Madrasa - Knowledge

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sciences during the time of the Ottoman Empire, madrasas included curriculums that included a wide range of natural sciences. There were many well-known Muslim scholars, mathematicians, and scientists that all worked to teach high-ranking families and children of the sciences. it known that "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all primarily concerned with religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madrasas – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heavily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but rather Islamic in nature. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madrasas were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

6755:, had the opportunity to travel to India and see the daily life of girls at a residential madrasa. In these madrasas in Northern India, young girls have the ability to receive an education, however, many of the practices within these institutions can be seen as very restrictive or at least by Western standards. Many madrasas that enroll girls act as "purdah institutions." In Persian, purdah translates to curtain or cover. With respect to these madrasas in Northern India, a purdah institution is an institution in which there are several guidelines female students must adhere to as a way to cover themselves both physically and culturally, These restrictions are based on the students' gender and create a segregation of sorts. Girls are expected to wear veils over their faces and cover their entire bodies as a means of dressing modestly by cultural standards. In addition to the clothes that these girls wear, the physical building itself also adheres to the ideals of a purdah institution. Classrooms and hallways are separated by gender in order to prevent fraternization. Within many of these madrasas, even the windows are lined with metal grills in order to prevent students from looking to the outside as well as to prevent people on the outside to look inward. In addition to the physical layout of the building, there are a series of rules female students must adhere to. Some of these rules include girls must lower their head and their voice when addressing their male counterparts. As they pass windows, even with barriers blocking most of their view to the outside and blocking the view of those on the outside, they are expected to lower their gaze. Going back to the idea of clothing, they must wear a 1975: 8413:. After this event, the United States implemented a plan to force Pakistan to completely shut down all madrasas that have links to militant groups, and to persuade madrasa students to instead attend public schools. Such a reaction and belief of the ties between Pakistan's madrasas and militancy were especially prominent during these times, and even in modern-day society to a similar extent, due to false assumptions regarding the roles of madrasas in upbringing militant groups, the prevalence of enrollment in such institutions, and more. To touch more on the prevalence of enrollment in Pakistan's madrasas, a 2005 study by Andrabi and others could be looked at. According to the study's results, seventy-five percent of all households that send one child to a madrasa also tended to incorporate public and private schools for the education of the rest of their children (Those who were not sent to a madrasa). Therefore, only twenty-five percent of all households relied solely on madrasas for the education of all their children. When taking this into account, one can see that enrollment in madrasas is not as prevalent as many people would assume due to parental choice being a strong deciding factor. 7459:

infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.

7401:. He built eight madrasas that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madrasas for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madrasas and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning. 11305:, or authorization. In Europe, the license to teach was a license to teach a certain field of knowledge. It was conferred by the licensed masters acting as a corporation, with the consent of a Church authority, in Paris, by the Chancellor of the Cathedral Chapter... Certification in the Muslim East remained a personal matter between the master and the student. The master conferred it on an individual for a particular work, or works. Qualification, in the strict sense of the word, was supposed to be a criterion, but it was at the full discretion of the master, since, if he chose, he could give an ijaza to children hardly able to read, or even to unborn children. This was surely an abuse of the system... but no official system was involved. The ijaza was a personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one. 7784: 5139: 5615: 7239: 8057: 1806: 7919: 1426: 7128:

side of the courtyard. The Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes also contained two side-chambers opening off the lateral sides of its courtyard, which may reflect an influence of the older four-iwan layout. However, most other Moroccan madrasas did not have this feature and the courtyards were instead flanked by ornate galleries. By contrast with Mamluk structures to the east, Moroccan and Maghrebi madrasas were not prominently distinguishable from the outside except for an ornate entrance portal decorated with carved wood and stucco. This model continued to be found in later madrasas like the

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in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madrasas are the ones built by

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different topics in their curriculum. Some madrasas in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madrasas were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic." This is similar to the Western world, in which

7145: 2519: 5406:. There was a premium fee required to study Islamic law, which was sometimes fronted by state or private subsidiaries. The topics of this higher education also expanded larger than the Islamic time and area. Arab translations of Greco-Roman classical texts were often examined for mathematical and grammatical discourse. Since the focus of theology and legal study was utmost, specified law schools began their own development. On the theological side however, these remained mainly at the general 6820: 53: 2305:

these seven categories: calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, intellectual sciences, spiritual sciences, theoretical rational sciences, and practical rational sciences. The first Ottoman medrese was created in İznik in 1331, when a converted Church building was assigned as a medrese to a famous scholar, Dâvûd of Kayseri. Suleyman made an important change in the hierarchy of Ottoman medreses. He established four general medreses and two more for specialised studies, one devoted to the

5974:. Madrasas by the 11th century had buildings and full time working educators. These educators were provided with places to live inside the madrasas. The institutions by this time occumulated a wide spread of attendance among the population. The attraction of the educational institution was that it provided free education for everyone in attendance. Furthermore, sciences at madrasas were indeed taught, and much of the material was from well-known scholars of the sciences such as 7546:(both located in Fes) because they provided accommodations for students coming from other cities. Many of these students were poor, seeking sufficient education to gain a higher position in their home towns, and the madrasas provided them with basic necessities such as lodging and bread. However, the madrasas were also teaching institutions in their own right and offered their own courses, but usually with much narrower and more limited curriculums than the Qarawiyyin. The 13979: 6663: 5018: 6600:, a successful businesswoman, and 'A'isha, a strong leader and interpreter of the Prophet's actions. According to a hadith attributed both to Muhammad and 'A'isha, the women of Medina were praiseworthy because of their desire for religious knowledge: Although female madrasas did exist before the 1970s large strides were made is regards to female education. After the 1970s a large increase in total female madrasas took place expanded very rapidly across the region. 6392:

promote the ideas of their elders and preserve tradition, rather than introduce them to innovative ideas that challenge ‘received texts.’ Moreover, if Professor Huff had looked more carefully at the European institutions that produced science, he would have found that they were mainly academies and royal courts protected by individual potentates and not the universities that he wishes to promote. But neither universities nor courts were beyond the reach of the

7746: 15492: 7842:, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR ministry of the government of India has recently declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madrasas in India. Though the madrasas impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. 19125: 8439: 16648: 2163: 6454: 8198: 7645: 2328: 5228: 16892: 5862: 19173: 8299:. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the Hanafi school of thought. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to form the 7327: 19185: 17804: 6120:

presence, teaching, and licensing of certain sciences in madrasas has been historically underrepresented. This information, along with some of what is discussed in the following sections/paragraphs on this page, may now hopefully help one in identifying whether or not madrasas can indeed be classified as "Universities". However, arguments for why they should not be classified as such will later be proposed as well.

19137: 17817: 15481: 683: 19149: 18064: 8425: 13967: 6252:('licence ') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of 7796: 6011:

further examines the specific fields of secular sciences that have achieved an established position in madrasa curriculum. Such fields included the sciences of mathematics, medicine and pharmacology, natural philosophy, divination, magic, and alchemy (The last three being clumped up into one set of coursework). To support the claims mentioned earlier in this section, it has been noted that

92: 19161: 6739:. This school is generally thought to be the first Muslim religious school in the country for young girls. El Yunusiyah, a deeply religious woman, believed that Islam demanded a central role for women and women's education. The school gained considerable popularity and by the end of the 1930s had as many as five hundred students. The scholar Audrey Kahin calls 9206:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with 11071: 2234:) could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elites were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasas (and other similar foundations) thus allowed them to maintain some status and means of living even after their fathers' deaths. Madrasas built in this period were often associated with the mausoleums of their founders. 2484:) are the product of the madrasas. The madrasas also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasas is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrasas may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men. 5995:, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, at least in Sunni madrasas, astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why 5858:) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madrasas, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university". 6616:, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasas and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men did not approve of this practice, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (d. 1336) who was appalled at the behaviour of some women who informally 6806:, Iran, include an iwan and an inscription attributing it to Nizam al-Mulk. Nonetheless, it is clear that the Seljuks constructed many madrasas across their empire within a relatively short period of time, thus spreading both the idea of this institution and the architectural models on which later examples were based. 5213:, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account. 11055: 7939:. The Jamia-tul-Madina are also known as Faizan-e-Madina. Dawat-e-Islami has grown its network of madrasas from Pakistan to Europe. In today's time the most centralized location of madrasas is in Pakistan. Although Pakistan hold the most Madrasas the number is still growing in many different countries. 7537:

As elsewhere, rulers in the Maghreb built madrasas to bolster their political legitimacy and that of their dynasty. The Marinids used their patronage of madrasas to cultivate the loyalty of Morocco's influential but independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population

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Although Ottoman madrasas had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. Often mentioned by critics that madrasas did not include a variety of natural

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In Morocco, madrasas were generally built in brick and wood and were still centered around a main internal courtyard with a central fountain or water basin, around which student dorms were distributed across one or two floors. A prayer hall or mosque chamber usually stood opposite the entrance on one

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became eager patrons of architecture. Many of their projects involved the construction of madrasas as part of larger multi-functional religious complexes, usually attached to their personal mausoleums, which provided services to the general population while also promoting their own prestige and pious

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As I noted in my original article, students in the medieval Islamic world, who had the full freedom to chose their teacher and the subjects that they would study together, could not have been worse off than today’s students, who are required to pursue a specific curriculum that is usually designed to

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designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madrasas that predate the founding of the

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has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madrasas and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Some other

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schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature,

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in Cairo in 1176–1177, introducing this institution to Egypt. The Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids built many more madrasas across their territories. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status for its patrons but it could also be an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their

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was taught along with other secondary subjects, but not to secular science schools, modern or historical. These institutions were typically housed in specially designed buildings which were primarily devoted to this purpose. Such institutions are believed to have originated, or at least proliferated,

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The madrasas became the longest serving institutions of the Ottoman Empire, beginning service in 1330 and operating for nearly 600 years on three continents. They trained doctors, engineers, lawyers and religious officials, among other members of the governing and political elite. The madrasas were a

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There was no examination at the end of the course of study. Many of the students were well advanced in years. Those who left al-Azhar obtained an idjāza or licence to teach; this was a certificate given by the teacher under whom the student had followed courses, testifying to the student's diligence

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is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans

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what some women do when people gather with a shaykh to hear books. At that point women come, too, to hear the readings; the men sit in one place, the women facing them. It even happens at such times that some of the women are carried away by the situation; one will stand up, and sit down, and shout

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were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. Moroever, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence

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for scientific subjects, thereby proving that such licenses were indeed issued along with those regarding religious studies. There are many more examples of this that are not listed on this page, but can easily be found. When taking this evidence into account, one may then reasonably assume that the

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in Delhi which he specifically included the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, and geography besides the standard subjects of law, history, secular and religious sciences. Although little is known about the management and inner workings of these places of Islamic higher education, religious studies

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started off as providing higher education similarly to other parts of the Islamic world. The primary function for these institutions was to train and prepare workers for bureaucratic work as well as the judicial system. The curriculum generally consisted of logic, philosophy, law, history, politics,

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brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the

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and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by

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respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day." According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval

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to those who proved satisfactory in the knowledge of their specific scientific field of study, were indeed conducted. It is historically inaccurate to definitively mention that all forms of science were studied solely for the advancement/supplication of religious needs. This can be evident when one

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Toby Huff argues that no medical degrees were granted to students, as there was no faculty that could issue them, and that therefore, no system of examination and certification developed in the Islamic tradition like that of medieval Europe. However, the historians Andrew C. Miller, Nigel J. Shanks

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course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's

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Having come to the conclusion that the cruciform madrasa was Egyptian in origin, I shall show that its influence on Syria was almost nil. Only two madrasas, one built by an Egyptian sultan and the other by an Egyptian emīr, show signs of this influence, (a) the Madrasa of Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Bibars at

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Thus the university, as a form of social organisation, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

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In South Africa, the madrasas also play a social and cultural role in giving after-school religious instruction to children of Muslims who attend government or private non-religious schools. However, substantial numbers of Muslim children attend fully-fledged private Islamic schools, which combine

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criticized Huff's views regarding the legal autonomy of European universities and limited curriculum of Madrasahs, demonstrating that there were many Madrasahs dedicated to the teaching of non-religious subjects and arguing that Madrasahs generally had greater legal autonomy than medieval European

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However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by other scholars to be independent medieval European developments with no necessary Islamic influence. Norman Daniel criticizes Makdisi for overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels" while

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Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

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From a structural and legal point of view, the madrasa and the university were contrasting types. Whereas the madrasa was a pious endowment under the law of religious and charitable foundations (waqf), the universities of Europe were legally autonomous corporate entities that had many legal rights

