782:
1519:
341:
726:
400:
548:
713:
699:
27:
599:
1533:
808:
hereditary land owners, who give permission for it to extract the trees in return for development packages. In theory, the companies must pay the government nearly $ 18 million rent per year for these concessions, of which 40% should be returned to provincial governments for investment in social development of the local population in the logged areas.
762:", trapping carbon that could otherwise remain carbon dioxide. The Congo Basin holds roughly 8% of the world's forest-based carbon. If these woodlands are deforested, the carbon they trap will be released into the atmosphere. Predictions for future unabated deforestation estimate that by 2050 activities in the
807:
The government has written a new forestry code that requires companies to invest in local development and follow a sustainable, 25-year cycle of rotational logging. When a company is granted a concession from the central government to log in Congo, it must sign an agreement with the local chiefs and
590:
Averaged across the whole basin, there are two major rainfall seasons in March to May and
September to November. In both hemispheres the rainfall maximises in September to November, at above 210 mm per month. In northern hemisphere winter, rainfall is relatively low to the north of the equator
803:
and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2002. The World Bank agreed to provide $ 90 million of development aid to Democratic Republic of the Congo with the provision that the government did not issue any new concessions granting logging companies rights to exploit the forest. The deal also
815:
does not reward so-called "avoided deforestation"—initiatives that protect forest from being cut down. But many climate scientists and policymakers hope that negotiations for Kyoto's successor will include such measures. If this were the case, there could be a financial incentive for protecting
591:(<80 mm per month). In southern hemisphere winter, rainfall is instead lower to the south of the equator (<80 mm per month). The annual rhythm of the wind systems which carry water vapour account for the rainfall seasonality. Much of the rainfall is derived from large
532:
of 1885 gave a precise definition to the "conventional basin" of the Congo, which included the entire actual basin plus some other areas. The
General Act bound its signatories to neutrality within the conventional basin, but this was not respected during the
641:(IPCC) disagreeing on core elements of the rainfall distribution in the region. While the average rainfall change is uncertain, it is likely that extreme rainfall events will become more extreme owing to the increases in water vapour in the atmosphere.
636:
Future climate projections indicate that the region will get hotter in response to global climate change. There is more uncertainty over how average rainfall in the region will change, with the climate models used by the
1335:
Creese, A., Washington, R., & Munday, C. (2019). The plausibility of
September–November Congo Basin rainfall change in coupled climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 5822– 5846.
735:
The Congo Basin is the largest forest in Africa. More than 10,000 plant species can be found in and around the forest. The humid forests cover 1.6 million km². The Congo Basin is an important source of
778:, which cover a total of 145,500 sq km, contain 30 billion tonnes of carbon, or 20 years of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. In 2021, the deforestation rate of the Congolese rainforest increased by 5%.
413:
The basin ends where the river empties into the Gulf of Guinea on the
Atlantic Ocean. The basin is a total of 3.7 million square kilometers and is home to some of the largest undisturbed stands of
1301:
Jackson, B., S. E. Nicholson, and D. Klotter, 2009: Mesoscale
Convective Systems over Western Equatorial Africa and Their Relationship to Large-Scale Circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1272–1294,
799:
showed that 54,000 miles of roads for forest concessions were built between 2003 and 2018, reaching a total of 143,500 miles. A moratorium on logging in the Congo forest was agreed between the
644:
Owing to the global climatic importance of the Congo Basin, it has been suggested that, along with the Amazon, severe changes in the rainfall or climate of the Congo
Rainforest could act as a '
770:
has emitted over the last 60 years. A 2013 study by
British scientists showed that deforestation in the Congo Basin rainforest was slowing down. In 2017, British scientists discovered that
1276:
Albrecht, R. I., S. J. Goodman, D. E. Buechler, R. J. Blakeslee, and H. J. Christian, 2016: Where Are the
Lightning Hotspots on Earth?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97, 2051–2068,
1578:
478:
1754:
3199:
1409:
2043:
280:
269:
234:, high rainfall turned the basin into a series of marshy ponds and swamps. A shift to more arid conditions with seasonal droughts occurred with the start of the
2994:
2033:
563:
The Congo Basin is a globally important climatic region with annual rainfall of between 1500 and 2000 mm. It is one of three hotspots of deep convection (
1719:
786:
753:
86:
77:
in size, with 300 million hectares compared to the 800 million hectares in the Amazon. Because of its size and diversity the basin's forest is important for
2003:
1729:
296:
3194:
1895:
1383:
311:
258:
1749:
1571:
315:
993:
828:. Democratic Republic of the Congo is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through
1875:
286:
66:. It contains some of the largest tropical rainforests in the world and is an important source of water used in agriculture and energy generation.
