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sciences during the time of the
Ottoman Empire, madrasas included curriculums that included a wide range of natural sciences. There were many well-known Muslim scholars, mathematicians, and scientists that all worked to teach high-ranking families and children of the sciences. it known that "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all primarily concerned with religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madrasas – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heavily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but rather Islamic in nature. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madrasas were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.
6755:, had the opportunity to travel to India and see the daily life of girls at a residential madrasa. In these madrasas in Northern India, young girls have the ability to receive an education, however, many of the practices within these institutions can be seen as very restrictive or at least by Western standards. Many madrasas that enroll girls act as "purdah institutions." In Persian, purdah translates to curtain or cover. With respect to these madrasas in Northern India, a purdah institution is an institution in which there are several guidelines female students must adhere to as a way to cover themselves both physically and culturally, These restrictions are based on the students' gender and create a segregation of sorts. Girls are expected to wear veils over their faces and cover their entire bodies as a means of dressing modestly by cultural standards. In addition to the clothes that these girls wear, the physical building itself also adheres to the ideals of a purdah institution. Classrooms and hallways are separated by gender in order to prevent fraternization. Within many of these madrasas, even the windows are lined with metal grills in order to prevent students from looking to the outside as well as to prevent people on the outside to look inward. In addition to the physical layout of the building, there are a series of rules female students must adhere to. Some of these rules include girls must lower their head and their voice when addressing their male counterparts. As they pass windows, even with barriers blocking most of their view to the outside and blocking the view of those on the outside, they are expected to lower their gaze. Going back to the idea of clothing, they must wear a
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8413:. After this event, the United States implemented a plan to force Pakistan to completely shut down all madrasas that have links to militant groups, and to persuade madrasa students to instead attend public schools. Such a reaction and belief of the ties between Pakistan's madrasas and militancy were especially prominent during these times, and even in modern-day society to a similar extent, due to false assumptions regarding the roles of madrasas in upbringing militant groups, the prevalence of enrollment in such institutions, and more. To touch more on the prevalence of enrollment in Pakistan's madrasas, a 2005 study by Andrabi and others could be looked at. According to the study's results, seventy-five percent of all households that send one child to a madrasa also tended to incorporate public and private schools for the education of the rest of their children (Those who were not sent to a madrasa). Therefore, only twenty-five percent of all households relied solely on madrasas for the education of all their children. When taking this into account, one can see that enrollment in madrasas is not as prevalent as many people would assume due to parental choice being a strong deciding factor.
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infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in
Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.
7401:. He built eight madrasas that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madrasas for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madrasas and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.
11305:, or authorization. In Europe, the license to teach was a license to teach a certain field of knowledge. It was conferred by the licensed masters acting as a corporation, with the consent of a Church authority, in Paris, by the Chancellor of the Cathedral Chapter... Certification in the Muslim East remained a personal matter between the master and the student. The master conferred it on an individual for a particular work, or works. Qualification, in the strict sense of the word, was supposed to be a criterion, but it was at the full discretion of the master, since, if he chose, he could give an ijaza to children hardly able to read, or even to unborn children. This was surely an abuse of the system... but no official system was involved. The ijaza was a personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one.
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side of the courtyard. The Bou Inania
Madrasa in Fes also contained two side-chambers opening off the lateral sides of its courtyard, which may reflect an influence of the older four-iwan layout. However, most other Moroccan madrasas did not have this feature and the courtyards were instead flanked by ornate galleries. By contrast with Mamluk structures to the east, Moroccan and Maghrebi madrasas were not prominently distinguishable from the outside except for an ornate entrance portal decorated with carved wood and stucco. This model continued to be found in later madrasas like the
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in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these
Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madrasas are the ones built by
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different topics in their curriculum. Some madrasas in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madrasas were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the
Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic." This is similar to the Western world, in which
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5406:. There was a premium fee required to study Islamic law, which was sometimes fronted by state or private subsidiaries. The topics of this higher education also expanded larger than the Islamic time and area. Arab translations of Greco-Roman classical texts were often examined for mathematical and grammatical discourse. Since the focus of theology and legal study was utmost, specified law schools began their own development. On the theological side however, these remained mainly at the general
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these seven categories: calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, intellectual sciences, spiritual sciences, theoretical rational sciences, and practical rational sciences. The first
Ottoman medrese was created in İznik in 1331, when a converted Church building was assigned as a medrese to a famous scholar, Dâvûd of Kayseri. Suleyman made an important change in the hierarchy of Ottoman medreses. He established four general medreses and two more for specialised studies, one devoted to the
5974:. Madrasas by the 11th century had buildings and full time working educators. These educators were provided with places to live inside the madrasas. The institutions by this time occumulated a wide spread of attendance among the population. The attraction of the educational institution was that it provided free education for everyone in attendance. Furthermore, sciences at madrasas were indeed taught, and much of the material was from well-known scholars of the sciences such as
7546:(both located in Fes) because they provided accommodations for students coming from other cities. Many of these students were poor, seeking sufficient education to gain a higher position in their home towns, and the madrasas provided them with basic necessities such as lodging and bread. However, the madrasas were also teaching institutions in their own right and offered their own courses, but usually with much narrower and more limited curriculums than the Qarawiyyin. The
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6600:, a successful businesswoman, and 'A'isha, a strong leader and interpreter of the Prophet's actions. According to a hadith attributed both to Muhammad and 'A'isha, the women of Medina were praiseworthy because of their desire for religious knowledge: Although female madrasas did exist before the 1970s large strides were made is regards to female education. After the 1970s a large increase in total female madrasas took place expanded very rapidly across the region.
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promote the ideas of their elders and preserve tradition, rather than introduce them to innovative ideas that challenge ‘received texts.’ Moreover, if
Professor Huff had looked more carefully at the European institutions that produced science, he would have found that they were mainly academies and royal courts protected by individual potentates and not the universities that he wishes to promote. But neither universities nor courts were beyond the reach of the
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7842:, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR ministry of the government of India has recently declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madrasas in India. Though the madrasas impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum.
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8299:. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the Hanafi school of thought. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to form the
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presence, teaching, and licensing of certain sciences in madrasas has been historically underrepresented. This information, along with some of what is discussed in the following sections/paragraphs on this page, may now hopefully help one in identifying whether or not madrasas can indeed be classified as "Universities". However, arguments for why they should not be classified as such will later be proposed as well.
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6252:('licence ') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of
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further examines the specific fields of secular sciences that have achieved an established position in madrasa curriculum. Such fields included the sciences of mathematics, medicine and pharmacology, natural philosophy, divination, magic, and alchemy (The last three being clumped up into one set of coursework). To support the claims mentioned earlier in this section, it has been noted that
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6739:. This school is generally thought to be the first Muslim religious school in the country for young girls. El Yunusiyah, a deeply religious woman, believed that Islam demanded a central role for women and women's education. The school gained considerable popularity and by the end of the 1930s had as many as five hundred students. The scholar Audrey Kahin calls
9206:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with
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2234:) could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elites were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasas (and other similar foundations) thus allowed them to maintain some status and means of living even after their fathers' deaths. Madrasas built in this period were often associated with the mausoleums of their founders.
2484:) are the product of the madrasas. The madrasas also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasas is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrasas may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.
5995:, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, at least in Sunni madrasas, astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why
5858:) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madrasas, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university".
6616:, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasas and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men did not approve of this practice, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (d. 1336) who was appalled at the behaviour of some women who informally
6806:, Iran, include an iwan and an inscription attributing it to Nizam al-Mulk. Nonetheless, it is clear that the Seljuks constructed many madrasas across their empire within a relatively short period of time, thus spreading both the idea of this institution and the architectural models on which later examples were based.
5213:, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.
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7939:. The Jamia-tul-Madina are also known as Faizan-e-Madina. Dawat-e-Islami has grown its network of madrasas from Pakistan to Europe. In today's time the most centralized location of madrasas is in Pakistan. Although Pakistan hold the most Madrasas the number is still growing in many different countries.
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As elsewhere, rulers in the
Maghreb built madrasas to bolster their political legitimacy and that of their dynasty. The Marinids used their patronage of madrasas to cultivate the loyalty of Morocco's influential but independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population
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Although
Ottoman madrasas had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. Often mentioned by critics that madrasas did not include a variety of natural
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In
Morocco, madrasas were generally built in brick and wood and were still centered around a main internal courtyard with a central fountain or water basin, around which student dorms were distributed across one or two floors. A prayer hall or mosque chamber usually stood opposite the entrance on one
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became eager patrons of architecture. Many of their projects involved the construction of madrasas as part of larger multi-functional religious complexes, usually attached to their personal mausoleums, which provided services to the general population while also promoting their own prestige and pious
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As I noted in my original article, students in the medieval Islamic world, who had the full freedom to chose their teacher and the subjects that they would study together, could not have been worse off than today’s students, who are required to pursue a specific curriculum that is usually designed to
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designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madrasas that predate the founding of the
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has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madrasas and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Some other
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schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature,
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in Cairo in 1176–1177, introducing this institution to Egypt. The Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids built many more madrasas across their territories. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status for its patrons but it could also be an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their
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was taught along with other secondary subjects, but not to secular science schools, modern or historical. These institutions were typically housed in specially designed buildings which were primarily devoted to this purpose. Such institutions are believed to have originated, or at least proliferated,
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The madrasas became the longest serving institutions of the Ottoman Empire, beginning service in 1330 and operating for nearly 600 years on three continents. They trained doctors, engineers, lawyers and religious officials, among other members of the governing and political elite. The madrasas were a
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There was no examination at the end of the course of study. Many of the students were well advanced in years. Those who left al-Azhar obtained an idjāza or licence to teach; this was a certificate given by the teacher under whom the student had followed courses, testifying to the student's diligence
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is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans
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what some women do when people gather with a shaykh to hear books. At that point women come, too, to hear the readings; the men sit in one place, the women facing them. It even happens at such times that some of the women are carried away by the situation; one will stand up, and sit down, and shout
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were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. Moroever, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence
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for scientific subjects, thereby proving that such licenses were indeed issued along with those regarding religious studies. There are many more examples of this that are not listed on this page, but can easily be found. When taking this evidence into account, one may then reasonably assume that the
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in Delhi which he specifically included the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, and geography besides the standard subjects of law, history, secular and religious sciences. Although little is known about the management and inner workings of these places of Islamic higher education, religious studies
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started off as providing higher education similarly to other parts of the Islamic world. The primary function for these institutions was to train and prepare workers for bureaucratic work as well as the judicial system. The curriculum generally consisted of logic, philosophy, law, history, politics,
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brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the
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and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by
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respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day." According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval
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to those who proved satisfactory in the knowledge of their specific scientific field of study, were indeed conducted. It is historically inaccurate to definitively mention that all forms of science were studied solely for the advancement/supplication of religious needs. This can be evident when one
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Toby Huff argues that no medical degrees were granted to students, as there was no faculty that could issue them, and that therefore, no system of examination and certification developed in the Islamic tradition like that of medieval Europe. However, the historians Andrew C. Miller, Nigel J. Shanks
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course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's
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Having come to the conclusion that the cruciform madrasa was Egyptian in origin, I shall show that its influence on Syria was almost nil. Only two madrasas, one built by an Egyptian sultan and the other by an Egyptian emīr, show signs of this influence, (a) the Madrasa of Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Bibars at
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Thus the university, as a form of social organisation, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite
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In South Africa, the madrasas also play a social and cultural role in giving after-school religious instruction to children of Muslims who attend government or private non-religious schools. However, substantial numbers of Muslim children attend fully-fledged private Islamic schools, which combine
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criticized Huff's views regarding the legal autonomy of European universities and limited curriculum of Madrasahs, demonstrating that there were many Madrasahs dedicated to the teaching of non-religious subjects and arguing that Madrasahs generally had greater legal autonomy than medieval European
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However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by other scholars to be independent medieval European developments with no necessary Islamic influence. Norman Daniel criticizes Makdisi for overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels" while
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Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite
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From a structural and legal point of view, the madrasa and the university were contrasting types. Whereas the madrasa was a pious endowment under the law of religious and charitable foundations (waqf), the universities of Europe were legally autonomous corporate entities that had many legal rights
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Taşköprülüzâde's concept of knowledge and his division of the sciences provides a starting point for a study of learning and medrese education in the Ottoman Empire. Taşköprülüzâde recognises four stages of knowledge—spiritual, intellectual, oral and written. Thus all the sciences fall into one of
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in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be
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It is sometimes speculated that parents send their children to madrasas in Pakistan due to the inability to afford a good education. Although Madrasas are free they do provide adequate education for their students. It is sometimes speculated that due to lower quality of education those who finish
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are called the Alia madrasas and they number some 7,000, offering, in addition to religious instruction, subjects such as English and science, and its graduates often complete their education in secular institutions, to the extent that some 32% of the university teachers in the humanities and the
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The form of the madrasa does not appear to have changed significantly over time in this region. The Timurid period (late 14th and 15th century), however, was a "golden age" of Iranian madrasas, during which the four-iwan model was made much larger and more monumental, on a par with major mosques,
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In contrast to early Iranian Seljuk madrasas, a large number of madrasas from the Anatolian Seljuk Empire (between 1077 and 1308) have survived, and are the closest examples we have of Iranian-influenced early madrasa architecture. However, though each usually included a large central courtyard,
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Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have
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to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine. The study of Medicine and many other sciences that took place in Madrasas made large contributions to
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was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madrasas. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the
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Mosques were more than a place of worship as they were also utilized as an area to host community transactions of business. It was the center of most of a city's social and cultural life. Along with this came trades of information and teachings. As the mosque was a starting ground for religious
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As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the
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in American English) and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, not even one as broad as Islam in the general sense. Madrasas often have varied curricula. A large misconception is that madrasas only focused on the study of religion which is not true. Madrasas often included many
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The madrasas rose as colleges of learning in the Islamic world in the 11th century, though there were institutions of learning earlier. They catered not only to the religious establishment, though that was the dominant influence over them, but also the secular one. To the latter they supplied
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and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which
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in 1206 which set a basis of importance for Muslim education. Under control of the Delhi Sultanate, two early important madrasas were founded. The first was the Mu’zziyya named after Muḥammad Ghuri of the Ghorid Dynasty and his title of Muʿizz al-Dīn and founded by Sultan Iltutmish. The other
8146:, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madrasas. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the
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medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".
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It is more likely that the undeniable similarities sprang from similar circumstances. Both cultural traditions had sacred writings which needed to be examined, both had systems of law that looked back to ancient precedent, neither culture knew printing (which meant that dictation and verbal
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school. Moreover, due to the already dense urban fabric of Cairo, Mamluk architectural complexes adopted increasingly irregular and creatively designed floor plans to compensate for limited space while simultaneously attempting to maximize their prominence and visibility from the street.
6174:. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendant), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madrasas in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the
8405:, claimed that specifically Pakistani madrasas were responsible for the development of thousands of jihadists/terrorists, and that they were essentially weapons of mass destruction. During the time of the article's release, videos surfaced of young boys intensely memorizing/studying the
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in order to go outside. Within a cultural context, these rules are very appropriate. In addition to teaching specific subject academic content, institutions such as these purdah madrasas are also incorporating appropriate cultural and societal behavior outside the walls of the building.
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created a stir when it de-recognised madrasa education, receiving criticism from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"
8184:, which succeeded the ARMM, the eligibility of Madrasa teachers are covered by the autonomous region's education code. Prospect teachers barring any exception will have to take special examinations organized by the region's education ministry in order to secure their eligibility.
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In the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, "Madaris were divided into lower and specialised levels, which reveals that there was a sense of elevation in school. Students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as
5046:. Their exact origin is uncertain, but they appear to have been already widespread in the early Abbasid period (8th-9th centuries) and may have played an early role in socializing new ethnic and demographic groups into the Islamic religion during the first few centuries after the
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to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an
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evolved out of its Anatolian Seljuk predecessors into a particular style. In the classical Ottoman period (15th-16th centuries), the typical form of the madrasa had become a large courtyard surrounded by an arched gallery covered by a series of domes, similar to the
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or charitable complex. This marked a certain departure from other madrasa styles as it emphasized the feeling of space for its own sake instead of focusing on the practical function of housing as many students as possible within a small area. This is evident in the
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The first section, typology of institutions and the law of waqf, is crucial to the main thesis, since the college is defined in terms of the charitable trust, or endowment, as in Europe: it is admitted that the university, defined as a corporation, has no Islamic
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An article about a pointed exchange over a Web site report that said Senator Barack Obama had attended an Islamic school or madrassa in Indonesia as a child referred imprecisely to madrassas. While some teach a radical version of Islam, most historically have
6200:; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the sixth century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madrasas. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:
5927:
al-Azhar. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose."
7538:
as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. Madrasas also served to train the scholars and educated elites who generally operated the state bureaucracy. A number of madrasas also played a supporting role to major learning institutions like the older
6323:"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy. Toby Huff, in a discussion of Makdisi's hypothesis, argues:
11041:
was that of al-Azhar in Cairo. This was established during the last quarter of the tenth century by the Fatimids to teach the principles of jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, logic and astronomy. It is here that we may find the origins of the modern
7853:
In March 2024, the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh declared the Madrasa Act of 2004 to be unconstitutional, according to a court order, while ordering the state government to move students enrolled in the Islamic system into mainstream schools.
6210:
Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'chairman' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term '
7998:
The number of madrasas more than doubled from 2002/2003 to 2011/2012, going from 63,000 to 145,000, unrecognized madrasas accounting for 17% of all schools in the country while the recognized madrasas account for nearly 1/3 of the secondary schools.
5410:
since it was more common and easier for the lower-level students to approach. The requirement of competent teachers to keep a madrasa up and running was also important. It was not uncommon for these scholars to be involved in multiple fields such as
2465:, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madrasas along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammar, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette."
7608:(1925–41), and made a gradual comeback—though lagging behind growth of Iran's population, "between 1920 and 1979 the Persian population tripled ... but enrollment in madrasas only doubled"—in the four decades before the revolution when his son (
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in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of
1427:
9904:
1923:, is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars, though the application of the term "university" to institutions of the medieval Muslim world is disputed. According to tradition, the al-Qarawiyyin mosque was founded by
6835:
their overall layouts were more variable and may have reflected more multi-purpose functions, often with an attached mausoleum, a minaret, and an ornate entrance portal. The courtyards were sometimes covered by a large dome (as with the
13142:
7387:"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example,
6003:
Although there is a sort of validity to what was just mentioned in this section, more specifically in the previous paragraph, other sources also convey that an emphasis on the teaching of sciences in madrasas, and the licensing of
6746:
While madrasas continue to play a pivotal role in the education of many, including young girls, there are still some cultural norms that find their way into the hallways and classrooms of these institutions. In article from 2021,
8165:-funded DepEd project Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) has assisted a group of private madrasas seeking a Permit To Operate from the government and implement the SMC. These private madrasas are scattered throughout
9884:
2130:
depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madrasas, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the
13224:
7766:
In 2006 there were 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasas with the Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board, though the figure could be well over double that number if unregistered madrasas were counted.
8363:
When articles mentioned "madrassas," readers were led to infer that all schools so-named are anti-American, anti-Western, pro-terrorist centres having less to do with teaching basic literacy and more to do with political
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was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.
13550:
8108:
for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. Students who wish to attend a mainstream school may opt to take classes on weekends at the
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Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010:
10137:), logic and, sometimes, philosophy and mathematics. In addition to the above, other subjects such as literary studies, history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry were also taught.
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and privileges. These included the capacity to make their own internal rules and regulations, the right to buy and sell property, to have legal representation in various forums, to make contracts, to sue and be sued."
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were often subsidized and founded by states or private individuals, and well-qualified teachers filled in the role for professors. Foundations of Islamic higher education in India is tied to the establishment of the
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like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the
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As is previously mentioned, religion dominated much of the knowledge and teachings that were endowed upon students. "Religious learning as the only true science, whose sole aim was the understanding of God's word."
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are not issued to these sciences as much as they are to religious studies, yet at the same time, there is no evidence fully supporting that none were given to these subjects. Clear examples of the issuing of such
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in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in
7915:
have a hard time finding employment. Those who attended Madrasas have problem finding a job soon after. The education those receive madrasas in Pakistan closely resembles public institutions in the United States.
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There are three different madrasa education systems in Bangladesh: the original darse nizami system, the redesigned nizami system, and the higher syllabus alia nisab. The first two categories are commonly called
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bore the focus amongst most other subjects, particularly the rational sciences such as mathematics, logic, medicine, and astronomy. Although some tried to emphasize these subjects more, it is doubtful that every
11500:
Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period. 1. From madrasa to university" Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved
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also holds a concentration of Mamluk-era architecture, including madrasas. However, the most significant Mamluk archtiectural patronage outside of Cairo is likely in Jerusalem, as with the example of the major
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was usually specific to institutions of higher learning, which generally taught Islamic law and occasionally other subjects, as opposed to elementary schools or children's schools, which were usually known as
5397:
became more common. In this context, a madrasa would be referred to as a localized area or center within the mosque for studies and teachings relating the Quran. Among the first advanced topics featured at a
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Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588
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Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588
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While some historical madrasas in Morocco remained in use well into the 20th century, most are no longer used for their original purpose following the reorganization of the Moroccan education system under
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and his successors. Madrasas in the Iranian architectural tradition continued to be centered around a large square or rectangular courtyard with a central water basin and surrounded by a one or two-story
13344:
5316:
was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madrasas were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the ninth century
13524:
2300:(public bathhouse). The following excerpt provides a brief synopsis of the historical origins and starting points for the teachings that took place in the Ottoman madrasas in the Early Modern Period:
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9740:
6716:(charitable trust) system. Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women. Royal women were also major patrons of culture and architecture in the Ottoman Empire, founding many
1974:
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college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity
5707:(professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called
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and faced each other across a central courtyard, while two "lateral" iwans faced each across each on the other two sides of the courtyard. Prominent examples of these include the madrasa of the
2052:. Although madrasa-type institutions appear to have existed in Iran before Nizam al-Mulk, this period is nonetheless considered by many as the starting point for the proliferation of the formal
13134:
1762:
or "madrasa" usually refers more narrowly to Islamic institutions of learning. Historians and other scholars also employ the term to refer to historical learning institutions throughout the
3729:
11630:, J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, individual entries on: Baccalarius; Collegium; Disputatio; Grade, universitäre; Magister universitatis, Professor; Rector; Studia humanitatis; Universität
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2044:), created a system of state madrasas (in his time they were called the Niẓāmiyyahs, named after him) in various Seljuk and ʻAbbāsid cities at the end of the 11th century, ranging from
11271:
Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010
8409:, thus facilitating the false stereotype that madrasas brainwash and breed children to becoming future jihadists. This stereotype was even further accentuated following the events of
1895:
In the early history of the Islamic period, teaching was generally carried out in mosques rather than in separate specialized institutions. Although some major early mosques like the
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and in the period following independence in 1956. Likewise, while some madrasas are still used for learning in Tunisia, many have since been converted to other uses in modern times.