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Taşköprülüzâde's concept of knowledge and his division of the sciences provides a starting point for a study of learning and medrese education in the Ottoman Empire. Taşköprülüzâde recognises four stages of knowledge—spiritual, intellectual, oral and written. Thus all the sciences fall into one of

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in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be

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It is sometimes speculated that parents send their children to madrasas in Pakistan due to the inability to afford a good education. Although Madrasas are free they do provide adequate education for their students. It is sometimes speculated that due to lower quality of education those who finish

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are called the Alia madrasas and they number some 7,000, offering, in addition to religious instruction, subjects such as English and science, and its graduates often complete their education in secular institutions, to the extent that some 32% of the university teachers in the humanities and the

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The form of the madrasa does not appear to have changed significantly over time in this region. The Timurid period (late 14th and 15th century), however, was a "golden age" of Iranian madrasas, during which the four-iwan model was made much larger and more monumental, on a par with major mosques,

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In contrast to early Iranian Seljuk madrasas, a large number of madrasas from the Anatolian Seljuk Empire (between 1077 and 1308) have survived, and are the closest examples we have of Iranian-influenced early madrasa architecture. However, though each usually included a large central courtyard,

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Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have

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to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination. From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine. The study of Medicine and many other sciences that took place in Madrasas made large contributions to

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was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madrasas. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the

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Mosques were more than a place of worship as they were also utilized as an area to host community transactions of business. It was the center of most of a city's social and cultural life. Along with this came trades of information and teachings. As the mosque was a starting ground for religious

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As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the

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in American English) and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, not even one as broad as Islam in the general sense. Madrasas often have varied curricula. A large misconception is that madrasas only focused on the study of religion which is not true. Madrasas often included many

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The madrasas rose as colleges of learning in the Islamic world in the 11th century, though there were institutions of learning earlier. They catered not only to the religious establishment, though that was the dominant influence over them, but also the secular one. To the latter they supplied

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and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which

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in 1206 which set a basis of importance for Muslim education. Under control of the Delhi Sultanate, two early important madrasas were founded. The first was the Mu’zziyya named after Muḥammad Ghuri of the Ghorid Dynasty and his title of Muʿizz al-Dīn and founded by Sultan Iltutmish. The other

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medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".

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It is more likely that the undeniable similarities sprang from similar circumstances. Both cultural traditions had sacred writings which needed to be examined, both had systems of law that looked back to ancient precedent, neither culture knew printing (which meant that dictation and verbal

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school. Moreover, due to the already dense urban fabric of Cairo, Mamluk architectural complexes adopted increasingly irregular and creatively designed floor plans to compensate for limited space while simultaneously attempting to maximize their prominence and visibility from the street.

6174:. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendant), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madrasas in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the 8405:, claimed that specifically Pakistani madrasas were responsible for the development of thousands of jihadists/terrorists, and that they were essentially weapons of mass destruction. During the time of the article's release, videos surfaced of young boys intensely memorizing/studying the 6759:

in order to go outside. Within a cultural context, these rules are very appropriate. In addition to teaching specific subject academic content, institutions such as these purdah madrasas are also incorporating appropriate cultural and societal behavior outside the walls of the building.

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created a stir when it de-recognised madrasa education, receiving criticism from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"

8184:, which succeeded the ARMM, the eligibility of Madrasa teachers are covered by the autonomous region's education code. Prospect teachers barring any exception will have to take special examinations organized by the region's education ministry in order to secure their eligibility. 5384:

In the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, "Madaris were divided into lower and specialised levels, which reveals that there was a sense of elevation in school. Students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as

5046:. Their exact origin is uncertain, but they appear to have been already widespread in the early Abbasid period (8th-9th centuries) and may have played an early role in socializing new ethnic and demographic groups into the Islamic religion during the first few centuries after the 5561:

to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an

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evolved out of its Anatolian Seljuk predecessors into a particular style. In the classical Ottoman period (15th-16th centuries), the typical form of the madrasa had become a large courtyard surrounded by an arched gallery covered by a series of domes, similar to the

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or charitable complex. This marked a certain departure from other madrasa styles as it emphasized the feeling of space for its own sake instead of focusing on the practical function of housing as many students as possible within a small area. This is evident in the

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The first section, typology of institutions and the law of waqf, is crucial to the main thesis, since the college is defined in terms of the charitable trust, or endowment, as in Europe: it is admitted that the university, defined as a corporation, has no Islamic

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An article about a pointed exchange over a Web site report that said Senator Barack Obama had attended an Islamic school or madrassa in Indonesia as a child referred imprecisely to madrassas. While some teach a radical version of Islam, most historically have

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al-Azhar. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose."

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as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. Madrasas also served to train the scholars and educated elites who generally operated the state bureaucracy. A number of madrasas also played a supporting role to major learning institutions like the older

6323:"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy. Toby Huff, in a discussion of Makdisi's hypothesis, argues: 11041:

was that of al-Azhar in Cairo. This was established during the last quarter of the tenth century by the Fatimids to teach the principles of jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, logic and astronomy. It is here that we may find the origins of the modern

7853:

In March 2024, the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh declared the Madrasa Act of 2004 to be unconstitutional, according to a court order, while ordering the state government to move students enrolled in the Islamic system into mainstream schools.

6210:

Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'chairman' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term '

7998:

The number of madrasas more than doubled from 2002/2003 to 2011/2012, going from 63,000 to 145,000, unrecognized madrasas accounting for 17% of all schools in the country while the recognized madrasas account for nearly 1/3 of the secondary schools.

5410:

since it was more common and easier for the lower-level students to approach. The requirement of competent teachers to keep a madrasa up and running was also important. It was not uncommon for these scholars to be involved in multiple fields such as

2465:, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madrasas along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammar, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette." 7608:(1925–41), and made a gradual comeback—though lagging behind growth of Iran's population, "between 1920 and 1979 the Persian population tripled ... but enrollment in madrasas only doubled"—in the four decades before the revolution when his son ( 6318:

in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of

1427: 9904: 1923:, is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars, though the application of the term "university" to institutions of the medieval Muslim world is disputed. According to tradition, the al-Qarawiyyin mosque was founded by 6835:

their overall layouts were more variable and may have reflected more multi-purpose functions, often with an attached mausoleum, a minaret, and an ornate entrance portal. The courtyards were sometimes covered by a large dome (as with the

13142: 7387:"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, 6003:

Although there is a sort of validity to what was just mentioned in this section, more specifically in the previous paragraph, other sources also convey that an emphasis on the teaching of sciences in madrasas, and the licensing of

6746:

While madrasas continue to play a pivotal role in the education of many, including young girls, there are still some cultural norms that find their way into the hallways and classrooms of these institutions. In article from 2021,

8165:-funded DepEd project Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) has assisted a group of private madrasas seeking a Permit To Operate from the government and implement the SMC. These private madrasas are scattered throughout 9884: 2130:

depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madrasas, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the

13224: 7766:

In 2006 there were 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasas with the Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board, though the figure could be well over double that number if unregistered madrasas were counted.

8363:

When articles mentioned "madrassas," readers were led to infer that all schools so-named are anti-American, anti-Western, pro-terrorist centres having less to do with teaching basic literacy and more to do with political

5653:

was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

13550: 8108:

for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. Students who wish to attend a mainstream school may opt to take classes on weekends at the

11229:

Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010:

10137:), logic and, sometimes, philosophy and mathematics. In addition to the above, other subjects such as literary studies, history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry were also taught. 6166:

and privileges. These included the capacity to make their own internal rules and regulations, the right to buy and sell property, to have legal representation in various forums, to make contracts, to sue and be sued."

5435:

were often subsidized and founded by states or private individuals, and well-qualified teachers filled in the role for professors. Foundations of Islamic higher education in India is tied to the establishment of the

8091:

like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the

7430:

As is previously mentioned, religion dominated much of the knowledge and teachings that were endowed upon students. "Religious learning as the only true science, whose sole aim was the understanding of God's word."

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are not issued to these sciences as much as they are to religious studies, yet at the same time, there is no evidence fully supporting that none were given to these subjects. Clear examples of the issuing of such

7979:

in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in

7915:

have a hard time finding employment. Those who attended Madrasas have problem finding a job soon after. The education those receive madrasas in Pakistan closely resembles public institutions in the United States.

7722:

There are three different madrasa education systems in Bangladesh: the original darse nizami system, the redesigned nizami system, and the higher syllabus alia nisab. The first two categories are commonly called

5462:

bore the focus amongst most other subjects, particularly the rational sciences such as mathematics, logic, medicine, and astronomy. Although some tried to emphasize these subjects more, it is doubtful that every

11500:

Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period. 1. From madrasa to university" Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved

13042: 6991:

also holds a concentration of Mamluk-era architecture, including madrasas. However, the most significant Mamluk archtiectural patronage outside of Cairo is likely in Jerusalem, as with the example of the major

1692:

was usually specific to institutions of higher learning, which generally taught Islamic law and occasionally other subjects, as opposed to elementary schools or children's schools, which were usually known as

5397:

became more common. In this context, a madrasa would be referred to as a localized area or center within the mosque for studies and teachings relating the Quran. Among the first advanced topics featured at a

11659:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588

11646:

7557:

While some historical madrasas in Morocco remained in use well into the 20th century, most are no longer used for their original purpose following the reorganization of the Moroccan education system under

7225:

and his successors. Madrasas in the Iranian architectural tradition continued to be centered around a large square or rectangular courtyard with a central water basin and surrounded by a one or two-story

13344: 5316:

was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madrasas were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the ninth century

13524: 2300:(public bathhouse). The following excerpt provides a brief synopsis of the historical origins and starting points for the teachings that took place in the Ottoman madrasas in the Early Modern Period: 9901: 9740: 6716:(charitable trust) system. Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women. Royal women were also major patrons of culture and architecture in the Ottoman Empire, founding many 1974: 5663:

college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity

5707:(professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called 6947:

and faced each other across a central courtyard, while two "lateral" iwans faced each across each on the other two sides of the courtyard. Prominent examples of these include the madrasa of the

2052:. Although madrasa-type institutions appear to have existed in Iran before Nizam al-Mulk, this period is nonetheless considered by many as the starting point for the proliferation of the formal 13134: 1762:

or "madrasa" usually refers more narrowly to Islamic institutions of learning. Historians and other scholars also employ the term to refer to historical learning institutions throughout the

3729: 11630:, J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, individual entries on: Baccalarius; Collegium; Disputatio; Grade, universitäre; Magister universitatis, Professor; Rector; Studia humanitatis; Universität 9881: 2044:), created a system of state madrasas (in his time they were called the Niẓāmiyyahs, named after him) in various Seljuk and ʻAbbāsid cities at the end of the 11th century, ranging from 11271:

Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010

8409:, thus facilitating the false stereotype that madrasas brainwash and breed children to becoming future jihadists. This stereotype was even further accentuated following the events of 1895:

In the early history of the Islamic period, teaching was generally carried out in mosques rather than in separate specialized institutions. Although some major early mosques like the

7562:

and in the period following independence in 1956. Likewise, while some madrasas are still used for learning in Tunisia, many have since been converted to other uses in modern times.

6032:. He mentioned that in places like Syria and Egypt, it has been suggested that public performances of knowledge, which its conduction was required for one to finally receive their 13546: 11218:

There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.

8079:

equivalent, or "Pre-U", at several schools). Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream

13874: 6188:

introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. Many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian

6297:

failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Daniel also points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the

17969: 6959:(built from 1356 to 1363), with a large central courtyard surrounded by four enormous iwans. While the unique Madrasa of Sultan Hasan provided instruction in all four Sunni 6643:

is often translated as 'that which is indecent', which usually meant the exposure of anything other than a woman's face and hands, although scholarly interpretations of the

5641:'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the 13069: 13301: 7822:

school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the

7263:(courtyard) of imperial mosques. Madrasas were generally limited to a main ground floor, and were often built as auxiliary buildings to a central mosque which anchored a 11233:

Madrasa,...in mediaeval usage, essentially a college of law in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.

6103:

to Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din M. b. M. b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi. This license was very extensive, allowing him to teach religious, philosophical, and even medical texts like

5923:. In the second half of the 19th century in Egypt, Muslim Egyptians began to attend secular schools, and a movement arose in the late 19th to the early 20th century to 5766:

In the Early Modern Period in the Ottoman Empire, "Suleyman I added new curriculums to the Ottoman medreses of which one was medicine, which alongside studying of the

15528: 13039: 6410: 6327:

It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic madrasas.

2384:- the holy book of the Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on 2313:

and the other to medicine. He gave the highest ranking to these and thus established the hierarchy of the medreses which was to continue until the end of the empire.

