38:
1092:
1343:
265:. The Germans distributed thousands of copies of the poster around the city to encourage Parisians to think of the partisans as criminal foreigners and "not French", and discourage resistance; instead, the red posters inspired citizens to more actions. Some marked the posters with phrases such as
567:
The 35th
Brigade then called themselves the Brigade Marcel Langer in his honor. Eighteen members were arrested by the Vichy police and handed over to the Germans. Two died of unknown causes on the train transporting them to be deported. Four were shot.
219:
The FTP-MOI are particularly well known because of the highly publicized trial of numerous members of the
Manouchian Group. Tracked, arrested and interrogated by the French police, the show trial of the 23 members was held in front of a German
581:
wrote a postwar novel referring to the FTP-MOI in Paris. He had also served in the
Resistance, first with the FTP-MOI, and then with the FTP after he joined the Communist Party. He was captured and deported, but survived internment at
228:. It began on 17 February 1944, lasted between two and four days, and after a 30-minute deliberation, the court reached the following verdict: All of the accused were condemned to death, with no possibility of appeal.
2722:
708:
Marc BRAFMAN(*), « Les origines, les motivations, l’action et les destins des combattants juifs (parmi d’autres immigrés) de la 35e
Brigade FTP-MOI de Marcel Langer, Toulouse 1942-1944 », in :
2726:
876:
259:
Following the trial and executions, the
Germans created a poster with a red background, featuring ten men of the Manouchian group with their names, photos and alleged crimes; it became known as
633:. About actions of the FTP-MOI in Lyon and Grenoble. A video documentary by Claude and Denis Collins Cugnot, the title was taken from the poem/song "L'affiche rouge" (Words: Louis Aragon
1014:
1873:
839:
189:
The FTP-MOI were among the most active and determined of the resistance groups; particularly because they were foreigners and mostly Jews, they were under the direct watch of the
1792:
816:
749:
1909:
612:
in 1983, included interviews of surviving FTP-MOI members and families of the victims. It accused the
Communist Party in France (PCF) of betraying the Manouchian Group.
554:, to which Marcel (Mendel) Langer, head of the regional FTP-MOI, had claimed to belong. In February 1943, Langer was arrested carrying explosives. He was tried by the
1828:
1891:
2270:
2013:
1783:
201:
and death. Because they depended directly on the
Comintern, with Duclos as their intermediary, they were often on the front line when the order to fight came from
520:
2006:
1601:
1487:
1476:
1032:
239:
was suspended for further enquiry and because French law prohibited executing women by firing squad. In a new sentence passed on her birthday of 10 May 1944 at
490:
166:
Members also included other immigrants, especially many young
Hungarian writers, artists and intellectuals. Among them were the painter Sándor Józsa; sculptor
515:
530:
361:
1188:
663:-based filmmaker of German and Armenian parentage, it was adapted from a story by Serge Le PĂ©ron. It reflects some of the divisions among the RĂ©sistance.
415:
379:
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922:
391:
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433:
183:
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385:
355:
2506:
2389:
2383:
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2254:
2199:
1324:
525:
109:
1058:
243:, she was condemned to death. She was beheaded shortly after the sentencing. One accused, Migratulski, was transferred to French jurisdiction.
2643:
510:
505:
409:
2114:
1619:
2657:
926:
500:
349:
2311:
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1080:
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808:
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1049:
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1303:
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2521:
943:
2731:
2496:
1266:
564:, Lespinasse, demanded his execution and, on 21 March 1943, Langer was sentenced to death. He was executed on 23 July 1943.
2797:
2339:
2217:
1650:
1611:
1448:
1282:
2239:
634:
2741:
2707:
1557:
2556:
2531:
2301:
2146:
1846:
1574:
1310:
1317:
81:
59:
785:
430:– Armenian. Tchakarian, the last surviving member of the Manouchian Group, died on 4 August 2018, at the age of 101.