6032:. He mentioned that in places like Syria and Egypt, it has been suggested that public performances of knowledge, which its conduction was required for one to finally receive their
13546:
11218:
There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.
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equivalent, or "Pre-U", at several schools). Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream
13874:
6188:
introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. Many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian
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failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Daniel also points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the
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6959:(built from 1356 to 1363), with a large central courtyard surrounded by four enormous iwans. While the unique Madrasa of Sultan Hasan provided instruction in all four Sunni
6643:
is often translated as 'that which is indecent', which usually meant the exposure of anything other than a woman's face and hands, although scholarly interpretations of the
5641:'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the
13069:
13301:
7822:
school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the
7263:(courtyard) of imperial mosques. Madrasas were generally limited to a main ground floor, and were often built as auxiliary buildings to a central mosque which anchored a
11233:
Madrasa,...in mediaeval usage, essentially a college of law in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.
6103:
to Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din M. b. M. b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi. This license was very extensive, allowing him to teach religious, philosophical, and even medical texts like
5923:. In the second half of the 19th century in Egypt, Muslim Egyptians began to attend secular schools, and a movement arose in the late 19th to the early 20th century to
5766:
In the Early Modern Period in the Ottoman Empire, "Suleyman I added new curriculums to the Ottoman medreses of which one was medicine, which alongside studying of the
15528:
13039:
6410:
6327:
It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic madrasas.
2384:- the holy book of the Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on
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and the other to medicine. He gave the highest ranking to these and thus established the hierarchy of the medreses which was to continue until the end of the empire.
1518:. From there, the construction of madrasas spread across much of the Muslim world over the next few centuries, often adopting similar models of architectural design.
7931:
physicians, administrative officials, judges and teachers. Today many registered madrasas are working effectively and coping up with modern education system such as
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15231:
13605:
11124:
8579:
7286:, often considered the apogee of Ottoman architecture, included four madrasas as part of a vast and carefully designed architectural ensemble at the top of one of
6802:. Practically none of the first madrasas founded under Nizam al-Mulk (Seljuk vizier between 1064 and 1092) have survived, though partial remains of one madrasa in
6285:
Madrasa system from the ninth century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the
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who was an expert in medicine, grammar, linguistics, law, alchemy, and philosophy. The choice of freedom in inquiry was also important. Muslim higher education at
13112:
15113:
8127:
According to a 2006 International Religious Freedom Report of the US State Department the country has some 2000 madrasas, with half of them located in Mindanao.
8100:(IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the
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13334:
7577:
declared it to be at the beginning of the 16th century, and the number of Shiʿite madrasas in Iran (or Persia) grew rapidly from that time on. Since 1979, the
7341:. It cites sources in support of certain statements and quotes, but these are used as arguments leading to conclusions with no supporting citations. (See also
11510:
Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,
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However, the classification of madrasas as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madrasas, the
1852:
was appointed there by Muhammad as teacher and among the students. In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an, The Hadith, fara'iz,
18097:
16972:
13572:
9183:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the
6955:(finished in 1304). One exceptional madrasa, which also served as a mosque and was easily one of the most massive structures of its time, was the monumental
2602:
13516:
10133:
The main subjects taught were Quranic exegesis, theology, jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence, grammar and syntax, the Traditions of Muhammad(
7116:
in Fes, built in 1350–1355, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public
9724:
7714:
which has 200 teachers and 3000 students, and in all, some 380,000 students were enrolled in these government recognized madrasas, including 55,000 girls.
6723:
In the 20th century in Indonesia, madrasas founded by women played an important role in increasing educational standards in the country. In November 1923,
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15098:
13494:
12197:
1676:
in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the
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published in January 2007 a correction for misusing the word "madrassa" in a way that assumed it meant a radical Islamic school. The correction stated:
5266:
were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madrasas teaching both the religious and the "secular sciences", such as
5163:
school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote, they should be taught the Qur'an,
18385:
6123:
Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madrasas and
18041:
13366:
9464:
18601:
18584:
18557:
18373:
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18270:
18217:
18036:
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Historically, its estimated that there were about 5,000 religious students in Iran/Persia in 1924–25, but, that number dropped sharply owing to the
2064:. Part of the motivation for this widespread adoption of the madrasah by Sunni rulers and elites was a desire to counter the influence and spread of
11022:
10806:
10306:
10118:
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founded in 1242, to which was later attached al-Salih's mausoleum. In Syria, an exceptional example of a monumental madrasa from this period is the
6542:". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in
6478:, women "became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty". In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in
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18351:
18300:
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In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madrasas or Islamic schools are known as
18510:
18486:
18424:
18322:
18189:
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in Indonesia is also refer to secular-style public and private schools with more Islamic subjects in its curriculum. There are several levels of
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founded in 1136–37. Madrasa architecture in this region appears to have evolved out of Seljuk prototypes. Another early important example is the
6798:), of which some early surviving remains demonstrate this type of layout. Another possible origin may have been domestic houses in the region of
6157:
to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a
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18616:
18179:
16682:
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Perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two systems is embodied in their systems of certification; namely, in medieval Europe, the
9381:(June 2003), "Between doubts and certainties: on the place of history of science in Islamic societies within the field of history of science",
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7872:
school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within
5743:
dedicated to the teaching of medicine. For example, of the 155 madrasa colleges in 15th century Damascus, three of them were medical schools.
18026:
9327:
6310:
on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek
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There are many other instances where attempts to deem madrasas as just radical Islamic schools were made. In the year 2000, an article from
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built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in
6748:
13396:
9179:
No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the
6855:
In Syria and the surrounding region, the earliest madrasas were often relatively small buildings, the earliest example of which is one in
6438:
to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the
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does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether
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18280:
17964:
17774:
15128:
11531:, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010
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9357:
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in the 12th and 13th centuries, when 160 mosques and madrasas were established in Damascus, 26 of which were funded by women through the
2119:
18366:
13758:
7592:. ("The vast majority" of the population is Twelver Shia Muslim. There are nearly three hundred thousand clerics in Iran's seminaries.
7550:
in Fes, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public
5978:, who was the “most famous and most successful” editor of the Shi’i law, kalam philosophy which include mathematic works and astrology.
18596:
9653:
8352:
5929:
5570:, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a
4405:
10706:
as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B. (eds.),
9902:
Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education
6783:(vaulted chambers open on one side) arranged symmetrically around the courtyard. The origin of this architectural model may have been
6161:
in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:
2211:
in 1136. One of the earliest madrasas in Damascus, and one of the first madrasas to be accompanied by the tomb of its founder, is the
1907:
had separate rooms which were devoted to teaching, this distinction between "mosque" and "madrasa" was not very present. Notably, the
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While Mamluk architecture outside Cairo was generally of lesser quality and craftsmanship, there were nonetheless many examples. The
6879:. As with the earlier Seljuk madrasas, it is likely that these foundations were motivated by a desire to counteract the influence of
6427:
have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume
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built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The main architectural highlights among these are the
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18258:
18080:
15219:
13930:
13728:
9077:
7171:, which dates from 1227 and is also the earliest "universal" madrasa, which is to say the first madrasa that taught all four Sunni
4993:
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13454:
13425:
12549:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis.
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is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 as a mosque by
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13061:
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7612:) ruled. At the biggest religious center in Iran, Qom, stipends for students came from religious taxes starting in the 1920s.
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generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th century, under the
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D) Spiritual sciences—theoretical, such as Islamic theology and mathematics; and practical, such as Islamic ethics and politics.
2249:
built in Tunis in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). By the late 13th century, the first madrasas were being built in
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dynasties (11th-16th centuries) in the Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasas through a religious endowment and
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Nepal has 907 madrasas recognized on the same level as government schools but the total number in the country is around 4000.
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15133:
15090:
13913:
13868:
12491:
12308:
12162:
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11470:
C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi",
11257:
11065:
10913:
10623:
Daniel, Norman (1984). "Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi"".
10412:
9173:
9087:
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353:
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6214:' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having '
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3769:
17713:
16350:
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8096:, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the
7771:
7193:. In some cases, these madrasas were directly attached and integrated into larger mosques, as with those attached to the
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will appear; in her house, their exposure would be forbidden — how can it be allowed in a mosque, in the presence of men?
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5138:
4385:
4147:
3311:
2076:
742:
13602:
6486:. Mahbuba was one of these. Another female (albeit probably fictional) figure to be remembered for her achievements was
3744:
2159:
and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.
1463:, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. In countries outside the
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A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia's Islamic Education Strategy
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origin, madrasas also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be.
5970:
in 1227, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the
5258:
referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst
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course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in
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14985:
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12348:
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11911:
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11570:
11515:
11488:
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10978:
10877:
10818:
10774:
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10715:
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10610:
10431:
10045:
10004:
9980:
9845:
9811:
9734:
9707:
9647:
9620:
9592:
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A 'madrasa' in Kerala refers to an extra-curricular institution where children receive basic (Islamic) religious and
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7374:
6779:
Madrasas were generally centered around an interior courtyard and the classical madrasa form generally featured four
6439:
4420:
3734:
2367:
531:
13937:
7356:
2392:. To Islam, the Quran is the core of all learning, it is described in this journal as the “Spine of all discipline”
1587:
literally means "a place where learning and studying take place" or "place of study". The word is also present as a
17846:
16767:
16546:
14856:
14712:
14189:
14085:
13953:
12687:
Hamadeh, Shirine (2004). "Ottoman Expressions of Early Modernity and the 'Inevitable' Question of Westernization".
12261:
9390:
6956:
6918:
6290:
6286:
2380:
The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the
131:
5431:
and particularly religious sciences, later incorporating more of mathematics, astronomy, geography, and medicine.
17687:
16276:
15350:
15156:
7736:
6872:
5575:"career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded
5080:
entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at
5034:
In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school (for children or for those learning to read) was known as a '
4246:
2931:
713:
18577:
18515:
18491:
18327:
18305:
18234:
18222:
15870:
10178:
9611:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands".
7404:
This is the rank of madrasas in the Ottoman Empire from the highest ranking to the lowest: (From İnalcık, 167).
6335:
universities. According to Saliba, Madrasahs "were fully protected from interference in their curriculum by the
6089:, issued by a physician from Damascus, was present to confirm that one was indeed issued here for said student.
18906:
17784:
17465:
16614:
15415:
14963:
14861:
13842:
Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer". Retrieved 2010-11-25.
12798:
12461:
12121:
9211:
defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.
8219:
7666:
7559:
7337:
7032:
7028:
7024:
6419:
Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world's Islamic scholars. However,
6414:
5307:
5206:
3827:
2941:
2349:
658:
13983:
13484:
12920:
12893:
12189:
12092:
Munawaroh, Unaidatul (2002). "Rahmah el-Yunusiah: Pelopor Pendidikan Perempuan". In Burhanuddin, Jajat (ed.).
6890:. Among the surviving Ayyubid madrasas in Egypt are the remains of the Madrasa of al-Kamil (founded by Sultan
6867:
madrasas began to take on added importance, with the first madrasa in Egypt (no longer extant) being built by
19240:
17764:
17759:
17754:
16710:
16668:
16411:
16406:
16145:
14773:
14532:
14209:
13547:"Muslim Congressman: American Schools Should Be Modeled After Madrassas, 'Where The Foundation Is The Koran'"
13222:
12991:
8319:
called Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York. Presently, the Darul Uloom in New York City, an affiliate of
6952:
6149:. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and
4122:
2107:
1467:, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the religion of
402:
11933:
6708:
mosque in 859, which later developed into a madrasa. The role of female patrons was also evident during the
19210:
17769:
17749:
17744:
17723:
17596:
16984:
16828:
16720:
16345:
15335:
15312:
14922:
14778:
14768:
14674:
14327:
13458:
13429:
13400:
13374:
12651:
12545:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010).
11766:
11593:
Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",
11382:"A Mongol Mahdi in Medieval Anatolia: Rebellion, Reform, and Divine Right in the Post-Mongol Islamic World"
11190:
Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",
11157:
10340:
Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",
9698:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
8122:
8068:
7751:
7732:
7206:
7149:
7070:), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, madrasas began to be constructed in the 13th century under the
6941:, which largely used stone, the madrasa layout generally had two prominent iwans which were aligned to the
5755:
learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his
5210:
4986:
4667:
2528:
1869:
434:
11483:
Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005,
17839:
16745:
16529:
15437:
15302:
15108:
14876:
14669:
14046:
13920:
12917:
M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 81; quoted in
12583:
Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
10710:, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, vol. 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 83–99,
10060:
9103:
8288:
8097:
7539:
7238:
6705:
6503:
6376:
5920:
5835:
5483:
was originally used to refer more specifically to a medieval Islamic centre of learning, mainly teaching
5318:
5267:
4555:
4313:
4308:
4251:
3822:
2111:
2093:
1908:
1810:
481:
308:
12890:
M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 77; quoted in
19115:
17147:
16594:
15865:
15537:
15187:
15070:
14587:
14006:
13684:
13339:
12528:
Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum. 2e partie. Syrie du Sud. Tome 1er. Jérusalem "Ville"
11999:
11965:
11899:
11865:
11562:
11248:
Lessnoff, Michael (2007), "Islam, Modernity and Science", in Malešević, Siniša; Haugaard, Mark (eds.),
10970:
10936:
10023:
9511:
8638:
8500:
8356:
8131:
8076:
6546:. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in
6507:
6344:
6301:, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic
6281:
6028:
multiple collections of manuscript titles and biographies. Further evidence of this was illustrated by
4437:
4318:
3385:
2642:
1498:), as well as other subjects on occasion. The origin of this type of institution is widely credited to
1286:
521:
10172:
10149:
8056:
1510:
in the 11th century, who was responsible for building the first network of official madrasas in Iran,
1482:
and historical context, the term generally refers to a particular kind of institution in the historic
16740:
16730:
16496:
15280:
15267:
14968:
14797:
14493:
14215:
14178:
13971:
13205:
Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. xi.
12587:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
12292:
Women from Traditional Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia : Negotiating Public Spaces
10925:
Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
10760:
9500:
Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",
7935:, which is a chain of Islamic schools in Pakistan and in European and other countries established by
6743:"one of the most successful and influential of the schools for women" in pre-independence Indonesia.
6097:
who was considered to be a proficient polymath, astronomer, philosopher, and physician who issued an
5614:
5021:
The Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, built in the 15th century. The bottom floor contained a
4370:
4365:
3832:
3739:
2978:
2872:
2223:(Saladin) overthrew the Shi'a Fatimids in Egypt in 1171, he founded a Sunni madrasa near the tomb of
2207:. The first documented madrasa created in Syria was the Madrasa of Kumushtakin, added to a mosque in
616:
328:
39:
16952:
16771:
7918:
6700:
Women played an important role in the foundations of many Islamic educational institutions, such as
19225:
18649:
17697:
16980:
16906:
16627:
16576:
16421:
16060:
15432:
15151:
14975:
14748:
14228:
13723:
13024:
11627:
10927:
10849:
10832:
9502:
8215:
7662:
7201:(17th century). In other cases they were built as more or less separate entities, such as with the
6929:
6876:
6551:
6515:
6306:
6178:
views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madrasas were not as popular. Unlike the
6049:, a prominent mathematician in his day, was mentioned to be responsible for giving his students an
5916:
5412:
5259:
5057:
4236:
3316:
3103:
2458:
2345:
2194:
1564:
548:
348:
46:
17:
13579:
6065:
to his student al-Quff for proving sufficient in knowledge of his commentary on the medical book,
4632:
17055:
16755:
16561:
16506:
16365:
16262:
15781:
15290:
14101:
12564:
Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.)
12340:
11789:
9203:
9079:
Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan, 1500-1850
8899:
8556:
8368:
Various American public figures in the early 2000s used the word in a negative manner, including
8208:
8075:). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and
7655:
7352:
7160:
7099:
6428:
5957:
5953:
5747:
and Dawshe Al-Kalai point out that, during this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the
4979:
4872:
3047:
2973:
2926:
2338:
2261:
in Fes (founded in 1271) and culminating with much larger and more ornate constructions like the
1900:
1460:
1122:
143:
14255:
11407:
8633:
5378:
5100:, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and
2461:. Depending on the educational demands, some madrasas also offer additional advanced courses in
17887:
17244:
16796:
16311:
15646:
15447:
15376:
15345:
15275:
14199:
14194:
14112:
13946:
13925:
13404:
11528:
8884:
Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". In List, Regina A.; Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.).
8147:
8051:
8039:
7582:
7398:
7279:
7275:
6836:
6597:
6090:
5967:
5696:
5571:
5279:
4485:
4400:
4303:
4241:
4112:
4062:
3711:
3699:
3281:
2549:
2175:
1448:
1257:
597:
363:
16715:
13750:
13135:"In Maharashtra, students obtaining full-time religious education to be considered uneducated"
12003:
11993:
11969:
11959:
11903:
11893:
11869:
11859:
10168:
8669:
7526:, founded in Tunis in 1252 and followed by many others. In Morocco, the first madrasa was the
7086:
founded in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). In Morocco, the first madrasa was the
5553:
to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the
3647:
19230:
17450:
16853:
16811:
16791:
16451:
16355:
16125:
16088:
16040:
15928:
15393:
15371:
14122:
13999:
10426:
Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
8276:
7909:
7609:
7227:
7194:
7164:
6993:
6184:
6109:
4450:
4375:
4052:
2544:
2502:
1979:
1963:). By the 900s AD, the Madrasa is noted to have become a successful higher education system.
1829:
1746:
literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.
1522:
specific educational institution, with their own funding and curricula, in contrast with the
1279:
592:
417:
201:
156:
18788:
18402:
9637:
9349:
8250:
7830:, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include:
7815:
hosting most of them, estimated by the Indian government to have 10,000 of those back then.
7307:
7283:
7243:
1805:
19235:
19016:
18845:
18290:
18063:
17796:
17550:
16848:
16843:
16833:
16818:
16801:
16786:
16776:
16725:
16705:
16691:
16471:
16120:
15620:
15050:
14957:
14902:
13335:"Poor Indonesian families are more likely to send their daughters to cheap Islamic schools"
13242:
OSELLA, FILIPPO, and CAROLINE OSELLA. “Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India.”
10403:
Gibb, H. A. R. (1970), "The University in the Arab-Moslem World", in Bradby, Edward (ed.),
8510:
8410:
8320:
7839:
7831:
7253:
7190:
7083:
7036:
6972:
6844:
6823:
6769:
6752:
6424:
6094:
6067:
6039:
included mathematics in its content. There are plenty of other examples of the issuance of
5975:
3837:
2961:
2956:
2844:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2539:
2246:
1612:
1479:
916:
11299:
9438:(2000) , "Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence", in Shank, Michael H. (ed.),
9000:
8984:
8964:
8948:
8928:
8574:
7811:
In 2008, India's madrassas were estimated to number between 8000 and 30,000, the state of
7189:) nonetheless built numerous monumental madrasas, many of which are excellent examples of
6653:
6645:
6636:
6563:
6492:
6444:
6432:
6269:
6259:
6245:
6236:
6224:
6151:
6143:
5989:
5946:
5885:
5784:
5767:
5710:
5665:
5658:
5643:
5627:
5605:
5592:
5582:
5564:
5555:
5547:
5538:
5524:
5515:
5477:
5470:
5419:
offered not only mastery in specified fields but also a more generalized, broader option.
5327:
5311:
5252:
5190:
5183:
5157:
5150:
5124:
5116:
5109:
5082:
5074:
5062:
5051:
5040:
2435:
2417:
2409:
2397:
2307:
2097:
2038:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1934:
1926:
1756:
1721:
1666:
1646:
1581:
1574:
1545:
1442:
8:
19189:
18747:
17808:
17566:
17408:
17338:
17310:
17249:
17142:
16823:
16806:
16781:
16760:
16566:
16197:
16135:
16045:
15982:
15892:
15880:
15285:
15161:
15055:
14871:
14310:
14107:
10588:
9972:
9207:
8345:
8300:
8170:
7823:
7230:. Either two or four large iwans stood at the ends of the central axes of the courtyard.
7129:
7095:
7052:
6938:
6724:
6593:
6222:' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of
6128:
5996:
5869:
5855:
5828:
5812:
5423:
5322:
5271:
5202:
5164:
4595:
4585:
4510:
4199:
4142:
4132:
4102:
4067:
4047:
2861:
2667:
2637:
2574:
2152:
1960:
1845:
1681:
1620:
991:
706:
602:
236:
136:
65:
13929:, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the
13718:
12615:
Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
6339:
that established them in the first place." Examples include the Dakhwariyya madrasah in
3353:
1684:, madrasas had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as
16735:
16551:
16514:
16481:
16476:
16441:
16398:
16286:
16257:
16177:
16140:
15675:
15575:
15452:
15366:
15297:
15207:
15143:
14951:
14927:
14604:
14582:
14542:
14384:
14287:
14238:
14204:
14095:
13905:
Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan
13802:
13462:
13433:
13306:
13302:"A madrasa blends traditional education with modern to keep up with the changing times"
13282:
13158:
12704:
12393:
12365:
12240:
11610:
11451:
11411:
11403:
11207:
11014:
10948:
10640:
10535:
10510:
10475:
10357:
10298:
10222:
10110:
9523:
9477:
9473:
9418:
9319:
8382:
8315:
of Indiana called for additional madrasas in the United States. There is a madrassa in
8031:
8023:
7570:
7547:
7472:
7342:
7113:
6964:
6903:
6860:
6671:
6574:
6158:
5892:
5816:
5799:
5275:
5168:
4525:
4460:
4445:
4415:
4214:
4209:
4194:
4087:
4082:
3776:
3749:
3348:
2936:
2906:
2892:
2493:
2262:
2212:
2167:
2136:
2106:. In addition to religious subjects, they taught the "rational sciences," as varied as
2085:
2081:
1849:
626:
583:
553:
536:
511:
456:
412:
124:
14450:
12290:
10488:
8605:
6079:
managed to show that one of its readers had sufficient knowledge in the medical text,
5956:(founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world."
2010:
created one of the first major official academic institutions known in history as the
1012:
19205:
19165:
18966:
18825:
18446:
17954:
17505:
16917:
16647:
16604:
16237:
16182:
16172:
16164:
16130:
16015:
15964:
15786:
15639:
15427:
15422:
15327:
15317:
15307:
14980:
14866:
14818:
14661:
14572:
14275:
14265:
14260:
14250:
14245:
14078:
13909:
13864:
13829:
13669:
13664:
12979:
12834:
12794:
12588:
12487:
12457:
12397:
12385:
12344:
12304:
12269:
12226:
12158:
12097:
12058:
12031:
12007:
11973:
11907:
11873:
11770:
11714:
11693:
11576:
11566:
11527:
Extensive bibliography in: Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa."
