52:
384:
60:
68:
76:
365:, on the rare occasions of caste mixing, the child is raised as Twa. If this is a common pattern with Twa groups, it may explain why the Twa are less physically distinct from their patrons than the Mbenga and Mbuti, where village men take Pygmy women out of the forest as wives. The Congolese variant of the name, at least in Mongo, Kasai, and Katanga, is
424:
in an unforested environment unfamiliar to them. Poverty, drugs and alcohol abuse were rampant, as well as a lack of education facilities, HIV as well as violence and discrimination against women and girls were higher among Batwa communities than among the neighboring Bantu communities.
232:
next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so.
171:
by
European writers, but the term is no longer preferred based on its cultural and geographic inaccuracy, as well as being seen as pejorative. Cultural groups are being reclassified by themselves based on their function in society, lineage, and land ties.
259:, as happened also with Bantu domestic animals in the rainforest. Perhaps there was additional selective pressure from farmers taking the tallest women back to their villages as wives. However, that is incidental to the social identity of the Pygmy/Twa.
255:, also their own languages. A mismatch in language between patron and client could later occur from population displacements. The short stature of the "forest people" could have developed in the millennia since the
1028:
654:
212:). As the Twa developed into full-time hunter-gatherers, the words were conflated, and the ritual role of the absorbed aboriginal peoples was transferred to the Twa.
420:
within its boundaries. As a result, the Batwa were evicted from the park. Since they had no title to the land, they were given no compensation. The Batwa became
903:
The Stone Age
Cultures of Northern Rhodesia: With Particular Reference to the Cultural and Climatic Succession in the Upper Zambezi Valley and Its Tributaries
534:. The latter is Taabwa territory, and the Twa are reported to live among the Taabwa. The former is reported to be the territory of Bemba-speaking Twa.
697:
393:
The Batwa of Uganda were forest dwellers who lived by gathering and hunting as their main source of food. They are believed to have lived in the
454:
942:
Francis, Michael (2009). "Silencing the past: historical and archaeological colonisation of the
Southern San in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa".
343:
The term Batwa is used to cover a number of different cultural groups, while many Batwa in various parts of the DRC call themselves
Bambuti.
743:
450:
446:
318:
64:
Twa populations according to Stokes. Only a few groups are shown, but these include several between the Kasai and Great Lakes Twa.
333:
632:
673:
923:
Explorations in
Ethnicity and Social Change among Zulu-speaking San Descendents of the Drakensberg Mountains, KwaZulu-Natal
858:
Kazadi, Ntole (2011). "Meprises et admires: l'ambivalence des relations entre les Bacwa (Pygmees) et les
Bahemba (Bantu)".
228:
All Pygmy and Twa populations live near or in agricultural villages. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of
1018:
1023:
796:
548:
1033:
1013:
402:
186:
It is often supposed that the Twa were the aboriginal inhabitants of the forest before the advent of agriculture.
290:
653:
Blench, Roger (1999), "Are the
African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?", in Biesbrouck; Elders; Rossel (eds.),
167:—singular) are a group of indigenous Central African forager tribes. These cultural groups were formerly called
667:
241:
973:
Francis, Michael (2011). "Eland
Ceremony, Abatwa People's (Southern Africa)". In Downing, John D.H. (ed.).
944:
278:
56:
Twa populations according to
Hewlett & Fancher. From west to east: Ntomba, Kasai, , Great Lakes, Nsua .
515:, where the swampy terrain means that large-scale crops cannot be planted near the best fishing grounds.
80:
Twa populations scattered through shaded area, according to Blench. Several southern Twa areas are shown.
445:
The southern Twa today live in close economic symbiosis with the tribes among which they are scattered—
921:
599:
519:
512:
465:
These peoples live in desert environments. Accounts are limited and tend to confuse the Twa with the
1008:
340:
in the
Northern Kivu province's refugee camps such as Mugunga and Mubambiro due to decades of war.
728:
788:
781:
779:
Hiernaux, Jean (1977), "Adaptation of the African to the rainforest", in Harrison, G. A. (ed.),
297:
in the west (about 14,000 Twa, more than the Great Lakes Twa in all countries), in the forest–
421:
337:
17:
656:
Challenging Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective
625:
Paths in the rainforests : toward a history of political tradition in equatorial Africa
761:
35:
8:
974:
413:
394:
461:. None of the individuals I have observed differs physically from the neighboring Bantu.
441:
had Twa populations when Europeans first arrived in the 16th century. Estermann writes,
961:
883:
875:
843:
Lehmann, D. (1977), "The Twa: People of the Kafue Flats", in Williams, Geoffrey (ed.),
531:
306:
286:
181:
72:
Twa/pygmoid populations according to Cavalli-Sforza. Several southern groups are added.