1518:. From there, the construction of madrasas spread across much of the Muslim world over the next few centuries, often adopting similar models of architectural design. 7931:

physicians, administrative officials, judges and teachers. Today many registered madrasas are working effectively and coping up with modern education system such as

13860: 15231: 13605: 11124: 8579: 7286:, often considered the apogee of Ottoman architecture, included four madrasas as part of a vast and carefully designed architectural ensemble at the top of one of 6802:. Practically none of the first madrasas founded under Nizam al-Mulk (Seljuk vizier between 1064 and 1092) have survived, though partial remains of one madrasa in 6285:

Madrasa system from the ninth century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the

5415:

who was an expert in medicine, grammar, linguistics, law, alchemy, and philosophy. The choice of freedom in inquiry was also important. Muslim higher education at

13112: 15113: 8127:

According to a 2006 International Religious Freedom Report of the US State Department the country has some 2000 madrasas, with half of them located in Mindanao.

8100:(IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the 14481: 13334: 7577:

declared it to be at the beginning of the 16th century, and the number of Shiʿite madrasas in Iran (or Persia) grew rapidly from that time on. Since 1979, the

7341:. It cites sources in support of certain statements and quotes, but these are used as arguments leading to conclusions with no supporting citations. (See also 11510:

Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,

5981:

However, the classification of madrasas as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madrasas, the

1852:

was appointed there by Muhammad as teacher and among the students. In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an, The Hadith, fara'iz,

18097: 16972: 13572: 9183:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the 6955:(finished in 1304). One exceptional madrasa, which also served as a mosque and was easily one of the most massive structures of its time, was the monumental 2602: 13516: 10133:

The main subjects taught were Quranic exegesis, theology, jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence, grammar and syntax, the Traditions of Muhammad(

7116:

in Fes, built in 1350–1355, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public

9724: 7714:

which has 200 teachers and 3000 students, and in all, some 380,000 students were enrolled in these government recognized madrasas, including 55,000 girls.

6723:

In the 20th century in Indonesia, madrasas founded by women played an important role in increasing educational standards in the country. In November 1923,

12129: 15098: 13494: 12197: 1676:

in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the

8386:

published in January 2007 a correction for misusing the word "madrassa" in a way that assumed it meant a radical Islamic school. The correction stated:

5266:

were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madrasas teaching both the religious and the "secular sciences", such as

5163:

school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote, they should be taught the Qur'an,

18385: 6123:

Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madrasas and

18041: 13366: 9464: 18601: 18584: 18557: 18373: 18361: 18334: 18270: 18217: 18036: 7600:

Historically, its estimated that there were about 5,000 religious students in Iran/Persia in 1924–25, but, that number dropped sharply owing to the

2064:. Part of the motivation for this widespread adoption of the madrasah by Sunni rulers and elites was a desire to counter the influence and spread of 11022: 10806: 10306: 10118: 10068: 6902:

founded in 1242, to which was later attached al-Salih's mausoleum. In Syria, an exceptional example of a monumental madrasa from this period is the

6542:". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in 6478:, women "became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty". In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in 18572: 18351: 18300: 18246: 18229: 18092: 15197: 13164: 8505: 1795: 7955:

In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madrasas or Islamic schools are known as

18510: 18486: 18424: 18322: 18189: 16622: 13697: 8006:

in Indonesia is also refer to secular-style public and private schools with more Islamic subjects in its curriculum. There are several levels of

6859:

founded in 1136–37. Madrasa architecture in this region appears to have evolved out of Seljuk prototypes. Another early important example is the

6798:), of which some early surviving remains demonstrate this type of layout. Another possible origin may have been domestic houses in the region of 6157:

to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a

10780: 18616: 18179: 16682: 15521: 12246: 11457: 11293:

Perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two systems is embodied in their systems of certification; namely, in medieval Europe, the

9381:(June 2003), "Between doubts and certainties: on the place of history of science in Islamic societies within the field of history of science", 13016: 7872:

school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within

5743:

dedicated to the teaching of medicine. For example, of the 155 madrasa colleges in 15th century Damascus, three of them were medical schools.

18026: 9327: 6310:

on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek

8907: 8395:

There are many other instances where attempts to deem madrasas as just radical Islamic schools were made. In the year 2000, an article from

17853: 11797: 8647: 7530:

built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in

6748: 13396: 9179:

No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the

6855:

In Syria and the surrounding region, the earliest madrasas were often relatively small buildings, the earliest example of which is one in

6438:

to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the

1656:

does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether

19220: 18280: 17964: 17774: 15128: 11531:, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010 10230: 9357: 6712:

in the 12th and 13th centuries, when 160 mosques and madrasas were established in Damascus, 26 of which were funded by women through the

2119: 18366: 13758: 7592:. ("The vast majority" of the population is Twelver Shia Muslim. There are nearly three hundred thousand clerics in Iran's seminaries. 7550:

in Fes, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public

5978:, who was the “most famous and most successful” editor of the Shi’i law, kalam philosophy which include mathematic works and astrology. 18596: 9653: 8352: 5929: 5570:, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a 4405: 10706:

as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B. (eds.),

9902:

Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage “Self” and “System”: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education

6783:(vaulted chambers open on one side) arranged symmetrically around the courtyard. The origin of this architectural model may have been 6161:

in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:

2211:

in 1136. One of the earliest madrasas in Damascus, and one of the first madrasas to be accompanied by the tomb of its founder, is the

1907:

had separate rooms which were devoted to teaching, this distinction between "mosque" and "madrasa" was not very present. Notably, the

18783: 18589: 18397: 18390: 18378: 18263: 18251: 17937: 17202: 15514: 15202: 15118: 8540: 7728: 6971:

While Mamluk architecture outside Cairo was generally of lesser quality and craftsmanship, there were nonetheless many examples. The

6879:. As with the earlier Seljuk madrasas, it is likely that these foundations were motivated by a desire to counteract the influence of 6427:

have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume

2717: 13179: 10182: 7090:

built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The main architectural highlights among these are the

18498: 18258: 18080: 15219: 13930: 13728: 9077: 7171:, which dates from 1227 and is also the earliest "universal" madrasa, which is to say the first madrasa that taught all four Sunni 4993: 17718: 13454: 13425: 12549:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis. 12401: 5846:

is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 as a mosque by

18725: 15182: 15103: 13061: 12314: 7612:) ruled. At the biggest religious center in Iran, Qom, stipends for students came from religious taxes starting in the 1920s. 7578: 2123: 466: 13659: 12995: 12878: 11726: 7510:

generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th century, under the

7448:

D) Spiritual sciences—theoretical, such as Islamic theology and mathematics; and practical, such as Islamic ethics and politics.

2249:

built in Tunis in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). By the late 13th century, the first madrasas were being built in

2197:

dynasties (11th-16th centuries) in the Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasas through a religious endowment and

15123: 14013: 13634: 8088: 7703: 4380: 1293: 18085: 17942: 7947:

Nepal has 907 madrasas recognized on the same level as government schools but the total number in the country is around 4000.

17779: 17418: 16750: 15133: 15090: 13913: 13868: 12491: 12308: 12162: 12062: 12035: 11470:

C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi",

11257: 11065: 10913: 10623:

Daniel, Norman (1984). "Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi"".

10412: 9173: 9087: 8139: 353: 12497: 12068: 6214:' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having ' 16055: 16030: 10450: 8174: 3769: 17713: 16350: 9922: 9353: 8096:, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the 7771: 7193:. In some cases, these madrasas were directly attached and integrated into larger mosques, as with those attached to the 6629:

will appear; in her house, their exposure would be forbidden — how can it be allowed in a mosque, in the presence of men?

6457: 5138: 4385: 4147: 3311: 2076: 742: 13602: 6486:. Mahbuba was one of these. Another female (albeit probably fictional) figure to be remembered for her achievements was 3744: 2159:

and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.

1463:, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. In countries outside the 18503: 18429: 18339: 16675: 16306: 15653: 13104: 12838: 12592: 12526: 8545: 8084: 7783: 6046: 5101: 4390: 12168: 9882:

A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia's Islamic Education Strategy

8863: 8279:

origin, madrasas also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be.

5970:

in 1227, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the

5258:

referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst

2423:

course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in

19215: 16218: 14985: 14939: 14599: 14593: 13833: 12956: 12348: 12273: 12230: 12220: 12101: 12011: 11977: 11911: 11877: 11774: 11697: 11570: 11515: 11488: 11105: 10978: 10877: 10818: 10774: 10746: 10715: 10689: 10610: 10431: 10045: 10004: 9980: 9845: 9811: 9734: 9707: 9647: 9620: 9592: 9447: 9122: 8943: 8237: 8080: 7888:

A 'madrasa' in Kerala refers to an extra-curricular institution where children receive basic (Islamic) religious and

7684: 7374: 6779:

Madrasas were generally centered around an interior courtyard and the classical madrasa form generally featured four

6439: 4420: 3734: 2367: 531: 13937: 7356: 2392:. To Islam, the Quran is the core of all learning, it is described in this journal as the “Spine of all discipline” 1587:

literally means "a place where learning and studying take place" or "place of study". The word is also present as a

17846: 16767: 16546: 14856: 14712: 14189: 14085: 13953: 12687:

Hamadeh, Shirine (2004). "Ottoman Expressions of Early Modernity and the 'Inevitable' Question of Westernization".

12261: 9390: 6956: 6918: 6290: 6286: 2380:

The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the

131: 5431:

and particularly religious sciences, later incorporating more of mathematics, astronomy, geography, and medicine.

17687: 16276: 15350: 15156: 7736: 6872: 5575:"career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded 5080:

entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at

5034:

In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school (for children or for those learning to read) was known as a '

4246: 2931: 713: 18577: 18515: 18491: 18327: 18305: 18234: 18222: 15870: 10178: 9611:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands".

7404:

This is the rank of madrasas in the Ottoman Empire from the highest ranking to the lowest: (From İnalcık, 167).

6335:

universities. According to Saliba, Madrasahs "were fully protected from interference in their curriculum by the

6089:, issued by a physician from Damascus, was present to confirm that one was indeed issued here for said student. 18906: 17784: 17465: 16614: 15415: 14963: 14861: 13842:

Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer". Retrieved 2010-11-25.

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defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.

8219: 7666: 7559: 7337: 7032: 7028: 7024: 6419:

Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world's Islamic scholars. However,

6414: 5307: 5206: 3827: 2941: 2349: 658: 13983: 13484: 12920: 12893: 12189: 12092:

Munawaroh, Unaidatul (2002). "Rahmah el-Yunusiah: Pelopor Pendidikan Perempuan". In Burhanuddin, Jajat (ed.).

6890:. Among the surviving Ayyubid madrasas in Egypt are the remains of the Madrasa of al-Kamil (founded by Sultan 6867:

madrasas began to take on added importance, with the first madrasa in Egypt (no longer extant) being built by

19240: 17764: 17759: 17754: 16710: 16668: 16411: 16406: 16145: 14773: 14532: 14209: 13547:"Muslim Congressman: American Schools Should Be Modeled After Madrassas, 'Where The Foundation Is The Koran'" 13222: 12991: 8319:

called Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York. Presently, the Darul Uloom in New York City, an affiliate of

6952: 6149:. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and 4122: 2107: 1467:, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the religion of 402: 11933: 6708:

mosque in 859, which later developed into a madrasa. The role of female patrons was also evident during the

19210: 17769: 17749: 17744: 17723: 17596: 16984: 16828: 16720: 16345: 15335: 15312: 14922: 14778: 14768: 14674: 14327: 13458: 13429: 13400: 13374: 12651: 12545:

Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010).

11766: 11593:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

11382:"A Mongol Mahdi in Medieval Anatolia: Rebellion, Reform, and Divine Right in the Post-Mongol Islamic World" 11190:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

11157: 10340:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

9698:

Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).

8122: 8068: 7751: 7732: 7206: 7149: 7070:), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, madrasas began to be constructed in the 13th century under the 6941:, which largely used stone, the madrasa layout generally had two prominent iwans which were aligned to the 5755:

learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error. He immediately ordered his

5210: 4986: 4667: 2528: 1869: 434: 11483:

Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005,

17839: 16745: 16529: 15437: 15302: 15108: 14876: 14669: 14046: 13920: 12917:

M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 81; quoted in

12583:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

10710:, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, vol. 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 83–99, 10060: 9103: 8288: 8097: 7539: 7238: 6705: 6503: 6376: 5920: 5835: 5483:

was originally used to refer more specifically to a medieval Islamic centre of learning, mainly teaching

5318: 5267: 4555: 4313: 4308: 4251: 3822: 2111: 2093: 1908: 1810: 481: 308: 12890:

M. M. J. Fischer, Iran. From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1980., p. 77; quoted in

19115: 17147: 16594: 15865: 15537: 15187: 15070: 14587: 14006: 13684: 13339: 12528:

Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum. 2e partie. Syrie du Sud. Tome 1er. Jérusalem "Ville"

11999: 11965: 11899: 11865: 11562: 11248:

Lessnoff, Michael (2007), "Islam, Modernity and Science", in Malešević, Siniša; Haugaard, Mark (eds.),

10970: 10936: 10023: 9511: 8638: 8500: 8356: 8131: 8076: 6546:. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in 6507: 6344: 6301:, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic 6281: 6028:

multiple collections of manuscript titles and biographies. Further evidence of this was illustrated by

4437: 4318: 3385: 2642: 1498:), as well as other subjects on occasion. The origin of this type of institution is widely credited to 1286: 521: 10172: 10149: 8056: 1510:

in the 11th century, who was responsible for building the first network of official madrasas in Iran,

1482:

and historical context, the term generally refers to a particular kind of institution in the historic

16740: 16730: 16496: 15280: 15267: 14968: 14797: 14493: 14215: 14178: 13971: 13205:

Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. xi.