11511:
11484:
11415:
11398:
11381:
11253:
11101:
11061:
11018:
10974:
10952:
10909:
10873:
10814:
10770:
10766:
10742:
10721:
10711:
10685:
10606:
10540:
10480:
10427:
10408:
10302:
10226:
10114:
10041:
10000:
9976:
9841:
9807:
9730:
9703:
9643:
9616:
9588:
9527:
9443:
9410:
9402:
9323:
9311:
9169:
9161:
9118:
9083:
8484:
8472:
8453:
8015:
7620:
7543:
7511:
7503:
7202:
7071:
6913:
6895:
6887:
6843:), reflecting an ongoing transition to domed Islamic buildings in Anatolia and later
6799:
6613:
6531:
6475:
6219:
5912:
5748:
5491:, usually affiliated with a mosque, and funded by an early charitable trust known as
5303:
5089:
4701:
4682:
4228:
4189:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4092:
4077:
4040:
3671:
3055:
2799:
2462:
2254:
2115:
1987:
1940:
1881:
1616:
1262:
667:
631:
578:
491:
451:
313:
13626:
7102:(completed in 1341), all of which are lavishly decorated with sculpted wood, carved
6170:
As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of
5346:
3926:
19153:
18916:
18835:
18006:
17991:
17981:
17927:
17662:
17470:
17348:
17192:
17182:
17105:
16912:
16456:
16316:
16268:
16187:
16005:
15506:
15457:
15442:
15192:
14897:
14619:
14557:
14547:
14537:
14522:
14270:
14173:
14145:
14033:
13792:
13272:
12696:
12377:
12296:
11602:
11393:
11199:
11097:
11006:
10940:
10865:
10632:
10530:
10522:
10470:
10462:
10349:
10290:
10214:
10102:
9515:
9422:
9394:
9303:
9199:
9195:
9110:
8979:
8430:
8316:
7932:
7527:
7087:
6984:
6570:
6535:
6320:
6253:
6189:
6135:) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a
6072:
5933:
5832:
scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.
5759:
5732:
5488:
5299:
5198:
5093:
5023:
4672:
4657:
4642:
4590:
4495:
4395:
4298:
4261:
4204:
4184:
4179:
4152:
4072:
3931:
3694:
3602:
3492:
3487:
3271:
3176:
3114:
3079:
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
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7303:
5445:
was the Nāṣiriyya, named after Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd and built by Balban. These two
4712:
2476:, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the
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18830:
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17455:
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14471:
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13903:
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13609:
13228:
13180:"Court ruling effectively outlaws Islamic schools in India's most populous state"
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12854:
12522:
12481:
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12052:
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9908:
9888:
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8991:
8971:
8955:
8935:
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8495:
8444:
8397:
8373:
8339:(مدرسه) means any educational institution, of any description, (as does the term
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7896:
7889:
7877:
7624:
7589:
7507:
7348:
7182:
6948:
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6709:
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5122:
school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a
5056:
was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian
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4949:
4822:
4677:
4605:
4570:
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2697:
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across the rest of the Muslim world, adapted for use by all four different Sunni
1956:
1944:
1924:
1729:
1701:
1624:
1420:
1376:
1222:
1067:
611:
427:
387:
376:
358:
261:
206:
119:
10803:
A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages
9307:
8312:
8158:, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content.
4717:
3632:
3597:
1876:. The first part of madrasa-based education is estimated from the first day of "
1864:, etc. There was also training in horse-riding, the art of war, handwriting and
18951:
18820:
18720:
18633:
18468:
18312:
18164:
18159:
18134:
18053:
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17606:
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16083:
15907:
15902:
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15212:
15065:
14907:
14609:
13517:"BARMM to grant special eligibility for Madaris teachers in new education code"
10526:
10466:
9378:
8825:
Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".
8255:
8151:
7960:
7936:
7863:
7515:
7144:
7091:
7075:
7016:
7012:
6899:
6685:
6681:
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6527:
6523:
6406:
5908:
5824:
5740:
5287:
5239:
5172:
4862:
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4622:
4293:
4174:
4166:
3966:
3896:
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3587:
3440:
3390:
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1999:
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730:
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571:
558:
516:
461:
75:
18621:
18567:
12300:
10739:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages
9949:
Landau, J.M.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Kuttāb".
9166:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages
7047:
3592:
2294:-based religious foundation which included other elements like a mosque and a
19199:
19092:
18891:
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18815:
18356:
18204:
18119:
17907:
17882:
17290:
17275:
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16227:
15819:
15724:
15610:
15398:
15225:
15075:
14614:
14577:
14552:
14389:
13897:
Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan
12983:
12389:
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10725:
10294:
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9406:
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8643:
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6356:
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5354:
5291:
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3482:
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2408:
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2003:
1948:
1889:
1779:
1507:
1499:
1237:
1102:
1092:
1082:
636:
541:
501:
10995:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"
10824:
10279:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"
10091:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"
1591:
with the same general meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as:
19141:
18795:
18129:
17986:
17821:
17576:
16838:
16541:
16446:
16436:
16336:
16301:
16281:
16222:
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16035:
15938:
15885:
15485:
15410:
15060:
14912:
14790:
14506:
14355:
14340:
14054:
12154:
Peran kaum mudo dalam pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau 1803-1942
12152:
12054:
Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan
10580:
10484:
9929:
9414:
9191:
8855:
8560:
8458:
8377:
8258:
8166:
7759:
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7601:
7476:
7311:
7186:
6997:
6819:
6795:
6479:
6211:
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5449:
bear importance as a starting point for higher education for Muslim India.
4934:
4857:
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4652:
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4328:
3716:
3689:
3607:
3537:
3517:
3306:
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descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves (
1916:
1873:
1818:
1763:
1552:
1483:
1197:
1157:
1137:
921:
901:
687:
643:
380:
112:
101:
52:
16942:
12946:
10544:
10255:
Pederson, J; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R (March 30, 2009). "Madrasa".
6662:
6387:
which taught astronomy along with religious studies. According to Saliba:
5879:
Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī
5175:, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills).
3986:
3978:
3857:
1892:
initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres.
18911:
18855:
18654:
17892:
17423:
17157:
17137:
16519:
16431:
16360:
16296:
16252:
16070:
16025:
15978:
15912:
15756:
15719:
15565:
15548:
15037:
14527:
14435:
14335:
14222:
12531:(in French). Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
10737:
Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:
10218:
9435:
9180:
8478:
8291:, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are
7873:
7846:
7804:
7788:
7702:
As of early 2021, Afghanistan had some 5000 madrasas registered with the
7551:
7117:
6883:
6791:
6693:
6393:
5752:
5295:
5017:
4944:
4899:
4797:
4637:
4001:
3622:
3577:
3512:
3420:
3343:
3196:
3191:
2998:
2916:
2887:
2882:
2737:
2457:, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by
2144:
2045:
1952:
1865:
1511:
1207:
1062:
439:
397:
321:
13978:
13806:
13286:
9225:
The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171
8355:
examined bias in United States newspaper coverage of Pakistan since the
7278:, which included 16 madrasa buildings arranged symmetrically around the
5850:. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the
5341:
between 1155 and 1260. Institutions of learning were established in the
45:"Madraseh", "Medrese", and "Madraza" redirect here. For other uses, see
19177:
19077:
18840:
18700:
18562:
18458:
18154:
17996:
17621:
17581:
17392:
17127:
17040:
16976:
16660:
16584:
16491:
16466:
16426:
16020:
15791:
15776:
15771:
15739:
15714:
15340:
14422:
14379:
14350:
12708:
10944:
9519:
9398:
8222: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8181:
7869:
7755:
7711:
7669: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7020:
6562:
6467:
6420:
6380:
6348:
6315:
6029:
6025:
5937:
5736:
5726:
5535:
system had its origins in the ninth century after the formation of the
5342:
5326:
4909:
4837:
4817:
4812:
4410:
4276:
4097:
3906:
3684:
3617:
3564:
3430:
3333:
3216:
2983:
2839:
2774:
2662:
2607:
2389:
2352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2216:
2127:
2103:
2089:
2065:
2011:
1464:
1252:
1217:
444:
18936:
18730:
18184:
17728:
17642:
17480:
13861:"Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas"
13246:, vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346., doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198.
12582:
11614:
11211:
10644:
10561:. "The History of Libraries in the Arab World: A Diffusionist Model".
10405:
The University Outside Europe: Essays on the Development of University
10361:
9383:
NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin
9102:
while other scholars have argued that this distinction belongs to the
7265:
6676:
6659:
have always tended to vary, with some more or less strict than others.
6256:
are also modelled on Islamic custom." The Islamic scholarly system of
5940:
delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of
5531:("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic
5366:
2759:
2286:
19087:
19082:
19057:
18961:
18695:
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18285:
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17413:
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16990:
16937:
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15766:
15751:
15734:
15729:
15709:
15605:
15600:
15045:
14476:
14418:
14365:
14233:
13826:
Teaching and Learning the Sciences in Islamicate Societies (800-1700)
13692:
11835:, p. 23, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon
11822:, p. 22, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon
10451:"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres"
10372:
10370:
8359:, and found the term has come to contain a loaded political meaning:
8061:
7993:
7605:
7502:, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the
7214:
7178:
7153:
7133:
7056:
6928:
After the faltering of the Ayyubid dynasty and the transition to the
6803:
6443:
6372:
6368:
6179:
6113:. These are just a few select/historical examples of the issuance of
5050:
of the region. Like madrasas (which referred to higher education), a
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4580:
4545:
4520:
4323:
4281:
4271:
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2132:
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1857:
1791:
1527:
1172:
1087:
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1052:
1007:
941:
936:
886:
851:
343:
61:
13040:
Testimony of Samina Ahmed to U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
12700:
12483:
The Muslim Architecture of Egypt: Ayyūbids and early Baḥrite Mamlūks
11715:"Flying Goats And Other Obsessions: A Response to Toby Huff's Reply"
10206:
8197:
7644:
7359:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
7205:(also in Isfahan, 17th-18th centuries), or the 15th-century Timurid
6787:
6453:
2672:
2327:
2068:
at the time, by using these institutions to spread Sunni teachings.
19124:
19097:
19052:
19047:
18532:
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18409:
17949:
17932:
17382:
17343:
17280:
17223:
17197:
17162:
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16881:
16599:
16232:
15814:
15761:
15662:
15388:
14884:
14742:
14694:
14488:
14394:
14345:
14073:
13899:. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996.
12951:
12381:
11606:
11534:
11203:
10636:
10353:
9184:
8462:
8438:
8262:
8135:
7981:
7881:
7519:
7388:
7315:
7287:
7247:
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7079:
6976:
6891:
6784:
6689:
6487:
6340:
6104:
5896:
5756:
5637:
who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title
5618:
5334:
5283:
5227:
5061:
4954:
4867:
4847:
4832:
4627:
4600:
3956:
3916:
3862:
3450:
3231:
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3139:
3129:
3013:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2682:
2242:
2171:
2140:
2080:
consider the period between the 11th and 14th centuries to be the "
1877:
1836:
was the teacher and the students were some of his followers. After
1833:
1740:
also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term
1736:
1588:
1472:
1267:
1192:
1177:
1072:
791:
786:
781:
776:
653:
621:
335:
269:
57:
19011:
18805:
17545:
16891:
10994:
10841:
10367:
10278:
10090:
8067:
In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by
6910:. Many more examples from this period, however, have not survived.
6756:
6612:
While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal
6490:, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by
6450:(the women scholars of hadith), and found at least 8,000 of them.
6351:; the Madrasah established by Kamal al-Din Ibn Man`a (d. 1242) in
5861:
5600:
5374:
4787:
4782:
4727:
3996:
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18527:
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18317:
18124:
17959:
17897:
17692:
17515:
17500:
17475:
17328:
17172:
17070:
17000:
16947:
16589:
16291:
16202:
16050:
15997:
15933:
15827:
15580:
15403:
14999:
14687:
14445:
14440:
14427:
14411:
14404:
14399:
14131:
13573:"Application for membership Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York"
13489:
13370:
12643:
12544:
11927:
11472:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
11149:
9697:
9062:İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In
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8101:
7923:
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7499:
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7491:
7487:
7198:
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7005:
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5843:
5717:, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit."
5709:
5537:
5358:
5350:
5104:
among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and
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4802:
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4737:
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1995:
1983:
1920:
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771:
163:
35:
31:
13094:. Working Paper. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, p. 18
10508:
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Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015).
8824:
6809:
6608:; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith.
3798:
2407:(the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a
2395:
A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a
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17259:
17207:
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15558:
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14728:
14641:
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13991:
13966:
12547:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
9700:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
9568:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
8550:
8424:
8162:
8105:
7819:
7740:
7120:. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in
7108:
7103:
6933:
6907:
6720:
s (religious and charitable complexes) that included madrasas.
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6511:
6244:
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2230:
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and subsequently spread to other regions of the Islamic world.
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17803:
12222:
Women shaping Islam : Indonesian women reading the Qurʼan
9948:
9687:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
9636:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).
9146:
Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
8731:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".
7727:
or non-government madrasas. Amongst them the most notable are
6024:
can be seen in numerous manuscripts, or more specifically, in
5088:
schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in
3657:
3477:
3373:
2468:
People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming
2139:, the territories under the Caliphate experienced a growth in
1824:
The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of
19001:
18996:
18991:
18986:
18981:
18881:
18659:
18552:
18537:
18346:
18212:
18144:
18114:
18109:
18011:
17976:
17902:
17877:
17667:
17647:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17238:
17228:
17177:
17132:
17117:
17111:
17085:
17080:
17029:
17024:
17019:
16995:
16876:
16093:
15943:
15834:
15809:
15704:
15615:
15570:
15553:
15166:
14991:
14945:
14933:
14735:
14721:
14680:
14457:
14295:
14152:
14138:
14059:
14022:
12793:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
12028:
The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire
11540:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
11315:
11313:
11286:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
10661:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
10376:
George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",
9836:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).
9802:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Hafsid".
8489:
8406:
8348:
began with Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools.
8296:
7707:
7632:
7586:
7442:
B) Oral sciences—such as Arabic language, grammar and syntax.
7222:
6943:
6922:
6856:
6840:
6827:
6652:
6635:
6588:
6558:
6539:
6499:
6352:
6258:
5873:
5683:
5677:
5634:
5591:
5581:
5450:
5243:
An illustration of an "Arab university in Cairo" from 1869's
5232:
5097:
5072:
in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the
4964:
4894:
4827:
4777:
4772:
4757:
4540:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4475:
4343:
4333:
4256:
4006:
3941:
3783:
3764:
3627:
3582:
3572:
3547:
3532:
3405:
3296:
3241:
3236:
3201:
3171:
2824:
2819:
2692:
2657:
2617:
2592:
2587:
2416:
2208:
1904:
1468:
1400:
1362:
1242:
1232:
1212:
1202:
1142:
1117:
1097:
1057:
1037:
946:
931:
906:
896:
881:
871:
861:
856:
836:
821:
811:
734:
648:
526:
217:
175:
168:
91:
83:
13668:. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from
8844:. United States: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 46, 76, 77.
7795:
7181:
dynasty and the many dynasties that followed them (e.g. the
6498:
because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent
5987:
were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of
18453:
18436:
18295:
18174:
18169:
18149:
18139:
18104:
18048:
18001:
17917:
17657:
17616:
17402:
17376:
17233:
17152:
16968:
16321:
16104:
15974:
15631:
14832:
14804:
14754:
14701:
14646:
14159:
13213:
13211:
10020:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
8155:
7259:
6780:
6547:
6384:
6336:
6302:
6268:
6171:
6137:
5904:
5508:
4842:
4762:
4515:
4348:
4338:
3852:
3803:
3400:
3291:
2707:
2652:
2627:
2469:
2284:) was a common institution as well, often part of a larger
2203:
1772:
1592:
1491:
1406:
1336:
1318:
1182:
1162:
1107:
951:
846:
766:
751:
277:
185:
13908:. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006.
13367:"Contrasting views of madrasahs in multi-ethnic Singapore"
12715:
12617:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
11310:
10207:"Medieval Higher Education: Islamic and Western Academics"
9440:
The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
7803:, India. This mosque dates back to the 1700s and is where
18241:
16461:
15948:
15848:
12879:
A History of Tension between Iran's Clerics and the State
12674:
Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City
12585:
Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre
11673:, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1992), pp. 272-273 (272):
11552:
11550:
11120:
10254:
9891:. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2).
9635:
9442:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 215–31,
5545:(schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the
1966:
1391:
1330:
826:
13208:
12122:"Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah"
12096:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 1–38.
10335:
10333:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10325:
9835:
8580:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
7899:' of Kerala are the equivalent of north Indian madrasas.
6055:
to teach his mathematical treatise on the dust letters.
11719:
Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies
11690:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
11444:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
11361:
11349:
11337:
10854:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1957–1958
10837:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1155–1156
10758:
10682:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
10603:
Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
8755:
Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah".
7706:(unregistered ones being uncounted) with around 250 in
6411:
Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world
5798:) simply means 'university'. For more information, see
27:
School or college, often providing an Islamic education
12424:
Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis
11642:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11547:
11325:
11252:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196,
11171:
9804:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
9613:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
8733:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
7984:, where a significant Muslim population can be found.
7775:
social sciences are graduates of these Alia madrasas.
7209:
and two other monumental 17th-century madrasas at the
5827:, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel argue that the European
5815:
have argued that, starting in the tenth century, some
1947:
in 969–970 in Cairo, initially as a center to promote
1840:(migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in
19113:
13485:"Catholic Philippines teaches Islam in state schools"
12190:"Rahmah el Yunusiyyah Pejuang Pendidikan Kaum Wanita"
10322:
9350:"Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic"
8842:
Curriculum Studies in Turkey:A Historical Perspective
7868:
Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional
7770:
The madrasas regulated by the government through the
7445:
C) Intellectual sciences—logic in Islamic philosophy.
7015:, came to prominence in Egypt. They also appeared in
6983:, is still essentially Ayyubid in style. The city of
5278:. Some madrasas further extended their curriculum to
1660:, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word
1475:), though this may not be the only subject studied.
1403:
1365:
1333:
15536:
11655:
11653:
8420:
6734:
1397:
1394:
1359:
1327:
1324:
13660:"Jumping on the US Bandwagon for a "War on Terror""
12947:"Govt Plans to Bring Madrassas Under State Control"
11633:
9911:. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62.
9285:
9283:
7439:
A) Calligraphic sciences—such as styles of writing.
7004:), which was rebuilt in its current form by Sultan
5231:Courtyard of the Al-Azhar Mosque and University in
2487:
2317:
1579:, meaning "a place where something is done". Thus,
1388:
1385:
1321:
1315:
13719:"Madrassas breeding grounds of terrorists: Powell"
12087:
12085:
12030:. Reaktion Books. pp. 268–368 and elsewhere.
9838:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
9164:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.):
8275:secular and religious education. Among Muslims of
8134:nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in
7967:) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม (
6963:, most madrasas and mosques in Egypt followed the
6727:opened a school located in Padang Panjang called
6569:in the 12th century, there were opportunities for
6396:, which is another point that he seems to neglect.
13944: (archived October 27, 2009). Reprinted from
13676:
12881:, Mehdi Khalaji 26 July 2010 Washington Institute
12773:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
12671:
11650:
10762:The heritage of European universities, Volume 548
10509:Nigel J. Shanks, Dawshe Al-Kalai (January 1984).
9923:"Islamic religious schools, Madrasas: Background"
8287:The first Madressa established in North America,
7826:constitutes one of the biggest madrasas) and the
7799:This is a madarasa of the Jamia Masjid mosque in
7573:has been the official religion of Iran since the
2155:but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the
19197:
13751:"Rivals CNN and Fox News Spar Over Obama Report"
13711:
13031:
12988:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
12441:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
12426:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
12182:
10908:by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 -
10061:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition — Brill"
9801:
9702:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
9610:
9570:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
9280:
9252:
8506:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation
7177:s (legal schools of thought). Later, the Mongol
7159:Very few if any formal madrasas from before the
6728:
5475:" can now refer to any type of school, the term
1796:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation
13828:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 77–111.
12082:
10036:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999),
9995:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999),
9967:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999),
9685:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
9543:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984),
9274:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992),
9272:The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo
9064:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600
8754:
7518:dynasties which succeeded them. In Tunisia (or
7392:Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through
7139:
1749:
13653:
13651:
13105:"Indian state de-recognises madrasa education"
12510:Damascus, and (b) the Tankizīya, at Jerusalem.
12421:
12366:"Inside a Residential Girls' Madrasa in India"
11297:, or license to teach; in medieval Islam, the
11250:Ernest Gellner and contemporary social thought
10708:Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society
9377:
9255:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction
7453:
6830:, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art
5513:Madrasas were largely centred on the study of
17847:
16676:
15647:
15522:
14007:
13523:. Bangsamoro Information Office. 2021-05-19.
13221:Volume VI. Leiden E. J. Brill 1988 p. 458-66
12822:
12818:. Princeton University Press. pp. 29–30.
12144:
12115:
12113:
11709:
9462:
8475:—most common madrasa curriculum in South Asia
8060:Students of Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah in
6810:Evolution and spread across different regions
4987:
1287:
707:
13627:"What role for madrassas that teach Hindus?"
13201:
13199:
13163:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13133:Rashid, Alok Deshpande, Omar (3 July 2015).
13062:"An education: Inside Bangladesh's madrasas"
12921:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia"
12894:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia"
12676:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
12521:
12268:. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 175.
12218:
12050:
11763:Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800
11760:
11432:2nd ed. (Cambridge University, 2003) p. 149.
10924:
10035:
9994:
9966:
9499:
8757:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
7163:have survived in Iran. One exception is the
5739:teaching hospitals, there were also several
1714:
1640:
1568:
1436:
13854:Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan
13748:
13742:
13648:
12911:
12884:
12847:
12750:
12748:
12746:
12612:
12253:
11953:
11951:
11243:
11241:
10557:
9347:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9040:
8886:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
8856:"madrasah - Origin and meaning of madrasah"
7414:Madrasas built by earlier sultans in Bursa.
5188:refers to the secondary education stage of
1933:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named
17854:
17840:
16683:
16669:
16113:
15654:
15640:
15529:
15515:
14014:
14000:
12756:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
12672:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010).
12436:
12288:
12245:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12157:. Padang: BPSNT Padang Press. p. 63.