3204:
2018:
322:
290:
1958:
692:. In 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme warned that gorillas could be extinct from the greater Congo Basin in a matter of 15 years.
688:, which are larger than their savannah counterparts due to lack of competition from other large predators. The basin is home to the endangered
1983:
1973:
1900:
1433:
304:
300:
199:. Many of the formations deposited by these freshwater and marine habitats are rich in pollen, invertebrate, and vertebrate (primarily fish)
740:, used for building furniture and flooring. An estimated 40 million people depend on these woodlands, surviving on traditional livelihoods.
1564:
793:
The Global Forest Atlas estimated that the logging industry covers from 44 to 66 million hectares of forest. A study published in 2019 in
2308:
1348:
Garcin, Y. et al. (2022) Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05389-3
1289:
Dargie, Greta C., et al. "Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex." Nature 542.7639 (2017): 86-90.
638:
1470:
1194:"Structure and geological history of the Congo Basin: an integrated interpretation of gravity, magnetic and reflection seismic data"
1131:"Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite"
758:
At a global level, Congo's forests act as the planet's second lung, counterpart to the rapidly dwindling Amazon. They are a huge "
93:
may increase stress on the forest ecosystem, in turn making the hydrology of the basin more variable. A 2012 study found that the
3095:
613:
Temperatures in the Congo Basin (usually between 20 and 30 °C) are lower than in the
African desert regions to the north (
3149:
3039:
1176:
967:
3174:
1910:
929:
645:
2548:
1314:
Thorncroft, C.D. and Blackburn, M. (1999), Maintenance of the African easterly jet. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 125: 763-786.
621:). The differences in temperature between the deserts and the Congo Basin is important for driving wind systems known as
3144:
2131:
607:
595:. The systems last over 11 hours on average and have a mean size exceeding 500 km2 in some parts of the Congo Basin.
207:
that are thought to have formed during the Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease in the rate of
495:, and at that time, the dense forests and wet climate kept the population of the region low, with the prevention of
763:
450:
109:
105:
2301:
486:
860:
3189:
3169:
2874:
2568:
749:
94:
3179:
3134:
2889:
2386:
1092:"The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system"
865:
833:
152:, but the deformation over this period led to rapid erosion of much of this Paleozoic rock, creating a large
3209:
3184:
3164:
3014:
2471:
1193:
1252:
870:
592:
3159:
3154:
2849:
2294:
1724:
895:
482:
239:
1130:
1091:
1052:
3214:
2784:
2101:
850:
541:
90:
78:
712:
698:
140:-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late
890:
832:
for forest carbon. The main Congolese environmental organization working to save the forests is an
445:
2984:
962:. Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA).
