
1752:
1520:
1518:
688:
481:The Congo Pygmy speak languages of the
409:. In the 1860s, two Western explorers,
304:with Central African hunter-gatherers.
14:
4281:
3716:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2637:
2608:
1701:
1503:Kristof, Nicholas D. (June 16, 1997).
1487:
1478:
1126:Enslavement, cannibalism, and genocide
1014:light available beneath the canopy of
630:
288:earlier than 32,000 BP and dwelled in
3311:
2090:Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History
1695:
405:of the interior of Africa, until the
3063:. Human Rights Watch. 11 August 2015
2342:Weber, J. L; Williams, S. M (2009).
1515:
1231:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
4268:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
2894:Pygmies, performed by Aka Pygmies,
2755:O'Dea, Julian (December 21, 2009).
2058:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (1986).
2056:, Cambridge-Bergen, June 24, 2004.
1607:MacDonald, Kevin C. (Sep 2, 2003).
1222:Minority Rights Group International
751:may have spoken a set of presently
24:
3034:Peta, Basildon (January 9, 2003).
2650:(7792). Nature Research: 665–669.
2638:Lipson, Mark; et al. (2020).
2204:Abd-El-Moniem, Hamdi Abbas Ahmed.
1844:
1826:The Scottish Geographical Magazine
25:
4300:
4173:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
4093:The Outline of History of Mankind
3270:
2999:"DR Congo Pygmies 'exterminated'"
2763:
1440:Racism Against Indigenous Peoples
980:Southern African hunter-gatherers
695:Classification of Pygmy languages
477:Classification of Pygmy languages
4141:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
3184:. fpcn-global.org. April 6, 2008
2088:(1989), 9–10 (cited after
1490:"Congo's Pygmies live as slaves"
1488:Thomas, Katie (March 12, 2007).
1330:
1159:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1114:, a Cameroonian musical artist.
990:
985:Central African hunter-gatherers
759:. In the northeastern region of
340:A group of Pygmy men from Nala (
220:are also grouped under the term
114:, traditionally subsisting on a
3293:Survival International: Pygmies
3248:
3230:
3187:
3104:
3027:
3017:"DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN"
3009:
2991:
2960:James Astill (8 January 2003).
2953:
2909:
2881:
2830:
2782:
2748:
2696:
2552:
2493:
2484:
2477:Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007,
2467:http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1164.htm
2459:
2275:
2223:
2180:
2160:
2139:
2106:
2078:
1831:
1807:
1449:
1302:Along with Raja Sheshadri, the
933:Central African hunter-gatherer
544:. These groups are speakers of
425:populations of Southeast Asia.
298:Bantu-speaking agriculturalists
4133:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
3339:Historical definitions of race
1804:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
1795:
1702:Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2021).
1535:
1212:to recognize cannibalism as a
1121:Contemporary issues in society
888:
407:exploration of the Congo basin
273:. The number does not include
13:
1:
4157:The Passing of the Great Race
3208:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68849-1
1661:African Archaeological Review
1471:
1288:Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve
749:West African hunter-gatherers
345:
282:West African hunter-gatherers
4056:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
2856:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000519
2579:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448
2309:10.1371/journal.pone.0007888
2250:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002641
1815:"The Pygmy tribes of Africa"
1570:10.1371/journal.pone.0144499
1247:often exploit and allegedly
1226:International Criminal Court
1063:insulin-like growth factor 1
866:. Mitochondrial haplogroups
685:, adopting their languages.
673:phyla beginning after about
316:Congo Pygmy father and son (
284:may have dwelled in western
271:Democratic Republic of Congo
253:at the hands of neighboring
7:
3771:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
3736:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
3686:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
2816:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.009
2168:Archaeology and language IV
1828:8 (1892), 289–301, 345–357.
1342:
1290:in Central African Republic
770:
386:), a term for "dwarf" from
10:
4305:
1947:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.009
1720:10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4
1129:
1081:
994:
692:
474:
330:Collier's New Encyclopedia
242:anatomically modern humans
36:
29:
4215:
4074:
3866:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
3643:
3541:
3397:
3354:
3345:
2664:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1
2129:Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.
1878:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1
1813:Schlichter, Henry. 1892.
1765:. Routledge. p. 66.
1762:The Dogon and their trees
1655:MacDonald, Kevin (1997).