12110:
11601:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 ,
11586:
11456:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11198:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 ,
11091:
10986:
10858:
10674:
10348:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 ,
10151:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world
9289:
9242:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104.
9096:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9020:
8730:
8573:
8353:Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
8130:In 2004, madrasas were mainstreamed in 16
7876:. The latter section consists of majority
6951:(built in 1284–1285) and the neighbouring
4994:
4980:
4406:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
2143:, having the highest literacy rate of the
1994:In the late 11th century, during the late
1294:
1280:
714:
700:
13796:
13332:
13299:
13276:
13196:
12758:. United Kingdom: U of Cambridge P, 2002.
12560:
12558:
12556:
12091:
12025:
11925:
11397:
10831:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus",
10534:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10474:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10272:
10270:
9962:
9960:
9920:
9292:"Islamic Education: History and Tendency"
8238:Learn how and when to remove this message
7818:The majority of these schools follow the
7729:Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam
7685:Learn how and when to remove this message
7375:Learn how and when to remove this message
7042:
6979:, which contains the mausoleum of Sultan
6839:, founded in 1279, and other madrasas in
6071:. In addition, a copy of a commentary on
5775:
5681:, soliciting from him a response, called
5333:, as well as 75 madrasas in Cairo, 51 in
2368:Learn how and when to remove this message
1813:(marked by the green roofs and the white
16690:
16397:
13931:Lahore University of Management Sciences
13889:Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?
13823:
13682:
13254:
13252:
12872:
12775:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
12766:
12764:
12743:
12721:
12608:
12606:
12604:
12515:
12476:
12422:El Kadi, Galila; Bonnamy, Alain (2007).
11995:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11961:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11948:
11895:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11861:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World
11595:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11386:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11367:
11355:
11343:
11331:
11319:
11247:
11238:
11192:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11177:
10872:. Oxford University Press. p. 328.
10864:
10625:Journal of the American Oriental Society
10616:
10579:
10515:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
10455:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
10342:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9779:
9777:
9682:
9341:
9222:
9117:. Oxford University Press. p. 328.
9109:
8326:
8323:in Pakistan, also serves as a madrassa.
8249:
8055:
7917:
7794:
7782:
7745:
7619:
7466:
7302:
7237:
7143:
7046:
6912:
6818:
6774:
6661:
6452:
5860:
5613:
5325:(the most famous), the eleventh century
5238:
5226:
5155:wrote that children should be sent to a
5137:
5016:
2161:
1973:
1804:
51:
13892:. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
13657:
13238:
13236:
13009:
12977:
12828:
12791:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique
12784:
12782:
12689:The Journal of Architectural Historians
12686:
12578:
12576:
12574:
12540:
12538:
12451:
11991:
11957:
11891:
11857:
11592:
11559:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations
11556:
11446:(2nd ed.). Cambridge. p. 179.
11189:
10967:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations
10964:
10896:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.
10894:Engineering Education in the Arab World
10886:
10339:
9797:
9795:
9783:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9642:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
9606:
9604:
9135:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.
9133:Engineering Education in the Arab World
9017:
8481:—another similar type of Islamic school
7522:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the
7417:Madrasas endowed by great men of state.
7082:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the
6577:, writing that women could study, earn
6196:prior to their formal establishment as
5006:
1986:, established in 1227, one of the only
1688:. In medieval usage, however, the term
14:
19198:
17861:
15674:
13482:
13132:
13072:from the original on 21 September 2021
12959:from the original on 21 September 2021
12944:
12918:
12891:
12816:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography
12788:
12770:
12732:
12730:
12553:
12363:
10992:
10847:
10830:
10759:Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (2006-01-01).
10622:
10495:
10448:
10437:
10407:, Ayer Publishing, pp. 281–298 ,
10276:
10267:
10250:
10248:
10205:Garcia, Michelle (February 25, 2013).
10204:
10200:
10198:
10163:
10161:
10088:
9999:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 34–5,
9957:
9951:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9944:
9942:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9639:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
9578:
9576:
9541:Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages
9075:
8998:) translates as 'Islamic school', and
8883:
8827:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8073:Islamic Religious Council of Singapore
7845:In July 2015, the state government of
7704:Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs
5393:discourse in the Islamic world, these
5250:During its formative period, the term
5178:
4381:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2102:curriculum and the subsequent rise of
17835:
16664:
16386:
15673:
15635:
15510:
15252:
15020:
14636:
13995:
13624:
13249:
13177:
12833:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale.
12813:
12761:
12627:
12601:
12334:
12259:
12132:from the original on 16 February 2021
12051:Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017-03-02).
11936:from the original on 29 November 2016
11745:
11379:
11144:
11142:
11053:
10701:
10585:Traditional Islam in the modern world
10511:"Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages"
10233:from the original on January 15, 2023
9900:Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015).
9865:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9722:
9582:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9434:
9266:
9264:
9237:
8839:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8600:
8598:
7631:, built in the early-14th century in
7434:The following is taken from İnalcık.
7293:
6692:) and designed by imperial architect
2032:, who would later be murdered by the
1915:), established in 859 in the city of
1419:
15021:
14637:
13778:
13300:Rajbanshi, Arjun (27 October 2019).
13258:
13233:
13059:
12779:
12571:
12535:
12430:
12415:
12328:
12150:
11671:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
11441:
11290:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260):
11060:. Infobase Publishing. p. 447.
10813:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
10741:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
10665:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264):
10402:
10012:
9792:
9788:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
9754:
9601:
9168:, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
8784:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8220:adding citations to reliable sources
8191:
8187:
8175:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
8083:curriculum subjects and sit for the
7667:adding citations to reliable sources
7638:
7320:
6953:complex of his son al-Nasir Muhammad
5133:
2403:course teaching memorization of the
2350:adding citations to reliable sources
2321:
12919:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) .
12892:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) .
12807:
12740:. New York: U of Cambridge P, 2006.
12727:
12445:
12119:
11848:. (Hollis and Carter, 1964), p. 196
10906:Civilization: The West and the Rest
10563:Libraries & the Cultural Record
10245:
10195:
10158:
10040:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 37,
9939:
9820:
9786:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
9716:
9691:
9667:
9573:
9354:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9011:
8995:
8975:
8959:
8939:
8401:, authored by university professor
7772:Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board
7298:
6604:How splendid were the women of the
6458:Al-Jamiatul Arabia Haildhar Madrasa
6400:
5795:
5216:
4386:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
4041:National literatures of Arab States
2077:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1715:
1713:word for a university, however, is
1641:
1569:
1437:
24:
19221:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
18062:
17719:Influences on Western architecture
13846:
13549:. Fox News Channel. July 5, 2012.
13373:. 19 February 2009. Archived from
13333:Asadullah, M Niaz (6 March 2020).
12978:Siddiqi, ABM Saiful Islam (2012).
12337:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia
11800:from the original on 16 March 2017
11544:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264)
11139:
11127:from the original on 25 April 2012
10449:Miller, Andrew C (December 2006).
10380:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260)
9921:Blanchard, Christopher M. (2008).
9854:
9549:
9261:
9155:
8962:) translates as 'private school',
8595:
6850:
6814:
6077:Problems of Medicine for Students,
5763:western societies in later years.
4391:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
1766:, which is to say a college where
25:
19257:
16219:Attributes of God in Christianity
13959:
13863:, Oxford University Press, 2009.
13603:Translation of "مدرسه" in English
13553:from the original on May 20, 2013
12486:. Hacker Art Books. p. 131.
11750:. Oxford: Interface Publications.
11677:communication were so important).
9152:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264
9082:. Northwestern University Press.
9066:. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178.
8900:"Alternate Spellings of Madrassa"
8763:
8739:
8687:
7950:
7787:Quvvathul Islam Senior Madrassa,
7233:
7221:thanks to intense patronage from
7011:Cruciform madrasas, which have a
6440:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
6242:('reading aloud the Qur'an') and
6141:institution like the madrasa and
5720:
2241:introduced the first madrasas to
2215:(or Madrasa al-Kubra) founded by
1939:. This was later followed by the
1639:In the Arabic language, the word
1634:
19183:
19171:
19159:
19147:
19135:
19123:
17815:
17802:
16890:
16646:
15538:Islamic educational institutions
15491:
15490:
15479:
15000:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
14190:Timeline of the history of Islam
14021:
13977:
13965:
13772:
13618:
13596:
13565:
13539:
13509:
13476:
13447:
13418:
13389:
13359:
13326:
13293:
13171:
13145:from the original on 3 July 2015
13126:
13097:
13084:
13053:
12971:
12945:Rahimi, Zahra (8 January 2021).
12938:
12680:
12665:
12636:
12621:
12470:
12357:
12282:
12266:The Religious traditions of Asia
12264:. In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.).
12219:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (2006).
12212:
12200:from the original on 16 May 2022
12044:
12019:
11985:
11919:
11885:
11851:
11838:
11825:
11812:
11782:
11761:Guity Nashat, Lois Beck (2003),
11754:
11739:
11703:
11682:
11663:
11620:
11521:
11504:
11494:
11477:
11408:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611
11399:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611
9253:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989).
8650:from the original on 6 June 2019
8437:
8423:
8306:
8196:
8113:instead of enrolling full-time.
7710:, including the Darul-Ulom Imam
7643:
7325:
7150:Ulugh Beg Madrasa (15th century)
6894:in 1229) and the more important
6442:, has written 40 volumes on the
6291:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
6287:University of Naples Federico II
6083:Later on in this commentary, an
2517:
2488:Education in historical madrasas
2326:
2318:Islamic education in the madrasa
1951:teachings, which later became a
1800:
1672:more closely resembles the term
1551:derives from the triconsonantal
1381:
1355:
1311:
681:
90:
17688:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
16277:Great Architect of the Universe
15351:List of ex-Muslim organisations
13921:Revisiting the Madrasa Question
13761:from the original on 2015-06-05
13731:from the original on 2017-05-04
13700:from the original on 2008-02-05
13685:"Rumsfeld's war-on-terror memo"
13683:Rumsfeld, Donald (2003-10-16).
13637:from the original on 2011-09-23
13527:from the original on 2021-05-19
13497:from the original on 2 May 2021
13483:Mogato, Manny (21 March 2007).
13347:from the original on 1 May 2021
13314:from the original on 2 May 2021
13115:from the original on 2022-06-10
13092:The State and Madrasas in India
12998:from the original on 2016-03-06
12654:from the original on 2020-07-24
12500:from the original on 2023-01-15
12404:from the original on 2021-11-22
12317:from the original on 2022-03-23
12171:from the original on 2022-07-01
12071:from the original on 2022-04-08
11729:from the original on 2009-12-31
11464:
11435:
11422:
11373:
11280:
11265:
11223:
11183:
11160:from the original on 2020-08-08
11113:
11085:
11074:from the original on 2022-04-08
11047:
11028:from the original on 2017-09-23
10958:
10918:
10899:
10848:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia",
10794:
10783:from the original on 2023-01-15
10752:
10731:
10695:
10655:
10595:
10573:
10551:
10420:
10396:
10383:
10312:from the original on 2017-09-23
10185:from the original on 2008-10-07
10142:
10124:from the original on 2017-09-23
10082:
10071:from the original on 2021-08-09
10053:
10029:
9988:
9914:
9894:
9874:
9743:from the original on 2023-01-15
9656:from the original on 2023-01-15
9629:
9585:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide
9566:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007.
9533:
9493:
9456:
9428:
9371:
9360:from the original on 2019-04-17
9330:from the original on 2023-01-15
9290:Hilgendorf, Eric (April 2003).
9246:
9231:
9216:
9140:
9069:
8921:
8910:from the original on 2017-10-14
8892:
8877:
8866:from the original on 2020-08-13
8848:
8269:
8207:needs additional citations for
7737:Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah
7654:needs additional citations for
7595:
7242:The Salis Medrese, part of the
6763:
5142:Muslim children at a maktab in
2337:needs additional citations for
1461:type of educational institution
12295:. Amsterdam University Press.
11746:Nadwi, Mohammad Akram (2013).
10870:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
10692:, p. 133-139, 149-159, 179-189
10065:referenceworks.brillonline.com
9227:. Clarendon Press. p. 36.
9115:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
8833:
8662:
8626:
8611:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
8567:
8534:
8116:
7758:lies in front of the historic
7697:
7098:(built in 1323–1325), and the
6957:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan
6919:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan
6871:(Saladin) in 1180 next to the
6415:List of female Muslim scholars
5599:'scholar competent in issuing
5114:described the curriculum of a
2174:, originally built in 1167 by
1967:The development of the formal
1880:" to the first portion of the
1421:[mædˈræ.sæ,ˈmad.ra.sa]
13:
1:
16056:Trinity of the Church Fathers
13982:The dictionary definition of
13798:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135
13658:Moeller, Susan (2007-06-21).
13278:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135
13060:Anam, Tahmima (20 May 2011).
12992:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
12738:Early Modern Europe 1450–1789
12456:. Fayard. pp. 139, 240.
10038:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4
9997:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4
9969:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4
9476:, p. 117, archived from
9348:Tony Street (July 23, 2008).
9257:. E.J. Brill. pp. 58–62.
9014:) translates as 'university'.
8583:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
8522:
8346:the evolution of universities
8311:On May 26, 2012, Congressman
7922:Madrasa e Faizan e Madina in
7717:
7615:
7585:"), has been a Twelver Shi'i
6081:Synopses of the Alexandrians.
5735:was most often taught at the
5521:(Islamic jurisprudence). The
5498:
1990:-era madrasas remaining today
1817:) on the skyline of historic
1664:in British English, the word
1559:'to learn, study', using the
1533:
1459:, is the Arabic word for any
17780:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
16387:
15661:
15336:Apostasy in Islam by country
15203:Liberalism and progressivism
13625:Nahar, Sunita (2006-03-31).
13023:. 2009-03-31. Archived from
13017:"Qawmi madrasas under watch"
12262:"7. Islam in Southeast Asia"
11767:University of Illinois Press
11430:Rise of early modern science
11054:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
10393:2nd. ed. p. 78-79; 136, 155.
10391:Rise of Early Modern Science
10179:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
9296:Peabody Journal of Education
8527:
8469:— Jewish religious schooling
8123:Education in the Philippines
8069:Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura
8045:
7987:
7857:
7752:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh
7733:Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya
7540:Qarawiyyin Mosque-University
7482:In northwestern Africa (the
7425:
7191:Iranian Islamic architecture
7140:Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia
7062:In northwestern Africa (the
6873:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i
6736:Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat
6474:From around 750, during the
5854:s (such as al-Qarawīyīn and
5589:'scholar of jurisprudence',
5579:s giving them the status of
5526:ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ
2135:of royal courts. During the
1750:Meaning and usage in English
1538:
7:
16307:Phenomenological definition
13781:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth"
13749:Bill Carter (2007-01-27) .
13261:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth"
13217:Miller, R. E. "Mappila" in
12628:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
12613:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
12566:Islam: Art and Architecture
11833:The Awakened: Women in Iraq
11820:The Awakened: Women in Iraq
11692:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
11474:, No. 2 (1983), pp. 304-305
11300:
11121:"Metapress - Discover More"
10993:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006),
10684:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
10605:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,
10277:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006),
10089:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006),
9870:. Antique Collectors' Club.
9806:. Oxford University Press.
9723:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
9683:Williams, Caroline (2018).
9615:. Oxford University Press.
9308:10.1207/s15327930pje7802_04
9104:University of al-Qarawiyyin
9001:
8985:
8965:
8949:
8929:
8860:Online Etymology Dictionary
8416:
8289:Al-Rashid Islamic Institute
8142:(DepEd). The DepEd adopted
8098:International Baccalaureate
7903:
7882:Islamists (political Islam)
7454:Social life and the medrese
7355:the claims made and adding
6735:
6654:
6646:
6637:
6564:
6493:
6445:
6433:
6347:, a subject also taught at
6270:
6260:
6246:
6237:
6225:
6152:
6144:
6047:Ali b. Muhammad al-Qalasadi
5990:
5947:
5932:also delivered lectures on
5921:logic in Islamic philosophy
5886:
5785:
5768:
5711:
5666:
5659:
5644:
5628:
5606:
5593:
5583:
5565:
5556:
5548:
5539:
5525:
5516:
5478:
5471:
5328:
5319:University of al-Qarawiyyin
5312:
5253:
5191:
5184:
5158:
5151:
5125:
5117:
5110:
5083:
5075:
5063:
5052:
5041:
4556:One Thousand and One Nights
2436:
2433:(Qur'anic interpretation),
2418:
2410:
2398:
2308:
2098:
2039:
2028:
2026:(sessions of the shaykhs).
2021:
2013:
2005:
1935:
1927:
1757:
1722:
1667:
1647:
1582:
1575:
1546:
1526:palace schools attended by
1443:
265:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
19262:
17148:Islamic geometric patterns
15253:
13954:Madrasa Education in India
13817:
13178:Mogul, Rhea (2024-03-25).
12986:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
12364:Borker, Hem (2021-06-01).
12026:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) .
12000:Greenwood Publishing Group
11992:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11966:Greenwood Publishing Group
11958:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11900:Greenwood Publishing Group
11892:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11866:Greenwood Publishing Group
11858:Lindsay, James E. (2005),
11563:Edinburgh University Press
11150:"Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya"
11092:Necipogulu, Gulru (1996),
10971:Edinburgh University Press
10937:University of Hawaii Press
10800:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde:
10527:10.1177/014107688407700115
10467:10.1177/014107680609901208
10024:Cambridge University Press
9840:. Paris: Louvre éditions.
9512:University of Hawaii Press
8759:. Oxford University Press.
8735:. Oxford University Press.
8639:Collins English Dictionary
8501:List of Islamic seminaries
8357:September 11, 2001 attacks
8138:under the auspices of the
8120:
8049:
7991:
7907:
7861:
7462:
7094:(built in 1321–1328), the
7078:dynasties. In Tunisia (or
7008:in the late 15th century.
6886:and propaganda during the
6767:
6404:
5724:
5502:
5220:
5010:
4319:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
3386:Andalusian classical music
3312:Arabic musical instruments
2643:Islamic geometric patterns
2491:
1884:. At the beginning of the
1789:
1785:
1775:in the 11th century under
1000:Legal vocations and titles
56:The three madrasas at the
44:
29:
19025:
18874:
18776:
18678:
18642:
18467:
18203:
18073:
18060:
17870:
17793:
17737:
17706:
17680:
17630:
17582:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
17559:
17443:
17436:
17362:
17319:
17268:
17216:
17094:
17010:
16961:
16899:
16888:
16869:
16862:
16698:
16644:
16613:
16575:
16528:
16505:
16393:
16382:
16335:
16211:
16163:
16069:
15996:
15957:
15921:
15858:
15847:
15800:
15695:
15686:
15682:
15669:
15544:
15474:
15359:
15326:
15266:
15262:
15248:
15175:
15142:
15114:Geography and cartography
15089:
15036:
15032:
15016:
14842:
14764:
14711:
14660:
14656:
14632:
14502:
14326:
14286:
14169:
14121:
14045:
14041:
14030:
13916:. Chapter on "Madrassas".
13875:"Understanding Madrasahs"
13397:"Background of Madrasahs"
13219:The Encyclopedia of Islam
12831:Fès: La ville essentielle
12829:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003).
12736:Wiesner-Hanks, E. Merry.
12644:"Madrasah-i Madar-i Shah"
12094:Ulama perempuan Indonesia
9784:Marçais, Georges (1954).
9729:. Yale University Press.
9223:Creswell, K.A.C. (1952).
8282:
7972:
6937:reputations. In Egyptian
6314:which set the scholastic
6045:for scientific subjects.
6026:Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi's
5930:‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī
5823:. However, scholars like
5772:was given highest rank."
5657:Much of the study in the
5027:and the top floor held a
4366:The Theology of Aristotle
3833:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
3730:Love in Arabic literature
2979:Arabic geometric patterns
2942:Islamic hardstone carving
2873:Ancient South Arabian art
1652:simply means the same as
1471:(loosely equivalent to a
19216:Arabic words and phrases
17698:Museum with No Frontiers
16061:Trinitarian universalism
15433:Islamic view of miracles
13938:"Madaris in Perspective"
13824:Brentjes, Sonja (2018).
13779:Fair, Christine (2012).
13615:, accessed 11 April 2021
13259:Fair, Christine (2012).
12789:Gaudio, Attilio (1982).
12771:Parker, Richard (1981).
12632:. Yale University Press.
12437:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
12341:Rowman & Littlefield
12289:Srimulyani, Eka (2012).
12194:Jejak Islam untuk Bangsa
11831:Doreen Insgrams (1983),
11818:Doreen Insgrams (1983),
11628:Lexikon des Mittelalters
11380:Brack, Jonathan (2019).
11011:10.1177/0011392106058837
10928:Journal of World History
10851:Lexikon des Mittelalters
10834:Lexikon des Mittelalters
10702:Pryds, Darleen (2000), "
10295:10.1177/0011392106058837
10107:10.1177/0011392106058837
9503:Journal of World History
8038:(MAK, the equivalent of
8036:Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan
8022:(MTs, the equivalent of
8014:(MI, the equivalent of
7942:
7878:Salafists (the Mujahids)
7778:
7579:Islamic Republic of Iran
6961:legal schools of thought
6355:which taught astronomy,
5917:early Islamic philosophy
3735:Arabic erotic literature
2932:Palestinian wood carving
2472:. The certificate of an
2018:, based on the informal
1980:Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya
1897:Great Mosque of Damascus
1888:period, the reliance on
1844:on the east side of the
354:Medieval Islamic science
47:Madrasa (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
17809:Architecture portal
16263:Godhead in Christianity
15188:Creationism (evolution)
12452:Raymond, André (1993).
12225:. Urbana. p. 173.
11926:ibn al-Hajjaj, Muslim.
10174:Encyclopædia Britannica
9238:Brett, Michael (2017).
9176:, pp. 35–76 (35):
9106:, also founded in 859.
8557:Oxford University Press
8144:Department Order No. 51
8140:Department of Education
8030:(MA, the equivalent of
7565:
7132:of the 16th century in
6429:biographical dictionary
5958:Mustansiriya University
5836:Al-Qarawīyīn University
5819:madrasas indeed became
5245:Die Gartenlaube Journal
4242:Islamic Aristotelianism
4237:Early Arabic Philosophy
1901:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
1486:which primarily taught
18067:
17714:Indo-Saracenic Revival
17114:(multicoloured ashlar)
15448:Persecution of Muslims
15346:List of former Muslims
14195:Succession to Muhammad
13926:The News International
13852:Sultan Ali of Sawabi.
13521:BARMM Official Website
13403:. 1994. Archived from
12814:Irwin, Robert (2019).