52:
2712:
2622:
2086:
1704:
1023:
17:
1566:
604:
2332:
1088:
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718:
Ecrire pour les autres. Mémoires d’une résistante. Les antifascistes italiens en Lot-et-Garonne sous l’occupation
297:. Holban commanded the group again from December 1943 to August 1944. The armed group had the following members:
1602:
171:
2664:
2629:
1744:
1759:
627:
Liberté, guérilla urbaine à Lyon et
Grenoble Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main-d’œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI)
2247:
2072:
1751:
1531:
1522:
1216:
113:
2536:
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1514:
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100:
962:
STEPHEN HOLDEN, "'The Army of Crime': Outsiders in French
Society, Battling Occupiers and Collaborators"
961:
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1488:
1146:
1066:
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2107:
1900:
1441:
1434:
1390:
1237:
46:
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1591:
1582:
2571:
1837:
1505:
1383:
933:, 72 minutes, compagnie des Phares et Balises en collaboration avec la Fondation Gabriel PĂ©ri et
156:
1810:
1680:
1054:
2833:
2762:
2373:
2355:
2058:
1964:
1943:
1397:
1376:
1369:
1289:
551:
216:. After Manouchian was arrested in 1943 and executed in February 1944, Holban took over again.
144:
63:
1950:
1728:
1202:
860:
143:. Their ranks were filled with foreign communists living in France who were not part of the
2717:
2588:
2093:
2040:
1721:
1418:
1209:
1132:
205:. The various French groups were more attentive to the French national political climate.
732:
Marcel Langer, une vie de combats. 1903-1943. Juif, communiste, résistant... et guillotiné
656:
599:
427:
225:
124:
8:
2780:
2467:
2210:
2160:
2100:
1714:
1160:
1118:
1111:
861:"'Art proscrit' (Száműszött művészet), Exposition à Budapest du 17 avril au 15 aout 2010"
337:
940:
696:
La guerre de partisans dans le Sud-Ouest de la France, 1942–1944. La 35e Brigade FTP-MOI
556:
108:. A wing composed mostly of foreigners, the MOI maintained an armed force to oppose the
2153:
1971:
1930:
1801:
1695:
1666:
1465:
1244:
1125:
261:
1673:
1539:
2551:
2132:
2065:
1735:
1342:
1273:
1255:
1099:
651:
397:
343:
301:
294:
221:
213:
167:
105:
2409:
1658:
1548:
935:
289:
from April 1942 to July 1943. From July 1943 to November 1943, the group was led by
2823:
2577:
2455:
2443:
2224:
1425:
1411:
1174:
1153:
1139:
994:
325:
120:
2615:
2598:
1855:
578:
367:
232:
2561:
2022:
1999:
1978:
1918:
947:
445:
373:
319:
2405:
550:
The 35th Brigade took its name from the thirty-five divisions of gunners of the
485:
175:
2511:
2479:
2449:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
1627:
812:
421:
290:
152:
2401:
2817:
2593:
2395:
2285:
2188:
1457:
780:
439:
403:
313:
254:
2583:
2167:
2029:
1992:
1985:
840:"Adam Rayski, responsable de la section juive du Parti communiste français"
536:
480:
286:
209:
190:
179:
999:
982:
642:, a documentary produced by Denis Peschanski and Jorge Amat, broadcast by
170:(Étienne Hajdu); journalists László Kőrösi and Imre Gyomra; photographers
2774:
2650:
2324:
2139:
1957:
1362:
1353:
1091:
907:
867:, Budapest: Holokauszt Emlékközpont (HDKE), 2010, accessed 30 August 2010
331:
307:
236:
198:
160:
2685:
2566:
2461:
1634:
1039:
895:
Source : F.F.I. – F.T.P.F., p. 104, et P. Robrieux, pp. 325 et 347
583:
194:
703:
Ni travail, ni famille, ni patrie. Journal d’une brigade F.T.P.-M.O.I.
