793:
1530:
352:
737:
411:
559:
724:
710:
38:
610:
1544:
819:
hereditary land owners, who give permission for it to extract the trees in return for development packages. In theory, the companies must pay the government nearly $ 18 million rent per year for these concessions, of which 40% should be returned to provincial governments for investment in social development of the local population in the logged areas.
773:", trapping carbon that could otherwise remain carbon dioxide. The Congo Basin holds roughly 8% of the world's forest-based carbon. If these woodlands are deforested, the carbon they trap will be released into the atmosphere. Predictions for future unabated deforestation estimate that by 2050 activities in the
818:
The government has written a new forestry code that requires companies to invest in local development and follow a sustainable, 25-year cycle of rotational logging. When a company is granted a concession from the central government to log in Congo, it must sign an agreement with the local chiefs and
601:
Averaged across the whole basin, there are two major rainfall seasons in March to May and
September to November. In both hemispheres the rainfall maximises in September to November, at above 210 mm per month. In northern hemisphere winter, rainfall is relatively low to the north of the equator
814:
and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2002. The World Bank agreed to provide $ 90 million of development aid to Democratic Republic of the Congo with the provision that the government did not issue any new concessions granting logging companies rights to exploit the forest. The deal also
826:
does not reward so-called "avoided deforestation"—initiatives that protect forest from being cut down. But many climate scientists and policymakers hope that negotiations for Kyoto's successor will include such measures. If this were the case, there could be a financial incentive for protecting
602:(<80 mm per month). In southern hemisphere winter, rainfall is instead lower to the south of the equator (<80 mm per month). The annual rhythm of the wind systems which carry water vapour account for the rainfall seasonality. Much of the rainfall is derived from large
543:
of 1885 gave a precise definition to the "conventional basin" of the Congo, which included the entire actual basin plus some other areas. The
General Act bound its signatories to neutrality within the conventional basin, but this was not respected during the
652:(IPCC) disagreeing on core elements of the rainfall distribution in the region. While the average rainfall change is uncertain, it is likely that extreme rainfall events will become more extreme owing to the increases in water vapour in the atmosphere.
647:
Future climate projections indicate that the region will get hotter in response to global climate change. There is more uncertainty over how average rainfall in the region will change, with the climate models used by the
1346:
Creese, A., Washington, R., & Munday, C. (2019). The plausibility of
September–November Congo Basin rainfall change in coupled climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 5822– 5846.
746:
The Congo Basin is the largest forest in Africa. More than 10,000 plant species can be found in and around the forest. The humid forests cover 1.6 million km². The Congo Basin is an important source of
789:, which cover a total of 145,500 sq km, contain 30 billion tonnes of carbon, or 20 years of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. In 2021, the deforestation rate of the Congolese rainforest increased by 5%.
424:
The basin ends where the river empties into the Gulf of Guinea on the
Atlantic Ocean. The basin is a total of 3.7 million square kilometers and is home to some of the largest undisturbed stands of
1312:
Jackson, B., S. E. Nicholson, and D. Klotter, 2009: Mesoscale
Convective Systems over Western Equatorial Africa and Their Relationship to Large-Scale Circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1272–1294,
810:
showed that 54,000 miles of roads for forest concessions were built between 2003 and 2018, reaching a total of 143,500 miles. A moratorium on logging in the Congo forest was agreed between the
655:
Owing to the global climatic importance of the Congo Basin, it has been suggested that, along with the Amazon, severe changes in the rainfall or climate of the Congo
Rainforest could act as a '
781:
has emitted over the last 60 years. A 2013 study by
British scientists showed that deforestation in the Congo Basin rainforest was slowing down. In 2017, British scientists discovered that
1287:
Albrecht, R. I., S. J. Goodman, D. E. Buechler, R. J. Blakeslee, and H. J. Christian, 2016: Where Are the
Lightning Hotspots on Earth?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97, 2051–2068,
1589:
489:
1765:
3210:
1420:
2054:
291:
280:
245:, high rainfall turned the basin into a series of marshy ponds and swamps. A shift to more arid conditions with seasonal droughts occurred with the start of the
3005:
2044:
574:
The Congo Basin is a globally important climatic region with annual rainfall of between 1500 and 2000 mm. It is one of three hotspots of deep convection (
1730:
797:
764:
97:
88:
in size, with 300 million hectares compared to the 800 million hectares in the Amazon. Because of its size and diversity the basin's forest is important for
2014:
1740:
307:
3205:
1906:
1394:
322:
269:
1760:
1582:
326:
1004:
839:. Democratic Republic of the Congo is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through
1886:
297:
77:. It contains some of the largest tropical rainforests in the world and is an important source of water used in agriculture and energy generation.