12335:Kahin, Audrey (2015).
11679:
11557:Goddard, Hugh (2000),
11529:Encyclopaedia of Islam
11307:
11277:
11235:
11220:
10965:Goddard, Hugh (2000),
10671:
10257:Encyclopaedia of Islam
9213:
8393:
8366:
8266:
8150:, Sarang Bangun LC in
8148:Islamic City of Marawi
8064:
8052:Madrasahs in Singapore
8040:vocational high school
7964:
7927:
7808:
7792:
7763:
7636:
7581:, the head of state ("
7544:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque
7479:
7451:
7399:Muhammad the Conqueror
7318:
7310:and medrese (1580) in
7250:
7156:
7112:mosaic tilework. The
7084:Madrasa al-Shamma'iyya
7059:
7043:Maghreb (North Africa)
6949:Sultan Qalawun complex
6925:
6831:
6729:
6697:
6631:
6625:in a loud voice. her
6620:lectures in his time:
6610:
6575:medieval Islamic world
6471:
6398:
6329:
6305:and medieval European
6207:
6198:universitas scholarium
6168:
6091:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
5876:
5776:Madrasa and university
5693:religious law of Islam
5622:
5310:. The curriculum of a
5247:
5236:
5147:
5092:instead of individual
5031:
4879:South Arabian deities
4401:Theologus Autodidactus
3282:Rhythm in Arabic music
2315:
2247:Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya
2178:
1991:
1821:
364:Succession to Muhammad
68:
18066:
17451:Congregational mosque
16909:(four-arch structure)
16089:Fate of the unlearned
16041:Shield of the Trinity
15232:Conversion to mosques
15099:Alchemy and chemistry
13090:Nair, Padmaja (2009)
12925:Encyclopaedia Iranica
12898:Encyclopaedia Iranica
12260:Johns, A. H. (1989).
11674:
11291:
11272:
11231:
11216:
11057:Encyclopedia of Islam
10666:
10018:Toby E. Huff (2003),
9866:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
9583:Burns, Ross (2009) .
9208:medieval universities
9177:
9076:McHugh, Neil (1994).
8840:Aktan, Sümer (2018).
8553:UK English Dictionary
8388:
8361:
8327:Common misconceptions
8253:
8059:
7921:
7910:Madrassas in Pakistan
7798:
7786:
7749:
7623:
7610:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
7470:
7436:
7306:
7241:
7165:Mustansiriyya Madrasa
7147:
7050:
6994:al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa
6916:
6863:from 1167. Under the
6861:Madrasa of Nur al-Din
6822:
6775:Architectural origins
6665:
6622:
6602:
6460:was the first female
6456:
6389:
6345:dedicated to medicine
6325:
6202:
6185:medieval universities
6163:
5960:, established by the
5864:
5617:
5242:
5230:
5141:
5048:Arab-Muslim conquests
5020:
4708:North Arabian deities
4612:Fictional Arab people
4451:Atlantis of the Sands
4376:The Book of the Apple
2957:Islamic ivory carving
2302:
2245:, beginning with the
2165:
2058:Islamic legal schools
1977:
1808:
1754:In English, the term
55:
19241:Islamic architecture
18291:Raising hands in Dua
17775:Ottoman architecture
17765:Moorish architecture
17760:Islamic architecture
17755:Iranian architecture
17178:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
17032:(or müezzin mahfili)
16692:Islamic architecture
14958:Ma malakat aymanukum
14533:Association football
14432:Moderate Kharijites
13974:at Wikimedia Commons
13886:Malik, Jamal (ed.).
13244:Modern Asian Studies
12439:The Mosques of Egypt
12370:Current Anthropology
11796:. 25 February 2007.
10589:Taylor & Francis
10219:10.2139/ssrn.2224276
9868:Ottoman Architecture
9466:Delivering Education
8674:Cambridge Dictionary
8492:—used in Shi'a Islam
8321:Darul Uloom Haqqania
8216:improve this article
7840:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia
7832:Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah
7663:improve this article
7560:French colonial rule
7254:Ottoman architecture
7019:, e.g., Jerusalem's
6973:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya
6896:Madrasa al-Salihiyya
6845:Ottoman architecture
6824:Ince Minaret Medrese
6770:Islamic architecture
6753:Jamia Millia Islamia
6730:Diniyah School Putri
6425:Mohammad Akram Nadwi
6234:, as of Muhammad'),
6095:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
6068:On the Nature of Man
5976:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5954:Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād
5751:. In 931 AD, Caliph
5379:Caliphate of Córdoba
5321:, the tenth century
5007:Elementary education
3838:Modern Arabic poetry
3513:Gnawa (North Africa)
3354:Classical Arab music
2346:improve this article
2257:, starting with the
2219:in 1167–1172. After
2094:integration of logic
1913:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn
403:Association football
19211:Arabic architecture
17812: •
17799: •
17785:Yemeni architecture
17770:Mughal architecture
17750:Berber architecture
17745:Arabic architecture
17409:Salsabil (fountain)
17143:Islamic calligraphy
16623:Slavic Native Faith
16046:Trinitarian formula
15983:Father of Greatness
15866:Abrahamic religions
13613:context.reverso.net
12990:(Second ed.).
12196:. 24 January 2020.
12151:Seno, Seno (2010).
11518:, pp. 126-7, 282-98
11442:Huff, Toby (2003).
11094:Muqarnas, Volume 13
9973:Motilal Banarsidass
9463:Andrew J. Coulson,
8301:AlMaghrib Institute
8020:Madrasah Tsanawiyah
8012:Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
7824:Darul Uloom Deoband
7528:Madrasa as-Saffarin
7284:Süleymaniye complex
7244:Süleymaniye complex
7203:Chahar Bagh Madrasa
7130:Ben Youssef Madrasa
7088:Madrasa as-Saffarin
7053:Ben Youssef Madrasa
6939:Mamluk architecture
6725:Rahmah el Yunusiyah
6704:'s founding of the
6129:medieval university
5997:Ptolemaic astronomy
5936:at al-Azhar, while
5856:al-Azhar University
5829:medieval university
5813:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
5323:al-Azhar University
5179:Secondary education
5165:Islamic metaphysics
5058:Islamic philosopher
4511:Iram of the Pillars
3770:Mirrors for princes
3317:Great Book of Music
3050:(Arabian Peninsula)
2638:Islamic calligraphy
2265:(founded in 1350).
1961:Al-Azhar University
1846:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
1828:near a hill called
1682:Early Modern Period
164:Profession of Faith
137:Day of Resurrection
66:Timurid Renaissance
64:, built during the
18068:
17486:Kuttab (or maktab)
16585:Abrahamic prophecy
16515:Ayyavazhi theology
16287:Apophatic theology
15676:Conceptions of God
15576:Islamic University
15453:Quran and miracles
15367:Criticism of Islam
15071:Geometric patterns
14923:Gender segregation
14494:Non-denominational
13873:Evans, Alexander.
13755:The New York Times
13608:2021-03-08 at the
13307:The Kathmandu Post
13227:2023-01-15 at the
13045:2011-03-03 at the
12855:"Religion of Iran"
12301:20.500.12657/34531
11794:The New York Times
11790:"A Secret History"
10945:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
10809:2023-01-15 at the
9907:2017-08-29 at the
9887:2017-08-29 at the
9520:10.1353/jwh.0.0045
9474:Hoover Institution
9399:10.1007/BF02908588
9240:The Fatimid Empire
8986:madrasah Islāmīyah
8383:The New York Times
8267:
8065:
8032:senior high school
8024:junior high school
7975:) in Thailand and
7928:
7809:
7793:
7764:
7637:
7548:Bou Inania Madrasa
7524:Madrasat al-Ma'raḍ
7508:reformist doctrine
7480:
7473:Bou Inania Madrasa
7336:possibly contains
7319:
7308:Şemsi Pasha Mosque
7294:Madrasas by region
7290:'s highest hills.
7251:
7246:(16th century) in
7157:
7114:Bou Inania Madrasa
7096:Madrasa al-Attarin
7060:
7055:(16th century) in
6926:
6921:(14th century) in
6904:al-Firdaws Madrasa
6898:founded by Sultan
6832:
6826:(13th century) in
6698:
6672:Atik Valide Mosque
6587:), and qualify as
6472:
6159:university college
6107:first book in his
5895:for a theological
5877:
5800:Islamic university
5623:
5466:made this effort.
5248:
5237:
5207:trade and commerce
5148:
5032:
4633:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
4461:Beast of the Earth
4416:Sicilian Questions
4247:Islamic Platonism
4200:Arabic mathematics
3750:Arabic short story
3745:Literary_criticism
2937:Islamic embroidery
2907:Arabic calligraphy
2494:Education in Islam
2263:Bou Inania Madrasa
2237:Further west, the
2213:Madrasa al-Nuriyya
2179:
2168:Nur al-Din Madrasa
2137:Islamic Golden Age
2086:Islamic philosophy
2014:Madrasah Niẓāmīyah
1992:
1955:institution under
1850:Ubada ibn as-Samit
1822:
1567:form or template)
1473:Christian seminary
69:
19111:
19110:
18846:Sufis persecution
17888:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
17829:
17828:
17676:
17675:
17432:
17431:
17419:Shading Umbrellas
17203:Stucco decoration
17103:For overview, see
16918:Four-centred arch
16658:
16657:
16640:
16639:
16636:
16635:
16378:
16377:
16374:
16373:
16269:Latter Day Saints
16238:Divine simplicity
16159:
16158:
16016:Consubstantiality
15992:
15991:
15843:
15842:
15787:Theistic finitism
15629:
15628:
15504:
15503:
15470:
15469:
15466:
15465:
15438:Domestic violence
15428:Islamic terrorism
15423:Islamic extremism
15244:
15243:
15240:
15239:
15012:
15011:
15008:
15007:
14798:Marriage contract
14628:
14627:
14588:Political aspects
14317:Story of Prophets
14086:Prophets of Islam
13970:Media related to
13950:, March 21, 2004.
13933:(LUMS), Pakistan.
13919:Tanweer, Bilal. "
13914:978-0-19-597863-6
13869:978-0-19-547672-9
13665:YaleGlobal Online
13109:www.aljazeera.com
12754:Goffman, Daniel.
12493:978-0-87817-175-0
12310:978-90-8964-421-3
12164:978-602-8742-16-0
12128:(in Indonesian).
12120:Raditya, Iswara.
12064:978-1-351-91315-7
12037:978-1-86189-253-9
11844:Anthony Nutting,
11322:, p. 77-111.
11259:978-0-521-70941-5
11067:978-1-4381-2696-8
10999:Current Sociology
10914:978-1-84614-273-4
10892:Kettani, M. Ali.
10767:Council of Europe
10669:like it anywhere.
10414:978-0-8369-1548-8
10283:Current Sociology
10095:Current Sociology
9975:, pp. 33–4,
9270:Jonathan Berkey,
9174:978-0-521-54113-8
9131:Kettani, M. Ali.
9089:978-0-8101-1069-4
8978:) translates as '
8942:) translates as '
8614:. Merriam-Webster
8485:Education in Mali
8473:Dars-e Nizamiyyah
8454:Bias in education
8248:
8247:
8240:
8188:Western countries
8016:elementary school
7880:and the minority
7735:, in Patiya, and
7695:
7694:
7687:
7506:, who espoused a
7471:Courtyard of the
7385:
7384:
7377:
7338:original research
7207:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
7148:Courtyard of the
7092:Madrasa as-Sahrij
7051:Courtyard of the
7035:, and Damascus's
6932:around 1250, the
6888:Fatimid Caliphate
6751:, a professor at
6557:According to the
6476:Abbasid Caliphate
6349:Islamic hospitals
6205:like it anywhere.
6190:cathedral schools
6110:Canon of Medicine
6093:was a student of
6073:Hunayn b. Ishaq's
5913:Islamic astronomy
5891:, had individual
5802:(disambiguation).
5749:Abbasid Caliphate
5701:religious matters
5671:, presented to a
5134:Primary education
5004:
5003:
4304:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
4215:Arabic technology
4210:Arabic psychology
4195:Arabic Golden Age
2962:Islamic Metalwork
2718:Stucco decoration
2463:Arabic literature
2378:
2377:
2370:
2166:Courtyard of the
1943:establishment of
1936:Muḥammad al-Fihrī
1882:Umayyad Caliphate
1811:Qarawiyyin Mosque
1771:in the region of
1347:
1304:
1303:
724:
723:
16:(Redirected from
19253:
19188:
19187:
19176:
19175:
19164:
19163:
19162:
19152:
19151:
19140:
19139:
19138:
19128:
19127:
19119:
18836:Sufi metaphysics
18792:
18734:
18625:
18593:
18581:
18519:
18507:
18495:
18433:
18406:
18394:
18382:
18370:
18343:
18331:
18309:
18267:
18255:
18238:
18226:
18101:
18089:
18045:
17982:Nass al-Houdhour
17973:
17946:
17856:
17849:
17842:
17833:
17832:
17822:Islam portal
17820:
17819:
17818:
17807:
17806:
17441:
17440:
17106:Islamic ornament
16985:South Asian dome
16913:Discharging arch
16894:
16867:
16866:
16711:Anatolian Seljuk
16685:
16678:
16671:
16662:
16661:
16650:
16395:
16394:
16384:
16383:
16271:
16111:
16110:
16006:Athanasian Creed
15856:
15855:
15693:
15692:
15684:
15683:
15671:
15670:
15656:
15649:
15642:
15633:
15632:
15531:
15524:
15517:
15508:
15507:
15494:
15493:
15486:Islam portal
15484:
15483:
15482:
15264:
15263:
15256:
15250:
15249:
15091:Medieval science
15034:
15033:
15024:
15018:
15017:
14675:Economic history
14658:
14657:
14634:
14633:
14620:Islam by country
14405:Bektashi Alevism
14043:
14042:
14034:Outline of Islam
14016:
14009:
14002:
13993:
13992:
13981:
13969:
13839:
13811:
13810:
13800:
13776:
13770:
13769:
13767:
13766:
13746:
13740:
13739:
13737:
13736:
13715:
13709:
13708:
13706:
13705:
13689:
13680:
13674:
13673:
13655:
13646:
13645:
13643:
13642:
13622:
13616:
13600:
13594:
13593:
13591:
13590:
13584:
13578:. Archived from
13577:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13543:
13537:
13536:
13534:
13532:
13513:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13502:
13480:
13474:
13473:
13471:
13470:
13461:. Archived from
13451:
13445:
13444:
13442:
13441:
13432:. Archived from
13422:
13416:
13415:
13413:
13412:
13393:
13387:
13386:
13384:
13382:
13363:
13357:
13356:
13354:
13352:
13340:The Conversation
13330:
13324:
13323:
13321:
13319:
13297:
13291:
13290:
13280:
13271:(744): 135–140.
13256:
13247:
13240:
13231:
13215:
13206:
13203:
13194:
13193:
13191:
13190:
13175:
13169:
13168:
13162:
13154:
13152:
13150:
13130:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13101:
13095:
13088:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13077:
13057:
13051:
13035:
13029:
13028:
13013:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13003:
12975:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12964:
12942:
12936:
12935:
12933:
12931:
12915:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12904:
12888:
12882:
12876:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12865:
12851:
12845:
12844:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12811:
12805:
12804:
12786:
12777:
12776:
12768:
12759:
12752:
12741:
12734:
12725:
12724:, p. 36-37.
12719:
12713:
12712:
12684:
12678:
12677:
12669:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12659:
12640:
12634:
12633:
12625:
12619:
12618:
12610:
12599:
12598:
12580:
12569:
12562:
12551:
12550:
12542:
12533:
12532:
12523:Berchem, van, M.
12519:
12513:
12512:
12506:
12505:
12478:Creswell, K.A.C.
12474:
12468:
12467:
12449:
12443:
12442:
12434:
12428:
12427:
12419:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12409:
12361:
12355:
12354:
12332:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12322:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12257:
12251:
12250:
12244:
12236:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12186:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12176:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12117:
12108:
12107:
12089:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12076:
12048:
12042:
12041:
12023:
12017:
12016:
11989:
11983:
11982:
11955:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11941:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11889:
11883:
11882:
11855:
11849:
11842:
11836:
11829:
11823:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11758:
11752:
11751:
11743:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11707:
11701:
11686:
11680:
11667:
11661:
11657:
11648:
11644:
11631:
11624:
11618:
11617:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11554:
11545:
11538:
11532:
11525:
11519:
11508:
11502:
11498:
11492:
11481:
11475:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11455:
11447:
11439:
11433:
11426:
11420:
11419:
11401:
11377:
11371:
11365:
11359:
11353:
11347:
11341:
11335:
11329:
11323:
11317:
11308:
11303:
11295:licentia docendi
11284:
11278:
11275:and proficiency.
11269:
11263:
11262:
11245:
11236:
11227:
11221:
11214:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11165:
11146:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11123:. 24 June 2016.
11117:
11111:
11110:
11098:Brill Publishers
11089:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11079:
11051:
11045:
11044:
11034:
11033:
11027:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10962:
10956:
10955:
10922:
10916:
10903:
10897:
10890:
10884:
10883:
10862:
10856:
10855:
10845:
10839:
10838:
10828:
10822:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10788:
10756:
10750:
10735:
10729:
10728:
10699:
10693:
10678:
10672:
10659:
10653:
10652:
10620:
10614:
10599:
10593:
10592:
10577:
10571:
10570:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10538:
10506:
10493:
10492:
10487:. Archived from
10478:
10446:
10435:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10400:
10394:
10387:
10381:
10374:
10365:
10364:
10337:
10320:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10311:
10274:
10265:
10264:
10252:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10202:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10165:
10156:
10155:
10146:
10140:
10139:
10130:
10129:
10123:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10076:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10033:
10027:
10016:
10010:
10009:
9992:
9986:
9985:
9964:
9955:
9954:
9946:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9928:. Archived from
9927:
9918:
9912:
9898:
9892:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9863:
9852:
9851:
9833:
9818:
9817:
9799:
9790:
9789:
9781:
9752:
9751:
9749:
9748:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9680:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9608:
9599:
9598:
9580:
9571:
9564:
9547:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9482:
9471:
9460:
9454:
9452:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9287:
9278:
9268:
9259:
9258:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9220:
9214:
9159:
9153:
9144:
9138:
9128:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9073:
9067:
9060:
9015:
9013:
9004:
9002:madrasah jāmiʻah
8997:
8988:
8980:religious school
8977:
8968:
8966:madrasah dīnīyah
8961:
8952:
8950:madrasah khāṣṣah
8941:
8932:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8822:
8761:
8760:
8752:
8737:
8736:
8728:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8602:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8559:. Archived from
8538:
8447:
8442:
8441:
8433:
8431:Education portal
8428:
8427:
8243:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8223:
8200:
8192:
8161:Since 2005, the
7974:
7965:religious school
7933:Jamia-tul-Madina
7690:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7670:
7647:
7639:
7380:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7360:
7357:inline citations
7329:
7328:
7321:
7161:Mongol invasions
6930:Mamluk Sultanate
6917:Interior of the
6738:
6732:
6657:
6649:
6640:
6594:Muhammad's wives
6585:academic degrees
6571:female education
6567:
6496:
6448:
6436:
6434:al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ
6401:Female education
6321:Greek philosophy
6273:
6263:
6254:academic freedom
6249:
6240:
6228:
6212:academic circles
6194:monastic schools
6155:
6147:
5993:
5972:natural sciences
5950:
5944:. Another early
5934:Islamic medicine
5889:
5817:medieval Islamic
5797:
5788:
5771:
5760:Sinan ibn Thabit
5741:medical madrasas
5733:Islamic medicine
5714:
5669:
5662:
5651:licentia docendi
5647:
5645:ijāzat al-tadrīs
5639:licentia docendi
5635:Islamic scholars
5631:
5629:ijāzat al-tadrīs
5625:The Arabic term
5621:Madrasa, c. 1906
5609:
5596:
5586:
5568:
5559:
5551:
5542:
5528:
5519:
5481:
5474:
5337:and up to 44 in
5331:
5315:
5264:secular sciences
5256:
5217:Higher education
5194:
5187:
5161:
5154:
5128:
5120:
5113:
5086:
5078:
5066:
5055:
5044:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4673:Princess Jasmine
4658:Layla and Majnun
4643:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4591:She-Camel of God
4586:Shams al-Ma'arif
4396:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4262:Sufi metaphysics
4190:Arabic geography
4185:Arabic astronomy
4180:Arabic astrology
4175:Arabic chemistry
3740:Arabic grimoires
3720:
3493:Chaabi (Morocco)
3488:Chaabi (Algeria)
3272:Arab tone system
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
2922:Arabic miniature
2648:Islamic ornament
2521:
2498:
2497:
2439:
2421:
2413:
2401:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2330:
2322:
2311:
2259:Saffarin Madrasa
2199:charitable trust
2183:Anatolian Seljuk
2149:classical Athens
2147:, comparable to
2101:
2084:" of Arabic and
2042:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2008:
1938:
1930:
1928:Fāṭimah al-Fihrī
1760:
1725:
1718:
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1258:Tabi' al-Tabi'in
726:
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709:
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688:Islam portal
686:
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684:
94:
71:
70:
21:
19261:
19260:
19256:
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19250:
19226:Arab inventions
19196:
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19182:
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19160:
19158:
19146:
19136:
19134:
19122:
19114:
19112:
19107:
19021:
18870:
18861:Sufi psychology
18851:Sufi philosophy
18831:Sufi literature
18786:
18772:
18728:
18674:
18638:
18619:
18587:
18575:
18513:
18501:
18489:
18463:
18427:
18400:
18388:
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18364:
18337:
18325:
18303:
18261:
18249:
18232:
18220:
18199:
18095:
18083:
18069:
18058:
18039:
18037:The Seven ranks
17967:
17940:
17866:
17860:
17830:
17825:
17816:
17814:
17801:
17789:
17733:
17724:Moorish Revival
17702:
17672:
17638:Albarrana tower
17626:
17555:
17542:in modern Iran)
17456:Dar al-Muwaqqit
17428:
17379:(fountain type)
17364:
17358:
17321:
17315:
17306:Reflecting pool
17301:Persian gardens
17296:Paradise garden
17264:
17241:(entrance hall)
17212:
17168:Nagash painting
17090:
17012:
17006:
16957:
16928:Lambrequin arch
16895:
16886:
16858:
16829:Sudano-Sahelian
16694:
16689:
16659:
16654:
16652:Religion portal
16632:
16609:
16571:
16552:Holy Scriptures
16524:
16501:
16389:
16370:
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16267:
16243:Divine presence
16207:
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16011:Comma Johanneum
15988:
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15505:
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15480:
15478:
15462:
15384:Cultural Muslim
15355:
15322:
15268:Other religions
15258:
15254:
15236:
15171:
15138:
15085:
15028:
15026:Islamic studies
15022:
15004:
14838:
14783:
14760:
14707:
14652:
14651:
14624:
14573:Moral teachings
14516:
14498:
14472:Nation of Islam
14385:Twelver Shi'ism
14322:
14288:Religious texts
14282:
14200:Early conquests
14183:
14165:
14117:
14037:
14026:
14020:
13962:
13942:Wayback Machine
13902:Rahman, Tariq.