825:
718:
704:
689:
661:
513:
994:"The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change"
2501:
2121:
2091:
1822:
583:
on Earth, which is a globally significant carbon sink and an important component of the global
525:
517:
20:
2926:
2884:
2879:
2794:
2657:
2476:
2396:
2391:
2136:
2116:
1656:
1495:
885:
880:
875:
795:
455:
70:
388:
occupies large areas of low relief throughout much of its area. It is delineated largely by
3139:
2580:
1787:
1744:
1205:
900:
855:
781:
622:
376:
draining wetlands in the middle reaches. Because of the young age and active uplift of the
184:
180:
121:
2401:
579:
strike frequency of anywhere on the planet. The high rainfall supports the second largest
8:
2999:
2979:
2844:
2516:
2424:
2260:
2211:
2126:
1817:
1691:
1634:
905:
414:
353:
340:
101:
1452:
1358:
1209:
191:
marine intrusion is disputed), causing it to serve as a connection between the southern
3059:
2964:
2573:
2521:
2275:
2245:
2196:
2191:
2008:
1797:
1734:
1676:
1229:
665:
212:
208:
2081:
1556:
1020:
2989:
2969:
2921:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2709:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2216:
2176:
2166:
2151:
2106:
2086:
2023:
1993:
1978:
1925:
1870:
1865:
1850:
1221:
1217:
1172:
1150:
1146:
1111:
1107:
1072:
1068:
963:
568:
529:
521:
399:
393:
377:
357:
273:
262:
74:
47:
1233:
954:
3081:
3069:
3054:
3034:
3019:
2894:
2558:
2536:
2171:
2146:
2141:
1812:
1792:
1739:
1714:
1648:
1629:
1619:
1538:
1213:
1142:
1103:
1064:
785:
An industrial logging operation in the Congo Basin. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of
775:
729:
725:
669:
507:
348:
Congo is a traditional name for the equatorial Middle Africa that lies between the
227:
172:
2071:
245:
The following sedimentary geological formations have been deposited in the basin:
3076:
2869:
2804:
2789:
2754:
2724:
2620:
2337:
2240:
2076:
1943:
1915:
1802:
1696:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1593:
829:
630:
618:
503:
496:
492:
389:
361:
176:
39:
2974:
499:
society, whose remnants of their culture survive to the present day. Eventually
3064:
2899:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2714:
2687:
2605:
2553:
2526:
2511:
2486:
2429:
2406:
2342:
2329:
2255:
2206:
2181:
2161:
2063:
2038:
1860:
1807:
1782:
1777:
1772:
812:
767:
385:
349:
192:
55:
3128:
3110:
3097:
2864:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2587:
2491:
2201:
2156:
2096:
2053:
2048:
1840:
1686:
1614:
1602:
1524:
1225:
1154:
1115:
1076:
817:
681:
603:
564:
500:
373:
250:
204:
188:
136:& onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (
2317:
1277:
3024:
2839:
2677:
2597:
2531:
2506:
2444:
2013:
1998:
1988:
1933:
1905:
1890:
1885:
1855:
1661:
1624:
1608:
1192:
Kadima, E.; Delvaux, D.; Sebagenzi, S. N.; Tack, L.; Kabeya, S. M. (2011).
737:
584:
547:
381:
369:
196:
153:
125:
1434:"Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat"
1410:"Plan to drain Congo peat bog for oil could release vast amount of carbon"
836:
called OCEAN, which serves as the link between international outfits like
567:) in the tropics, the other two being over the Maritime continent and the
3009:
2954:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2859:
2854:
2831:
2702:
2672:
2667:
2416:
2371:
2111:
2028:
1968:
1880:
1845:
1315:
824:, is part of a project about forest ecosystem conservation, conducted by
759:
572:
534:
407:
335:
156:. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate in the basin from the Mesozoic (
129:
82:
51:
1302:
528:
over the entire region by the late 19th century. The General Act of the
2959:
2933:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2697:
2682:
2647:
2563:
2381:
2349:
2250:
2235:
1948:
1706:
1337:
1129:
Nkere, Buliba J.; Griffin, William L.; Janney, Philip E. (2019-09-01).
837:
800:
673:
614:
580:
551:
365:
145:
3029:
2949:
2819:
2496:
2481:
2459:
2270:
2265:
2226:
1090:
Caillaud, Alexis; Blanpied, Christian; Delvaux, Damien (2017-08-01).
821:
576:
231:
149:
2286:
1471:"Logging road construction has surged in the Congo Basin since 2003"
544:
estimated that 80 million people live in and around the Congo Basin.
112:). Fourteen percent of the humid forest is designated as protected.
2774:
2764:
2635:
2359:
1963:
460:
440:
223:
164:
157:
141:
133:
491:
The first inhabitants of the Congo Basin area were believed to be
344:
Course and drainage basin of the Congo River with countries marked
2652:
2610:
2541:
2354:
685:
435:
254:
235:
216:
137:
59:
26:
3044:
3004:
2779:
2662:
2364:
2321:
1938:
1764:
1644:
677:
598:
465:
425:
403:
200:
766:
will release roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide as the
3049:
2692:
657:
626:
430:
956:
The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian
479:
Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
62:
Africa. The Congo Basin region is sometimes known simply as
2642:
2464:
1832:
771:
168:
73:
is the largest rainforest in Africa and second only to the
1546:
1191:
384:, the river's yearly sediment load is very large, but the
242:
deposits suggests a dramatic return to wetter conditions.