1267:Systematic discrimination
574:Central Sudanic languages
470:
174:the central and southern
4238:History of anthropometry
4006:Charles Gabriel Seligman
3831:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
3519:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
3143:Sheshadri, Raja (2005).
1771:10.4324/9780203036129-10
1621:10.4324/9780203202913-11
1364:
1187:province there has been
1077:
874:are prevalent among the
593:, speakers of the Bantu
465:Central African Republic
148:Central African Republic
100:Central African foragers
84:Central African Republic
3696:Daniel Garrison Brinton
3298:Pygmy Survival Alliance
2434:10.1073/pnas.0711467105
2368:10.1126/science.1172257
2145:Ruhlen, Merritt (1994)
1998:10.1126/science.aao6266
1494:The News & Observer
1458:Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca
1349:Ethnic groups of Africa
858:, respectively, 97% in
677:, and, beginning about
642:peoples of the central
307:
4041:Thomas Griffith Taylor
3796:Reginald Ruggles Gates
2040:Cite journal requires
1446:vol. 2 (2005), p. 104.
1291:
1236:Starting in 2013, the
1214:crime against humanity
1093:
1075:
1006:
973:Bantu-speaking peoples
846:, 97% and 100% in the
757:West African languages
382:
376:
352:
333:
321:
87:
72:
53:
4181:Annihilation of Caste
4085:in Different Climates
4036:William Graham Sumner
4016:Samuel Stanhope Smith
3961:James Cowles Prichard
3593:Racial discrimination
2921:Minority Rights Group
2904:Pierre-Laurent Aimard
2186:Blench, Roger. 1999.
1444:Property and Equality
1396:Nature Communications
1282:
1140:Cannibalism in Africa
1130:Further information:
1092:Pygmy drummers (1930)
1091:
1070:
1004:
995:Further information:
719:linguistic substrates
693:Further information:
578:the widely scattered
339:
327:
315:
144:Republic of the Congo
78:
59:
47:
4233:Great chain of being
3951:Ludwig Hermann Plate
3916:Samuel George Morton
3731:Samuel A. Cartwright
3581:in the United States
1057:associated with low
1034:as an adaptation to
689:Linguistic substrate
318:Belgian Congo at War
4189:The Races of Europe
4117:The Races of Europe
3896:Dominick McCausland
3846:Thomas Henry Huxley
3791:Stanley Marion Garn
3671:Robert Bennett Bean
3399:Historical concepts
3287:The Pygmies' Plight
2917:"Republic of Congo"
2656:2020Natur.577..665L
2520:2015NatSR...512526S
2425:2008PNAS..105.1596Q
2360:2009Sci...324.1035T
2354:(5930): 1035–1044.
2300:2009PLoSO...4.7888L
1989:2017Sci...358..652S
1870:2020Natur.577..665L
1561:2016PLoSO..1144499O
1416:10.1038/ncomms10047
1408:2015NatCo...610047F
1210:UN Security Council
1065:and short stature.
1047:Sub-Saharan African
812:uniparental markers
810:. African pygmies'
631:Origins and history
419:The Heart of Africa
4061:Alexander Winchell
3991:Henric Sanielevici
3851:Calvin Ira Kephart
3821:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
3806:Arthur de Gobineau
3706:Alice Mossie Brues
3603:Racial stereotypes
3244:. 25 January 2016.
3242:The New York Times
3046:on April 22, 2008.
2724:10.1002/ajpa.21512
2507:Scientific Reports
2095:2019-07-17 at the
2064:. Academic Press.
1820:2022-07-08 at the
1708:Scientific Reports
1673:10.1007/BF02968406
1354:Peopling of Africa
1292:
1132:Effacer le tableau
1094:
1007:
937:Basal West African
906:haplogroup L1c2a1b
862:(97%), and 82% in
644:African rainforest
550:Ubangian languages
415:Georg Schweinfurth
353:
334:
322:
88:
82:mother and child,
73:
54:
4276:
4275:
4205:The Race Question
4051:John H. Van Evrie
3976:William Z. Ripley
3946:Charles Pickering
3891:Felix von Luschan
3861:Robert E. Kuttner
3761:Charles Davenport
3630:Whiteness studies
3356:Color terminology
3348:Scientific racism
3202:(9526): 1937–46.