13883:, Jan/Feb 2006.
13880:Foreign Affairs
13859:Ali, Saleem H.
13849:
13847:Further reading
13836:
13820:
13815:
13814:
13785:Current History
13777:
13773:
13764:
13762:
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13378:
13377:on 2 April 2015
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13265:Current History
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13037:Ahmed, Samina.
13036:
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12701:10.2307/4127991
12685:
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12666:
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12407:
12405:
12362:
12358:
12351:
12343:. p. 505.
12333:
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11591:
11587:
11573:
11565:, p. 100,
11555:
11548:
11542:Studia Islamica
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11288:Studia Islamica
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11005:(1): 112–132 ,
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10799:
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10777:
10769:. p. 121.
10757:
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10696:
10679:
10675:
10663:Studia Islamica
10660:
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10600:
10596:
10578:
10574:
10559:Arnold H. Green
10556:
10552:
10507:
10496:
10461:(12): 615–617.
10447:
10438:
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10421:
10415:
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10397:
10388:
10384:
10378:Studia Islamica
10375:
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10101:(1): 112–132 ,
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9630:
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9609:
9602:
9595:
9587:. I.B. Tauris.
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9162:Verger, Jacques
9160:
9156:
9149:Studia Islamica
9145:
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8516:Khalwa (school)
8496:Islamic studies
8445:Religion portal
8443:
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8398:Foreign Affairs
8374:Donald Rumsfeld
8364:indoctrination.
8333:Arabic language
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8028:Madrasah Aliyah
7996:
7990:
7973:school of Islam
7953:
7945:
7912:
7906:
7897:Arabic Colleges
7895:The so-called '
7890:Arabic language
7866:
7860:
7781:
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7700:
7691:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7660:
7648:
7625:Alauddin Khalji
7618:
7598:
7571:Twelver Shi'ism
7568:
7504:Almohad dynasty
7465:
7456:
7428:
7381:
7370:
7364:
7361:
7346:
7330:
7326:
7301:
7296:
7276:Mehmet II Fatih
7236:
7142:
7100:Madrasa of Salé
7045:
7017:Syria-Palestine
7002:Haram al-Sharif
6877:Qarafa Cemetery
6865:Ayyubid dynasty
6853:
6851:Syria and Egypt
6837:Karatay Madrasa
6817:
6815:Seljuk Anatolia
6812:
6777:
6772:
6766:
6710:Ayyubid dynasty
6702:Fatima al-Fihri
6552:sack of Baghdad
6494:Hārūn al-Rashīd
6417:
6403:
6371:'s Madrasah in
6337:very endowments
5881:Fatimid dynasty
5866:Al-Azhar Mosque
5848:Fatima al-Fihri
5809:Arnold H. Green
5782:Note: The word
5778:
5729:
5723:
5633:was awarded to
5533:legal education
5511:
5501:
5438:Delhi Sultanate
5225:
5219:
5181:
5136:
5015:
5009:
5000:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4873:Isāf and Nā'ila
4704:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4606:Zarqa al Yamama
4471:Book of Wonders
4440:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4361:Liber de Causis
4267:Sufi philosophy
4231:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4205:Arabic medicine
4169:
4159:
4158:
4157:
3718:
3712:Epic literature
3674:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3503:Fann at-Tanbura
3322:Kitab al-Aghani
3258:
3248:
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3246:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3073:
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2912:Arabic graffiti
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2755:Albarrana tower
2698:Reflecting pool
2688:Nagash painting
2580:
2531:
2496:
2490:
2441:(Islamic law),
2374:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2343:
2331:
2320:
2255:Marinid dynasty
2088:, initiated by
1972:
1945:al-Azhar Mosque
1860:, treatises of
1803:
1798:
1788:
1752:
1637:
1541:
1536:
1425:
1424:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1349:
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1314:
1310:
1300:
1068:Hujjat al-Islam
1013:Shaykh al-Islām
720:
682:
680:
673:
672:
617:Other religions
612:Arabic language
574:
564:
563:
492:Moral teachings
383:
369:
368:
359:Spread of Islam
304:
294:
293:
281:(jurisprudence)
263:Qisas al-Anbiya
212:
211:
191:
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43:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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5:
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18858:
18853:
18848:
18843:
18838:
18833:
18828:
18826:Sufism history
18823:
18821:Sufi cosmology
18818:
18813:
18808:
18803:
18798:
18793:
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18778:
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18407:
18395:
18383:
18371:
18359:
18354:
18352:Sufism pillars
18349:
18344:
18332:
18320:
18315:
18313:Salat al-Fatih
18310:
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14981:Sources of law
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14210:Historiography
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13961:
13960:External links
13958:
13957:
13956:
13951:
13936:Ziad, Waleed.
13934:
13917:
13900:
13895:Malik, Jamal.
13893:
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13871:
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13848:
13845:
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13816:
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13812:
13771:
13741:
13727:. 2004-03-11.
13710:
13675:
13672:on 2009-05-05.
13647:
13617:
13595:
13564:
13538:
13508:
13475:
13455:"JMS Timeline"
13446:
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13125:
13096:
13083:
13052:
13050:. 19 Apr 2005.
13030:
13027:on 2012-10-23.
13021:The Daily Star
13008:
12984:Islam, Sirajul
12970:
12937:
12910:
12883:
12871:
12846:
12840:978-2867701528
12839:
12821:
12806:
12799:
12778:
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12742:
12726:
12714:
12679:
12664:
12635:
12620:
12600:
12594:978-3902782311
12593:
12570:
12568:. h.f.ullmann.
12552:
12534:
12514:
12492:
12469:
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12444:
12429:
12414:
12382:10.1086/714346
12376:(3): 363–372.
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11781:
11775:
11769:, p. 69,
11753:
11748:al-Muhaddithat
11738:
11702:
11681:
11669:Hugh Kennedy:
11662:
11649:
11632:
11619:
11607:10.2307/604423
11585:
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11493:
11476:
11463:
11434:
11421:
11392:(3): 611–630.
11372:
11370:, p. 251.
11360:
11358:, p. 161.
11348:
11346:, p. 138.
11336:
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11279:
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11258:
11237:
11222:
11204:10.2307/604423
11182:
11170:
11138:
11112:
11106:
11100:, p. 56,
11084:
11066:
11046:
10985:
10979:
10973:, p. 99,
10957:
10917:
10898:
10885:
10878:
10866:Esposito, John
10857:
10840:
10823:
10793:
10775:
10751:
10730:
10716:
10694:
10673:
10654:
10637:10.2307/601679
10615:
10594:
10591:. p. 125.
10572:
10550:
10494:
10491:on 2013-02-01.
10436:
10419:
10413:
10395:
10382:
10366:
10354:10.2307/604423
10321:
10289:(1): 112–132,
10266:
10244:
10194:
10157:
10154:. p. 419.
10141:
10081:
10052:
10046:
10028:
10011:
10005:
9987:
9981:
9956:
9938:
9935:on 2005-03-05.
9913:
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9628:
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9600:
9593:
9572:
9548:
9532:
9492:
9455:
9448:
9427:
9379:Sonja Brentjes
9370:
9340:
9279:
9260:
9245:
9230:
9215:
9190:, such as the
9154:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9129:
9123:
9111:Esposito, John
9095:
9088:
9068:
9016:
8920:
8891:
8876:
8847:
8832:
8762:
8738:
8686:
8661:
8625:
8594:
8566:
8563:on 2019-12-30.
8532:
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8204:
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8186:
8121:Main article:
8118:
8115:
8089:GCE 'O' Levels
8077:junior college
8050:Main article:
8047:
8044:
7992:Main article:
7989:
7986:
7952:
7951:Southeast Asia
7949:
7944:
7941:
7937:Dawat-e-Islami
7908:Main article:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7893:
7864:Arabic College
7862:Main article:
7859:
7856:
7780:
7777:
7731:in Hathazari,
7719:
7716:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7651:
7649:
7642:
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7614:
7597:
7594:
7583:Supreme Leader
7567:
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7461:
7455:
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7299:Ottoman Empire
7297:
7295:
7292:
7235:
7234:Ottoman Empire
7232:
7141:
7138:
7044:
7041:
7013:four-iwan plan
6900:al-Salih Ayyub
6892:al-Kamil Ayyub
6852:
6849:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6776:
6773:
6765:
6762:
6682:Nurbanu Sultan
6528:Arabic grammar
6482:, dancing and
6407:Women in Islam
6402:
6399:
6365:New Testaments
6127:s because the
5909:Arabic grammar
5842:, present-day
5825:George Makdisi
5807:Scholars like
5805:
5804:
5777:
5774:
5722:
5721:Medical school
5719:
5500:
5497:
5218:
5215:
5180:
5177:
5173:Islamic ethics
5135:
5132:
5011:Main article:
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4648:Kara Ben Nemsi
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4623:Abdul Alhazred
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4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Al-aql al-faal
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3967:Arabic prosody
3963:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3719:(ryhmed prose)
3714:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Qudud Halabiya
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Andalusi nubah
3388:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Arabic hip hop
3336:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:Algerian scale
3274:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Robe of honour
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3155:Tarboush (fez)
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:(North Africa)
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Damascus steel
2986:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Islamic garden
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Arabic pottery
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Medina quarter
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Multifoil arch
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Horseshoe arch
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2511:Arabic culture
2507:
2506:
2489:
2486:
2455:Ottoman Empire
2451:Muslim history
2376:
2375:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2270:Ottoman period
2239:Hafsid dynasty
2151:' literacy in
2092:'s successful
1971:
1965:
1959:rule (today's
1919:, present-day
1826:Zayd ibn Arqam
1802:
1799:
1787:
1784:
1751:
1748:
1678:Ottoman Empire
1636:
1635:Arabic meaning
1633:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1449:transliterated
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:Da'i al-Mutlaq
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
841:
840:
832:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
722:
721:
719:
718:
711:
704:
696:
693:
692:
691:
690:
675:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
646:
641:
640:
639:
634:
624:
619:
614:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
587:
586:
581:
575:
572:Related topics
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
554:Social welfare
551:
546:
545:
544:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
448:
447:
442:
432:
431:
430:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
384:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
316:
311:
305:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
283:
274:
273:
267:
259:
251:
242:
241:
221:
213:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
144:Predestination
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
125:Revealed Books
122:
116:
115:
105:
100:
99:
96:
95:
87:
86:
80:
79:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19258:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19203:
19201:
19191:
19186:
19181:
19179:
19174:
19169:
19167:
19157:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19143:
19133:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19120:
19117:
19104:
19101:
19099:
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19030:
19028:
19024:
19018:
19015:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18948:
18945:
18943:
18940:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18917:Jama'at Khana
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18892:Datuk Keramat
18890:
18888:
18885:
18883:
18880:
18879:
18877:
18873:
18867:
18866:Sufi whirling
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18807:
18804:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18790:
18785:
18782:
18781:
18779:
18775:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18741:
18739:
18736:
18732:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18683:
18681:
18677:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18650:Antinomianism
18648:
18647:
18645:
18641:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18623:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18591:
18586:
18583:
18579:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18517:
18512:
18509:
18505:
18500:
18497:
18493:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18474:
18472:
18470:
18466:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18448:
18445:
18444:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18431:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18404:
18399:
18396:
18392:
18387:
18384:
18380:
18375:
18372:
18368:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18341:
18336:
18333:
18329:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18307:
18302:
18299:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18265:
18260:
18257:
18253:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18236:
18231:
18228:
18224:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18210:
18208:
18206:
18202:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18099:
18094:
18091:
18087:
18082:
18079:
18078:
18076:
18072:
18065:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18043:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18008:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17975:
17971:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17944:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17883:Ahl al-Khutwa
17881:
17879:
17876:
17875:
17873:
17869:
17864:
17857:
17852:
17850:
17845:
17843:
17838:
17837:
17834:
17824:
17823:
17811:
17810:
17805:
17798:
17792:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17742:
17740:
17736:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17709:
17705:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17685:
17683:
17679:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17635:
17633:
17629:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17597:Hasht-Bihisht
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17564:
17562:
17558:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17541:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17471:Jama'at Khana
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17448:
17446:
17442:
17439:
17435:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17370:
17369:
17367:
17361:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17326:
17324:
17318:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17291:Mughal garden
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17273:
17271:
17267:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17221:
17219:
17215:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17113:
17110:
17107:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17097:
17093:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17017:
17015:
17009:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16986:
16982:
16978:
16974:
16970:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16960:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16908:
16905:
16904:
16902:
16898:
16893:
16883:
16880:
16878:
16875:
16874:
16872:
16868:
16865:
16861:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16822:
16820:
16817:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16793:
16790:
16789:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16743:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16703:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16686:
16681:
16679:
16674:
16672:
16667:
16666:
16663:
16653:
16649:
16643:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16620:
16618:
16616:
16612:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16595:Denominations
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16582:
16580:
16578:
16574:
16568:
16567:Last Judgment
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16539:
16536:
16535:
16533:
16531:
16527:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16512:
16510:
16508:
16504:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16404:
16402:
16400:
16396:
16392:
16385:
16381:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16334:
16328:
16327:Unmoved mover
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16270:
16266:
16265:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16228:Binitarianism
16226:
16224:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16214:
16210:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16170:
16168:
16166:
16162:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16118:
16116:
16112:
16106:
16102:
16099:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16076:
16074:
16072:
16068:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16003:
16001:
15999:
15995:
15984:
15980:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15962:
15960:
15956:
15950:
15949:Supreme Being
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15926:
15924:
15920:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15868:
15867:
15864:
15863:
15861:
15857:
15854:
15850:
15846:
15836:
15833:
15829:
15826:
15825:
15824:
15821:
15820:Gender of God
15818:
15816:
15813:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15805:
15803:
15799:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15746:
15743:
15742:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15725:Kathenotheism
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15698:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15672:
15668:
15664:
15657:
15652:
15650:
15645:
15643:
15638:
15637:
15634:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15560:
15557:
15556:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15546:
15543:
15539:
15532:
15527:
15525:
15520:
15518:
15513:
15512:
15509:
15497:
15489:
15487:
15477:
15476:
15473:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15417:
15414:
15413:
15412:
15409:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15399:Post-Islamism
15397:
15395:
15392:
15391:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15369:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15362:
15358:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15333:
15331:
15329:
15325:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15296:
15292:
15291:Protestantism
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15278:
15277:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15251:
15247:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15227:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15174:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15145:
15141:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15129:Ophthalmology
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15096:
15094:
15092:
15088:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15041:
15039:
15035:
15031:
15027:
15019:
15015:
15001:
14998:
14994:
14993:
14989:
14988:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14970:
14967:
14966:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14959:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14947:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14935:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14893:
14889:
14887:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14877:Death penalty
14875:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14864:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14852:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14843:Other aspects
14841:
14835:
14834:
14830:
14828:
14827:
14823:
14821:
14820:
14816:
14814:
14813:
14809:
14807:
14806:
14802:
14800:
14799:
14795:
14793:
14792:
14788:
14787:
14785:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14766:
14763:
14757:
14756:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14744:
14740:
14738:
14737:
14733:
14731:
14730:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14714:
14710:
14704:
14703:
14699:
14697:
14696:
14692:
14690:
14689:
14685:
14683:
14682:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14667:
14665:
14663:
14659:
14655:
14648:
14647:Jurisprudence
14645:
14643:
14640:
14639:
14635:
14631:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14595:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14518:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14504:
14501:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14483:
14480:
14479:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14466:
14463:
14459:
14456:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14438:
14437:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14425:
14424:
14420:
14417:
14413:
14410:
14406:
14403:
14402:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14367:
14364:
14363:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14338:
14337:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14329:
14328:Denominations
14325:
14319:
14318:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14289:
14285:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14241:
14237:
14236:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14224:
14220:
14218:
14217:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14187:
14185:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14168:
14162:
14161:
14157:
14155:
14154:
14150:
14148:
14147:
14143:
14141:
14140:
14136:
14134:
14133:
14129:
14128:
14126:
14124:
14120:
14114:
14113:Holiest sites
14111:
14109:
14108:Judgement Day
14106:
14104:
14103:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14080:
14077:
14076:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14069:
14065:
14061:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14053:
14052:
14050:
14048:
14044:
14040:
14036:
14035:
14029:
14024:
14017:
14012:
14010:
14005:
14003:
13998:
13997:
13994:
13988:at Wiktionary
13987:
13986:
13980:
13976:
13973:
13968:
13964:
13963:
13955:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13943:
13939:
13935:
13932:
13928:
13927:
13922:
13918:
13915:
13911:
13907:
13906:
13901:
13898:
13894:
13891:
13890:
13885:
13882:
13881:
13876:
13872:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13858:
13855:
13851:
13850:
13841:
13837:
13835:9782503574455
13831:
13827:
13822:
13821:
13808:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13790:
13786:
13782:
13775:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13745:
13730:
13726:
13725:
13720:
13714:
13699:
13695:
13694:
13686:
13679:
13671:
13667:
13666:
13661:
13654:
13652:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13621:
13614:
13611:
13607:
13604:
13599:
13585:on 2013-03-01
13581:
13574:
13568:
13552:
13548:
13542:
13526:
13522:
13518:
13512:
13496:
13492:
13491:
13486:
13479:
13465:on 2015-04-02
13464:
13460:
13456:
13450:
13436:on 2015-04-02
13435:
13431:
13427:
13421:
13407:on 2015-04-02
13406:
13402:
13398:
13392:
13376:
13372:
13368:
13362:
13346:
13342:
13341:
13336:
13329:
13313:
13309:
13308:
13303:
13296:
13288:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13255:
13253:
13245:
13239:
13237:
13230:
13226:
13223:
13220:
13214:
13212:
13202:
13200:
13185:
13181:
13174:
13166:
13160:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13129:
13114:
13110:
13106:
13100:
13093:
13087:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13056:
13049:
13048:
13044:
13041:
13034:
13026:
13022:
13018:
13012:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12974:
12958:
12954:
12953:
12948:
12941:
12926:
12922:
12914:
12899:
12895:
12887:
12880:
12875:
12860:
12856:
12850:
12842:
12836:
12832:
12825:
12817:
12810:
12802:
12796:
12792:
12785:
12783:
12774:
12767:
12765:
12757:
12751:
12749:
12747:
12739:
12733:
12731:
12723:
12722:Brentjes 2018
12718:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12683:
12675:
12668:
12653:
12649:
12645:
12639:
12631:
12624:
12616:
12609:
12607:
12605:
12596:
12590:
12586:
12579:
12577:
12575:
12567:
12561:
12559:
12557:
12548:
12541:
12539:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12518:
12511:
12499:
12495:
12489:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12473:
12465:
12459:
12455:
12448:
12440:
12433:
12425:
12418:
12403:
12399:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12383:
12379:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12360:
12352:
12350:9780810874565
12346:
12342:
12338:
12331:
12316:
12312:
12306:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12293:
12285:
12277:
12275:9780028972114
12271:
12267:
12263:
12256:
12248:
12242:
12234:
12232:9780252030772
12228:
12224:
12223:
12215:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12185:
12170:
12166:
12160:
12156:
12155:
12147:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12116:
12114:
12105:
12103:9789796866441
12099:
12095:
12088:
12086:
12070:
12066:
12060:
12057:. Routledge.
12056:
12055:
12047:
12039:
12033:
12029:
12022:
12015:
12013:0-313-32270-8
12009:
12005:
12001:
11997:
11996:
11988:
11981:
11979:0-313-32270-8
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11962:
11954:
11952:
11935:
11931:
11930:
11922:
11915:
11913:0-313-32270-8
11909:
11905:
11901:
11897:
11896:
11888:
11881:
11879:0-313-32270-8
11875:
11871:
11870:196 & 198
11867:
11863:
11862:
11854:
11847:
11841:
11834:
11828:
11821:
11815:
11799:
11795:
11791:
11785:
11778:
11776:0-252-07121-2
11772:
11768:
11764:
11757:
11749:
11742:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11711:George Saliba
11706:
11699:
11698:0-521-52994-8
11695:
11691:
11685:
11678:
11672:
11666:
11656:
11654:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11629:
11623:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11578:
11574:
11572:0-7486-1009-X
11568:
11564:
11560:
11553:
11551:
11543:
11537:
11530:
11524:
11517:
11516:0-87249-376-8
11513:
11507:
11497:
11490:
11489:1-57958-245-1
11486:
11480:
11473:
11467:
11459:
11453:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11425:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11376:
11369:
11368:Brentjes 2018
11364:
11357:
11356:Brentjes 2018
11352:
11345:
11344:Brentjes 2018
11340:
11334:, p. 69.
11333:
11332:Brentjes 2018
11328:
11321:
11320:Brentjes 2018
11316:
11314:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11296:
11289:
11283:
11276:
11268:
11261:
11255:
11251:
11244:
11242:
11234:
11226:
11219:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11186:
11180:, p. 80.
11179:
11178:Brentjes 2018
11174:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11145:
11143:
11126:
11122:
11116:
11109:
11107:90-04-10633-2
11103:
11099:
11095:
11088:
11073:
11069:
11063:
11059:
11058:
11050:
11043:
11040:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10989:
10982:
10980:0-7486-1009-X
10976:
10972:
10968:
10961:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10921:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10902:
10895:
10889:
10881:
10879:0-19-512559-2
10875:
10871:
10867:
10861:
10853:
10852:
10844:
10836:
10835:
10827:
10820:
10819:0-521-36105-2
10816:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10782:
10778:
10776:9789287161215
10772:
10768:
10764:
10763:
10755:
10748:
10747:0-521-36105-2
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9594:9781845119478
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9546:
9542:
9539:Ira Lapidus,
9536:
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9513:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9496:
9483:on 2011-08-17
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9453:, pages 225-7
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9005:
9003:
8996:مدرسة إسلامية
8993:
8989:
8987:
8981:
8973:
8969:
8967:
8957:
8953:
8951:
8945:
8944:public school
8937:
8933:
8931:
8924:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8895:
8887:
8880:
8865:
8861:
8857:
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8709:
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8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8675:
8671:
8665:
8649:
8645:
8644:HarperCollins
8641:
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8635:
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8612:
8607:
8601:
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8488:
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8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
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8468:
8464:
8460:
8457:
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8452:
8451:
8446:
8440:
8435:
8432:
8426:
8421:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8403:Jessica Stern
8400:
8399:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8370:Newt Gingrich
8365:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8347:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8307:United States
8304:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8293:Hafiz (Quran)
8290:
8280:
8278:
8264:
8260:
8257:
8252:
8242:
8239:
8231:
8221:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8205:This section
8203:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8185:
8183:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8128:
8124:
8114:
8112:
8107:
8104:for boys and
8103:
8099:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8043:
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8021:
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8013:
8009:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7985:
7983:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7957:Sekolah Agama
7948:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7911:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7886:
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7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7814:
7813:Uttar Pradesh
7807:used to pray.