675:
Carmagnole et Liberté. Les étrangers dans la Résistance en Rhône-Alpes
863:, Blog des Mardis hongrois (French), reprinted from Török Zsuzsanna,
744:
660:
609:
240:
643:
473:
809:"French foreign-resistance fighter Arsene Tchakarian dies at 101"
617:
Ni travail, ni famille, ni patrie – Journal d’une brigade FTP-MOÏ
193:
and the Germans. Without maintaining strict secrecy, they risked
741:, t. 3 « Le Vent des Fous », Ed. Signes du monde, 1994
725:
Autopsy of a Battle, the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera
589:
There have been numerous portrayals of the Resistance in novels.
655:(2009) features the story of the Manouchian Group. Directed by
625:(Foreigners and yet our brothers) – 2x26mn (1994), First part:
202:
983:"Les italiens dans la M.O.I et les FTP-MOI Ă Lyon et Grenoble"
646:
on 15 March 2007, refuted Courtois and Boucault's allegations.
136:
771:(*) Former member of the 35 Brigade FTP-MOI "Marcel Langer"
452:
465:
898:
886:, Holocaust Museum (HDKE), Budapest, accessed 7 Sep 2010
765:
L'Affaire Manouchian – Vie et mort d'un héros communiste
705:, Toulouse, 1942–1944, Paris : Calmann-Lévy, 1994
788:(An Austrian communist resistance network in Belgium)
231:
All but two were shot immediately on 21 February at
619:(1993), documentary about the Toulouse 35th Brigade
96:
Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée
277:
684:, Paris : Les éditeurs français réunis, 1953
159:(Comintern). The national manager of the MOI was
2815:
2723:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France
631:Carmagnole : l’insurrection de Villeurbanne
542:
110:German occupation of France during World War II
2340:
1074:
2507:French Section of the Workers' International
1024:"Evidence of LĂ©on Landini, president of the
716:Damira TITONEL-ASPERTI(*), Carmela MALTONE,
987:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains
272:
163:, who recommended members for the FTP-MOI.
119:The last surviving member of the FTP-MOI's
2727:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France
2658:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime
2354:
2347:
2333:
1081:
1067:
854:
720:, Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 1999
208:The Parisian groups were initially led by
2502:List of French Communist Party congresses
998:
135:The FTP-MOI groups were organized in the
116:was the "Immigrant Movement" of the FTP.
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
2829:French Resistance networks and movements
2737:Convention for a Progressive Alternative
968:, 19 Aug 2010, accessed 17 November 2010
837:
139:region in 1941, at the same time as the
45:This article includes a list of general
2769:French Committee of National Liberation
1304:French Committee of National Liberation
831:
753:, Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 2007.
636:. Music: Jean Ferrat, Maurice Vandair).
104:(FTP) organization, a component of the
14:
2816:
2644:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais
2522:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France
980:
2497:History of the French Communist Party
2328:
1620:Organisation de résistance de l'armée
1267:Charles de Gaulle during World War II
1062:
1046:group (French), Herbert Herz Website]
571:
1283:Departmental Committee of Liberation
838:Courtois, Stéphane (19 March 2008).