2186:
1384:"World's largest tropical peatland found in Congo basin"
1359:"Deforestation in Africa's Congo Basin rainforest slows"
1586:
1089:
230:
had blocked any further marine connections. During the
97:
will negatively affect economic activity in the basin.
2995:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
16:
Sedimentary basin of the Congo River in Central Africa
754:
Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
95:
variability in precipitation caused by climate change
1514:
988:
986:
100:
Eight sites of the Congo Basin are inscribed on the
1128:
930:"Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region"
420:Countries wholly or partially in the Congo region:
171:habitat in the basin, and this continued into the
3200:Landforms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
983:
554:hunter-gatherers in the Central African Republic.
3126:
1551:first inhabitants of the Congo Basin rainforests
804:prohibited the renewal of existing concessions.
789:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo doubled.
648:', with widespread impacts on the Earth System.
840:and local community groups in the concessions.
1053:"Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin"
417:on the planet, in addition to large wetlands.
2302:
1572:
1453:"World 'losing battle against deforestation'"
575:and beyond. The Congo Basin has the highest
30:Course and drainage basin of the Congo River
1161:
1021:"Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin"
356:. The basin begins in the highlands of the
2309:
2295:
1579:
1565:
1297:
1295:
625:, which affect climate and weather in the
238:. Later in the Neogene, a sudden shift to
128:, making it a patch of relatively recent (
3195:Landforms of the Central African Republic
1278:https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1
743:
639:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
571:. These three regions together drive the
780:
724:
597:
546:
398:
339:
215:, are the source of the region's famous
187:into the basin (evidence of an earlier,
25:
1292:
1050:
947:
816:forests. L’Île Mbiye, an island in the
325:, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series
3205:Landforms of the Republic of the Congo
3127:
1450:
1407:
1316:https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555502
1169:Mineral deposits & Earth evolution
167:suggest the presence of a freshwater,
89:and degradation of the ecology by the
3040:Portuguese-speaking African countries
2316:
2290:
1560:
1303:https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2525.1
1247:
1245:
1243:
392:including the Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia,
1911:West and Central African Rift System
1547:Pygmies.org: African Pygmies website
1338:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029847
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1015:
1013:
924:
922:
396:, East African, and Zambian Swells.
1587:Major African geological formations
1496:"The Fight to Save Congo's Forests"
1253:"You can't spell Congo without NGO"
1059:. Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa.
268:Early Triassic to Early Jurassic -
13:
1240:
651:
573:climate circulation of the tropics
226:, an uplift in the borders of the
14:
3226:
1510:
1135:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1096:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1057:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1037:
1010:
919:
843:
608:Central Congolian lowland forests
1531:
1517:
1218:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00500.x
1147:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010
1108:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002
1069:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009
711:
697:
656:The Congo forest is home to the
451:Democratic Republic of the Congo
110:Democratic Republic of the Congo
106:list of World Heritage in Danger
54:. The Congo Basin is located in
1488:
1463:
1444:
1426:
1401:
1376:
1351:
1342:
1329:
1320:
1308:
1283:
1270:
487:Colonization of the Congo basin
2875:Guinean Forests of West Africa
1185:
1122:
1083:
1051:Giresse, Pierre (2005-10-01).
750:Congo Basin Forest Partnership
329:
1:
2890:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
2387:Cameroonian Highlands forests
1408:Weston, Phoebe (2020-02-28).
912:
866:Ntokou-Pikounda National Park
372:in the upper reaches and the
71:rainforest in the Congo Basin
3150:Sedimentary basins of Africa
3015:Middle East and North Africa
2472:East African montane forests
1171:. Geological Society. 2005.
1025:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
861:Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park
593:Mesoscale convective systems
58:, in a region known as west
7:
3175:Geography of Central Africa
1475:Mongabay Environmental News
1451:Kinver, Mark (2019-09-12).