7806:
7802:
7801:Srirangapatna
7797:
7790:
7785:
7776:
7773:
7768:
7761:
7757:
7753:
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7726:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7689:
7686:
7678:
7668:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7652:This section
7650:
7646:
7641:
7640:
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7630:
7626:
7622:
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7611:
7607:
7603:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7563:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7552:Friday mosque
7549:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7490:), including
7489:
7485:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7460:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7423:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7395:
7394:globalization
7390:
7379:
7376:
7368:
7365:December 2023
7358:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7334:This section
7332:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7281:
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7273:
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7166:
7162:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7118:Friday mosque
7115:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
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7058:
7054:
7049:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7029:Ṭashtamuriyya
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
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6825:
6821:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6771:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6741:Diniyah Putri
6737:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6706:al-Qarawiyyin
6703:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6680:sponsored by
6679:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6650:
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6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6463:qawmi madrasa
6459:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6383:madrasahs in
6382:
6378:
6375:which taught
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6332:George Saliba
6328:
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6322:
6317:
6313:
6308:
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6294:
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6283:
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5955:
5951:
5949:
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5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5905:jurisprudence
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5882:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5849:
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5833:
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5754:
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5734:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5689:legal opinion
5686:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5640:
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5612:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5572:post-graduate
5569:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
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5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5455:Mughal Empire
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
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5368:
5364:
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5340:
5336:
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5320:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5246:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5211:craftsmanship
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:from private
5095:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5045:
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5019:
5014:
4997:
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4985:
4983:
4978:
4977:
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4974:
4966:
4963:
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4958:
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4953:
4951:
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4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
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4908:
4906:
4903:
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4898:
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4891:
4888:
4886:
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4880:
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4809:
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4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
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4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
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4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4688:Talia al Ghul
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
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4509:
4507:
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4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Book of Idols
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
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4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Aql bi-l-fi'l
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Islamic Logic
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Egyptian folk
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3088:Arab Maghreb
3086:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3066:(Mesopotamia)
3062:
3060:
3056:Arab Mashriq
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Pseudo-Arabic
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Islamic glass
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Nabataean art
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:(logic), and
2448:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2388:- Oneness or
2387:
2383:
2372:
2369:
2361:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2335:This section
2333:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:Dimitri Gutas
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2029:Niẓām al-Mulk
2025:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2006:Niẓām al-Mulk
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:al-Qarawiyyin
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:Early history
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1780:Nizam al-Mulk
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1565:morphological
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Nizam al-Mulk
1497:
1493:
1492:jurisprudence
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:architectural
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:), sometimes
1445:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1378:
1370:
1352:
1341:
1308:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Seghatoleslam
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
732:
728:
727:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
697:
695:
694:
689:
679:
678:
677:
676:
669:
666:
665:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:Proselytizing
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:Denominations
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
378:
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
298:
297:
290:
288:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
264:
260:
258:
256:
252:
250:
248:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
222:
220:
219:
215:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
152:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
103:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
19231:School types
19190:Architecture
18946:
18796:Madih nabawi
17813:
17800:
17797:Islamic arts
17577:Caravanserai
17490:
17102:
17056:Loudspeakers
16981:Persian dome
16943:Pointed arch
16741:Indo-Islamic
16731:Great Seljuk
16462:Hamartiology
16447:Ecclesiology
16437:Pneumatology
16346:Christianity
16337:Names of God
16312:Philo's view
16302:Personal god
16282:Great Spirit
16221: /
16178:Christianity
16036:Perichoresis
15939:Emanationism
15881:Christianity
15871:Baháʼí Faith
15849:Singular god
15822:
15782:Spiritualism
15595:
15411:Islamophobia
15276:Christianity
15224:
15157:Contemporary
15051:Architecture
14990:
14956:
14944:
14932:
14890:
14883:
14849:
14831:
14826:Nikah mut'ah
14824:
14817:
14810:
14803:
14796:
14789:
14753:
14741:
14734:
14727:
14720:
14700:
14693:
14686:
14679:
14592:
14567:
14315:
14239:
14221:
14214:
14158:
14151:
14144:
14137:
14130:
14123:Five Pillars
14100:
14066:
14055:God in Islam
14032:
13984:
13945:
13924:
13904:
13896:
13888:
13878:
13853:
13825:
13791:(744): 136.
13788:
13784:
13774:
13763:. Retrieved
13754:
13744:
13733:. Retrieved
13722:
13713:
13702:. Retrieved
13691:
13688:(Transcript)
13678:
13670:the original
13663:
13639:. Retrieved
13630:
13620:
13612:
13598:
13587:. Retrieved
13580:the original
13567:
13555:. Retrieved
13541:
13529:. Retrieved
13520:
13511:
13499:. Retrieved
13488:
13478:
13467:. Retrieved
13463:the original
13449:
13438:. Retrieved
13434:the original
13420:
13409:. Retrieved
13405:the original
13391:
13379:. Retrieved
13375:the original
13361:
13349:. Retrieved
13338:
13328:
13316:. Retrieved
13305:
13295:
13268:
13264:
13243:
13218:
13187:. Retrieved
13183:
13173:
13147:. Retrieved
13138:
13128:
13117:. Retrieved
13108:
13099:
13091:
13086:
13076:21 September
13074:. Retrieved
13066:The Guardian
13065:
13055:
13038:
13033:
13025:the original
13020:
13011:
13000:. Retrieved
12987:
12973:
12963:21 September
12961:. Retrieved
12950:
12940:
12928:. Retrieved
12924:
12913:
12901:. Retrieved
12897:
12886:
12874:
12862:. Retrieved
12858:
12849:
12830:
12824:
12815:
12809:
12790:
12772:
12755:
12737:
12717:
12695:(1): 32–51.
12692:
12688:
12682:
12673:
12667:
12656:. Retrieved
12647:
12638:
12629:
12623:
12614:
12584:
12565:
12546:
12527:
12517:
12508:
12502:. Retrieved
12482:
12472:
12453:
12447:
12438:
12432:
12423:
12417:
12406:. Retrieved
12373:
12369:
12359:
12336:
12330:
12319:. Retrieved
12291:
12284:
12265:
12255:
12221:
12214:
12202:. Retrieved
12193:
12184:
12173:. Retrieved
12153:
12146:
12134:. Retrieved
12125:
12093:
12073:. Retrieved
12053:
12046:
12027:
12021:
11994:
11987:
11960:
11938:. Retrieved
11929:Sahih Muslim
11928:
11921:
11894:
11887:
11860:
11853:
11845:
11840:
11832:
11827:
11819:
11814:
11802:. Retrieved
11793:
11784:
11762:
11756:
11747:
11741:
11731:, retrieved
11722:
11718:
11705:
11689:
11684:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11622:
11598:
11594:
11588:
11558:
11541:
11536:
11523:
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11496:
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11466:
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11437:
11429:
11424:
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11385:
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11363:
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11339:
11327:
11298:
11294:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11273:
11267:
11249:
11232:
11225:
11217:
11195:
11191:
11185:
11173:
11162:. Retrieved
11153:
11129:. Retrieved
11115:
11093:
11087:
11076:. Retrieved
11056:
11049:
11042:universitas.
11038:
11036:
11030:, retrieved
11002:
10998:
10988:
10966:
10960:
10939:: 165–186 ,
10932:
10926:
10920:
10905:
10901:
10893:
10888:
10869:
10860:
10850:
10843:
10833:
10826:
10802:
10796:
10785:. Retrieved
10761:
10754:
10749:, pp. XIX–XX
10738:
10733:
10707:
10703:
10697:
10681:
10676:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10648:
10631:(3): 586–8.
10628:
10624:
10618:
10613:, p. 179-185
10602:
10597:
10584:
10581:Hossein Nasr
10575:
10566:
10562:
10553:
10521:(1): 60–65.
10518:
10514:
10489:the original
10458:
10454:
10434:, p. 191-193
10422:
10404:
10398:
10390:
10385:
10377:
10345:
10341:
10314:, retrieved
10286:
10282:
10263:: 1123–1189.
10260:
10256:
10237:November 23,
10235:. Retrieved
10210:
10187:, retrieved
10173:
10150:
10144:
10134:
10132:
10126:, retrieved
10098:
10094:
10084:
10073:. Retrieved
10064:
10055:
10037:
10031:
10019:
10014:
9996:
9990:
9968:
9950:
9930:the original
9916:
9896:
9876:
9867:
9837:
9803:
9785:
9745:. Retrieved
9725:
9718:
9699:
9693:
9684:
9658:. Retrieved
9638:
9631:
9612:
9584:
9567:
9544:
9540:
9535:
9514:: 165–186 ,
9507:
9501:
9495:
9485:, retrieved
9478:the original
9465:
9458:
9439:
9436:Sabra, A. I.
9430:
9386:
9382:
9373:
9362:. Retrieved
9343:
9332:. Retrieved
9302:(2): 63–75.
9299:
9295:
9275:
9271:
9254:
9248:
9239:
9233:
9224:
9218:
9192:Roman Empire
9178:
9165:
9157:
9147:
9142:
9132:
9114:
9098:
9078:
9071:
9063:
8999:
8983:
8963:
8947:
8927:
8923:
8912:. Retrieved
8903:
8894:
8885:
8879:
8868:. Retrieved
8859:
8850:
8841:
8835:
8826:
8756:
8732:
8677:. Retrieved
8673:
8664:
8652:. Retrieved
8637:
8628:
8616:. Retrieved
8609:
8585:. Retrieved
8578:
8569:
8561:the original
8549:
8536:
8459:Beth midrash
8396:
8394:
8389:
8381:
8378:Colin Powell
8367:
8362:
8350:
8340:
8336:
8330:
8313:André Carson
8310:
8286:
8273:
8270:South Africa
8259:kindergarten
8234:
8228:January 2021
8225:
8214:Please help
8209:verification
8206:
8179:
8171:Soccsksargen
8167:Davao Region
8160:
8154:and SMIE in
8143:
8129:
8126:
8110:
8093:
8072:
8066:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8011:
8007:
8003:
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7976:
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7954:
7946:
7929:
7913:
7892:instruction.
7867:
7852:
7844:
7817:
7810:
7769:
7765:
7760:Lalbagh Fort
7721:
7701:
7681:
7675:January 2010
7672:
7661:Please help
7656:verification
7653:
7629:Qutb complex
7627:'s Madrasa,
7602:anticlerical
7599:
7596:20th century
7569:
7556:
7536:
7523:
7483:
7481:
7457:
7433:
7429:
7420:
7403:
7386:
7371:
7362:
7335:
7280:Fatih Mosque
7271:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7219:
7172:
7158:
7126:
7107:
7063:
7061:
7010:
7001:
6998:Temple Mount
6970:
6942:
6927:
6869:Salah ad-Din
6854:
6833:
6796:Central Asia
6778:
6764:Architecture
6745:
6740:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6699:
6675:
6674:, part of a
6667:
6644:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6578:
6556:
6473:
6461:
6431:
6418:
6390:
6343:, which was
6330:
6326:
6298:
6295:
6267:
6257:
6243:
6235:
6223:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6169:
6164:
6150:
6142:
6136:
6132:
6131:(from Latin
6124:
6122:
6114:
6108:
6098:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6060:
6057:Ibn al-Nafis
6050:
6041:
6033:
6019:
6012:
6005:
6002:
5982:
5980:
5968:al-Mustanṣir
5945:
5924:
5884:
5878:
5851:
5834:
5821:universities
5806:
5789:
5781:
5765:
5745:
5730:
5708:
5704:
5682:
5676:
5673:jurisconsult
5664:
5656:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5626:
5624:
5604:
5590:
5580:
5576:
5563:
5554:
5546:
5536:
5522:
5514:
5512:
5492:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5427:
5424:Muslim India
5421:
5416:
5413:Abd al-Latif
5407:
5399:
5394:
5391:
5386:
5383:
5251:
5249:
5189:
5182:
5156:
5149:
5123:
5115:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5060:and teacher
5039:
5035:
5033:
5022:
4935:Dhul Khalasa
4878:
4877:
4707:
4702:Spirituality
4678:Ra's al Ghul
4653:King Marsile
4611:
4610:
4536:Magic carpet
4425:
4354:
4353:
4287:
4286:
4123:Saudi Arabia
4039:
4038:
3965:
3964:
3890:
3889:
3843:
3842:
3814:
3813:
3775:
3774:
3705:
3704:
3677:
3552:
3478:Algerian Raï
3466:
3465:
3379:
3378:
3327:
3326:
3307:Quarter tone
3267:Arabic maqam
3261:
3165:
3164:
3109:
3028:
3004:Hedwig glass
2967:
2966:
2900:
2899:
2867:
2849:
2789:
2770:Caravanserai
2748:
2747:
2581:
2579:
2534:
2529:Architecture
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2428:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2364:
2358:January 2010
2355:
2344:Please help
2339:verification
2336:
2306:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2236:
2229:
2221:Salah ad-Din
2202:
2180:
2075:
2070:
2053:
2037:
2019:
1998:period, the
1993:
1968:
1925:
1912:
1894:
1874:martial arts
1823:
1809:View of the
1764:Muslim world
1755:
1753:
1741:
1735:
1719:
1709:. The usual
1706:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1580:
1560:
1556:
1553:Semitic root
1544:
1542:
1520:
1495:
1484:Muslim world
1477:
1456:
1452:
1306:
1305:
835:
801:
750:
743:Usul al-Fiqh
741:
644:Islamophobia
486:
423:Demographics
418:Circumcision
334:
327:
320:
286:
278:
262:
254:
246:
235:
229:
223:
216:
19236:Law schools
18912:Jama masjid
18856:Sufi poetry
18787: [
18748:Sufi orders
18729: [
18643:Misconducts
18620: [
18588: [
18576: [
18514: [
18502: [
18490: [
18428: [
18401: [
18389: [
18377: [
18365: [
18338: [
18326: [
18304: [
18262: [
18250: [
18233: [
18221: [
18096: [
18084: [
18040: [
18027:Sufis ranks
17968: [
17941: [
17893:Bash Hezzab
17865:terminology
17424:Windcatcher
17405:(courtyard)
17158:Mosque lamp
17138:Girih tiles
17095:Decorations
16973:Arabic dome
16520:Krishnology
16497:Soteriology
16452:Eschatology
16432:Christology
16297:Open theism
16253:Exotheology
16151:Zoroastrian
16114:By religion
16071:Eschatology
16026:Homoiousian
15979:Ahura Mazda
15757:Panentheism
15720:Hermeticism
15566:Darul uloom
15549:Almajiranci
15281:Catholicism
15176:Other areas
15167:Theological
15162:Eschatology
15119:Mathematics
15056:Calligraphy
14986:Theological
14940:Inheritance
14857:Cleanliness
14229:Shi'a Imams
14223:Ahl al-Bayt
13724:The Tribune
13557:November 8,
13459:muis.gov.sg
13430:muis.gov.sg
13426:"About JMS"
13401:muis.gov.sg
12930:5 September
12903:5 September
12864:5 September
11940:11 November
11868:, pp.
11804:22 February
11688:Toby Huff,
11428:Toby Huff,
10821:, pp. 47-55
10680:Toby Huff,
10601:Toby Huff,
10389:Toby Huff,
10169:"education"
9181:Middle Ages
9012:مدرسة جامعة
8976:مدرسة دينية
8888:. Springer.
8679:19 November
8479:Darul uloom
8335:, the word
8117:Philippines
7874:Sunni Islam
7847:Maharashtra
7805:Tipu Sultan
7789:Taliparamba
7754:madrasa in
7698:Afghanistan
7343:WP:NOTESSAY
7274:complex of
7213:complex in
7195:Shah Mosque
6884:proselytism
6875:in Cairo's
6792:Transoxiana
6788:monasteries
6694:Mimar Sinan
6565:Ibn ʻAsākir
6446:muḥaddithāt
6394:Inquisition
6289:founded by
6133:universitas
5901:Islamic law
5753:Al-Muqtadir
5699:as well as
5611:'teacher'.
5485:Islamic law
5404:Islamic law
5377:during the
5296:metaphysics
5272:mathematics
5197:preaching,
4638:Battal Gazi
3823:Anthologies
3623:Raqs Sharqi
3578:Belly dance
3421:Iraqi maqam
3349:Arabic jazz
3344:Arabic rock
3197:Fouta towel
2999:Girih tiles
2917:Arab carpet
2888:Fatimid art
2883:Islamic art
2738:Windcatcher
2603:Arabic dome
2480:(plural of
2268:During the
2201:known as a
2145:Middle Ages
2108:mathematics
2062:Sufi orders
2046:Mesopotamia
2040:Ḥashshāshīn
1866:calligraphy
1768:Islamic law
1680:during the
1512:Mesopotamia
1488:Islamic law
1063:Grand Mufti
659:Laws of war
322:Ahl al-Bayt
207:Foundations
19200:Categories
19166:Psychology
19078:Prayer rug
18841:Sufi music
18701:Hizb Rateb
18679:Ceremonies
18447:Zarruqiyya
18155:Ismul Azam
17707:Influences
17622:Well house
17393:Mashrabiya
17041:Hussainiya
16977:Onion dome
16768:Indonesian
16756:Qutb Shahi
16605:Philosophy
16492:Sophiology
16472:Philosophy
16467:Messianism
16427:Paterology
16031:Hypostasis
16021:Homoousian
15852:theologies
15792:Theopanism
15777:Polytheism
15740:Monotheism
15715:Henotheism
15341:Ex-Muslims
15226:Shu'ubiyya
15220:Psychology
15208:Literature
15198:Inventions
15144:Philosophy
14952:Leadership
14928:Honorifics
14583:Philosophy
14390:Isma'ilism
14351:Maturidism
14234:Caliphates
14205:Golden Age
14096:Revelation
13765:2014-09-13
13735:2008-01-14
13704:2008-01-14
13641:2010-05-12
13589:2012-11-08
13469:2015-03-18
13440:2015-03-18
13411:2015-03-18
13189:2024-04-09
13119:2022-06-10
13002:2016-05-08
12980:"Madrasah"
12859:Britannica
12800:2723301591
12658:2020-08-15
12504:2022-06-21
12463:2213029830
12408:2021-11-22
12321:2022-03-11
12175:2022-07-01
12075:2021-11-18
12002:, p.
11968:, p.
11902:, p.
11733:2010-04-02
11501:20/03/2010
11164:2020-08-15
11131:9 February
11078:2021-05-04
11032:2019-06-29
10787:2020-10-27
10316:2019-06-29
10189:2008-09-30
10128:2019-06-29
10075:2020-08-30
10026:, pp. 77–8
9747:2021-10-07
9660:2021-11-18
9487:2008-11-22
9393:: 65–79 ,
9364:2008-12-05
9334:2021-11-23
8960:مدرسة خاصة
8940:مدرسة عامة
8914:2017-05-30
8870:2020-08-13
8634:"Madrasah"
8606:"madrassa"
8523:References
8317:Queens, NY
8182:Bangsamoro
7926:, Pakistan
7836:Isma'ilism
7762:courtyard.
7756:Bangladesh
7718:Bangladesh
7712:Abu Hanifa
7616:South Asia
7604:policy of
7411:Darulhadis
7349:improve it
7033:Muzhiriyya
7025:Arghūniyya
7021:Tankiziyya
6768:See also:
6749:Hem Borker
6596:, such as
6532:literature
6516:philosophy
6468:Bangladesh
6421:al-Sakhawi
6405:See also:
6359:, and the
6316:sic et non
6276:, meaning
6232:companions
6105:Ibn Sina's
6030:al-Sakhawi
5938:Maimonides
5870:University
5737:bimaristan
5727:Bimaristan
5725:See also:
5503:See also:
5499:Law school
5457:founded a
5387:danişmends
5345:cities of
5343:Andalusian
5276:philosophy
5260:philosophy
5221:See also:
5169:literature
5167:, Arabic,
5068:(known as
4910:Dhat-Badan
4838:Theandrios
4818:Baalshamin
4813:Atarsamain
4668:Palamedes
4411:Muqaddimah
4371:Al-isharat
4277:Avicennism
4229:Philosophy
4098:Mauritania
3907:Muwashshah
3872:Khamriyyah
3672:Literature
3618:Ouled Nail
3431:Muwashshah
3334:Arabic pop
2893:Mamluk art
2840:Well house
2775:Bimaristan
2663:Mashrabiya
2492:See also:
2459:Süleyman I
2415:); and an
2390:monotheism
2253:under the
2225:al-Shafi'i
2217:Nur al-Din
2181:Under the
2176:Nur al-Din
2128:philosophy
2104:Avicennism
2090:al-Ghazali
2082:Golden Age
1790:See also:
1686:danişmends
1621:Indonesian
1576:mafʻal(ah)
1534:Definition
1506:under the
1465:Arab world
1218:Mujahideen
512:Philosophy
249:(exegesis)
186:Pilgrimage
176:Almsgiving
19154:Education
19088:Tagelmust
19083:Qashabiya
19058:Jellabiya
18962:Mausoleum
18655:Rahbaniya
18469:Waridates
18286:Muraqabah
18281:Muhasabah
17965:Mutahaqiq
17681:Resources
17444:Religious
17414:Shabestan
17372:Hypostyle
17354:Shadirvan
17123:Arabesque
17046:Imamzadeh
17011:Religious
16991:Semi-dome
16938:Ogee arch
16907:Chahartaq
16870:Materials
16797:Almoravid
16772:Malaysian
16482:Practical
16477:Political
16442:Cosmology
16399:Christian
16258:Holocaust
16248:Egotheism
16203:Goddesses
16198:Mormonism
16126:Christian
16079:Afterlife
15965:Sustainer
15772:Polydeism
15767:Pantheism
15752:Mysticism
15735:Monolatry
15730:Nontheism
15710:Dystheism
15606:Pesantren
15601:Nezamiyeh
15458:Symbolism
15416:Incidents
15394:Criticism
15286:Mormonism
15183:Astrology
15109:Cosmology
15104:Astronomy
15046:Arabesque
14913:Etiquette
14872:Blasphemy
14662:Economics
14477:Ahmadiyya
14419:Muhakkima
14366:Wahhabism
14356:Mu'tazili
14341:Ash'arism
13693:USA Today
13159:cite news
13139:The Hindu
12398:234864708
12390:0011-3204
12241:cite book
11846:The Arabs
11581:237514956
11491:, p. 1025
11452:cite book
11416:211662842
11037:One such
11019:144509355
10953:143484233
10726:0926-6070
10650:parallel.