3215:
2029:
333:
301:
1969:
703:. In 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme warned that gorillas could be extinct from the greater Congo Basin in a matter of 15 years.
699:, which are larger than their savannah counterparts due to lack of competition from other large predators. The basin is home to the endangered
1994:
1984:
1911:
1444:
315:
311:
210:. Many of the formations deposited by these freshwater and marine habitats are rich in pollen, invertebrate, and vertebrate (primarily fish)
751:, used for building furniture and flooring. An estimated 40 million people depend on these woodlands, surviving on traditional livelihoods.
1575:
804:
The Global Forest Atlas estimated that the logging industry covers from 44 to 66 million hectares of forest. A study published in 2019 in
2319:
1359:
Garcin, Y. et al. (2022) Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05389-3
1300:
Dargie, Greta C., et al. "Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex." Nature 542.7639 (2017): 86-90.
649:
1481:
1205:"Structure and geological history of the Congo Basin: an integrated interpretation of gravity, magnetic and reflection seismic data"
1142:"Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite"
769:
At a global level, Congo's forests act as the planet's second lung, counterpart to the rapidly dwindling Amazon. They are a huge "
104:
may increase stress on the forest ecosystem, in turn making the hydrology of the basin more variable. A 2012 study found that the
3106:
624:
Temperatures in the Congo Basin (usually between 20 and 30 °C) are lower than in the
African desert regions to the north (
3160:
3050:
1187:
978:
3185:
1921:
940:
656:
2559:
1325:
Thorncroft, C.D. and Blackburn, M. (1999), Maintenance of the African easterly jet. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 125: 763-786.
632:). The differences in temperature between the deserts and the Congo Basin is important for driving wind systems known as
3155:
2142:
618:
606:. The systems last over 11 hours on average and have a mean size exceeding 500 km2 in some parts of the Congo Basin.
218:
that are thought to have formed during the Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease in the rate of
506:, and at that time, the dense forests and wet climate kept the population of the region low, with the prevention of
774:
461:
120:
116:
2312:
497:
871:
3200:
3180:
2885:
2579:
760:
105:
3190:
3145:
2900:
2397:
1103:"The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system"
876:
844:
163:, but the deformation over this period led to rapid erosion of much of this Paleozoic rock, creating a large
3220:
3195:
3175:
3025:
2482:
1204:
1263:
881:
603:
17:
3170:
3165:
2860:
2305:
1735:
906:
493:
250:
1141:
1102:
1063:
3225:
2795:
2112:
861:
552:
101:
89:
723:
709:
151:-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late
901:
843:
for forest carbon. The main Congolese environmental organization working to save the forests is an
456:
2995:
973:. Brazzaville, Republic of Congo: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA).