871:Odzala-Kokoua National Park
684:. Its apex predator is the
606:as it meanders through the
360:system with input from the
120:The Congo Basin is a large
10:
3231:
1725:Central African Shear Zone
896:Kahuzi-Biega National Park
747:
558:
483:History of the Congo River
476:
472:
333:
160:) up to the present day.
115:
18:
3145:Drainage basins of Africa
2942:
2830:
2785:Indian Ocean coastal belt
2723:
2596:
2415:
2328:
2225:
2102:Central Pangean Mountains
2062:
1924:
1831:
1763:
1755:Western Meseta Shear Zone
1705:
1643:
1592:
811:In its current form, the
542:World Resources Institute
104:, five being also on the
91:impacts of climate change
79:mitigating climate change
891:Kundelungu National Park
446:Central African Republic
179:, a connection with the
163:Deposits throughout the
2985:Guineo-Congolian region
826:Stellenbosch University
719:African forest elephant
705:Western lowland gorilla
690:western lowland gorilla
662:African forest elephant
148:and continued over the
2122:Eastern Rift mountains
2044:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1823:Terra Australis Orogen
790:
744:Ecology and protection
732:
610:
555:
506:there and founded the
410:
345:
318:, Sables Bateke Series
281:Stanleyville Formation
175:. By the start of the
43:
31:
21:Congo (disambiguation)
3190:Landforms of Tanzania
3170:Landforms of Cameroon
2927:West Sudanian savanna
2885:Lower Guinean forests
2880:Upper Guinean forests
2795:Cape Floristic Region
2658:Cataracts of the Nile
2477:Eastern Arc Mountains
2397:Congolian rainforests
2392:East Sudanian savanna
2137:Great Karas Mountains
2117:Eastern Arc Mountains
1657:Arabian-Nubian Shield
886:Garamba National Park
881:Virunga National Park
876:Salonga National Park
796:Nature Sustainability
784:
728:
623:African easterly jets
601:
550:
456:Republic of the Congo
406:people living on the
402:
343:
270:Haute Lueki Formation
183:led to a significant
108:(all five located in
29:
3180:Landforms of Burundi
3135:Congo drainage basin
2581:Zanzibar Archipelago
2549:Indian Ocean islands
2034:Somali Coastal Basin
1745:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
901:Upemba National Park
856:Lomami National Park
851:Lobéké National Park
617:) and to the south (
181:Trans-Saharan seaway
19:For other uses, see
3210:Landforms of Zambia
3185:Landforms of Rwanda
3165:Landforms of Angola
3107: /
3000:Mediterranean Basin
2980:Greater Middle East
2517:Ethiopian Highlands
2425:African Great Lakes
2212:Teffedest Mountains
2127:Ethiopian Highlands
1818:Pan-African orogens
1788:East African Orogen
1720:Broodkop Shear Zone
1692:West African Craton
1635:Victoria Microplate
1502:. October 22, 2007.
1440:. 11 November 2022.