10569:(4): 459.
10303:144509355
10227:142242807
10115:144509355
9528:143484233
9407:1420-9144
9324:129458856
9316:0161-956X
9196:Byzantium
8904:ThoughtCo
8670:"madrasa"
8575:"madrasa"
8546:"madrasa"
8543:(US) and
8541:"madrasa"
8528:Citations
8152:Zamboanga
8062:Singapore
8046:Singapore
8002:The word
7994:Pesantren
7988:Indonesia
7858:In Kerala
7606:Reżā Shah
7426:Curricula
7353:verifying
7215:Samarkand
7154:Samarkand
7134:Marrakesh
7057:Marrakesh
7037:Ẓāhirīyah
6981:Baybars I
6684:(wife of
6633:The term
6554:in 1258.
6550:with the
6504:astronomy
6377:astronomy
6373:Samarqand
6369:Ulugh Beg
6307:civil law
6293:in 1224.
6282:consensus
6183:earliest
6180:corporate
5925:modernize
5893:faculties
5675:, called
5329:Niẓāmīyah
5308:chemistry
5304:astronomy
5102:emulation
4753:Al-Kutbay
4581:Shadhavar
4546:Mount Qaf
4521:Karkadann
4438:Mythology
4324:Asabiyyah
4282:Averroism
4113:Palestine
4035:Mutadārik
4032:Mutaqārib
4023:Mujtathth
3875:Tardiyyah
3695:Classical
3638:Schikhatt
3603:Khaleegy
3380:Art music
3207:Jellabiya
3120:Battoulah
2974:Arabesque
2968:Features
2830:Shadirvan
2633:Hypostyle
2598:Arabesque
2582:Features
2550:Nabataean
2453:. In the
2280:word for
2153:antiquity
2133:patronage
2120:geography
2116:astrology
2112:astronomy
2096:into the
2034:Assassins
1886:Caliphate
1870:athletics
1862:first aid
1858:genealogy
1792:Nizamiyya
1543:The word
1539:Etymology
1528:Devshirme
1198:Ulu'l-amr
1173:Muhaddith
1078:Ayatollah
1053:Mohyeddin
942:Istishhad
937:Istighfar
852:Mustahabb
632:terrorism
584:Criticism
537:Sexuality
507:Mysticism
477:Festivals
457:Education
452:Economics
388:Academics
344:Caliphate
157:Practices
62:Samarkand
19206:Madrasas
19130:Religion
19098:Tarboosh
19053:Gandoura
19048:Djellaba
18665:Taqabbur
18415:Tawassul
18410:Tawakkul
18074:Concepts
17992:Qalandar
17955:Muqarrab
17950:Muqaddam
17933:Marabout
17795:Part of
17631:Military
17567:Baradari
17560:Civilian
17383:Jharokha
17344:Mechouar
17281:Charbagh
17224:Andaruni
17198:Socarrat
17163:Muqarnas
17061:Maqsurah
16953:Vaulting
16882:Tadelakt
16863:Elements
16812:Zayyanid
16792:Aghlabid
16600:Kabbalah
16547:Prophets
16422:Glossary
16388:By faith
16351:Hinduism
16233:Demiurge
16223:in Islam
16183:Hinduism
16173:Buddhism
16165:Feminist
16121:Buddhist
15929:Absolute
15922:Concepts
15898:Hinduism
15893:Buddhism
15859:By faith
15823:and gods
15815:Divinity
15801:Concepts
15762:Pandeism
15663:Theology
15496:Category
15389:Islamism
15372:Muhammad
15328:Apostasy
15303:Hinduism
15193:Feminism
15124:Medicine
14964:Military
14918:Gambling
14867:Apostasy
14862:Criminal
14774:Marriage
14743:Tayammum
14695:Murabaha
14568:Madrasas
14558:Holidays
14548:Clothing
14543:Children
14538:Calendar
14489:Quranism
14423:Khawarij
14395:Alawites
14346:Atharism
14240:Rashidun
14079:In Islam
14074:Muhammad
13972:Madrasas
13947:The News
13807:45319115
13759:Archived
13729:Archived
13698:Archived
13635:Archived
13631:BBC News
13606:Archived
13551:Archived
13525:Archived
13495:Archived
13381:18 March
13345:Archived
13312:Archived
13287:45319115
13225:Archived
13143:Archived
13113:Archived
13070:Archived
13043:Archived
12996:Archived
12957:Archived
12952:TOLOnews
12652:Archived
12525:(1922).
12498:Archived
12480:(1978).
12454:Le Caire
12402:Archived
12315:Archived
12198:Archived
12169:Archived
12130:Archived
12126:tirto.id
12069:Archived
11934:Archived
11798:Archived
11727:archived
11713:(2002),
11700:, p. 155
11158:Archived
11125:Archived
11072:Archived
11023:archived
10868:(2003).
10807:Archived
10781:Archived
10485:17139063
10307:archived
10231:Archived
10213:: 1–74.
10183:archived
10181:, 2008,
10119:archived
10069:Archived
9953:. Brill.
9905:Archived
9885:Archived
9741:Archived
9654:Archived
9415:12852421
9391:Springer
9358:Archived
9328:Archived
9185:medieval
9113:(2003).
8908:Archived
8864:Archived
8829:. Brill.
8648:Archived
8463:midrasha
8417:See also
8263:Yangzhou
8177:(ARMM).
8173:and the
8136:Mindanao
8111:madrasah
8008:madrasah
8004:madrasah
7982:Mindanao
7904:Pakistan
7828:Barelvis
7791:, India
7635:, India.
7575:Safavids
7542:and the
7520:Ifriqiya
7389:Murad II
7316:Istanbul
7288:Istanbul
7248:Istanbul
7211:Registan
7187:Safavids
7183:Timurids
7179:Ilkhanid
7080:Ifriqiya
6977:Damascus
6881:Isma'ili
6804:Khargerd
6800:Khorasan
6785:Buddhist
6690:Selim II
6598:Khadijah
6589:scholars
6561:scholar
6536:theology
6508:medicine
6500:scholars
6488:Tawaddud
6341:Damascus
6059:gave an
5991:sharīʻah
5962:ʻAbbāsid
5952:was the
5897:seminary
5757:muhtasib
5667:mustaftī
5660:madrasah
5649:and the
5607:mudarris
5540:madhāhib
5489:theology
5479:madrasah
5472:madrasah
5447:madrasas
5433:Madrasas
5417:madrasas
5395:madrasas
5371:Valencia
5335:Damascus
5313:madrasah
5300:medicine
5284:politics
5262:and the
5254:madrasah
5203:geometry
5199:medicine
5185:Ibn Sīnā
5152:Ibn Sīnā
5130:school.
5111:Ibn Sīnā
5070:Avicenna
5064:Ibn Sīnā
4868:Yarhibol
4848:Malakbel
4718:Al-‘Uzzá
4628:Ali Baba
4601:Zulfiqar
4288:Concepts
4272:Farabism
4063:Djibouti
4020:Muqtaḍab
4014:Munsariħ
3957:Ghinnawa
3932:Riddles
3917:Mathnawi
3679:Language
3633:Shamadan
3598:Hagallah
3451:Tahmilah
3232:Takchita
3192:Durra'ah
3187:Djellaba
3166:Clothing
3140:Madhalla
3130:Keffiyeh
3110:Headwear
3064:Mashriq
3058:(Levant)
3014:Muqarnas
2733:Voussoir
2728:Vaulting
2723:Tadelakt
2713:Socarrat
2683:Muqarnas
2503:a series
2501:Part of
2437:sharīʻah
2282:madrasah
2243:Ifriqiya
2172:Damascus
2141:literacy
2099:madrasah
2074:and the
2054:madrasah
2050:Khorasan
1996:ʻAbbāsid
1969:madrasah
1949:Isma'ili
1878:nabuwwat
1848:mosque.
1834:Muhammad
1832:, where
1758:madrasah
1737:midrasha
1690:madrasah
1668:madrasah
1648:madrasah
1589:loanword
1583:madrasah
1547:madrasah
1530:pupils.
1516:Khorasan
1457:madrassa
1453:madrasah
1418:: مدرسة
1268:al-Dawla
1208:Mu'azzin
1193:Marabout
1178:Mujaddid
1148:Mufassir
1073:Mujtahid
802:Madrasah
792:Istishab
787:Istihsan
782:Istihlal
777:Ikhtilaf
731:a series
729:Part of
668:Glossary
654:Jihadism
627:Violence
622:Islamism
593:Muhammad
579:Apostasy
522:Politics
472:Feminism
467:Exorcism
428:Diaspora
413:Children
408:Calendar
336:Rashidun
314:Muhammad
309:Timeline
270:Mathnawi
132:Prophets
76:a series
74:Part of
58:Registan
40:Madrasta
18:Madrasha
19116:Portals
19093:Taqiyah
19068:Misbaha
19043:Burnous
19026:Objects
18977:Musalla
18957:Maqbara
18947:Madrasa
18937:Külliye
18932:Khanqah
18927:Khalawi
18907:Gongbei
18811:Qawwali
18801:Nasheed
18784:Ashewiq
18768:Ziyarat
18743:Silsila
18670:Zandaqa
18629:Walayah
18607:Tajalli
18563:Ma'rifa
18548:Karamat
18528:Hidayah
18482:Basirah
18477:Barakah
18420:Tazkiah
18398:Tawajud
18386:Takhlia
18357:Tafakur
18318:Salawat
18125:Ghaflah
18007:Rabbani
17960:Murshid
17938:Mudaqiq
17928:Majzoob
17898:Dervish
17729:Mudéjar
17693:ArchNet
17643:Alcázar
17516:Musalla
17501:Maqbara
17491:Madrasa
17481:Külliye
17476:Khanqah
17466:Gongbei
17365:cooling
17363:Passive
17329:Chhatri
17322:objects
17320:Outdoor
17269:Gardens
17245:Mirador
17183:Shabaka
17173:Qashani
17128:Banna'i
17071:Minaret
17013:objects
17003:(eaves)
17001:Chhajja
16948:Squinch
16849:Umayyad
16844:Timurid
16834:Swahili
16819:Ottoman
16802:Almohad
16787:Moorish
16777:Iranian
16746:Bengali
16726:Fatimid
16721:Chinese
16716:Ayyubid
16706:Abbasid
16590:Aggadah
16538:Oneness
16530:Islamic
16412:Outline
16407:History
16366:Judaism
16361:Jainism
16317:Process
16292:Olelbis
16193:Judaism
16136:Islamic
16051:Trinity
15934:Brahman
15908:Sikhism
15903:Jainism
15876:Judaism
15828:Goddess
15596:Madrasa
15586:Khalawi
15581:Khanqah
15443:Nursing
15404:Qutbism
15318:Sikhism
15313:Judaism
15308:Jainism
15298:Druzism
15134:Physics
15081:Pottery
15066:Gardens
15061:Carpets
14976:Slavery
14898:Divorce
14885:Dhabiĥa
14713:Hygiene
14688:Takaful
14670:Banking
14600:Science
14594:Qurbani
14563:Mosques
14523:Animals
14512:Culture
14446:Nukkari
14441:Azzabas
14428:Azariqa
14412:Zaydism
14400:Alevism
14276:Ottoman
14266:Almohad
14261:Fatimid
14256:Córdoba
14251:Abbasid
14246:Umayyad
14179:Leaders
14174:History
14132:Shahada
14047:Beliefs
13985:madrasa
13940:at the
13818:Sources
13490:Reuters
13371:AsiaOne
12709:4127991
12648:Archnet
12204:13 July
12136:13 July
11647:(586f.)
11154:Archnet
10545:6366229
10536:1439563
10476:1676324
9423:6271842
8467:Yeshiva
8337:madrasa
8331:In the
8265:, China
8132:Regions
8102:songkok
8094:ukhrawi
8071:(MUIS,
8034:), and
7977:madaris
7924:Karachi
7870:Shāfiʿī
7532:Tlemcen
7512:Marinid
7500:Tunisia
7496:Algeria
7492:Morocco
7488:Maghreb
7484:Maghrib
7463:Maghreb
7408:Semniye
7347:Please
7312:Üsküdar
7272:külliye
7266:külliye
7199:Isfahan
7174:maddhab
7169:Baghdad
7122:Tlemcen
7072:Marinid
7068:Maghreb
7064:Maghrib
7006:Qaytbay
6996:on the
6989:Lebanon
6985:Tripoli
6965:Shafi'i
6934:Mamluks
6718:külliye
6696:in 1571
6688:sultan
6686:Ottoman
6677:külliye
6670:of the
6668:medrese
6618:audited
6614:classes
6580:ijazahs
6573:in the
6544:Baghdad
6524:history
6312:Organon
6278:opinion
6238:qirāʼah
6220:reading
6216:fellows
6153:jāmiʻah
6145:jāmiʻah
6125:jāmi‘ah
6116:ijazahs
6042:ijazahs
6021:ijāzahs
6014:ijāzahs
6007:ijāzahs
5984:ijāzahs
5948:jāmiʻah
5942:Saladin
5887:jāmiʻah
5852:jāmiʻah
5844:Morocco
5786:jāmiʻah
5731:Though
5712:ijtihād
5703:). The
5695:covers
5619:Bosnian
5603:', and
5469:While "
5464:madrasa
5459:madrasa
5453:of the
5443:madrasa
5428:madrasa
5408:madrasa
5400:madrasa
5367:Almería
5359:Granada
5351:Seville
5347:Córdoba
5280:history
5235:, Egypt
5146:, India
5106:debates
5094:tuition
5090:classes
5036:kuttāb'
4960:Yaghūth
4930:Basamum
4885:Almaqah
4853:Orotalt
4808:Al-Qaum
4803:Aglibol
4738:Chaabou
4733:Dushara
4683:Sindbad
4663:Othello
4618:Aladdin
4576:Shaddad
4456:Bahamut
4167:Science
4143:Tunisia
4128:Somalia
4103:Morocco
4088:Lebanon
4058:Comoros
4053:Bahrain
4048:Algeria
4026:Muḍāriʿ
3961:Humayni
3885:Hamasah
3777:Islamic
3760:Tezkire
3755:Tabaqat
3648:Tanoura
3588:Deheyeh
3483:Bedouin
3436:Qasidah
3396:Bashraf
3369:Khaliji
3364:Al Jeel
3217:Macawis
3182:Burnous
3150:Tantour
3145:Taqiyah
3082:(Sudan)
3080:Mawset
3074:(Egypt)
3072:Mawset
3048:Khalij
3041:Cuisine
2984:Banna'i
2790:Madrasa
2760:Alcázar
2613:Gardens
2608:Banna'i
2570:Moorish
2565:Fatimid
2560:Abbasid
2555:Umayyad
2540:Islamic
2287:külliye
2278:Turkish
2274:medrese
2251:Morocco
2231:mamālīk
2191:Ayyubid
2124:alchemy
2066:Shi'ism
2022:majālis
2002:vizier
1988:Abbasid
1984:Baghdad
1957:Ayyubid
1941:Fatimid
1921:Morocco
1899:or the
1854:tajweed
1815:minaret
1786:History
1743:midrash
1733:cognate
1723:jāmiʻah
1629:Bosnian
1617:Kurdish
1609:Turkish
1605:Persian
1601:Baluchi
1570:مفعل(ة)
1524:Enderun
1508:Seljuks
1444:madāris
1307:Madrasa
1253:Tabi'un
1248:Sahabah
1153:Murshid
1138:Mawlānā
1133:Khawaja
1123:Mawlawi
1048:Allamah
982:Tazkiah
972:Taqiyya
927:Hirabah
892:Fahisha
807:Maslaha
797:Madhhab
772:Ijtihad
549:Slavery
532:Science
487:Madrasa
482:Finance
393:Animals
381:society
377:Culture
349:Imamate
329:Sahabah
302:History
272:(Poems)
257:(creed)
181:Fasting
109:Oneness
102:Beliefs
36:Madrasi
19246:Ribats
19103:Turban
19073:Miswak
19063:Khirqa
19038:Balgha
19033:Ammama
19017:Zawiya
19007:Turbah
18972:Mosque
18942:Kuttab
18922:Khalwa
18902:Gonbad
18897:Eidgah
18887:Dargah
18875:Places
18763:Wezeea
18758:Tweeza
18753:Tariqa
18738:Sebiba
18716:Mawsim
18711:Mawlid
18706:Idjaza
18691:Bay'ah
18686:Ashura
18612:Thawab
18602:Secret
18585:Rabita
18558:Khatir
18543:Ishrak
18523:Haqiqa
18499:Djadba
18442:Wazifa
18374:Tahlia
18362:Tahara
18335:Shuhud
18276:Lazimi
18271:Latifa
18259:Ichara
18218:Djamaa
18195:Yaqeen
18081:Aayane
18032:Talibe
18022:Siddiq
18017:Sheikh
17923:Khatib
17913:Hezzab
17863:Sufism
17653:Kasbah
17602:Kasbah
17592:Hammam
17587:Ghorfa
17572:Bazaar
17551:Zawiya
17540:takyeh
17511:Mosque
17461:Dargah
17388:Kucheh
17334:Eidgah
17260:Zenana
17208:Zellij
17193:Sitara
17188:Shamsa
17076:Minbar
17066:Mihrab
17051:Kiswah
17036:Gonbad
16900:Arches
16854:Yemeni
16824:Somali
16807:Hafsid
16782:Mamluk
16761:Mughal
16751:Deccan
16699:Styles
16628:Wiccan
16577:Jewish
16557:Angels
16487:Public
16457:Ethics
16146:Taoist
16141:Jewish
16101:Heaven
15958:God as
15688:Theism
15621:Zawiya
15591:Kuttab
15559:Talibe
15255:
15213:poetry
15023:
14908:Ethics
14892:Dhimmi
14851:Baligh
14812:Mahram
14769:Family
14749:Toilet
14729:Miswak
14482:Lahori
14465:Najdat
14361:Salafi
14311:Seerah
14306:Tafsir
14301:Hadith
14271:Sokoto
14216:Sahaba
14091:Angels
14068:Tawhid
14025:topics
13912:
13867:
13856:(2012)
13832:
13805:
13531:19 May
13285:
13149:3 July
12837:
12797:
12707:
12591:
12490:
12460:
12396:
12388:
12347:
12307:
12272:
12229:
12161:
12100:
12061:
12034:
12010:
11976:
11910:
11876:
11773:
11696:
11615:604423
11613:
11579:
11569:
11514:
11487:
11414:
11406:
11301:ijāzah
11256:
11212:604423
11210:
11104:
11064:
11017:
10977:
10951:
10912:
10876:
10817:
10773:
10745:
10724:
10714:
10704:Studia
10688:
10645:601679
10643:
10609:
10543:
10533:
10483:
10473:
10430:
10411:
10362:604423
10360:
10301:
10225:
10135:ḥadīth
10113:
10044:
10003:
9979:
9844:
9810:
9733:
9706:
9646:
9619:
9591:
9545:passim
9526:
9446:
9421:
9413:
9405:
9322:
9314:
9276:passim
9172:
9121:
9086:
9008:Arabic
8992:Arabic
8972:Arabic
8956:Arabic
8936:Arabic
8654:6 June
8618:6 June
8587:6 June
8551:Lexico
8511:Zawiya
8465:, and
8376:, and
8341:school
8283:Canada
8277:Indian
8256:Muslim
8163:AusAID
8106:tudong
7820:Hanafi
7741:Sylhet
7590:cleric
7516:Hafsid
7498:, and
7282:. The
7228:arcade
7109:zellij
7106:, and
7104:stucco
7076:Hafsid
6908:Aleppo
6647:ʻawrah
6638:ʻawrah
6484:poetry
6413:, and
6379:; and
6299:taliqa
6247:ijāzah
6176:Maliki
6100:ijazah
6086:ijazah
6062:ijazah
6052:ijāzah
6035:ijāzah
5965:caliph
5792:Arabic
5769:ḥadīth
5601:fatwās
5566:ijāzah
5557:ijāzah
5549:ijāzah
5505:Sharia
5426:, the
5363:Murcia
5355:Toledo
5339:Aleppo
5288:ethics
5223:Ijazah
5192:maktab
5159:maktab
5144:Bhopal
5126:maktab
5118:maktab
5098:tutors
5084:maktab
5076:maktab
5053:maktab
5042:maktab
5029:kuttab
5013:Kuttab
4940:Haukim
4925:Qaynan
4920:Ta'lab
4915:Haubas
4905:Salman
4900:Athtar
4768:Azizos
4723:Al-Lat
4596:Wāḳwāḳ
4566:Qutrub
4561:Qareen
4551:Nasnas
4531:Luqman
4526:Kujata
4481:Dandan
4446:Ababil
4148:U.A.E.
4083:Kuwait
4078:Jordan
4017:Khafīf
4007:Rajaz
3952:Nabati
3947:Mawwal
3937:Kharja
3927:Nasīb
3922:Ruba'i
3912:Urjūza
3902:Qasida
3897:Diwan
3878:Khawal
3868:Ghazal
3858:Rithā'
3844:Genres
3816:Poetry
3809:Aqidah
3794:Hadith
3789:Tafsir
3725:Maqama
3700:Modern
3653:Yowlah
3643:Tahtib
3613:Mizmar
3593:Guedra
3543:Shaabi
3528:Mezwed
3523:Mawwal
3508:Fijiri
3473:Ataaba
3461:Waslah
3456:Taqsim
3446:Sama'i
3426:Mawwal
3416:Malhun
3411:Layali
3328:Genres
3302:Teslim
3287:Taqsim
3262:Theory
3227:Sirwal
3212:Kaftan
3160:Turban
3135:Litham
3024:Zellij
3009:Kiswah
2994:Damask
2868:Styles
2845:Zawiya
2835:Tekyeh
2805:Mosque
2785:Kasbah
2780:Hammam
2765:Bazaar
2743:Zellij
2673:Mosaic
2575:Mamluk
2545:Yemeni
2535:Styles
2478:ḥuffāẓ
2447:mantiq
2443:hadith
2430:tafsir
2425:Arabic
2405:Qur'an
2386:Tawhid
2382:Qur'an
2309:ḥadīth
2297:hammam
2195:Mamluk
2193:, and
2187:Zengid
2157:maktab
2000:Seljuk
1890:courts
1842:Madina
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