965:
887:
792:
663:
628:
417:
310:
51:
980:
957:
953:
867:
496:
302:
492:
486:
314:
282:
268:
256:
199:
94:
90:
31:
724:
The early inhabitants of the Upemba depression, the Democratic Republic of Congo
527:
252:
251:
and consequently developed into separate ethnic groups, sometimes, as with the
984:
812:
1002:
500:
355:
722:
458:
378:
362:
347:
845:
Development and Ecology in the Lower Kafue Basin in the Nineteen Seventies
504:
482:
322:
191:
187:
67:
383:
879:
600:"Who are the Batwa people? | The Batwa Cultural Trail | Cultural Tours"
523:
466:
294:
248:
59:
526:
on the Zambia–Congo border. There are two obvious possibilities: the
478:
351:
272:
75:
871:
412:
In 1992 the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest became a national park and a
305:
in the south-center, and in the savanna swamps scattered throughout
573:
398:
543:
438:
298:
229:
168:
508:
434:
406:
208:
346:
Arab and colonial accounts speak of Twa on either side of the
491:
The Twa of these countries live in swampy areas, such as the
329:
237:
236:
Roger Blench has proposed that Twa (Pygmies) originated as a
744:"Looking for solutions for North Kivu's vulnerable Pygmies"
332:
has a native population of approx 7000 BaTwa. According to
905:. South Africa: The South African Archaeological Society.
698:"Meet the enchanting Batwa Tribe of Bwindi | andBeyond"
220:
are Bantu plural forms, translating to "Twa people".
1029:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
409:
living mainly in areas bordering other Bantu Tribes.
787:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, pp.
223:
814:Forced Out of the Forest: The Lost Tribe of Uganda
780:
30:For the Twa people of the Great Lakes region, see
1000:
742:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
247:, economically specialized groups which became
832:. Vol. I. Africana Publishing Company.
336:more than 10,000 BaTwa are displaced from
827:
190:argues that the original meaning of the (
828:Estermann, Carlos (1976). Gibson (ed.).
783:Population Structure and Human Variation
778:
648:
646:
644:
382:
972:
941:
919:
842:
720:
662:, Universiteit Leiden, pp. 41–60,
622:
289:, there are notable populations in the
14:
1001:
857:
847:, University of Zambia, pp. 41–46
830:The Ethnography of Southwestern Angola
652:
616:
597:
572:
472:
206:used for the western (Mbuti) pygmies (
976:Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media
900:
894:
641:
428:
741:
240:like they are today, much like the
24:
979:. SAGE Publications. p. 172.
929:(PhD). University of KwaZulu-Natal
913:
403:Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
277:Twa live scattered throughout the
25:
1045:
627:. University of Wisconsin Press.
549:Classification of Pygmy languages
358:and its tributary the "Bussera".
224:Relation to the Bantu populations
245:blacksmith castes of West Africa
74:
66:
58:
50:
27:Group of Central African peoples
851:
836:
821:
804:
401:National parks that border the
285:of the dense forests under the
958:10.1080/23323256.2009.11499985
772:
754:
735:
714:
690:
591:
561:
416:to protect the 350 endangered
13:
1:
623:Vansina, Jan (October 1990).
584:
309:in the south-east, as in the
34:. For TWA as an acronym, see
945:Anthropology Southern Africa
721:Dlamini, Nonhlanhla (2014).
598:Client, U. B. (2022-09-23).
182:African Pygmies § Names
7:
811:Vice News (July 17, 2015).
537:
10:
1050:
901:Clark, J. Desmond (1950).
476:
376:
266:
179:
29:
1019:Ethnic groups in Botswana
985:10.4135/9781412979313.n83
920:Francis, Michael (2007).
372:
202:, bushpeople", alongside
133:
125:
117:
109:
104:
89:
84:
49:
1024:Ethnic groups in Namibia
554:
388:Dancing Batwa in Uganda.
262:
1034:Ethnic groups in Zambia
1014:Ethnic groups in Angola
729:University of Cape Town
511:; only the Twa fish in
175:
463:
390:
766:Minority Rights Group
604:Uganda Budget Safaris
571:in Congo. Pronounced
443:
422:conservation refugees
386:
281:. In addition to the
180:Further information:
530:, and the swamps of
522:also shows Twa near
36:TWA (disambiguation)
762:"Batwa and Bambuti"
679:on January 26, 2012
567:A local variant of
473:Zambia and Botswana
414:World Heritage Site
395:Bwindi Impenetrable
46:
532:Lake Mweru Wantipa
429:Angola and Namibia
391:
44:
817:(video). YouTube.