1210:2011BasR...23..499K
906:Maiko National Park
602:Aerial view of the
415:tropical rainforest
354:African Great Lakes
285:Early Cretaceous -
102:World Heritage List
3111:0.0000°N 22.0000°E
3060:Sub-Saharan Africa
2965:Commonwealth realm
2574:Northern Highlands
2522:Dahlak Archipelago
2276:List of inselbergs
2246:Jugurtha Tableland
2197:Sankwala Mountains
2192:Rwenzori Mountains
2009:Ouled Abdoun Basin
2004:Orange River Basin
1926:Sedimentary basins
1735:Foumban Shear Zone
1677:Saharan Metacraton
791:
733:
666:pygmy hippopotamus
611:
556:
524:later established
411:
346:
295:Late Cretaceous -
213:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
209:seafloor spreading
132:-aged, and mostly
32:
3160:Congolian forests
3155:Regions of Africa
3090:
3089:
2990:Islands of Africa
2970:Equatorial Africa
2922:Inner Niger Delta
2710:Tibesti Mountains
2569:Central Highlands
2455:Virunga Mountains
2450:Rift Valley lakes
2440:Great Rift Valley
2435:East African Rift
2402:OuaddaĂŻ highlands
2284:
2283:
2217:Tibesti Mountains
2177:Mitumba Mountains
2167:Mandara Mountains
2152:Imatong Mountains
2107:Chaillu Mountains
2087:Bambouk Mountains
2024:Rio del Rey Basin
1994:Niger Delta Basin
1979:Iullemmeden Basin
1871:Gulf of Suez Rift
1866:East African Rift
1851:Bahr el Arab rift
1798:Gondwanide Orogen
1730:Chuan Shear Zones
1178:978-1-86239-182-6
969:978-92-5-106888-5
530:Berlin Conference
378:East African Rift
358:East African Rift
299:, Kwango Series (
297:Bokungu Formation
81:in its role as a
75:Amazon rainforest
48:sedimentary basin
3222:
3215:Basins of Africa
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3082:Zambezian region
3070:Sudanian savanna
3055:Southeast Africa
3035:Northeast Africa
3020:Miombo woodlands
2895:Guinea Highlands
2559:Lamu Archipelago
2537:Gulf of Tadjoura
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2172:Marrah Mountains
2147:Hoggar Mountains
2142:Guinea Highlands
2132:Great Escarpment
1896:Sangha Aulacogen
1813:Mauritanide Belt
1740:Kandi Fault Zone
1715:Aswa Dislocation
1630:Seychelles Plate
1620:Madagascar Plate
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1539:Geography portal
1536:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
990:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
926:
830:emerging markets
776:Cuvette Centrale
730:Ituri Rainforest
715:
701:
670:bongo (antelope)
526:colonial control
508:Kingdom of Kongo
312:Kwango Formation
279:Late Jurassic -
259:Lukuga Formation
228:Cuvette Centrale
211:of the southern
205:Kimberlite pipes
185:marine incursion
173:Early Cretaceous
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3125:
3124:
3116:0.0000; 22.0000
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3077:Tropical Africa
2938:
2826:
2805:Kalahari Desert
2790:Albany thickets
2755:Succulent Karoo
2719:
2621:Atlas Mountains
2592:
2411:
2324:
2315:
2285:
2280:
2241:Mount Gorongosa
2221:
2082:Aurès Mountains
2077:Atlas Mountains
2064:Mountain ranges
2058:
1944:Blue Nile Basin
1920:
1916:White Nile rift
1827:
1793:Eburnean Orogen
1759:
1750:Todi Shear Zone
1701:
1697:Zimbabwe Craton
1682:Tanzania Craton
1672:Kalahari Craton
1667:Kaapvaal Craton
1639:
1588:
1585:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1127:
1123:
1088:
1084:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1002:
1000:
998:Pulitzer Center
992:
991:
984:
974:
972:
970:
959:
953:
952:
948:
939:
937:
928:
927:
920:
915:
910:
846:
756:
746:
721:
716:
707:
702:
654:
652:Flora and fauna
631:Southern Africa
561:
535:First World War
497:hunter-gatherer
489:
475:
470:
338:
332:
316:Kalahari System
177:Late Cretaceous
118:
44:Bassin du Congo
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3065:Sudan (region)
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:Gulf of Guinea
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2815:Cape Peninsula
2812:
2810:Okavango Delta
2807:
2802:
2800:Skeleton Coast
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2715:Western Sahara
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Nuba Mountains
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2606:Eastern Desert
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2554:Comoro Islands
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Hanish Islands
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Danakil Desert
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2487:Horn of Africa
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Albertine Rift
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2407:Ennedi Plateau
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:Gulf of Guinea
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Mont Niénokoué
2258:
2256:Mulanje Massif
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Serra da Chela
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Nuba Mountains
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Loma Mountains
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Blue Mountains
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Taoudeni Basin
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Lamu Embayment
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Blue Nile rift
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Kibaran Orogen
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Cape Fold Belt
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1607:Minor plates:
1605:
1601:Major plates:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1528:
1512:
1511:External links
1509:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1462:
1443:
1425:
1400:
1375:
1350:
1341:
1328:
1319:
1307:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1257:Africa Reports
1239:
1204:(5): 499–527.