2890:(2003). Music by
2528:10.1038/srep12526
2071:978-0-12-164480-2
1983:(6363): 652–655.
1864:(7792): 665–670.
1327:percent in 2003.
1208:Makelo asked the
1146:Republic of Congo
1136:Slavery in Africa
910:macrohaplogroup B
902:haplogroup L0a2a1
791:speakers, of the
742:language isolates
731:Niger–Kordofanian
98:, variously also
16:(Redirected from
4296:
4084:
4031:Lothrop Stoddard
4026:Morris Steggerda
4001:Ilse Schwidetzky
3996:Heinrich Schmidt
3981:Alfred Rosenberg
3941:Isaac La Peyrère
3746:Carleton S. Coon
3721:Charles Caldwell
3676:François Bernier
3559:in Latin America
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3155:. Archived from
3149:ICE Case Studies
3140:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3042:. Archived from
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2675:
2635:
2606:
2605:
2591:
2581:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2419:(5): 1596–1601.
2403:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2010:
2000:
1968:
1958:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1496:. Archived from
1485:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1437:
1427:
1378:
1253:Katanga Province
1032:insular dwarfism
836:Aka (Ba-Benzélé)
777:Middle Stone Age
712:honey harvesting
699:Substantial non-
637:Middle Stone Age
566:Ituri Rainforest
431:
385:
379:
350:
347:
238:Middle Stone Age
21:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4289:African Pygmies
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4211:
4149:Castes in India
4070:
4066:Ludwig Woltmann
4021:Herbert Spencer
3911:Lewis H. Morgan
3881:Cesare Lombroso
3756:Jan Czekanowski
3741:Sonia Mary Cole
3681:Renato Biasutti
3639:
3618:Nazism and race
3537:
3514:Proto-Mongoloid
3393:
3350:
3341:
3336:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3262:. 13 July 2017.
3254:
3253:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3141:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3092:. 30 April 2016
3084:
3083:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3040:The Independent
3032:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3005:. July 6, 2004.
2997:
2996:
2992:
2977:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2902:, performed by
2888:African Rhythms
2886:
2882:
2849:(6): e1000519.
2835:
2831:
2804:Mol Genet Metab
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2768:
2764:
2753:
2749:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2636:
2609:
2572:(4): e1000448.
2557:
2553:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2404:
2393:
2339:
2335:
2280:
2276:
2243:(4): e1002641.
2228:
2224:
2211:. p. 221.
2208:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2144:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2097:Wayback Machine
2084:Igor Kopytoff,
2083:
2079:
2072:
2061:African pygmies
2041:
2039:
2030:
2029:
1926:
1919:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1822:Wayback Machine
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1781:
1757:
1753:
1700:
1696:
1653:
1646:
1631:
1605:
1596:
1555:(1): e0144499.
1540:
1536:
1524:S. A. Dembner,
1523:
1516:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1450:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1345:
1333:
1304:fPcN-Global.org
1269:
1220:. According to
1181:Congo Civil War
1142:
1128:
1123:
1086:
1080:
999:
993:
964:Bantu expansion
891:
793:Central Sudanic
773:
721:. According to
697:
691:
679:3,500 years ago
675:5,500 years ago
667:Central Sudanic
640:hunter-gatherer
633:
587:Great Lakes Twa
487:Central Sudanic
479:
473:
429:
411:Paul Du Chaillu
388:Greek mythology
348:
310:
263:Central Sudanic
247:Bantu expansion
232:(described as "
120:hunter-gatherer
92:African Pygmies
63:dancers in the
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4119:(Ripley, 1899)
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Giuseppe Sergi
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3971:Gustaf Retzius
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Josiah C. Nott
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Ashley Montagu
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Bertil Lundman
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Earnest Hooton
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:George Gliddon
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Francis Galton
3783:
3778:
3776:Anténor Firmin
3773:
3768:
3766:Joseph Deniker
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Georges Cuvier
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:Racial hygiene
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3271:External links
3269:
3266:
3265:
3247:
3229:
3186:
3169:
3128:
3103:
3074:
3049:
3026:
3023:. 23 May 2003.
3008:
2990:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2923:. 19 June 2015
2908:
2880:
2829:
2793:
2781:
2762:
2747:
2718:(3): 390–401.