836:
729:
715:
700:
672:
524:
1005:"The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change"
2512:
2132:
2102:
1833:
594:
on Earth, which is a globally significant carbon sink and an important component of the global
536:
528:
31:
2937:
2895:
2890:
2805:
2668:
2487:
2407:
2402:
2147:
2127:
1667:
1506:
896:
891:
886:
806:
466:
81:
399:
occupies large areas of low relief throughout much of its area. It is delineated largely by
3150:
2591:
1798:
1755:
1216:
911:
866:
792:
633:
387:
draining wetlands in the middle reaches. Because of the young age and active uplift of the
195:
191:
132:
2412:
590:
strike frequency of anywhere on the planet. The high rainfall supports the second largest
8:
3010:
2990:
2855:
2527:
2435:
2271:
2222:
2137:
1828:
1702:
1645:
916:
425:
364:
351:
112:
1463:
1369:
1220:
202:
marine intrusion is disputed), causing it to serve as a connection between the southern
3070:
2975:
2584:
2532:
2286:
2256:
2207:
2202:
2019:
1808:
1745:
1687:
1240:
676:
223:
219:
2092:
1567:
1031:
3000:
2980:
2932:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2720:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2227:
2187:
2177:
2162:
2117:
2097:
2034:
2004:
1989:
1936:
1881:
1876:
1861:
1232:
1228:
1183:
1161:
1157:
1122:
1118:
1083:
1079:
974:
579:
540:
532:
410:
404:
388:
368:
284:
273:
85:
58:
1244:
965:
3092:
3080:
3065:
3045:
3030:
2905:
2569:
2547:
2182:
2157:
2152:
1823:
1803:
1750:
1725:
1659:
1640:
1630:
1549:
1224:
1153:
1114:
1075:
796:
An industrial logging operation in the Congo Basin. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of
786:
740:
736:
680:
518:
359:
Congo is a traditional name for the equatorial Middle Africa that lies between the
238:
183:
2082:
256:
The following sedimentary geological formations have been deposited in the basin:
3087:
2880:
2815:
2800:
2765:
2735:
2631:
2348:
2251:
2087:
1954:
1926:
1813:
1707:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1604:
840:
641:
629:
514:
507:
503:
400:
372:
187:
50:
2985:
510:
society, whose remnants of their culture survive to the present day. Eventually
3075:
2910:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2725:
2698:
2616:
2564:
2537:
2522:
2497:
2440:
2417:
2353:
2340:
2266:
2217:
2192:
2172:
2074:
2049:
1871:
1818:
1793:
1788:
1783:
823:
778:
396:
360:
203:
66:
3139:
3121:
3108:
2875:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2598:
2502:
2212:
2167:
2107:
2064:
2059:
1851:
1697:
1625:
1613:
1535:
1236:
1165:
1126:
1087:
828:
692:
614:
575:
511:
384:
261:
215:
199:
147:& onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (
2328:
1288:
3035:
2850:
2688:
2608:
2542:
2517:
2455:
2024:
2009:
1999:
1944:
1916:
1901:
1896:
1866:
1672:
1635:
1619:
1203:
Kadima, E.; Delvaux, D.; Sebagenzi, S. N.; Tack, L.; Kabeya, S. M. (2011).
748:
595:
558:
392:
380:
207:
164:
136:
1445:"Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat"
1421:"Plan to drain Congo peat bog for oil could release vast amount of carbon"
847:
called OCEAN, which serves as the link between international outfits like
578:) in the tropics, the other two being over the Maritime continent and the
3020:
2965:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2870:
2865:
2842:
2713:
2683:
2678:
2427:
2382:
2122:
2039:
1979:
1891:
1856:
1326:
835:, is part of a project about forest ecosystem conservation, conducted by
770:
583:
545:
418:
346:
167:. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate in the basin from the Mesozoic (
140:
93:
62:
1313:
539:
over the entire region by the late 19th century. The General Act of the
2970:
2944:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2708:
2693:
2658:
2574:
2392:
2360:
2261:
2246:
1959:
1717:
1348:
1140:
Nkere, Buliba J.; Griffin, William L.; Janney, Philip E. (2019-09-01).
848:
811:
684:
625:
591:
562:
376:
156:
3040:
2960:
2830:
2507:
2492:
2470:
2281:
2276:
2237:
1101:
Caillaud, Alexis; Blanpied, Christian; Delvaux, Damien (2017-08-01).
832:
587:
242:
160:
2297:
1482:"Logging road construction has surged in the Congo Basin since 2003"
555:
estimated that 80 million people live in and around the Congo Basin.
123:). Fourteen percent of the humid forest is designated as protected.
2785:
2775:
2646:
2370:
1974:
471:
451:
234:
175:
168:
152:
144:
502:
The first inhabitants of the Congo Basin area were believed to be
355:
Course and drainage basin of the Congo River with countries marked
2663:
2621:
2552:
2365:
696:
446:
265:
246:
227:
148:
70:
37:
3055:
3015:
2790:
2673:
2375:
2332:
1949:
1775:
1655:
688:
609:
476:
436:
414:
211:
777:
will release roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide as the
3060:
2703:
668:
637:
441:
967:
The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian
490:
Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
73:
Africa. The Congo Basin region is sometimes known simply as
2653:
2475:
1843:
782:
179:
84:
is the largest rainforest in Africa and second only to the
1557:
1202:
395:, the river's yearly sediment load is very large, but the
253:
deposits suggests a dramatic return to wetter conditions.