803:
801:
713:, n° 152, pp. 79–95, 09-12/1994
285:The group in Paris was commanded by
151:, these groups depended directly on
31:
2742:Pole of Communist Revival in France
560:of the Toulouse appeals court. The
24:
2732:Workers' Communist Party of France
2557:National Council of the Resistance
2532:National Front (French Resistance)
1341:
1311:National Council of the Resistance
974:
819:from the original on 6 August 2018
98:(FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2855:
2263:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération
2240:MĂ©morial de la France combattante
1318:Provisional Consultative Assembly
1008:
798:
691:, Paris : Calmann-LĂ©vy, 1970
680:Claude LEVY(*), Raymond LEVY(*),
27:Sub-goup in the French Resistance
2844:1944 disestablishments in France
2623:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne
1705:Organisation civile et militaire
1090:
698:, Paris : L’Harmattan, 1992
623:Étrangers et nos frères pourtant
246:
212:, then the poet turned activist
155:, who passed on orders from the
36:
758:Pages de gloire des vingt-trois
667:
147:. Although integrated with the
2630:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest
955:
916:
889:
870:
786:Ă–sterreichische Freiheitsfront
739:Chronique des bords de Garonne
734:, Toulouse : Privat, 2003
593:
13:
1:
2839:1941 establishments in France
2248:Museum of National Resistance
1532:French Forces of the Interior
792:
605:Des terroristes Ă la retraite
539:was a member of both groups.
1015:LĂ©on Landini, member of the
931:La traque de l’Affiche rouge
640:La traque de l’Affiche rouge
455:Compagnie Carmagnole-Liberté
7:
2537:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
2527:Union of Communist Students
2312:Righteous Among the Nations
1760:Union des femmes françaises
1515:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
774:
760:, Paris: Immigration, 1951.
689:Les parias de la résistance
615:Mosco Boucault (director),
476:had the following members:
141:Francs-tireurs et partisans
101:Francs-tireurs et partisans
10:
2860:
2708:Workers and Peasants Party
1752:Housewives' demonstrations
1026:Amicale Carmagnole-Liberté
252:
130:
2790:
2755:
2703:Socialist-Communist Union
2695:
2607:
2547:Union of Russian Patriots
2489:
2364:
2280:
2198:
2124:
2039:
1929:
1770:
1475:
1352:
1339:
1297:French National Committee
1254:
1106:
912:Souviens-toi des déportes
884:, 17 April to 15 Aug 2010
750:Les enfants de la liberté
2747:Movement of Progressives
2637:Le Travailleur du Loiret
2175:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade
2108:Liberation of Strasbourg
1523:FTP–Foreign Labour Force
1442:Companions of Liberation
1435:1st Free French Division
1050:"Affiche Rouge" (French)
946:15 November 2008 at the
273:Structure of the FTP-MOI
269:(They died for France.)
2713:Proletarian Unity Party
2572:Institut Maurice Thorez
981:Collin, Claude (2005).
157:Communist International
127:, died in August 2018.
66:more precise citations.
2679:Les Lettres Françaises
2374:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
2357:French Communist Party
2307:Networks and movements
2271:Free France Foundation
2232:Medal of the Righteous
2115:Provisional Government
2059:French Liberation Army
1965:Empire Defense Council
1944:Brazzaville Conference
1865:Les Lettres Françaises
1820:Les Éditions de Minuit
1398:French Liberation Army
1346:
1290:Empire Defense Council
767:, Paris: Fayard, 1986.
552:International Brigades
172:André (Andras) Steiner
145:French Communist Party
2672:Le Prolétaire normand
2255:Museums and memorials
1951:Brazzaville manifesto
1592:Ceux de la RĂ©sistance
1583:Ceux de la Libération
1345:
1000:10.3917/gmcc.218.0067
701:GĂ©rard de VERBIZIER,
267:Morts pour la France!