12587:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 12292:

Women from Traditional Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia : Negotiating Public Spaces

10925:

Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

10760: 9500:

Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

7935:, which is a chain of Islamic schools in Pakistan and in European and other countries established by 6743:"one of the most successful and influential of the schools for women" in pre-independence Indonesia. 6097:

who was considered to be a proficient polymath, astronomer, philosopher, and physician who issued an

5614: 5021:

The Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, built in the 15th century. The bottom floor contained a

4370: 4365: 3832: 3739: 2978: 2872: 2223:(Saladin) overthrew the Shi'a Fatimids in Egypt in 1171, he founded a Sunni madrasa near the tomb of 2207:. The first documented madrasa created in Syria was the Madrasa of Kumushtakin, added to a mosque in 616: 328: 39: 16952: 16771: 7918: 6700:

Women played an important role in the foundations of many Islamic educational institutions, such as

19225: 18649: 17697: 16980: 16906: 16627: 16576: 16421: 16060: 15432: 15151: 14975: 14748: 14228: 13723: 13024: 11627: 10927: 10849: 10832: 9502: 8215: 7662: 7201:(17th century). In other cases they were built as more or less separate entities, such as with the 6929: 6876: 6551: 6515: 6306: 6178:

views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madrasas were not as popular. Unlike the

6049:, a prominent mathematician in his day, was mentioned to be responsible for giving his students an 5916: 5412: 5259: 5057: 4236: 3316: 3103: 2458: 2345: 2194: 1564: 548: 348: 46: 13579: 6065:

to his student al-Quff for proving sufficient in knowledge of his commentary on the medical book,

4632: 17055: 16755: 16561: 16506: 16365: 16262: 15781: 15290: 14101: 12564:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.)

12340: 11789: 9203: 9079:

Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan, 1500-1850

8899: 8556: 8368:

Various American public figures in the early 2000s used the word in a negative manner, including

8208: 8075:). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and 7655: 7352: 7160: 7099: 6428: 5957: 5953: 5747:

and Dawshe Al-Kalai point out that, during this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the

4979: 4872: 3047: 2973: 2926: 2338: 2261:

in Fes (founded in 1271) and culminating with much larger and more ornate constructions like the

1900: 1460: 1122: 143: 17: 14255: 11407: 8633: 5378: 5100:, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and 2461:. Depending on the educational demands, some madrasas also offer additional advanced courses in 17887: 17244: 16796: 16311: 15646: 15447: 15376: 15345: 15275: 14199: 14194: 14112: 13946: 13925: 13404: 11528: 8884:

Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". In List, Regina A.; Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.).

8147: 8051: 8039: 7582: 7398: 7279: 7275: 6836: 6597: 6090: 5967: 5696: 5571: 5279: 4485: 4400: 4303: 4241: 4112: 4062: 3711: 3699: 3281: 2549: 2175: 1448: 1257: 597: 363: 16715: 13750: 13135:"In Maharashtra, students obtaining full-time religious education to be considered uneducated" 12003: 11993: 11969: 11959: 11903: 11893: 11869: 11859: 10168: 8669: 7526:, founded in Tunis in 1252 and followed by many others. In Morocco, the first madrasa was the 7086:

founded in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources). In Morocco, the first madrasa was the

5553:

to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the

3647: 19230: 17450: 16853: 16811: 16791: 16451: 16355: 16125: 16088: 16040: 15928: 15393: 15371: 14122: 13999: 10426:

Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003,

8276: 7909: 7609: 7227: 7194: 7164: 6993: 6184: 6109: 4450: 4375: 4052: 2544: 2502: 1979: 1963:). By the 900s AD, the Madrasa is noted to have become a successful higher education system. 1829: 1746:

literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

1522:

specific educational institution, with their own funding and curricula, in contrast with the

1279: 592: 417: 201: 156: 18788: 18402: 9637: 9349: 8250: 7830:, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: 7815:

hosting most of them, estimated by the Indian government to have 10,000 of those back then.

7307: 7283: 7243: 1805: 19235: 19016: 18845: 18290: 18063: 17796: 17550: 16848: 16843: 16833: 16818: 16801: 16786: 16776: 16725: 16705: 16691: 16471: 16120: 15620: 15050: 14957: 14902: 13335:"Poor Indonesian families are more likely to send their daughters to cheap Islamic schools" 13242:

OSELLA, FILIPPO, and CAROLINE OSELLA. “Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India.”

10403:

Gibb, H. A. R. (1970), "The University in the Arab-Moslem World", in Bradby, Edward (ed.),

8510: 8410: 8320: 7839: 7831: 7253: 7190: 7083: 7036: 6972: 6844: 6823: 6769: 6752: 6424: 6094: 6067: 6039:

included mathematics in its content. There are plenty of other examples of the issuance of

5975: 3837: 2961: 2956: 2844: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2539: 2246: 1612: 1479: 916: 11299: 9438:(2000) , "Situating Arabic Science: Locality versus Essence", in Shank, Michael H. (ed.), 9000: 8984: 8964: 8948: 8928: 8574: 7811:

In 2008, India's madrassas were estimated to number between 8000 and 30,000, the state of

7189:) nonetheless built numerous monumental madrasas, many of which are excellent examples of 6653: 6645: 6636: 6563: 6492: 6444: 6432: 6269: 6259: 6245: 6236: 6224: 6151: 6143: 5989: 5946: 5885: 5784: 5767: 5710: 5665: 5658: 5643: 5627: 5605: 5592: 5582: 5564: 5555: 5547: 5538: 5524: 5515: 5477: 5470: 5419:

offered not only mastery in specified fields but also a more generalized, broader option.

5327: 5311: 5252: 5190: 5183: 5157: 5150: 5124: 5116: 5109: 5082: 5074: 5062: 5051: 5040: 2435: 2417: 2409: 2397: 2307: 2097: 2038: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2004: 1934: 1926: 1756: 1721: 1666: 1646: 1581: 1574: 1545: 1442: 8: 19189: 18747: 17808: 17566: 17408: 17338: 17310: 17249: 17142: 16823: 16806: 16781: 16760: 16566: 16197: 16135: 16045: 15982: 15892: 15880: 15285: 15161: 15055: 14871: 14310: 14107: 10588: 9972: 9207: 8345: 8300: 8170: 7823: 7230:. Either two or four large iwans stood at the ends of the central axes of the courtyard. 7129: 7095: 7052: 6938: 6724: 6593: 6222:' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of 6128: 5996: 5869: 5855: 5828: 5812: 5423: 5322: 5271: 5202: 5164: 4595: 4585: 4510: 4199: 4142: 4132: 4102: 4067: 4047: 2861: 2667: 2637: 2574: 2152: 1960: 1845: 1681: 1620: 991: 706: 602: 236: 136: 65: 13929:, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the 13718: 12615:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

6339:

that established them in the first place." Examples include the Dakhwariyya madrasah in

3353: 1684:, madrasas had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as 16735: 16551: 16514: 16481: 16476: 16441: 16398: 16286: 16257: 16177: 16140: 15675: 15575: 15452: 15366: 15297: 15207: 15143: 14951: 14927: 14604: 14582: 14542: 14384: 14287: 14238: 14204: 14095: 13905:

Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan

13802: 13462: 13433: 13306: 13302:"A madrasa blends traditional education with modern to keep up with the changing times" 13282: 13158: 12704: 12393: 12365: 12240: 11610: 11451: 11411: 11403: 11207: 11014: 10948: 10640: 10535: 10510: 10475: 10357: 10298: 10222: 10110: 9523: 9477: 9473: 9418: 9319: 8382: 8315:

of Indiana called for additional madrasas in the United States. There is a madrassa in

8031: 8023: 7570: 7547: 7472: 7342: 7113: 6964: 6903: 6860: 6671: 6574: 6158: 5892: 5816: 5799: 5275: 5168: 4525: 4460: 4445: 4415: 4214: 4209: 4194: 4087: 4082: 3776: 3749: 3348: 2936: 2906: 2892: 2493: 2262: 2212: 2167: 2136: 2106:. In addition to religious subjects, they taught the "rational sciences," as varied as 2085: 2081: 1849: 626: 583: 553: 536: 511: 456: 412: 124: 14450: 12290: 10488: 8605: 6079:

managed to show that one of its readers had sufficient knowledge in the medical text,

5956:(founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world." 2010:

created one of the first major official academic institutions known in history as the

1012: 19205: 19165: 18966: 18825: 18446: 17954: 17505: 16917: 16647: 16604: 16237: 16182: 16172: 16164: 16130: 16015: 15964: 15786: 15639: 15427: 15422: 15327: 15317: 15307: 14980: 14866: 14818: 14661: 14572: 14275: 14265: 14260: 14250: 14245: 14078: 13909: 13864: 13829: 13669: 13664: 12979: 12834: 12794: 12588: 12487: 12457: 12397: 12385: 12344: 12304: 12269: 12226: 12158: 12097: 12058: 12031: 12007: 11973: 11907: 11873: 11770: 11714: 11693: 11576: 11566: 11527:

Extensive bibliography in: Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa."

11511: 11484: 11415: 11398: 11381: 11253: 11101: 11061: 11018: 10974: 10952: 10909: 10873: 10814: 10770: 10766: 10742: 10721: 10711: 10685: 10606: 10540: 10480: 10427: 10408: 10302: 10226: 10114: 10041: 10000: 9976: 9841: 9807: 9730: 9703: 9643: 9616: 9588: 9527: 9443: 9410: 9402: 9323: 9311: 9169: 9161: 9118: 9083: 8484: 8472: 8453: 8015: 7620: 7543: 7511: 7503: 7202: 7071: 6913: 6895: 6887: 6843:), reflecting an ongoing transition to domed Islamic buildings in Anatolia and later 6799: 6613: 6531: 6475: 6219: 5912: 5748: 5491:, usually affiliated with a mosque, and funded by an early charitable trust known as 5303: 5089: 4701: 4682: 4228: 4189: 4137: 4127: 4117: 4092: 4077: 4040: 3671: 3055: 2799: 2462: 2254: 2115: 1987: 1940: 1881: 1616: 1262: 667: 631: 578: 491: 451: 313: 13626: 7102:(completed in 1341), all of which are lavishly decorated with sculpted wood, carved 6170:

As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of

5346: 3926: 19153: 18916: 18835: 18006: 17991: 17981: 17927: 17662: 17470: 17348: 17192: 17182: 17105: 16912: 16456: 16316: 16268: 16187: 16005: 15506: 15457: 15442: 15192: 14897: 14619: 14557: 14547: 14537: 14522: 14270: 14173: 14145: 14033: 13792: 13272: 12696: 12377: 12296: 11602: 11393: 11199: 11097: 11006: 10940: 10865: 10632: 10530: 10522: 10470: 10462: 10349: 10290: 10214: 10102: 9515: 9422: 9394: 9303: 9199: 9195: 9110: 8979: 8430: 8316: 7932: 7527: 7087: 6984: 6570: 6535: 6320: 6253: 6189: 6135:) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a 6072: 5933: 5832:

scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

5759: 5732: 5488: 5299: 5198: 5093: 5023: 4672: 4657: 4642: 4590: 4495: 4395: 4298: 4261: 4204: 4184: 4179: 4152: 4072: 3931: 3694: 3602: 3492: 3487: 3271: 3176: 3114: 3079: 3071: 2921: 2911: 2814: 2647: 2277: 2258: 2198: 2182: 2148: 2049: 2033: 1628: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1515: 1382: 1356: 1350: 1312: 476: 471: 422: 407: 392: 301: 180: 13797: 13780: 13277: 13260: 12630:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

9726:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

7467: 7303: 5445:

was the Nāṣiriyya, named after Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd and built by Balban. These two