2197:
1395:"World's largest tropical peatland found in Congo basin"
1370:"Deforestation in Africa's Congo Basin rainforest slows"
1597:
1100:
241:
had blocked any further marine connections. During the
108:
will negatively affect economic activity in the basin.
3006:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
27:
Sedimentary basin of the Congo River in Central Africa
765:
Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
106:
variability in precipitation caused by climate change
1525:
999:
997:
111:
Eight sites of the Congo Basin are inscribed on the
1139:
941:"Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region"
431:Countries wholly or partially in the Congo region:
182:habitat in the basin, and this continued into the
3211:Landforms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
994:
565:hunter-gatherers in the Central African Republic.
3137:
1562:first inhabitants of the Congo Basin rainforests
815:prohibited the renewal of existing concessions.
800:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo doubled.
659:', with widespread impacts on the Earth System.
851:and local community groups in the concessions.
1064:"Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin"
428:on the planet, in addition to large wetlands.
2313:
1583:
1464:"World 'losing battle against deforestation'"
586:and beyond. The Congo Basin has the highest
41:Course and drainage basin of the Congo River
1172:
1032:"Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin"
367:. The basin begins in the highlands of the
2320:
2306:
1590:
1576:
1308:
1306:
636:, which affect climate and weather in the
249:. Later in the Neogene, a sudden shift to
139:, making it a patch of relatively recent (
3206:Landforms of the Central African Republic
1289:https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1
754:
650:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
582:. These three regions together drive the
791:
735:
608:
557:
409:
350:
226:, are the source of the region's famous
198:into the basin (evidence of an earlier,
36:
1303:
1061:
958:
827:forests. L’Île Mbiye, an island in the
336:, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series
14:
3216:Landforms of the Republic of the Congo
3138:
1461:
1418:
1327:https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555502
1180:Mineral deposits & Earth evolution
178:suggest the presence of a freshwater,
100:and degradation of the ecology by the
3051:Portuguese-speaking African countries
2327:
2301:
1571:
1314:https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2525.1
1258:
1256:
1254:
403:including the Bie, Mayumbe, Adamlia,
1922:West and Central African Rift System
1558:Pygmies.org: African Pygmies website
1349:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029847
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1026:
1024:
935:
933:
407:, East African, and Zambian Swells.
1598:Major African geological formations
1507:"The Fight to Save Congo's Forests"
1264:"You can't spell Congo without NGO"
1070:. Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa.
279:Early Triassic to Early Jurassic -
24:
1251:
662:
584:climate circulation of the tropics
237:, an uplift in the borders of the
25:
3237:
1521:
1146:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1107:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1068:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1048:
1021:
930:
854:
619:Central Congolian lowland forests
1542:
1528:
1229:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00500.x
1158:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010
1119:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002
1080:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009
722:
708:
667:The Congo forest is home to the
462:Democratic Republic of the Congo
121:Democratic Republic of the Congo
117:list of World Heritage in Danger
65:. The Congo Basin is located in
1499:
1474:
1455:
1437:
1412:
1387:
1362:
1353:
1340:
1331:
1319:
1294:
1281:
498:Colonization of the Congo basin
2886:Guinean Forests of West Africa
1196:
1133:
1094:
1062:Giresse, Pierre (2005-10-01).
761:Congo Basin Forest Partnership
340:
13:
1:
2901:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
2398:Cameroonian Highlands forests
1419:Weston, Phoebe (2020-02-28).
923:
877:Ntokou-Pikounda National Park
383:in the upper reaches and the
82:rainforest in the Congo Basin
3161:Sedimentary basins of Africa
3026:Middle East and North Africa
2483:East African montane forests
1182:. Geological Society. 2005.
1036:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
872:Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park
604:Mesoscale convective systems
69:, in a region known as west
7:
3186:Geography of Central Africa
1486:Mongabay Environmental News
1462:Kinver, Mark (2019-09-12).