2695:
2607:
2551:
2492:
2483:
2470:
2458:
2391:
2333:
2274:
2222:
2196:
2179:
2159:
2138:
2118:
2112:R. M. Blench,
2105:
2077:
2070:
2042:|journal=
2024:10.1101/145409
1941:(3): 457–469.
1917:
1843:
1830:
1806:
1794:
1779:
1751:
1694:
1667:(3): 192–196.
1644:
1629:
1594:
1534:
1514:
1509:New York Times
1500:on 2009-02-28.
1476:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1329:
1286:living in the
1268:
1265:
1216:and an act of
1166:Ituri Conflict
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1051:growth hormone
992:
989:
890:
887:
844:Bedzan (Tikar)
842:, 100% of the
824:haplogroup L1c
822:Mitochondrial
772:
769:
723:Merritt Ruhlen
690:
687:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
604:the "Pygmoid"
602:
576:
568:, speakers of
552:
516:, the Bayaka (
475:Main article:
472:
469:
455:Kongo language
309:
306:
294:forest–savanna
286:Central Africa
280:Additionally,
226:
225:
172:
151:
108:Central Africa
52:are not shown.
39:American Pygmy
26:
18:Mbenga Pygmies
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4301:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Miscegenation
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Paul Topinard
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Benjamin Rush
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Alfred Ploetz
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Oscar Peschel
3934:
3932:
3931:Roger Pearson
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:John Mitchell
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Carl Linnaeus
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Julian Huxley
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Ernst Haeckel
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Madison Grant
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Eugen Fischer
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Petrus Camper
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Louis Agassiz
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Mediterranean
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:on 2016-03-04
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:György Ligeti
2893:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:PLOS Genetics
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2733:2027.42/86961
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:PLOS Genetics
2563:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:(11): e7888.
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:PLOS Genetics
2234:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2170:, Routledge,
2169:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2101:A Mighty Tree
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2034:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:9781134919567
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
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1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1337:deforestation
1331:Deforestation
1328:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1281:
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1198:Les Effaceurs
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1102:
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1048:
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1041:
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1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
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991:Short stature
988:
986:
981:
976:
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938:
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841:
838:, and 77% in
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
817:
813:
809:
808:Bantu peoples
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:130,000 years
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
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732:
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724:
720:
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713:
709:
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702:
696:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
660:haplogroup L1
657:
654:, as well as
653:
652:East Africans
649:
648:West Africans
645:
641:
638:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
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539:
535:
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523:
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515:
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498:
497:
494:
493:and Pygmies.
492:
488:
484:
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468:
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278:
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272:
266:
264:
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252:
248:
243:
240:expansion of
239:
235:
231:
230:short stature
223:
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129:
125:
124:
123:
121:
117:
113:
110:, mostly the
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Congo Pygmies
93:
85:
81:
77:
70:
66:
65:East Province
62:
58:
51:
46:
40:
33:
32:Pygmy peoples
19:
4223:Ethnogenesis
4204:
4196:
4191:(Coon, 1939)
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4082:
4075:Publications
3926:Karl Pearson
3816:John Grattan
3711:Halfdan Bryn
3576:in Singapore
3543:Sociological
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:the original
3152:
3148:
3120:. Retrieved
3118:. 2020-08-26
3115:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3089:
3065:. Retrieved
3044:the original
3039:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2974:
2966:The Guardian
2965:
2955:
2946:
2936:
2925:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2887:
2883:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2810:(3): 310–3.
2807:
2803:
2796:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2750:
2715:
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2647:
2643:
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2495:
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2167:
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2126:
2121:
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2100:
2085:
2080:
2060:
2052:
2033:cite journal
1980:
1976:
1938:
1934:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1809:
1797:
1761:
1754:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1664:
1660:
1612:
1552:
1548:
1537:
1528:
1508:
1498:the original
1493:
1461:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1381:
1334:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1241:Batwa people
1235:
1207:
1196:
1178:
1163:
1143:
1116:
1107:polyrhythmic
1103:
1095:
1071:
1067:
1055:its receptor
1044:
1028:
1008:
977:
961:
957:
945:East African
941:West African
930:
899:
892:
880:
821:
805:
789:Nilo-Saharan
774:
755:Sub-Saharan
747:
738:Roger Blench
736:
727:Nilo-Saharan
716:
698:
664:
634:
606:Southern Twa
561:
555:
529:
525:
505:
501:
500:the western
495:
480:
458:
448:
446:
427:
418:
398:
396:
368:
356:
354:
329:
317:
279:
275:Southern Twa
267:
227:
221:
218:Southern Twa
181:
175:
160:
154:
153:the eastern
131:
127:
126:The western
99:
95:
91:
89:
4263:Pre-Adamite
4253:Multiracial
3856:Robert Knox
3666:John Beddoe
3613:Master race
3569:in Colombia
3457:East Baltic
3090:nytimes.com
2900:Steve Reich
2778:(3): 284–7.