1198:Basin Research
1184:
1177:
1160:
1121:
1082:
1063:(1): 301–315.
1036:
1009:
982:
968:
946:
917:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
845:
844:National parks
842:
813:Kyoto Protocol
768:United Kingdom
745:
742:
723:
722:
717:
710:
708:
703:
696:
653:
650:
560:
557:
474:
471:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
386:drainage basin
350:Gulf of Guinea
331:
328:
327:
326:
319:
308:
293:
287:Loia Formation
283:
277:
266:
193:Atlantic Ocean
117:
114:
56:Central Africa
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:Macro-regions
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:Guinea region
2868:
2866:
2865:Cape Mesurado
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Gibraltar Arc
2629:
2627:
2626:Barbary Coast
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Ancient Libya
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2588:Swahili coast
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Afar Triangle
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:Guinea region
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Serra da Leba
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Rif Mountains
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Jebel Uweinat
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Cameroon line
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:AĂŻr Mountains
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2054:Turkana Basin
2052:
2050:
2049:Tindouf Basin
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Reggane Basin
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Afar Triangle
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Kuunga Orogen
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Damara Orogen
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Alpine Orogen
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Tuareg Shield
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Lwandle Plate
1613:Microplates:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:African Plate
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1525:Africa portal
1515:
1501:
1500:thenation.com
1497:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:IPCC AR6 2022
1323:
1317:
1311:
1304:
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682:Congo peafowl
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646:tipping point
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375:
374:Lualaba River
371:
370:Ubangi rivers
367:
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324:
323:Limons Series
320:
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292:
291:Kamina Series
288:
284:
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261:(part of the
260:
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251:Carboniferous
248:
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189:Late Jurassic
186:
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87:deforestation
84:
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72:
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65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
3092:
3025:Mittelafrika
2975:Françafrique
2840:Pepper Coast
2678:Middle Egypt
2532:Gulf of Aden
2507:Danakil Alps
2445:Gregory Rift
2376:
2229:(aka koppie)
2014:Owambo Basin
1999:Ogaden Basin
1989:Murzuq Basin
1959:Douala Basin
1953:
1934:Angola Basin
1906:Urema Valley
1891:Red Sea Rift
1886:Muglad Basin
1856:Benue Trough
1662:Congo Craton
1625:Rovuma Plate
1609:Somali Plate
1550:
1499:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1477:. 2019-06-24
1474:
1465:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1414:The Guardian
1413:
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1390:. 2017-01-11
1388:the Guardian
1387:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1365:. 2013-07-22
1362:
1353:
1344:
1331:
1322:
1310:
1285:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1259:. 2021-02-28
1256:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1168:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1060:
1056:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
973:. Retrieved
955:
949:
938:. Retrieved
936:. 2012-09-28
933:
810:
806:
794:
792:
757:
738:African teak
734:
655:
643:
635:
612:
589:
585:carbon cycle
562:
539:
512:
490:
419:
412:
347:
310:Paleogene -
244:
221:
197:Tethys Ocean
162:
154:unconformity
126:Congo Craton
119:
99:
68:
63:
35:
33:
3140:Congo River
3114: /
3010:Middle East
2955:Afromontane
2917:Niger Delta
2912:Niger Basin
2905:Dahomey Gap
2860:Cape Palmas
2855:Ivory Coast
2850:Slave Coast
2703:Upper Egypt
2673:Lower Nubia
2668:Lower Egypt
2643:Nile Valley
2377:Congo Basin
2372:Pool Malebo
2112:Drakensberg
2029:Sirte Basin
1984:Kufra Basin
1974:Gabon Basin
1969:Karoo Basin
1954:Congo Basin
1901:Atbara rift
1881:Melut Basin
1846:Anza trough
1707:Shear zones
760:carbon sink
408:Congo River
336:Congo River
330:Description
305:Inzia Group
301:Nsele Group
274:Upper Karoo
263:Lower Karoo
130:Phanerozoic
124:within the
85:. However,
83:carbon sink
52:Congo River
36:Congo Basin
3129:Categories
3102:22°00′00″E
2960:Arab world
2934:Yorubaland
2845:Gold Coast
2770:Maputaland
2760:Nama Karoo
2750:Thembuland
2698:The Sudans
2683:Nile Delta
2648:Nile Delta
2564:Madagascar
2382:Chad Basin
2350:Cape Lopez
2251:Mount Mabu
2236:Anti-Atlas
2227:Inselbergs
1949:Chad Basin
1481:2021-05-13
1419:2022-04-23
1394:2021-05-13
1369:2021-05-13
1263:2021-05-13
1141:: 103502.