4712: 2476:, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the 19245: 19129: 18926: 18921: 18860: 18850: 18830: 18542: 18016: 17637: 17455: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17167: 16927: 16651: 16556: 16486: 16242: 16192: 16010: 15897: 15585: 15383: 15080: 15025: 14825: 14511: 14471: 14360: 14316: 14090: 13941: 13903: 13887: 13879: 13609: 13228: 13180:"Court ruling effectively outlaws Islamic schools in India's most populous state" 13046: 12854: 12522: 12481: 12477: 12052: 10810: 10801: 10558: 9908: 9888: 9291: 9148: 9007: 8991: 8971: 8955: 8935: 8610: 8515: 8495: 8444: 8397: 8373: 8339:(مدرسه) means any educational institution, of any description, (as does the term 8332: 7896: 7889: 7877: 7624: 7589: 7507: 7348: 7182: 6948: 6864: 6709: 6701: 6584: 6491: 6193: 5971: 5880: 5865: 5847: 5808: 5791: 5532: 5437: 5370: 5263: 5244: 5122:

school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a

5056:

was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian

5047: 4949: 4822: 4677: 4605: 4570: 4470: 4360: 4266: 4107: 3911: 3637: 3502: 3368: 3358: 3321: 3087: 2754: 2697: 2687: 2424: 2190: 2056:

across the rest of the Muslim world, adapted for use by all four different Sunni

1956: 1944: 1924: 1729: 1701: 1624: 1420: 1376: 1222: 1067: 611: 427: 387: 376: 358: 261: 206: 119: 10803:

A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages

9307: 8312: 8158:, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content. 4717: 3632: 3597: 1876:. The first part of madrasa-based education is estimated from the first day of " 1864:, etc. There was also training in horse-riding, the art of war, handwriting and 18951: 18820: 18720: 18633: 18468: 18312: 18164: 18159: 18134: 18053: 17611: 17606: 17495: 17397: 17285: 17254: 16932: 16922: 16416: 16083: 15907: 15902: 15875: 15744: 15495: 15212: 15065: 14907: 14609: 13517:"BARMM to grant special eligibility for Madaris teachers in new education code" 10526: 10466: 9378: 8825:

Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".

8255: 8151: 7960: 7936: 7863: 7515: 7144: 7091: 7075: 7016: 7012: 6899: 6685: 6681: 6617: 6527: 6523: 6406: 5908: 5824: 5740: 5287: 5239: 5172: 4862: 4647: 4622: 4293: 4174: 4166: 3966: 3896: 3612: 3587: 3440: 3390: 3338: 3276: 3221: 3124: 2988: 2946: 2809: 2794: 2702: 2677: 2622: 2612: 2518: 2454: 2450: 2269: 2238: 2186: 1999: 1896: 1825: 1677: 1523: 730: 699: 571: 558: 516: 461: 75: 18621: 18567: 12300: 10739:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

9949:

Landau, J.M.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Kuttāb".

9166:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

7047: 3592: 2294:-based religious foundation which included other elements like a mosque and a 19199: 19092: 18891: 18865: 18815: 18356: 18204: 18119: 17907: 17882: 17290: 17275: 16326: 16227: 15819: 15724: 15610: 15398: 15225: 15075: 14614: 14577: 14552: 14389: 13897:

Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan

12983: 12389: 11710: 11580: 11010: 10725: 10294: 10106: 9406: 9315: 9187: 8643: 8402: 8369: 8292: 7968: 7835: 7812: 7800: 7724: 7393: 6880: 6519: 6483: 6462: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6331: 5700: 5688: 5454: 5354: 5291: 4904: 4742: 4687: 4465: 3991: 3973: 3482: 3144: 3063: 3018: 2951: 2877: 2408: 2296: 2224: 2071: 2003: 1948: 1889: 1779: 1507: 1499: 1237: 1102: 1092: 1082: 636: 541: 501: 10995:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 10824: 10279:"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 10091:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 1591:

with the same general meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as:

19141: 18795: 18129: 17986: 17821: 17576: 16838: 16541: 16446: 16436: 16336: 16301: 16281: 16222: 16150: 16035: 15938: 15885: 15485: 15410: 15060: 14912: 14790: 14506: 14355: 14340: 14054: 12154:

Peran kaum mudo dalam pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau 1803-1942

12152: 12054:

Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan

10580: 10484: 9929: 9414: 9191: 8855: 8560: 8458: 8377: 8258: 8166: 7759: 7628: 7601: 7476: 7311: 7186: 6997: 6819: 6795: 6479: 6211: 6056: 5839: 5820: 5449:

bear importance as a starting point for higher education for Muslim India.

4934: 4857: 4747: 4652: 4535: 4328: 3716: 3689: 3607: 3537: 3517: 3306: 3266: 3255: 3040: 3003: 2769: 2510: 2228:

descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves (

1916: 1873: 1818: 1763: 1552: 1483: 1197: 1157: 1137: 921: 901: 687: 643: 380: 112: 101: 52: 16942: 12946: 10544: 10255:

Pederson, J; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R (March 30, 2009). "Madrasa".

6662: 6387:

which taught astronomy along with religious studies. According to Saliba:

5879:

Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī

5175:, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills). 3986: 3978: 3857: 1892:

initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres.

18911: 18855: 18654: 17892: 17423: 17157: 17137: 16519: 16431: 16360: 16296: 16252: 16070: 16025: 15978: 15912: 15756: 15719: 15565: 15548: 15037: 14527: 14435: 14335: 14222: 12531:(in French). Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 10737:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

10218: 9435: 9180: 8478: 8291:, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are 7873: 7846: 7804: 7788: 7702:

As of early 2021, Afghanistan had some 5000 madrasas registered with the

7551: 7117: 6883: 6791: 6693: 6393: 5752: 5295: 5017: 4944: 4899: 4797: 4637: 4001: 3622: 3577: 3512: 3420: 3343: 3196: 3191: 2998: 2916: 2887: 2882: 2737: 2457:, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by 2144: 2045: 1952: 1865: 1511: 1207: 1062: 439: 397: 321: 13978: 13806: 13286: 9225:

The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171

8355:

examined bias in United States newspaper coverage of Pakistan since the

7278:, which included 16 madrasa buildings arranged symmetrically around the 5850:. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the 5341:

between 1155 and 1260. Institutions of learning were established in the

45:"Madraseh", "Medrese", and "Madraza" redirect here. For other uses, see 19177: 19077: 18840: 18700: 18562: 18458: 18154: 17996: 17621: 17581: 17392: 17127: 17040: 16976: 16660: 16584: 16491: 16466: 16426: 16020: 15791: 15776: 15771: 15739: 15714: 15340: 14422: 14379: 14350: 12708: 10944: 9519: 9398: 8222: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8181: 7869: 7755: 7711: 7669: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7020: 6562: 6467: 6420: 6380: 6348: 6315: 6029: 6025: 5937: 5736: 5726: 5535:

system had its origins in the ninth century after the formation of the

5342: 5326: 4909: 4837: 4817: 4812: 4410: 4276: 4097: 3906: 3684: 3617: 3564: 3430: 3333: 3216: 2983: 2839: 2774: 2662: 2607: 2389: 2352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2216: 2127: 2103: 2089: 2065: 2011: 1464: 1252: 1217: 444: 18936: 18730: 18184: 17728: 17642: 17480: 13861:"Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas" 13246:, vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346., doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198. 12582: 11614: 11211: 10644: 10561:. "The History of Libraries in the Arab World: A Diffusionist Model". 10405:

The University Outside Europe: Essays on the Development of University

10361: 9383:

NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin

9102:

while other scholars have argued that this distinction belongs to the

7265: 6676: 6659:

have always tended to vary, with some more or less strict than others.

6256:

are also modelled on Islamic custom." The Islamic scholarly system of

5940:

delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of

5531:("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic 5366: 2759: 2286: 19087: 19082: 19057: 18961: 18695: 18690: 18285: 17831: 17413: 17371: 17353: 17122: 17045: 16990: 16937: 16247: 16078: 15969: 15766: 15751: 15734: 15729: 15709: 15605: 15600: 15045: 14476: 14418: 14365: 14233: 13826:

Teaching and Learning the Sciences in Islamicate Societies (800-1700)

13692: 11835:, p. 23, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon 11822:, p. 22, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon 10451:"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres" 10372: 10370: 8359:, and found the term has come to contain a loaded political meaning: 8061: 7993: 7605: 7502:, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the 7214: 7178: 7153: 7133: 7056: 6928:

After the faltering of the Ayyubid dynasty and the transition to the

6803: 6443: 6372: 6368: 6179: 6113:. These are just a few select/historical examples of the issuance of 5050:

of the region. Like madrasas (which referred to higher education), a

4919: 4889: 4752: 4580: 4545: 4520: 4323: 4281: 4271: 3921: 3445: 3206: 3154: 3119: 2829: 2632: 2597: 2404: 2381: 2162: 2132: 1885: 1861: 1857: 1791: 1527: 1172: 1087: 1077: 1052: 1007: 941: 936: 886: 851: 343: 61: 13040:

Testimony of Samina Ahmed to U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee

12700: 12483:

The Muslim Architecture of Egypt: Ayyūbids and early Baḥrite Mamlūks

11715:"Flying Goats And Other Obsessions: A Response to Toby Huff's Reply" 10206: 8197: 7644: 7359:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7205:(also in Isfahan, 17th-18th centuries), or the 15th-century Timurid 6787: 6453: 2672: 2327: 2068:

at the time, by using these institutions to spread Sunni teachings.

19124: 19097: 19052: 19047: 18532: 18414: 18409: 17949: 17932: 17382: 17343: 17280: 17223: 17197: 17162: 17060: 16881: 16599: 16232: 15814: 15761: 15662: 15388: 14884: 14742: 14694: 14488: 14394: 14345: 14073: 13899:. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996. 12951: 12381: 11606: 11534: 11203: 10636: 10353: 9184: 8462: 8438: 8262: 8135: 7981: 7881: 7519: 7388: 7315: 7287: 7247: 7210: 7079: 6976: 6891: 6784: 6689: 6487: 6340: 6104: 5896: 5756: 5637:

who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title

5618: 5334: 5283: 5227: 5061: 4954: 4867: 4847: 4832: 4627: 4600: 3956: 3916: 3862: 3450: 3231: 3186: 3139: 3129: 3013: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2682: 2242: 2171: 2140: 2080:

consider the period between the 11th and 14th centuries to be the "

1877: 1836:

was the teacher and the students were some of his followers. After

1833: 1740:

also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term

1736: 1588: 1472: 1267: 1192: 1177: 1072: 791: 786: 781: 776: 653: 621: 335: 269: 57: 19011: 18805: 17545: 16891: 10994: 10841: 10367: 10278: 10090: 8067:

In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by

6910:. Many more examples from this period, however, have not survived. 6756: 6612:

While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal

6490:, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by 6450:(the women scholars of hadith), and found at least 8,000 of them. 6351:; the Madrasah established by Kamal al-Din Ibn Man`a (d. 1242) in 5861: 5600: 5374: 4787: 4782: 4727: 3996: 19172: 19067: 19042: 18976: 18956: 18931: 18810: 18800: 18767: 18742: 18669: 18628: 18606: 18547: 18527: 18481: 18476: 18419: 18317: 18124: 17959: 17897: 17692: 17515: 17500: 17475: 17328: 17172: 17070: 17000: 16947: 16589: 16291: 16202: 16050: 15997: 15933: 15827: 15580: 15403: 14999: 14687: 14445: 14440: 14427: 14411: 14404: 14399: 14131: 13573:"Application for membership Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York" 13489: 13370: 12643: 12544: 11927: 11472:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

11149: 9697: 9062:İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In 8466: 8101: 7923: 7827: 7574: 7531: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7198: 7173: 7168: 7121: 7067: 7005: 6988: 6980: 6960: 6868: 6543: 6311: 6277: 5961: 5941: 5843: 5717:, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit." 5709: 5537: 5358: 5350: 5104:

among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and

4959: 4929: 4884: 4852: 4807: 4802: 4792: 4737: 4732: 4662: 4617: 4575: 4455: 4057: 3884: 3759: 3754: 3435: 3395: 3363: 3181: 3149: 2250: 2220: 2061: 2057: 1995: 1983: 1920: 1853: 1814: 1742: 1732: 1247: 1152: 1132: 1047: 981: 971: 926: 891: 806: 796: 771: 163: 35: 31: 13094:. Working Paper. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, p. 18 10508: 9880:

Baba, S., Salleh, M. J., Zayed, T. M., & Harris, R. (2015).