1284:Aka Pygmies
1245:Luba people
1243:, whom the
1193:death squad
1189:cannibalism
1084:Pygmy music
1012:ultraviolet
969:Niger–Congo
889:Ancient DNA
883:Pleistocene
848:Baka people
785:Niger–Congo
618:Lukanga Twa
591:Great Lakes
540:), and the
483:Niger–Congo
349: 1915
290:West Africa
251:enslavement
165:Congo basin
112:Congo Basin
4258:Polygenism
4248:Monogenism
3966:Otto Reche
3871:Fritz Lenz
3701:Paul Broca
3691:Franz Boas
3661:Erwin Baur
3656:John Baker
3550:By region
3407:Australoid
3196:The Lancet
3163:2012-03-13
3122:2022-11-30
2927:2021-03-03
2176:1134816235
2155:0471584266
2135:1850703809
1841:, Volume 1
1472:References
1321:The Lancet
1185:North Kivu
1098:Simha Arom
1061:levels of
1036:equatorial
1016:rainforest
708:substrates
610:Echuya Twa
601:languages.
302:encounters
300:and their
3635:NĂ©gritude
3564:in Brazil
3509:Mongoloid
3417:Caucasoid
3260:France 24
2985:The Times
2690:210862788
2514:: 12526.
2217:130112115
1912:210862788
1886:0028-0836
1789:126989016
1746:231583475
1714:(1): 70.
1689:161691927
1639:163304839
1402:: 10047.
1260:Ota Benga
1195:known as
1170:enslaving
1020:vitamin D
935:and ~65%
895:Shum Laka
834:, 97% in
681:, by the
656:admixture
622:Kafwe Twa
614:Mongo Twa
564:) of the
380:, plural
355:The term
342:Haut-Uele
163:, of the
4283:Category
4228:Eugenics
3608:Colorism
3554:in India
3462:Ethiopid
3442:Atlantid
3432:Armenoid
3216:16765763
3116:BBC News
3021:BBC News
3003:BBC News
2947:Mongabay
2875:19543370
2824:19541519
2742:21541921
2682:31969706
2598:19360089
2546:26211407
2453:18216239
2386:19407144
2328:19924308
2288:PLOS ONE
2269:22570615
2103:, 2011).
2093:Archived
2007:28971970
1965:22840920
1904:31969706
1818:Archived
1738:33431997
1681:25130625
1589:26735953
1549:PLOS ONE
1434:26616214
1359:Khoi-San
1343:See also
1218:genocide
1205:powers.
1040:tropical
997:Pygmyism
864:Ba-Bongo
856:Cameroon
828:Bambenga
797:Ubangian
771:Genetics
705:Ubangian
703:and non-
671:Ubangian
510:Cameroon
502:Bambenga
450:Bambenga
377:Pygmaeus
369:pygmaios
366:πυγμαῖος
265:groups.
259:Ubangian
234:pygmyism
198:Tanzania
136:Cameroon
128:Bambenga
69:Cameroon
4216:Related
3644:Writers
3588:Passing
3531:Negrito
3526:Negroid
3497:Turanid
3492:Semites
3467:Hamites
3452:Dinaric
3447:Caspian
3224:7976349
3096:7 March
3067:7 March
2866:2689842
2673:8386425
2652:Bibcode
2589:2661362
2537:4515592
2516:Bibcode
2444:2234190
2421:Bibcode
2377:2947357
2356:Bibcode
2348:Science
2319:2775638
2296:Bibcode
2260:3343053
1985:Bibcode
1977:Science
1956:3426505
1895:8386425
1866:Bibcode
1729:7801626
1580:4711706
1557:Bibcode
1425:4674682
1404:Bibcode
1249:enslave
1203:magical
1144:In the
1024:calcium
876:Bambuti
832:Ba-Kola
816:Khoisan
803:phyla.