882:Odzala-Kokoua National Park
695:. Its apex predator is the
617:as it meanders through the
371:system with input from the
131:The Congo Basin is a large
10:
3242:
1736:Central African Shear Zone
907:Kahuzi-Biega National Park
758:
569:
494:History of the Congo River
487:
483:
344:
171:) up to the present day.
126:
29:
3156:Drainage basins of Africa
2953:
2841:
2796:Indian Ocean coastal belt
2734:
2607:
2426:
2339:
2236:
2113:Central Pangean Mountains
2073:
1935:
1842:
1774:
1766:Western Meseta Shear Zone
1716:
1654:
1603:
822:In its current form, the
553:World Resources Institute
115:, five being also on the
102:impacts of climate change
90:mitigating climate change
902:Kundelungu National Park
457:Central African Republic
190:, a connection with the
174:Deposits throughout the
2996:Guineo-Congolian region
837:Stellenbosch University
730:African forest elephant
716:Western lowland gorilla
701:western lowland gorilla
673:African forest elephant
159:and continued over the
2133:Eastern Rift mountains
2055:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1834:Terra Australis Orogen
801:
755:Ecology and protection
743:
621:
566:
517:there and founded the
421:
356:
329:, Sables Bateke Series
292:Stanleyville Formation
186:. By the start of the
54:
42:
32:Congo (disambiguation)
3201:Landforms of Tanzania
3181:Landforms of Cameroon
2938:West Sudanian savanna
2896:Lower Guinean forests
2891:Upper Guinean forests
2806:Cape Floristic Region
2669:Cataracts of the Nile
2488:Eastern Arc Mountains
2408:Congolian rainforests
2403:East Sudanian savanna
2148:Great Karas Mountains
2128:Eastern Arc Mountains
1668:Arabian-Nubian Shield
897:Garamba National Park
892:Virunga National Park
887:Salonga National Park
807:Nature Sustainability
795:
739:
634:African easterly jets
612:
561:
467:Republic of the Congo
417:people living on the
413:
354:
281:Haute Lueki Formation
194:led to a significant
119:(all five located in
40:
3191:Landforms of Burundi
3146:Congo drainage basin
2592:Zanzibar Archipelago
2560:Indian Ocean islands
2045:Somali Coastal Basin
1756:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
912:Upemba National Park
867:Lomami National Park
862:Lobéké National Park
628:) and to the south (
192:Trans-Saharan seaway
30:For other uses, see
3221:Landforms of Zambia
3196:Landforms of Rwanda
3176:Landforms of Angola
3118: /
3011:Mediterranean Basin
2991:Greater Middle East
2528:Ethiopian Highlands
2436:African Great Lakes
2223:Teffedest Mountains
2138:Ethiopian Highlands
1829:Pan-African orogens
1799:East African Orogen
1731:Broodkop Shear Zone
1703:West African Craton
1646:Victoria Microplate
1513:. October 22, 2007.
1451:. 11 November 2022.