123:, resistance fighter
114:Main-d'œuvre immigrée
2791:Parliamentary groups
2718:French Popular Party
2094:Liberation of France
1811:DĂ©fense de la France
1681:Confrérie Notre-Dame
1019:group (French vidéo)
694:Jean-Yves BOURSIER,
602:and Mosco Boucault,
491:Jacques Viktorovitch
468:and the armed group
235:. The execution of
2468:Marie-George Buffet
2211:Order of Liberation
2161:Charles Delestraint
2101:Liberation of Paris
1910:La Vérité française
1901:Témoignage chrétien
865:Száműszött művészet
763:Philippe Robrieux,
756:F.F.I. – F.T.P.F.,
723:Jean-Loup GASSEND,
577:The Spanish writer
521:LĂ©opold Rabinovitch
338:Maurice Fingercwajg
2154:Pierre Brossolette
1972:Free French Africa
1466:Free French Africa
1370:Free French Forces
1347:
1044:Carmagnole-Liberté
1033:Patriote RĂ©sistant
1017:Carmagnole-Liberté
966:The New York Times
941:Resume of the film
882:Belated Homecoming
682:Une histoire vraie
649:The dramatic film
572:In popular culture
531:Francis Chapochnik
362:Elise Gerchinovitz
352:– Jewish Hungarian
334:– Jewish Hungarian
316:– Jewish Hungarian
2811:
2810:
2798:National Assembly
2552:French Resistance
2366:General Secretary
2322:
2321:
2292:French Resistance
2147:Emmanuel d'Astier
2133:Charles de Gaulle
2080:General de Lattre
2052:Kieffer commandos
1874:Libération (nord)
1274:Appeal of 18 June
1100:French Resistance
815:. 5 August 2018.
657:Robert Guédiguian
600:Stéphane Courtois
543:Toulouse region,
428:Arsène Tchakarian
416:Antonio Salvadori
398:Missak Manouchian
380:Stanislas Kubacki
344:Spartaco Fontanot
310:– Jewish Romanian
302:Celestino Alfonso
295:Missak Manouchian
280:Groupe Manouchian
226:HĂ´tel Continental
222:military tribunal
214:Missak Manouchian
125:Arsène Tchakarian
106:French Resistance
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
2851:
2665:La Voix de l'Est
2589:Marxism–Leninism
2578:Programme commun
2490:Related articles
2456:Georges Marchais
2444:Georges Marchais
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2225:Resistance Medal
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2184:
2182:Jean-Pierre LĂ©vy
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2002:
2000:March battalions
1995:
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1883:Libération (sud)
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923:Denis Peschanski
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805:
730:Greg LAMAZERES,
727:, Schiffer, 2014
687:Claude LEVY(*),
652:L'Armée du crime
557:section spéciale
516:LĂ©on Rabinovitch
460:The armed group
392:Cesare Luccarini
328:— French Italian
326:Rino Della Negra
121:Manouchian Group
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
40:
39:
32:
21:
18:Manouchian Group
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2087:General Leclerc
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2057:
2050:
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2028:
2023:Operation Marie
2021:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1979:French Cameroon
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1919:La Voix du Nord
1916:
1907:
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1558:Mouvements unis
1555:
1546:
1540:Libération-Nord
1537:
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977:
975:Further reading
972:
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948:Wayback Machine
921:
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673:Claude COLLIN,
670:
629:, Second part:
608:, broadcast by
596:
574:
548:
458:
446:Robert Witchitz
434:Amadeo Usseglio
374:Szlama Grzywacz
322:– French Breton
320:Georges Cloarec
283:
275:
262:l'Affiche Rouge
257:
251:
184:Ladislas Mandel
133:
88:
77:
71:
68:
58:Please help to
57:
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37:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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5:
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2783:(2008–present)
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2512:Tours Congress
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:(2018–present)
2480:Fabien Roussel
2477:
2474:Pierre Laurent
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2450:Waldeck Rochet
2447:
2441:
2438:Waldeck Rochet
2435:
2432:Maurice Thorez
2429:
2426:Jacques Duclos
2423:
2420:Maurice Thorez
2417:
2414:Maurice Thorez
2410:Benoît Frachon
2399:
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2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
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2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1847:Front National
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1768:
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1765:
1764:
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1654:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1575:National Front
1571:
1562:
1553:
1549:Libération-Sud
1544:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1510:
1501:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1470:
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1438:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1384:Army of Africa
1380:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1350:
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1340:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
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1293:
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1262:
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1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
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1129:
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1115:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1040:"Herbert Herz"
1037:
1036:, 2002, FNDIRP
1021:
1010:
1009:External links
1007:
1006:
1005:
976:
973:
971:
970:
954:
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869:
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830:
813:Deutsche Welle
796:
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562:avocat général
547:
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457:
451:
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431:
425:
422:Willy Schapiro
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
386:Arpen Tavitian
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
356:Jonas Geduldig
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
291:Joseph Epstein
282:
278:Paris region,
276:
274:
271:
253:Main article:
250:
245:
182:; and printer
153:Jacques Duclos
132:
129:
90:
89:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Affiche Rouge
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
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2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:Popular Front
2761:
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2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
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2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:Cité Gagarine
2597:
2595:
2594:Eurocommunism
2592:
2590:
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2582:
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2575:
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2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:Pierre Semard
2394:
2391:
2390:Louis Sellier
2388:
2385:
2384:Albert Treint
2381:
2380:Louis Sellier
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2359:
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2345:
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2300:
2298:
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2293:
2290:Categories: (
2289:
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2256:
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2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
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2208:
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2205:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2189:Pierre Villon
2186:
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2176:
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2148:
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2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
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1696:Armée secrète
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1458:Radio Londres
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1035:
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1018:
1013:
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996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
978:
967:
963:
958:
949:
945:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
913:
909:
908:"Olga Bancic"
901:
892:
885:
883:
879:
873:
866:
862:
857:
841:
834:
818:
814:
810:
804:
802:
797:
787:
784:
782:
781:Affiche rouge
779:
778:
772:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
751:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:Le Monde juif
707:
704:
700:
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693:
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683:
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607:
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601:
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597:
588:
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580:
579:Jorge SemprĂşn
576:
575:
569:
565:
563:
559:
558:
553:
546:
540:
538:
532:
529:
527:
526:Paul Mossovic
524:
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517:
514:
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494:
492:
489:
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471:
467:
463:
456:
453:Lyon region,
447:
444:
441:
440:Wolf Wajsbrot
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:Marcel Rayman
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:LĂ©on Goldberg
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:Joseph Boczov
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
299:
298:
296:
292:
288:
281:
270:
268:
264:
263:
256:
255:Affiche rouge
249:
248:Affiche rouge
244:
242:
238:
234:
233:Mont-Valérien
229:
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
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187:
185:
181:
177:
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128:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
97:
86:
83:
75:
72:November 2010
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2608:Publications
2584:Unitary Left
2576:
2540:
2517:Headquarters
2406:Pierre CĂ©lor
2261:
2238:
2168:Henri Frenay
2030:Ubangi-Shari
1993:French Gabon
1986:French Congo
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1838:Franc-Tireur
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1758:
1722:Jade-Fitzroy
1703:
1694:
1657:
1641:
1618:
1590:
1581:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1513:
1506:Franc-Tireur
1504:
1456:
1097:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1016:
993:(2): 67–83.