761:Nigeria
753:extinct
729:or the
589:of the
557:Bambuti
524:), the
423:Negrito
403:Bushmen
383:Pygmaei
332:, 1921)
320:, 1942)
222:Pygmoid
214:Namibia
190:Burundi
156:Bambuti
116:forager
4207:(1950)
4199:(1943)
4183:(1936)
4175:(1930)
4167:(1920)
4159:(1916)
4151:(1916)
4143:(1911)
4135:(1907)
4127:(1899)
4111:(1855)
4103:(1849)
4095:(1785)
4087:(1744)
3598:Racism
3487:Nordic
3477:Iranid
3427:Arabid
3422:Alpine
3412:Capoid
3369:Bronze
3222:
3214:
2873:
2863:
2822:
2740:
2688:
2680:
2670:
2644:Nature
2596:
2586:
2544:
2534:
2451:
2441:
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2326:
2316:
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2174:
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2133:
2068:
2005:
1963:
1953:
1910:
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1858:Nature
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1777:
1744:
1736:
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1679:
1637:
1627:
1587:
1577:
1432:
1422:
1150:slaves
1138:, and
978:While
953:Sahara
926:Bedzan
918:Bakola
860:Bakoya
799:, and
530:Bakoya
526:Bakola
506:Mbenga
471:Groups
460:Bayaka
457:, and
434:Bayaka
210:Angola
206:Zambia
202:Uganda
186:Rwanda
132:Mbenga
104:native
86:(2014)
71:(2006)
3504:Malay
3472:Indid
3437:Aryan
3389:White
3379:Olive
3374:Brown
3364:Black
3220:S2CID
2708:(PDF)
2686:S2CID
2213:S2CID
2209:(PDF)
1908:S2CID
1802:pygmy
1785:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1677:JSTOR
1635:S2CID
1365:Notes
1238:Pygmy
1191:by a
1174:eaten
1154:Bantu
1078:Music
1059:serum
949:Sahel
922:Biaka
852:Gabon
840:Biaka
801:Bantu
765:Jalaa
701:Bantu
683:Bantu
595:Rundi
580:Batwa
570:Bantu
562:Mbuti
546:Bantu
542:Bongo
534:Gyele
514:Gabon
508:) of
491:Bantu
438:Mbuti
392:cubit
373:Latin
371:(via
363:Greek
358:Pygmy
255:Bantu
180:, or
177:Batwa
161:Mbuti
159:, or
140:Gabon
130:, or
3212:PMID
3098:2017
3069:2017
2898:and
2871:PMID
2820:PMID
2738:PMID
2678:PMID
2594:PMID
2542:PMID
2449:PMID
2382:PMID
2324:PMID
2265:PMID
2172:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2046:help
2003:PMID
1961:PMID
1935:Cell
1900:PMID
1882:ISSN
1775:ISBN
1734:PMID
1625:ISBN
1585:PMID
1430:PMID
1053:and
1038:and
962:The
951:and
914:Baka
870:and
854:and
787:and
669:and
650:and
620:and
599:Kiga
597:and
585:the
572:and
554:The
548:and
538:Kola
536:and
522:Baka
520:and
512:and
485:and
440:and
413:and
308:Name
261:and
212:and
118:and
94:(or
90:The
61:Baka
3384:Red
3204:doi
3200:367
3153:163
2892:Aka
2861:PMC
2851:doi
2812:doi
2728:hdl
2720:doi
2716:145
2668:PMC
2660:doi
2648:577
2584:PMC
2574:doi
2532:PMC
2524:doi
2439:PMC
2429:doi
2417:105
2372:PMC
2364:doi
2352:324
2314:PMC
2304:doi
2255:PMC
2245:doi
2019:doi
1993:doi
1981:358
1951:PMC
1943:doi
1939:150
1890:PMC
1874:doi
1862:577
1767:doi
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1669:doi
1617:doi
1575:PMC
1565:doi
1420:PMC
1412:doi
1309:HIV
1152:to
928:).
872:L0a
868:L2a
850:of
528:or
518:Aka
442:Twa
194:DRC
182:Twa
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