1221:2011BasR...23..499K
917:Maiko National Park
613:Aerial view of the
426:tropical rainforest
365:African Great Lakes
296:Early Cretaceous -
113:World Heritage List
3122:0.0000°N 22.0000°E
3071:Sub-Saharan Africa
2976:Commonwealth realm
2585:Northern Highlands
2533:Dahlak Archipelago
2287:List of inselbergs
2257:Jugurtha Tableland
2208:Sankwala Mountains
2203:Rwenzori Mountains
2020:Ouled Abdoun Basin
2015:Orange River Basin
1937:Sedimentary basins
1746:Foumban Shear Zone
1688:Saharan Metacraton
802:
744:
677:pygmy hippopotamus
622:
567:
535:later established
422:
357:
306:Late Cretaceous -
224:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
220:seafloor spreading
143:-aged, and mostly
43:
3171:Congolian forests
3166:Regions of Africa
3101:
3100:
3001:Islands of Africa
2981:Equatorial Africa
2933:Inner Niger Delta
2721:Tibesti Mountains
2580:Central Highlands
2466:Virunga Mountains
2461:Rift Valley lakes
2451:Great Rift Valley
2446:East African Rift
2413:OuaddaĂŻ highlands
2295:
2294:
2228:Tibesti Mountains
2188:Mitumba Mountains
2178:Mandara Mountains
2163:Imatong Mountains
2118:Chaillu Mountains
2098:Bambouk Mountains
2035:Rio del Rey Basin
2005:Niger Delta Basin
1990:Iullemmeden Basin
1882:Gulf of Suez Rift
1877:East African Rift
1862:Bahr el Arab rift
1809:Gondwanide Orogen
1741:Chuan Shear Zones
1189:978-1-86239-182-6
980:978-92-5-106888-5
541:Berlin Conference
389:East African Rift
369:East African Rift
310:, Kwango Series (
308:Bokungu Formation
92:in its role as a
86:Amazon rainforest
59:sedimentary basin
16:(Redirected from
3233:
3226:Basins of Africa
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3093:Zambezian region
3081:Sudanian savanna
3066:Southeast Africa
3046:Northeast Africa
3031:Miombo woodlands
2906:Guinea Highlands
2570:Lamu Archipelago
2548:Gulf of Tadjoura
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2183:Marrah Mountains
2158:Hoggar Mountains
2153:Guinea Highlands
2143:Great Escarpment
1907:Sangha Aulacogen
1824:Mauritanide Belt
1751:Kandi Fault Zone
1726:Aswa Dislocation
1641:Seychelles Plate
1631:Madagascar Plate
1592:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1550:Geography portal
1547:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1001:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
937:
841:emerging markets
787:Cuvette Centrale
741:Ituri Rainforest
726:
712:
681:bongo (antelope)
537:colonial control
519:Kingdom of Kongo
323:Kwango Formation
290:Late Jurassic -
270:Lukuga Formation
239:Cuvette Centrale
222:of the southern
216:Kimberlite pipes
196:marine incursion
184:Early Cretaceous
21:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3136:
3135:
3127:0.0000; 22.0000
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3088:Tropical Africa
2949:
2837:
2816:Kalahari Desert
2801:Albany thickets
2766:Succulent Karoo
2730:
2632:Atlas Mountains
2603:
2422:
2335:
2326:
2296:
2291:
2252:Mount Gorongosa
2232:
2093:Aurès Mountains
2088:Atlas Mountains
2075:Mountain ranges
2069:
1955:Blue Nile Basin
1931:
1927:White Nile rift
1838:
1804:Eburnean Orogen
1770:
1761:Todi Shear Zone
1712:
1708:Zimbabwe Craton
1693:Tanzania Craton
1683:Kalahari Craton
1678:Kaapvaal Craton
1650:
1599:
1596:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1060:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1009:Pulitzer Center
1003:
1002:
995:
985:
983:
981:
970:
964:
963:
959:
950:
948:
939:
938:
931:
926:
921:
857:
767:
757:
732:
727:
718:
713:
665:
663:Flora and fauna
642:Southern Africa
572:
546:First World War
508:hunter-gatherer
500:
486:
481:
349:
343:
327:Kalahari System
188:Late Cretaceous
129:
55:Bassin du Congo
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3076:Sudan (region)
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:Gulf of Guinea
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2826:Cape Peninsula
2823:
2821:Okavango Delta
2818:
2813:
2811:Skeleton Coast
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2726:Western Sahara
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Nuba Mountains
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2617:Eastern Desert
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2565:Comoro Islands
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Hanish Islands
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Danakil Desert
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2498:Horn of Africa
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Albertine Rift
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2418:Ennedi Plateau
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:Gulf of Guinea
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:Mont Niénokoué
2269:
2267:Mulanje Massif
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Serra da Chela
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Nuba Mountains
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Loma Mountains
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Blue Mountains
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Taoudeni Basin
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Lamu Embayment
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Blue Nile rift
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Kibaran Orogen
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Cape Fold Belt
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1618:Minor plates:
1616:
1612:Major plates:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1539:
1523:
1522:External links
1520:
1517:
1516:
1498:
1473:
1454:
1436:
1411:
1386:
1361:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1318:
1302:
1293:
1280:
1268:Africa Reports
1250:
1215:(5): 499–527.