1030:2021-05-13
1003:2021-09-20
940:2021-09-20
913:References
838:Greenpeace
801:World Bank
748:See also:
674:chimpanzee
615:The Sahara
581:rainforest
477:See also:
382:headwaters
334:See also:
321:Neogene -
169:lacustrine
146:Ordovician
122:depression
60:equatorial
3099:0°00′00″N
3030:Negroland
2950:Aethiopia
2820:False Bay
2497:Al-Habash
2482:Serengeti
2460:Kavirondo
2271:Zuma Rock
2266:Wase Rock
1226:1365-2117
1155:1464-343X
1116:1464-343X
1102:: 80–98.
1077:1464-343X
822:Kisangani
772:peatlands
577:lightning
394:Nil-Congo
362:Chambeshi
272:(part of
232:Paleogene
150:Paleozoic
144:or early
64:the Congo
46:) is the
2775:Highveld
2765:Bushveld
2733:Rhodesia
2636:Ifriqiya
2502:Barbaria
2360:Igboland
1964:El Djouf
1457:BBC News
1363:BBC News
1234:53587215
975:14 April
680:and the
619:Kalahari
522:Portugal
504:migrated
461:Tanzania
441:Cameroon
352:and the
224:Cenozoic
217:diamonds
195:and the
165:Jurassic
158:Triassic
142:Cambrian
134:Mesozoic
2653:Bashmur
2611:Maghreb
2542:Red Sea
2355:Mayombe
2330:Central
2318:Regions
1765:Orogens
1649:shields
1645:Cratons
1438:Reuters
1206:Bibcode
774:in the
686:Leopard
559:Climate
514:Belgium
493:pygmies
473:History
436:Burundi
380:at the
255:Permian
240:fluvial
236:Neogene
222:By the
201:fossils
138:Archean
116:Geology
50:of the
3045:Sahara
3005:MENASA
2780:Fynbos
2663:Darfur
2365:Mbaise
2322:Africa
1939:Aoukar
1594:Plates
1232:
1224:
1175:
1153:
1114:
1075:
966:
678:bonobo
569:Amazon
520:, and
518:France
485:, and
466:Zambia
426:Angola
404:Isangi
390:swells
364:, the
40:French
3050:Sahel
2743:South
2738:North
2725:South
2693:Nubia
2598:North
1833:Rifts
1230:S2CID
960:(PDF)
658:okapi
627:Sahel
552:Pygmy
431:Gabon
249:Late
2832:West
2465:Zanj
2417:East
1647:and
1222:ISSN
1173:ISBN
1151:ISSN
1112:ISSN
1073:ISSN
977:2012
964:ISBN
752:and
629:and
540:The
368:and
366:Uele
69:The
34:The
2320:of
1214:doi
1143:doi
1139:157
1104:doi
1100:132
1065:doi
934:WUR
834:NGO
820:in
764:DRC
219:.
3131::
1549:—
1498:.
1473:.
1455:.
1436:.
1412:.
1386:.
1361:.
1294:^
1255:.
1242:^
1228:.
1220:.
1212:.
1202:23
1200:.
1196:.
1149:.
1137:.
1133:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1071:.
1061:43
1055:.
1039:^
1023:.
1012:^
996:.
985:^
932:.
921:^
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
633:.
587:.
537:.
516:,
510:.
481:,
314:,
303:,
289:,
257:-
203:.
42::
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2303:t
2296:v
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1553:.
1484:.
1459:.
1422:.
1397:.
1372:.
1305:.
1280:.
1266:.
1236:.
1216::
1208::
1181:.
1157:.
1145::
1118:.
1106::
1079:.
1067::
1033:.
1006:.
979:.
943:.
307:)
276:)
265:)
253:/
38:(
23:.
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