8824: 6809: 6608:; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith. 3798: 2407:(the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a 2395:

A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a

19148: 19102: 19072: 19062: 19037: 19032: 19006: 18971: 18941: 18901: 18896: 18886: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18737: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18685: 18664: 18611: 18522: 18441: 18275: 18194: 18031: 18021: 17922: 17912: 17862: 17652: 17601: 17591: 17586: 17571: 17539: 17510: 17485: 17460: 17387: 17333: 17259: 17207: 17187: 17075: 17065: 17050: 17035: 16537: 16100: 15687: 15590: 15558: 14917: 14891: 14850: 14811: 14728: 14641: 14562: 14464: 14374: 14305: 14300: 14067: 13991: 13966: 12547:

Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia

9700:

Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia

9568:

Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture

8550: 8424: 8162: 8105: 7819: 7740: 7120:. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in 7108: 7103: 6933: 6907: 6720:

s (religious and charitable complexes) that included madrasas.

6579: 6511: 6244: 6231: 6215: 6175: 6115: 6099: 6085: 6061: 6051: 6040: 6034: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5988: 5983: 5964: 5900: 5692: 5672: 5523: 5504: 5484: 5403: 5362: 5338: 5222: 5143: 5105: 5028: 5012: 4939: 4924: 4914: 4767: 4722: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4530: 4480: 3951: 3946: 3936: 3901: 3867: 3815: 3808: 3793: 3788: 3724: 3678: 3652: 3642: 3542: 3527: 3522: 3507: 3497: 3472: 3460: 3455: 3425: 3415: 3410: 3301: 3286: 3226: 3211: 3159: 3134: 3023: 3008: 2993: 2834: 2804: 2784: 2779: 2764: 2742: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2429: 2385: 2230: 2156: 1841: 1837: 1782:

and subsequently spread to other regions of the Islamic world.

1776: 1767: 1710: 1695: 1657: 1596: 1503: 1487: 1433: 1415: 1227: 1187: 1167: 1147: 1127: 1112: 1042: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 986: 976: 966: 961: 956: 911: 876: 866: 816: 761: 506: 496: 285: 253: 245: 230: 224: 108: 19184: 17803: 12222:

Women shaping Islam : Indonesian women reading the Qurʼan

9948: 9687:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 9636:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).

9146:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

8731:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".

7727:

or non-government madrasas. Amongst them the most notable are

6024:

can be seen in numerous manuscripts, or more specifically, in

5088:

schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in

3657: 3477: 3373: 2468:

People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming

2139:, the territories under the Caliphate experienced a growth in 1824:

The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of

19001: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18881: 18659: 18552: 18537: 18346: 18212: 18144: 18114: 18109: 18011: 17976: 17902: 17877: 17667: 17647: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17238: 17228: 17177: 17132: 17117: 17111: 17085: 17080: 17029: 17024: 17019: 16995: 16876: 16093: 15943: 15834: 15809: 15704: 15615: 15570: 15553: 15166: 14991: 14945: 14933: 14735: 14721: 14680: 14457: 14295: 14152: 14138: 14059: 14022: 12793:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 12028:

The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire

11540:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

11315: 11313: 11286:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

10661:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

10376:

George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

9836:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

9802:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Hafsid".

8489: 8406: 8348:

began with Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools.

8296: 7707: 7632: 7586: 7442:

B) Oral sciences—such as Arabic language, grammar and syntax.

7222: 6943: 6922: 6856: 6840: 6827: 6652: 6635: 6588: 6558: 6539: 6499: 6352: 6258: 5873: 5683: 5677: 5634: 5591: 5581: 5450: 5243:

An illustration of an "Arab university in Cairo" from 1869's

5232: 5097: 5072:

in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the

4964: 4894: 4827: 4777: 4772: 4757: 4540: 4505: 4500: 4490: 4475: 4343: 4333: 4256: 4006: 3941: 3783: 3764: 3627: 3582: 3572: 3547: 3532: 3405: 3296: 3241: 3236: 3201: 3171: 2824: 2819: 2692: 2657: 2617: 2592: 2587: 2416: 2208: 1904: 1468: 1400: 1362: 1242: 1232: 1212: 1202: 1142: 1117: 1097: 1057: 1037: 946: 931: 906: 896: 881: 871: 861: 856: 836: 821: 811: 734: 648: 526: 217: 175: 168: 91: 83: 13668:. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from 8844:. United States: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 46, 76, 77. 7795: 7181:

dynasty and the many dynasties that followed them (e.g. the

6498:

because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent

5987:

were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of

18453: 18436: 18295: 18174: 18169: 18149: 18139: 18104: 18048: 18001: 17917: 17657: 17616: 17402: 17376: 17233: 17152: 16968: 16321: 16104: 15974: 15631: 14832: 14804: 14754: 14701: 14646: 14159: 13213: 13211: 10020:

The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

8155: 7259: 6780: 6547: 6384: 6336: 6302: 6268: 6171: 6137: 5904: 5508: 4842: 4762: 4515: 4348: 4338: 3852: 3803: 3400: 3291: 2707: 2652: 2627: 2469: 2284:) was a common institution as well, often part of a larger 2203: 1772: 1592: 1491: 1406: 1336: 1318: 1182: 1162: 1107: 951: 846: 766: 751: 277: 185: 13908:. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006. 13367:"Contrasting views of madrasahs in multi-ethnic Singapore" 12715: 12617:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 11310: 10207:"Medieval Higher Education: Islamic and Western Academics" 9440:

The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

7803:, India. This mosque dates back to the 1700s and is where 18241: 16461: 15948: 15848: 12879:

A History of Tension between Iran's Clerics and the State

12674:

Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

12585:

Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre

11673:, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1992), pp. 272-273 (272): 11552: 11550: 11120: 10254: 9891:. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 32(2). 9635: 9442:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 215–31, 5545:(schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the 1966: 1391: 1330: 826: 13208: 12122:"Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah" 12096:(in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 1–38. 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10325: 9835: 8580:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

7899:' of Kerala are the equivalent of north Indian madrasas. 6055:

to teach his mathematical treatise on the dust letters.

11719:

Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies

11690:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

11444:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

11361: 11349: 11337: 10854:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1957–1958 10837:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1155–1156 10758: 10682:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

10603:

Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West

8755:

Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah".

7706:(unregistered ones being uncounted) with around 250 in 6411:

Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world

5798:) simply means 'university'. For more information, see 27:

School or college, often providing an Islamic education

12424:

Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis

11642: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11547: 11325: 11252:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196, 11171: 9804:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

9613:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

8733:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

7984:, where a significant Muslim population can be found. 7775:

social sciences are graduates of these Alia madrasas.

7209:

and two other monumental 17th-century madrasas at the

5827:, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel argue that the European 5815:

have argued that, starting in the tenth century, some

1947:

in 969–970 in Cairo, initially as a center to promote

1840:(migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in 19113: 13485:"Catholic Philippines teaches Islam in state schools" 12190:"Rahmah el Yunusiyyah Pejuang Pendidikan Kaum Wanita" 10322: 9350:"Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic" 8842:

Curriculum Studies in Turkey:A Historical Perspective

7868:

Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional

7770:

The madrasas regulated by the government through the

7445:

C) Intellectual sciences—logic in Islamic philosophy.

7015:, came to prominence in Egypt. They also appeared in 6983:, is still essentially Ayyubid in style. The city of 5278:. Some madrasas further extended their curriculum to 1660:, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word 1475:), though this may not be the only subject studied. 1403: 1365: 1333: 15536: 11655: 11653: 8420: 6734: 1397: 1394: 1359: 1327: 1324: 13660:"Jumping on the US Bandwagon for a "War on Terror"" 12947:"Govt Plans to Bring Madrassas Under State Control" 11633: 9911:. Journal of Islam, Law and Judiciary, 1(1), 45–62. 9285: 9283: 7439:

A) Calligraphic sciences—such as styles of writing.