990:
986:
965:
957:
934:
930:
918:
911:
900:
891:
881:
878:Art in Exile
877:
872:
864:
856:
844:. Retrieved
833:
821:. Retrieved
770:
764:
757:
748:
738:
737:Henri SOUM,
731:
724:
717:
710:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
668:Bibliography
650:
639:
630:
626:
622:
616:
603:
566:
561:
555:
549:
545:35th Brigade
544:
537:Herbert Herz
535:
511:Max Tzwangue
506:Elie Amselem
496:LĂ©on Landini
486:LĂ©on Centner
481:Herbert Herz
469:
461:
459:
454:
442:– Polish Jew
424:– Polish Jew
410:Roger Rouxel
406:– Polish Jew
376:– Polish Jew
370:– Polish Jew
364:– French Jew
358:– Polish Jew
340:– Polish Jew
287:Boris Holban
284:
279:
266:
260:
258:
247:
230:
218:
210:Boris Holban
207:
191:Vichy regime
188:
180:Ervin Marton
176:Lucien Hervé
168:István Hajdú
165:
148:
140:
134:
118:
99:
95:
93:
78:
69:
50:
29:
2777:(1997–2002)
2775:Plural Left
2771:(1940–1947)
2765:(1936–1938)
2696:Derivatives
2651:Front rouge
2476:(2010–2018)
2470:(2001–2010)
2464:(1994–2001)
2458:(1972–1994)
2446:(1969–1972)
2440:(1964–1969)
2434:(1953–1964)
2428:(1950–1953)
2422:(1930–1950)
2416:(1929–1930)
2402:Henri Barbé
2398:(1924–1929)
2386:(1923–1924)
2376:(1921–1923)
2200:Museums and
2140:Jean Moulin
1958:French Chad
1772:Underground
1715:Jade-Amicol
1363:Free France
1354:Free France
1258:and control
1154:Netherlands
951:(in French)
905:(in French)
677:, PUG, 2000
594:Filmography
332:Thomas Elek
308:Olga Bancic
237:Olga Bancic
199:deportation
161:Adam Rayski
64:introducing
2818:Categories
2781:Left Front
2686:Pif Gadget
2616:L'Humanité
2462:Robert Hue
2218:Companions
2041:Liberation
1892:RĂ©sistance
1856:L'Humanité
1784:Bir-Hakeim
1667:Mithridate
1643:CdL Cinéma
1635:Comet Line
1479:operations
1419:Bir Hakeim
1245:Yugoslavia
1203:Luxembourg
936:L’Humanité
927:Jorge Amat
842:. Le Monde
793:References
584:Buchenwald
501:Simon Fryd
462:Carmagnole
400:– Armenian
388:– Armenian
350:Imre Glasz
304:– Spaniard
195:internment
47:references
2202:Memorials
2043:of France
1489:Movements
1377:Air Force
1210:Macedonia
1196:Lithuania
823:28 August
745:Marc Levy
661:Marseille
610:Antenne 2
436:— Italian
418:– Italian
394:– Italian
346:– Italian
241:Stuttgart
2066:1st Army
1829:L'Espoir
1793:Bulletin
1674:Morhange
1612:Alliance
1603:Networks
1477:Domestic
1256:Creation
1238:Slovakia
1133:Bulgaria
944:Archived
939:, 2006.
880:series:
817:Archived
775:See also
644:France 2
474:Grenoble
448:– French
412:– French
382:– Polish
2824:FTP-MOI
2756:Related
2541:FTP-MOI
2302:Members
2125:Leaders
1736:Vercors
1689:Others:
1445:
1406:Battles
1231:Romania
1168:Germany
1161:Estonia
1147:Denmark
1126:Belgium
1119:Austria
1112:Albania
470:Liberté
224:at the
131:History
60:improve
2803:Senate
2452:(1972)
2392:(1924)
2286:Portal
2073:2nd DB
2014:Second
1935:Africa
1933:French
1802:Combat
1729:Maquis
1628:Brutus
1498:Combat
1426:Gazala
1412:Koufra
1224:Poland
1217:Norway
1189:Latvia
1175:Greece
846:1 July
203:Moscow
178:, and
112:. The
49:, but
2297:Films
2007:First
1774:media
1745:Women
1182:Italy
1140:Czech
137:Paris
2567:MRAP
2412:and
2382:and
1931:Free
1449:List
1391:Navy
1332:DGER
1325:BCRA
848:2021
825:2018
659:, a
466:Lyon
293:and
94:The
1659:Fer
1651:CLD
995:doi
991:218
472:in
464:in
149:FTP
2820::
2725:/
2408:,
2404:,
1042:,
1030:,
989:.
985:.
964:,
929:,
925:–
910:,
811:.
800:^
747:,
197:,
186:.
174:,
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850:.
827:.
586:.
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79:(
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56:.
20:)
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