1209:Basin Research
1195:
1188:
1171:
1132:
1093:
1074:(1): 301–315.
1047:
1020:
993:
979:
957:
928:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
855:National parks
853:
824:Kyoto Protocol
779:United Kingdom
756:
753:
734:
733:
728:
721:
719:
714:
707:
664:
661:
571:
568:
485:
482:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
397:drainage basin
361:Gulf of Guinea
342:
339:
338:
337:
330:
319:
304:
298:Loia Formation
294:
288:
277:
204:Atlantic Ocean
128:
125:
67:Central Africa
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3238:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
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3202:
3199:
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3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
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3167:
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3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:Macro-regions
2952:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:Guinea region
2879:
2877:
2876:Cape Mesurado
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Gibraltar Arc
2640:
2638:
2637:Barbary Coast
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Ancient Libya
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:Swahili coast
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Afar Triangle
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:Guinea region
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Serra da Leba
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Rif Mountains
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Jebel Uweinat
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Cameroon line
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:AĂŻr Mountains
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2065:Turkana Basin
2063:
2061:
2060:Tindouf Basin
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Reggane Basin
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Afar Triangle
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Kuunga Orogen
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Damara Orogen
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Alpine Orogen
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Tuareg Shield
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Lwandle Plate
1624:Microplates:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:African Plate
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1536:Africa portal
1526:
1512:
1511:thenation.com
1508:
1502:
1487:
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1469:
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1400:
1396:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1356:
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385:Lualaba River
382:
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334:Limons Series
331:
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302:Kamina Series
299:
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272:(part of the
271:
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262:Carboniferous
259:
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200:Late Jurassic
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98:deforestation
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56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
3103:
3036:Mittelafrika
2986:Françafrique
2851:Pepper Coast
2689:Middle Egypt
2543:Gulf of Aden
2518:Danakil Alps
2456:Gregory Rift
2387:
2240:(aka koppie)
2025:Owambo Basin
2010:Ogaden Basin
2000:Murzuq Basin
1970:Douala Basin
1964:
1945:Angola Basin
1917:Urema Valley
1902:Red Sea Rift
1897:Muglad Basin
1867:Benue Trough
1673:Congo Craton
1636:Rovuma Plate
1620:Somali Plate
1561:
1510:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1488:. 2019-06-24
1485:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1425:The Guardian
1424:
1414:
1403:. Retrieved
1401:. 2017-01-11
1399:the Guardian
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1376:. 2013-07-22
1373:
1364:
1355:
1342:
1333:
1321:
1296:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1270:. 2021-02-28
1267:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1179:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:
984:. Retrieved
966:
960:
949:. Retrieved
947:. 2012-09-28
944:
821:
817:
805:
803:
768:
749:African teak
745:
666:
654:
646:
623:
600:
596:carbon cycle
573:
550:
523:
501:
430:
423:
358:
321:Paleogene -
255:
232:
208:Tethys Ocean
173:
165:unconformity
137:Congo Craton
130:
110:
79:
74:
46:
44:
3151:Congo River
3125: /
3021:Middle East
2966:Afromontane
2928:Niger Delta
2923:Niger Basin
2916:Dahomey Gap
2871:Cape Palmas
2866:Ivory Coast
2861:Slave Coast
2714:Upper Egypt
2684:Lower Nubia
2679:Lower Egypt
2654:Nile Valley
2388:Congo Basin
2383:Pool Malebo
2123:Drakensberg
2040:Sirte Basin
1995:Kufra Basin
1985:Gabon Basin
1980:Karoo Basin
1965:Congo Basin
1912:Atbara rift
1892:Melut Basin
1857:Anza trough
1718:Shear zones
771:carbon sink
419:Congo River
347:Congo River
341:Description
316:Inzia Group
312:Nsele Group
285:Upper Karoo
274:Lower Karoo
141:Phanerozoic
135:within the
96:. However,
94:carbon sink
63:Congo River
47:Congo Basin
18:Congo basin
3140:Categories
3113:22°00′00″E
2971:Arab world
2945:Yorubaland
2856:Gold Coast
2781:Maputaland
2771:Nama Karoo
2761:Thembuland
2709:The Sudans
2694:Nile Delta
2659:Nile Delta
2575:Madagascar
2393:Chad Basin
2361:Cape Lopez
2262:Mount Mabu
2247:Anti-Atlas
2238:Inselbergs
1960:Chad Basin
1492:2021-05-13
1430:2022-04-23
1405:2021-05-13
1380:2021-05-13
1274:2021-05-13
1152:: 103502.