7004:), which was rebuilt in its current form by Sultan 5231:Courtyard of the Al-Azhar Mosque and University in 2487: 2317: 1579:, meaning "a place where something is done". Thus, 1388: 1385: 1321: 1315: 13719:"Madrassas breeding grounds of terrorists: Powell" 12087: 12085: 12030:. Reaktion Books. pp. 268–368 and elsewhere. 9838:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 9164:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 8275:secular and religious education. Among Muslims of 8134:nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in 7967:) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม ( 6963:, most madrasas and mosques in Egypt followed the 6727:opened a school located in Padang Panjang called 6569:in the 12th century, there were opportunities for 6396:, which is another point that he seems to neglect. 13944: (archived October 27, 2009). Reprinted from 13676: 12881:, Mehdi Khalaji 26 July 2010 Washington Institute 12773:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 12671: 11650: 10762:The heritage of European universities, Volume 548 10509:Nigel J. Shanks, Dawshe Al-Kalai (January 1984). 9923:"Islamic religious schools, Madrasas: Background" 8287:The first Madressa established in North America, 7826:constitutes one of the biggest madrasas) and the 7799:This is a madarasa of the Jamia Masjid mosque in 7573:has been the official religion of Iran since the 2155:but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the 19197: 13751:"Rivals CNN and Fox News Spar Over Obama Report" 13711: 13031: 12988:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh 12441:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 12426:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 12182: 10908:by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - 10061:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition — Brill" 9801: 9702:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF. 9610: 9570:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 9280: 9252: 8506:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation 7177:s (legal schools of thought). Later, the Mongol 7159:Very few if any formal madrasas from before the 6728: 5475:" can now refer to any type of school, the term 1796:List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation 13828:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 77–111. 12082: 10036:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999), 9995:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999), 9967:M. S. Asimov, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999), 9685:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 9543:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 9274:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 9272:The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo 9064:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 8754: 7518:dynasties which succeeded them. In Tunisia (or 7392:Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through 7139: 1749: 13653: 13651: 13105:"Indian state de-recognises madrasa education" 12510:Damascus, and (b) the Tankizīya, at Jerusalem. 12421: 12366:"Inside a Residential Girls' Madrasa in India" 11297:, or license to teach; in medieval Islam, the 11250:Ernest Gellner and contemporary social thought 10708:Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society 9377: 9255:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: an Introduction 7453: 6830:, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art 5513:Madrasas were largely centred on the study of 17847: 16676: 15647: 15522: 14007: 13523:. Bangsamoro Information Office. 2021-05-19. 13221:Volume VI. Leiden E. J. Brill 1988 p. 458-66 12822: 12818:. Princeton University Press. pp. 29–30. 12144: 12115: 12113: 11709: 9462: 8475:—most common madrasa curriculum in South Asia 8060:Students of Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah in 6810:Evolution and spread across different regions 4987: 1287: 707: 13627:"What role for madrassas that teach Hindus?" 13201: 13199: 13163:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13133:Rashid, Alok Deshpande, Omar (3 July 2015). 13062:"An education: Inside Bangladesh's madrasas" 12921:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia" 12894:"Education v. The Madrasa in Shiʿite Persia" 12676:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 12521: 12268:. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 175. 12218: 12050: 11763:Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800 11760: 11432:2nd ed. (Cambridge University, 2003) p. 149. 10924: 10035: 9994: 9966: 9499: 8757:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 7163:have survived in Iran. One exception is the 5739:teaching hospitals, there were also several 1714: 1640: 1568: 1436: 13854:Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan 13748: 13742: 13648: 12911: 12884: 12847: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12612: 12253: 11953: 11951: 11243: 11241: 10557: 9347: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 8886:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society 8856:"madrasah - Origin and meaning of madrasah" 7414:Madrasas built by earlier sultans in Bursa. 5188:refers to the secondary education stage of 1933:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named 17854: 17840: 16683: 16669: 16113: 15654: 15640: 15529: 15515: 14014: 14000: 12756:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe 12672:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). 12436: 12288: 12245:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12157:. Padang: BPSNT Padang Press. p. 63. 12110: 11601:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 11586: 11456:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11198:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 11091: 10986: 10858: 10674: 10348:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 10151:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world 9289: 9242:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. 9096: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 8730: 8573: 8353:Yale Center for the Study of Globalization 8130:In 2004, madrasas were mainstreamed in 16 7876:. The latter section consists of majority 6951:(built in 1284–1285) and the neighbouring 4994: 4980: 4406:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy 2143:, having the highest literacy rate of the 1994:In the late 11th century, during the late 1294: 1280: 714: 700: 13796: 13332: 13299: 13276: 13196: 12758:. United Kingdom: U of Cambridge P, 2002. 12560: 12558: 12556: 12091: 12025: 11925: 11397: 10831:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 10534: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10474: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10272: 10270: 9962: 9960: 9920: 9292:"Islamic Education: History and Tendency" 8238:Learn how and when to remove this message 7818:The majority of these schools follow the 7729:Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam 7685:Learn how and when to remove this message 7375:Learn how and when to remove this message 7042: 6979:, which contains the mausoleum of Sultan 6839:, founded in 1279, and other madrasas in 6071:. In addition, a copy of a commentary on 5775: 5681:, soliciting from him a response, called 5333:, as well as 75 madrasas in Cairo, 51 in 2368:Learn how and when to remove this message 1813:(marked by the green roofs and the white 16690: 16397: 13931:Lahore University of Management Sciences 13889:Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror? 13823: 13682: 13254: 13252: 12872: 12775:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 12766: 12764: 12743: 12721: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12515: 12476: 12422:El Kadi, Galila; Bonnamy, Alain (2007). 11995:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11961:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11948: 11895:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11861:Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World 11595:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11386:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11367: 11355: 11343: 11331: 11319: 11247: 11238: 11192:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11177: 10872:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 10864: 10625:Journal of the American Oriental Society 10616: 10579: 10515:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 10455:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 10342:Journal of the American Oriental Society 9779: 9777: 9682: 9341: 9222: 9117:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 9109: 8326: 8323:in Pakistan, also serves as a madrassa. 8249: 8055: 7917: 7794: 7782: 7745: 7619: 7466: 7302: 7237: 7143: 7046: 6912: 6818: 6774: 6661: 6452: 5860: 5613: 5325:(the most famous), the eleventh century 5238: 5226: 5155:wrote that children should be sent to a 5137: 5016: 2161: 1973: 1804: 51: 13892:. London and New York: Routledge, 2008. 13657: 13238: 13236: 13009: 12977: 12828: 12791:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 12784: 12782: 12689:The Journal of Architectural Historians 12686: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12540: 12538: 12451: 11991: 11957: 11891: 11857: 11592: 11559:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 11556: 11446:(2nd ed.). Cambridge. p. 179. 11189: 10967:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 10964: 10896:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441. 10894:Engineering Education in the Arab World 10886: 10339: 9797: 9795: 9783: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9642:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 9606: 9604: 9135:. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441. 9133:Engineering Education in the Arab World 9017: 8481:—another similar type of Islamic school 7522:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the 7417:Madrasas endowed by great men of state. 7082:), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the 6577:, writing that women could study, earn 6196:prior to their formal establishment as 5006: 1986:, established in 1227, one of the only 1688:. In medieval usage, however, the term 14: 19198: 17861: 15674: 13482: 13132: 13072:from the original on 21 September 2021 12959:from the original on 21 September 2021 12944: 12918: 12891: 12816:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 12788: 12770: 12732: 12730: 12553: 12363: 10992: 10847: 10830: 10759:Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (2006-01-01). 10622: 10495: 10448: 10437: 10407:, Ayer Publishing, pp. 281–298 , 10276: 10267: 10250: 10248: 10205:Garcia, Michelle (February 25, 2013). 10204: 10200: 10198: 10163: 10161: 10088: 9999:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 34–5, 9957: 9951:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 9944: 9942: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9639:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 9578: 9576: 9541:Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages 9075: 8998:) translates as 'Islamic school', and 8883: 8827:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8073:Islamic Religious Council of Singapore 7845:In July 2015, the state government of 7704:Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs 5393:discourse in the Islamic world, these 5250:During its formative period, the term 5178: 4381:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 2102:curriculum and the subsequent rise of 17835: 16664: 16386: 15673: 15635: 15510: 15252: 15020: 14636: 13995: 13624: 13249: 13177: 12833:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale. 12813: 12761: 12627: 12601: 12334: 12259: 12132:from the original on 16 February 2021 12051:Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017-03-02). 11936:from the original on 29 November 2016 11745: 11379: 11144: 11142: 11053: 10701: 10585:Traditional Islam in the modern world 10511:"Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages" 10233:from the original on January 15, 2023 9900:Baba, S., & Zayed, T. M. (2015). 9865: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9722: 9582: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9434: 9266: 9264: 9237: 8839: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8600: 8598: 7631:, built in the early-14th century in 7434:The following is taken from İnalcık. 7293: 6692:) and designed by imperial architect 2032:, who would later be murdered by the 1915:), established in 859 in the city of 1419: 15021: 14637: 13778: 13300:Rajbanshi, Arjun (27 October 2019). 13258: 13233: 13059: 12779: 12571: 12535: 12430: 12415: 12328: 12150: 11671:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11441: 11290:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260): 11060:. Infobase Publishing. p. 447. 10813:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 10741:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 10665:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): 10402: 10012: 9792: 9788:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 9754: 9601: 9168:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8220:adding citations to reliable sources 8191: 8187: 8175:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 8083:curriculum subjects and sit for the 7667:adding citations to reliable sources 7638: 7320: 6953:complex of his son al-Nasir Muhammad 5133: 2403:course teaching memorization of the 2350:adding citations to reliable sources 2321: 12919:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) . 12892:Zaryāb, ʿAbbās (9 December 2011) . 12807: 12740:. New York: U of Cambridge P, 2006. 12727: 12445: 12119: 11848:. (Hollis and Carter, 1964), p. 196 10906:Civilization: The West and the Rest 10563:Libraries & the Cultural Record 10245: 10195: 10158: 10040:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 37, 9939: 9820: 9786:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 9716: 9691: 9667: 9573: 9354:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9011: 8995: 8975: 8959: 8939: 8401:, authored by university professor 7772:Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board 7298: 6604:How splendid were the women of the 6458:Al-Jamiatul Arabia Haildhar Madrasa 6400: 5795: 5216: 4386:The Incoherence of the Philosophers 4041:National literatures of Arab States 2077:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1715: 1713:word for a university, however, is 1641: 1569: 1437: 24: 19221:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia 18062: 17719:Influences on Western architecture 13846: 13549:. Fox News Channel. July 5, 2012. 13373:. 19 February 2009. Archived from 13333:Asadullah, M Niaz (6 March 2020). 12978:Siddiqi, ABM Saiful Islam (2012). 12337:Historical Dictionary of Indonesia 11800:from the original on 16 March 2017 11544:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264) 11139: 11127:from the original on 25 April 2012 10449:Miller, Andrew C (December 2006). 10380:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260) 9921:Blanchard, Christopher M. (2008). 9854: 9549: 9261: 9155: 8962:) translates as 'private school', 8595: 6850: 6814: 6077:Problems of Medicine for Students, 5763:western societies in later years. 4391:The Incoherence of the Incoherence 1766:, which is to say a college where 25: 19257: 16219:Attributes of God in Christianity 13959: 13863:, Oxford University Press, 2009. 13603:Translation of "مدرسه" in English 13553:from the original on May 20, 2013 12486:. Hacker Art Books. p. 131. 11750:. Oxford: Interface Publications. 11677:communication were so important). 9152:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 9082:. Northwestern University Press. 9066:. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178. 8900:"Alternate Spellings of Madrassa" 8763: 8739: 8687: 7950: 7787:Quvvathul Islam Senior Madrassa, 7233: 7221:thanks to intense patronage from 7011:Cruciform madrasas, which have a 6440:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 6242:('reading aloud the Qur'an') and 6141:institution like the madrasa and 5720: 2241:introduced the first madrasas to 2215:(or Madrasa al-Kubra) founded by 1939:. This was later followed by the 1639:In the Arabic language, the word 1634: 19183: 19171: 19159: 19147: 19135: 19123: 17815: 17802: 16890: 16646: 15538:Islamic educational institutions 15491: 15490: 15479: 15000:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 14190:Timeline of the history of Islam 14021: 13977: 13965: 13772: 13618: 13596: 13565: 13539: 13509: 13476: 13447: 13418: 13389: 13359: 13326: 13293: 13171: 13145:from the original on 3 July 2015 13126: 13097: 13084: 13053: 12971: 12945:Rahimi, Zahra (8 January 2021). 12938: 12680: 12665: 12636: 12621: 12470: 12357: 12282: 12266:The Religious traditions of Asia 12264:. In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). 12219:Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (2006). 12212: 12200:from the original on 16 May 2022 12044: 12019: 11985: 11919: 11885: 11851: 11838: 11825: 11812: 11782: 11761:Guity Nashat, Lois Beck (2003), 11754: 11739: 11703: 11682: 11663: 11620: 11521: 11504: 11494: 11477: 11408:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611 11399:10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611 9253:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). 