702:www.andbeyond.com
634:978-0-299-12574-5
513:Southern Province
418:mountain gorillas
311:Upemba Depression
141:
140:
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
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995:
993:
991:
969:
952:(3–4): 106–116.
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672:, archived from
661:
650:
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620:
614:
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611:
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595:
578:
576:
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497:Bangweulu Swamps
437:through central
315:floating islands
102:
101:
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70:
62:
54:
47:
43:
21:
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1009:African Pygmies
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998:
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987:
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914:Further reading
911:
910:
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872:10.2307/1159357
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768:. 19 June 2015.
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518:The geneticist
489:
487:Bangweulu Batwa
477:Main articles:
475:
431:
381:
375:
283:Great Lakes Twa
275:
269:Great Lakes Twa
267:Main articles:
265:
257:Bantu expansion
226:
200:hunter-gatherer
184:
178:
91:Bantu languages
79:
73:
71:
65:
63:
57:
55:
42:
39:
32:Great Lakes Twa
28:
23:
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12:
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5:
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866:(4): 836–847.
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574:[tʃwa]
559:
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528:Luapula Swamps
520:Cavalli-Sforza
474:
471:
430:
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374:
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350:southwest of
328:The island of
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869:
865:
862:(in French).
861:
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798:9780521213998
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501:Lukanga Swamp
498:
494:
493:Twa fishermen
488:
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359:
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356:Tshuapa River
354:, and on the
353:
349:
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341:
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331:
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324:
320:
317:, and around
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312:
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159:—plural, and
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96:
92:
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37:
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19:
988:. Retrieved
975:
949:
943:
931:. Retrieved
922:
902:
896:
863:
859:
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844:
838:
829:
823:
813:
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782:
774:
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747:
737:
723:
716:
705:. Retrieved
701:
692:
681:, retrieved
674:the original
655:
624:
618:
607:. Retrieved
603:
593:
568:
563:
517:
490:
464:
444:
432:
411:
392:
387:
379:Echuya Batwa
366:
360:
348:Lomami River
345:
342:
338:Virunga Park
327:
291:swamp forest
276:
242:
235:
227:
217:
213:
207:
203:
195:
185:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
41:Ethnic group
683:October 26,
505:Kafue Flats
483:Lukanga Twa
323:Luvua River
192:Proto-Bantu
1003:Categories
990:31 October
933:31 October
707:2024-02-12
669:9057890186
609:2024-02-12
585:References
524:Lake Mweru
377:See also:
361:Among the
301:swamps of
295:Lake Tumba
287:Ruwenzoris
249:endogamous
966:143103640
888:145198759
479:Kafwe Twa
433:Southern
352:Kisangani
313:with its
273:Mongo Twa
85:Languages
538:See also
451:Havakona
399:Mgahinga
230:ecotones
126:Language
880:1159357
789:187–218
727:(PhD).
544:Pygmies
495:of the
447:Ngambwe
439:Namibia
321:on the
307:Katanga
299:savanna
293:around
194:) word
188:Vansina
169:Pygmies
134:Country
964:
886:
878:
860:Africa
795:
666:
631:
509:Zambia
503:, and
485:, and
435:Angola
407:Rwanda
373:Uganda
319:Kiambi
218:Abatwa
209:Bayaka
161:OmuTwa
153:OvaTwa
147:(also
137:Butwa
118:People
110:Person
95:French
962:S2CID
927:(PDF)
884:S2CID
876:JSTOR
748:UNHCR
677:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
555:Notes
459:Himba
455:Zimba
363:Mongo
334:UNHRW
330:Idjwi
303:Kasai
279:Congo
263:Congo
253:Ligbi
238:caste
214:Batwa
198:was "
165:Mutwa
157:Batwa
121:Batwa
113:Mutwa
18:Batwa
992:2018
935:2018
793:ISBN
685:2011
664:ISBN
629:ISBN
457:and
405:and
397:and
271:and
243:Numu
216:and
204:yaka
196:*twa
176:Name
143:The
129:(NA)
981:doi
954:doi
868:doi
569:Twa
507:of
467:San
367:Cwa
163:or
155:or
149:Cwa
145:Twa
105:Twa
45:Twa
1005::
960:.
950:32
948:.
882:.
874:.
864:51
791:,
764:.
746:.
700:.
643:^
602:.
499:,
481:,
469:.
453:,
449:,
369:.
325:.
151:,
93:,
994:.
983::
968:.
956::
937:.
890:.
870::
750:.
731:.
710:.
637:.
612:.
577:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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