1041:2021-05-13
1014:2021-09-20
951:2021-09-20
924:References
849:Greenpeace
812:World Bank
759:See also:
685:chimpanzee
626:The Sahara
592:rainforest
488:See also:
393:headwaters
345:See also:
332:Neogene -
180:lacustrine
157:Ordovician
133:depression
71:equatorial
3110:0°00′00″N
3041:Negroland
2961:Aethiopia
2831:False Bay
2508:Al-Habash
2493:Serengeti
2471:Kavirondo
2282:Zuma Rock
2277:Wase Rock
1237:1365-2117
1166:1464-343X
1127:1464-343X
1113:: 80–98.
1088:1464-343X
833:Kisangani
783:peatlands
588:lightning
405:Nil-Congo
373:Chambeshi
283:(part of
243:Paleogene
161:Paleozoic
155:or early
75:the Congo
57:) is the
2786:Highveld
2776:Bushveld
2744:Rhodesia
2647:Ifriqiya
2513:Barbaria
2371:Igboland
1975:El Djouf
1468:BBC News
1374:BBC News
1245:53587215
986:14 April
691:and the
630:Kalahari
533:Portugal
515:migrated
472:Tanzania
452:Cameroon
363:and the
235:Cenozoic
228:diamonds
206:and the
176:Jurassic
169:Triassic
153:Cambrian
145:Mesozoic
2664:Bashmur
2622:Maghreb
2553:Red Sea
2366:Mayombe
2341:Central
2329:Regions
1776:Orogens
1660:shields
1656:Cratons
1449:Reuters
1217:Bibcode
785:in the
697:Leopard
570:Climate
525:Belgium
504:pygmies
484:History
447:Burundi
391:at the
266:Permian
251:fluvial
247:Neogene
233:By the
212:fossils
149:Archean
127:Geology
61:of the
3056:Sahara
3016:MENASA
2791:Fynbos
2674:Darfur
2376:Mbaise
2333:Africa
1950:Aoukar
1605:Plates
1243:
1235:
1186:
1164:
1125:
1086:
977:
689:bonobo
580:Amazon
531:, and
529:France
496:, and
477:Zambia
437:Angola
415:Isangi
401:swells
375:, the
51:French
3061:Sahel
2754:South
2749:North
2736:South
2704:Nubia
2609:North
1844:Rifts
1241:S2CID
971:(PDF)
669:okapi
638:Sahel
563:Pygmy
442:Gabon
260:Late
2843:West
2476:Zanj
2428:East
1658:and
1233:ISSN
1184:ISBN
1162:ISSN
1123:ISSN
1084:ISSN
988:2012
975:ISBN
763:and
640:and
551:The
379:and
377:Uele
80:The
45:The
2331:of
1225:doi
1154:doi
1150:157
1115:doi
1111:132
1076:doi
945:WUR
845:NGO
831:in
775:DRC
230:.
3142::
1560:—
1509:.
1484:.
1466:.
1447:.
1423:.
1397:.
1372:.
1305:^
1266:.
1253:^
1239:.
1231:.
1223:.
1213:23
1211:.
1207:.
1160:.
1148:.
1144:.
1121:.
1109:.
1105:.
1082:.
1072:43
1066:.
1050:^
1034:.
1023:^
1007:.
996:^
943:.
932:^
687:,
683:,
679:,
675:,
671:,
644:.
598:.
548:.
527:,
521:.
492:,
325:,
314:,
300:,
268:-
214:.
53::
2321:e
2314:t
2307:v
1591:e
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1383:.
1316:.
1291:.
1277:.
1247:.
1227::
1219::
1192:.
1168:.
1156::
1129:.
1117::
1090:.
1078::
1044:.
1017:.
990:.
954:.
318:)
287:)
276:)
264:/
49:(
34:.
20:)
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