8650:from the original on 6 June 2019 8437: 8423: 8306: 8196: 8113:instead of enrolling full-time. 7710:, including the Darul-Ulom Imam 7643: 7325: 7150:Ulugh Beg Madrasa (15th century) 6894:in 1229) and the more important 6442:, has written 40 volumes on the 6291:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 6287:University of Naples Federico II 6083:Later on in this commentary, an 2517: 2488:Education in historical madrasas 2326: 2318:Islamic education in the madrasa 1951:teachings, which later became a 1800: 1672:more closely resembles the term 1551:derives from the triconsonantal 1381: 1355: 1311: 681: 90: 17688:Aga Khan Award for Architecture 16277:Great Architect of the Universe 15351:List of ex-Muslim organisations 13921:Revisiting the Madrasa Question 13761:from the original on 2015-06-05 13731:from the original on 2017-05-04 13700:from the original on 2008-02-05 13685:"Rumsfeld's war-on-terror memo" 13683:Rumsfeld, Donald (2003-10-16). 13637:from the original on 2011-09-23 13527:from the original on 2021-05-19 13497:from the original on 2 May 2021 13483:Mogato, Manny (21 March 2007). 13347:from the original on 1 May 2021 13314:from the original on 2 May 2021 13115:from the original on 2022-06-10 13092:The State and Madrasas in India 12998:from the original on 2016-03-06 12654:from the original on 2020-07-24 12500:from the original on 2023-01-15 12404:from the original on 2021-11-22 12317:from the original on 2022-03-23 12171:from the original on 2022-07-01 12071:from the original on 2022-04-08 11729:from the original on 2009-12-31 11464: 11435: 11422: 11373: 11280: 11265: 11223: 11183: 11160:from the original on 2020-08-08 11113: 11085: 11074:from the original on 2022-04-08 11047: 11028:from the original on 2017-09-23 10958: 10918: 10899: 10848:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia", 10794: 10783:from the original on 2023-01-15 10752: 10731: 10695: 10655: 10595: 10573: 10551: 10420: 10396: 10383: 10312:from the original on 2017-09-23 10185:from the original on 2008-10-07 10142: 10124:from the original on 2017-09-23 10082: 10071:from the original on 2021-08-09 10053: 10029: 9988: 9914: 9894: 9874: 9743:from the original on 2023-01-15 9656:from the original on 2023-01-15 9629: 9585:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide 9566:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. 9533: 9493: 9456: 9428: 9371: 9360:from the original on 2019-04-17 9330:from the original on 2023-01-15 9290:Hilgendorf, Eric (April 2003). 9246: 9231: 9216: 9140: 9069: 8921: 8910:from the original on 2017-10-14 8892: 8877: 8866:from the original on 2020-08-13 8848: 8269: 8207:needs additional citations for 7737:Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah 7654:needs additional citations for 7595: 7242:The Salis Medrese, part of the 6763: 5142:Muslim children at a maktab in 2337:needs additional citations for 1461:type of educational institution 12295:. Amsterdam University Press. 11746:Nadwi, Mohammad Akram (2013). 10870:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 10692:, p. 133-139, 149-159, 179-189 10065:referenceworks.brillonline.com 9227:. Clarendon Press. p. 36. 9115:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 8833: 8662: 8626: 8611:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 8567: 8534: 8116: 7758:lies in front of the historic 7697: 7098:(built in 1323–1325), and the 6957:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan 6919:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan 6871:(Saladin) in 1180 next to the 6415:List of female Muslim scholars 5599:'scholar competent in issuing 5114:described the curriculum of a 2174:, originally built in 1167 by 1967:The development of the formal 1880:" to the first portion of the 1421:[mædˈræ.sæ,ˈmad.ra.sa] 13: 1: 16056:Trinity of the Church Fathers 13982:The dictionary definition of 13798:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135 13658:Moeller, Susan (2007-06-21). 13278:10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135 13060:Anam, Tahmima (20 May 2011). 12992:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 12738:Early Modern Europe 1450–1789 12456:. Fayard. pp. 139, 240. 10038:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4 9997:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4 9969:The Age of Achievement: Vol 4 9476:, p. 117, archived from 9348:Tony Street (July 23, 2008). 9257:. E.J. Brill. pp. 58–62. 9014:) translates as 'university'. 8583:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 8522: 8346:the evolution of universities 8311:On May 26, 2012, Congressman 7922:Madrasa e Faizan e Madina in 7717: 7615: 7585:"), has been a Twelver Shi'i 6081:Synopses of the Alexandrians. 5735:was most often taught at the 5521:(Islamic jurisprudence). The 5498: 1990:-era madrasas remaining today 1817:) on the skyline of historic 1664:in British English, the word 1559:'to learn, study', using the 1533: 1459:, is the Arabic word for any 17780:Sudano-Sahelian architecture 16387: 15661: 15336:Apostasy in Islam by country 15203:Liberalism and progressivism 13625:Nahar, Sunita (2006-03-31). 13023:. 2009-03-31. Archived from 13017:"Qawmi madrasas under watch" 12262:"7. Islam in Southeast Asia" 11767:University of Illinois Press 11430:Rise of early modern science 11054:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). 10393:2nd. ed. p. 78-79; 136, 155. 10391:Rise of Early Modern Science 10179:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 9296:Peabody Journal of Education 8527: 8469:— Jewish religious schooling 8123:Education in the Philippines 8069:Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura 8045: 7987: 7857: 7752:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh 7733:Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya 7540:Qarawiyyin Mosque-University 7482:In northwestern Africa (the 7425: 7191:Iranian Islamic architecture 7140:Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia 7062:In northwestern Africa (the 6873:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i 6736:Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat 6474:From around 750, during the 5854:s (such as al-Qarawīyīn and 5589:'scholar of jurisprudence', 5579:s giving them the status of 5526:ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ 2135:of royal courts. During the 1750:Meaning and usage in English 1538: 7: 16307:Phenomenological definition 13781:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth" 13749:Bill Carter (2007-01-27) . 13261:"The Enduring Madrasa Myth" 13217:Miller, R. E. "Mappila" in 12628:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 12613:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 12566:Islam: Art and Architecture 11833:The Awakened: Women in Iraq 11820:The Awakened: Women in Iraq 11692:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, 11474:, No. 2 (1983), pp. 304-305 11300: 11121:"Metapress - Discover More" 10993:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), 10684:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, 10605:, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, 10277:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), 10089:Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), 9870:. Antique Collectors' Club. 9806:. Oxford University Press. 9723:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 9683:Williams, Caroline (2018). 9615:. Oxford University Press. 9308:10.1207/s15327930pje7802_04 9104:University of al-Qarawiyyin 9001: 8985: 8965: 8949: 8929: 8860:Online Etymology Dictionary 8416: 8289:Al-Rashid Islamic Institute 8142:(DepEd). The DepEd adopted 8098:International Baccalaureate 7903: 7882:Islamists (political Islam) 7454:Social life and the medrese 7355:the claims made and adding 6735: 6654: 6646: 6637: 6564: 6493: 6445: 6433: 6347:, a subject also taught at 6270: 6260: 6246: 6237: 6225: 6152: 6144: 6047:Ali b. Muhammad al-Qalasadi 5990: 5947: 5932:also delivered lectures on 5921:logic in Islamic philosophy 5886: 5785: 5768: 5711: 5666: 5659: 5644: 5628: 5606: 5593: 5583: 5565: 5556: 5548: 5539: 5525: 5516: 5478: 5471: 5328: 5319:University of al-Qarawiyyin 5312: 5253: 5191: 5184: 5158: 5151: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5083: 5075: 5063: 5052: 5041: 4556:One Thousand and One Nights 2436: 2433:(Qur'anic interpretation), 2418: 2410: 2398: 2308: 2098: 2039: 2028: 2026:(sessions of the shaykhs). 2021: 2013: 2005: 1935: 1927: 1757: 1722: 1667: 1647: 1582: 1575: 1546: 1526:palace schools attended by 1443: 265:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 19262: 17148:Islamic geometric patterns 15253: 13954:Madrasa Education in India 13817: 13178:Mogul, Rhea (2024-03-25). 12986:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). 12364:Borker, Hem (2021-06-01). 12026:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) . 12000:Greenwood Publishing Group 11992:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11966:Greenwood Publishing Group 11958:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11900:Greenwood Publishing Group 11892:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11866:Greenwood Publishing Group 11858:Lindsay, James E. (2005), 11563:Edinburgh University Press 11150:"Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya" 11092:Necipogulu, Gulru (1996), 10971:Edinburgh University Press 10937:University of Hawaii Press 10800:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: 10527:10.1177/014107688407700115 10467:10.1177/014107680609901208 10024:Cambridge University Press 9840:. Paris: Louvre éditions. 9512:University of Hawaii Press 8759:. Oxford University Press. 8735:. Oxford University Press. 8639:Collins English Dictionary 8501:List of Islamic seminaries 8357:September 11, 2001 attacks 8138:under the auspices of the 8120: 8049: 7991: 7907: 7861: 7462: 7094:(built in 1321–1328), the 7078:dynasties. In Tunisia (or 7008:in the late 15th century. 6886:and propaganda during the 6767: 6404: 5724: 5502: 5220: 5010: 4319:Arcs of Descent and Ascent 3386:Andalusian classical music 3312:Arabic musical instruments 2643:Islamic geometric patterns 2491: 1884:. At the beginning of the 1789: 1785: 1775:in the 11th century under 1000:Legal vocations and titles 56:The three madrasas at the 44: 29: 19025: 18874: 18776: 18678: 18642: 18467: 18203: 18073: 18060: 17870: 17793: 17737: 17706: 17680: 17630: 17582:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) 17559: 17443: 17436: 17362: 17319: 17268: 17216: 17094: 17010: 16961: 16899: 16888: 16869: 16862: 16698: 16644: 16613: 16575: 16528: 16505: 16393: 16382: 16335: 16211: 16163: 16069: 15996: 15957: 15921: 15858: 15847: 15800: 15695: 15686: 15682: 15669: 15544: 15474: 15359: 15326: 15266: 15262: 15248: 15175: 15142: 15114:Geography and cartography 15089: 15036: 15032: 15016: 14842: 14764: 14711: 14660: 14656: 14632: 14502: 14326: 14286: 14169: 14121: 14045: 14041: 14030: 13916:. Chapter on "Madrassas". 13875:"Understanding Madrasahs" 13397:"Background of Madrasahs" 13219:The Encyclopedia of Islam 12831:Fès: La ville essentielle 12829:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003). 12736:Wiesner-Hanks, E. Merry. 12644:"Madrasah-i Madar-i Shah" 12094:Ulama perempuan Indonesia 9784:Marçais, Georges (1954). 9729:. Yale University Press. 9223:Creswell, K.A.C. (1952). 8282: 7972: 6937:reputations. In Egyptian 6314:which set the scholastic 6045:for scientific subjects. 6026:Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi's 5930:‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī 5823:. However, scholars like 5772:was given highest rank." 5657:Much of the study in the 5027:and the top floor held a 4366:The Theology of Aristotle 3833:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 3730:Love in Arabic literature 2979:Arabic geometric patterns 2942:Islamic hardstone carving 2873:Ancient South Arabian art 1652:simply means the same as 1471:(loosely equivalent to a 19216:Arabic words and phrases 17698:Museum with No Frontiers 16061:Trinitarian universalism 15433:Islamic view of miracles 13938:"Madaris in Perspective" 13824:Brentjes, Sonja (2018). 13779:Fair, Christine (2012). 13615:, accessed 11 April 2021 13259:Fair, Christine (2012). 12789:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 12771:Parker, Richard (1981). 12632:. Yale University Press. 12437:O'Kane, Bernard (2016). 12341:Rowman & Littlefield 12289:Srimulyani, Eka (2012). 12194:Jejak Islam untuk Bangsa 11831:Doreen Insgrams (1983), 11818:Doreen Insgrams (1983), 11628:Lexikon des Mittelalters 11380:Brack, Jonathan (2019). 11011:10.1177/0011392106058837 10928:Journal of World History 10851:Lexikon des Mittelalters 10834:Lexikon des Mittelalters 10702:Pryds, Darleen (2000), " 10295:10.1177/0011392106058837 10107:10.1177/0011392106058837 9503:Journal of World History 8038:(MAK, the equivalent of 8036:Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan 8022:(MTs, the equivalent of 8014:(MI, the equivalent of 7942: 7878:Salafists (the Mujahids) 7778: 7579:Islamic Republic of Iran 6961:legal schools of thought 6355:which taught astronomy, 5917:early Islamic philosophy 3735:Arabic erotic literature 2932:Palestinian wood carving 2472:. The certificate of an 2018:, based on the informal 1980:Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya 1897:Great Mosque of Damascus 1888:period, the reliance on 1844:on the east side of the 354:Medieval Islamic science 47:Madrasa (disambiguation) 30:Not to be confused with 17809:Architecture portal 16263:Godhead in Christianity 15188:Creationism (evolution) 12452:Raymond, André (1993). 12225:. Urbana. p. 173. 11926:ibn al-Hajjaj, Muslim. 10174:Encyclopædia Britannica 9238:Brett, Michael (2017). 9176:, pp. 35–76 (35): 9106:, also founded in 859. 8557:Oxford University Press 8144:Department Order No. 51 8140:Department of Education 8030:(MA, the equivalent of 7565: 7132:of the 16th century in 6429:biographical dictionary 5958:Mustansiriya University 5836:Al-Qarawīyīn University 5819:madrasas indeed became 5245:Die Gartenlaube Journal 4242:Islamic Aristotelianism 4237:Early Arabic Philosophy 1901:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As 1486:which primarily taught 18067: 17714:Indo-Saracenic Revival 17114:(multicoloured ashlar) 15448:Persecution of Muslims 15346:List of former Muslims 14195:Succession to Muhammad 13926:The News International 13852:Sultan Ali of Sawabi. 13521:BARMM Official Website 13403:. 1994. Archived from 12814:Irwin, Robert (2019). 12335:Kahin, Audrey (2015). 11679: 11557:Goddard, Hugh (2000), 11529:Encyclopaedia of Islam 11307: 11277: 11235: 11220: 10965:Goddard, Hugh (2000), 10671: 10257:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9213: 8393: 8366: 8266: 8150:, Sarang Bangun LC in 8148:Islamic City of Marawi 8064: 8052:Madrasahs in Singapore 8040:vocational high school 7964: 7927: 7808: 7792: 7763: 7636: 7581:, the head of state (" 7544:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque 7479: 7451: 7399:Muhammad the Conqueror 7318: 7310:and medrese (1580) in 7250: 7156: 7112:mosaic tilework. The 7084:Madrasa al-Shamma'iyya 7059: 7043:Maghreb (North Africa) 6949:Sultan Qalawun complex 6925: 6831: 6729: 6697: 6631: 6625:in a loud voice. her 6620:lectures in his time: 6610: 6575:medieval Islamic world 6471: 6398: 6329: 6305:and medieval European 6207: 6198:universitas scholarium 6168: 6091:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 5876: 5776:Madrasa and university 5693:religious law of Islam 5622: 5310:. The curriculum of a 5247: 5236: 5147: 5092:instead of individual 5031: 4879:South Arabian deities 4401:Theologus Autodidactus 3282:Rhythm in Arabic music 2315: 2247:Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya 2178: 1991: 1821: 364:Succession to Muhammad 68: 18066: 17451:Congregational mosque 16909:(four-arch structure) 16089:Fate of the unlearned 16041:Shield of the Trinity 15232:Conversion to mosques 15099:Alchemy and chemistry 13090:Nair, Padmaja (2009) 12925:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12898:Encyclopaedia Iranica 12260:Johns, A. H. (1989). 11674: 11291: 11272: 11231: 11216: 11057:Encyclopedia of Islam 10666: 10018:Toby E. Huff (2003), 9866:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 9583:Burns, Ross (2009) . 9208:medieval universities 9177: 9076:McHugh, Neil (1994). 8840:Aktan, Sümer (2018). 8553:UK English Dictionary 8388: 8361: 8327:Common misconceptions 8253: 8059: 7921: 7910:Madrassas in Pakistan 7798: 7786: 7749: 7623: 7610:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 7470: 7436: 7306: 7241: 7165:Mustansiriyya Madrasa 7147: 7050: 6994:al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa 6916: 6863:from 1167. Under the 6861:Madrasa of Nur al-Din 6822: 6775:Architectural origins 6665: 6622: 6602: 6460:was the first female 6456: 6389: 6345:dedicated to medicine 6325: 6202: 6185:medieval universities 6163: 5960:, established by the 5864: 5617: 5242: 5230: 5141: 5048:Arab-Muslim conquests 5020: 4708:North Arabian deities 4612:Fictional Arab people 4451:Atlantis of the Sands 4376:The Book of the Apple 2957:Islamic ivory carving 2302: 2245:, beginning with the 2165: 2058:Islamic legal schools 1977: 1808: 1754:In English, the term 55: 19241:Islamic architecture 18291:Raising hands in Dua 17775:Ottoman architecture 17765:Moorish architecture 17760:Islamic architecture 17755:Iranian architecture 17178:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) 17032:(or müezzin mahfili) 16692:Islamic architecture 14958:Ma malakat aymanukum 14533:Association football 14432:Moderate Kharijites 13974:at Wikimedia Commons 13886:Malik, Jamal (ed.). 13244:Modern Asian Studies 12439:The Mosques of Egypt 12370:Current Anthropology 11796:. 25 February 2007. 10589:Taylor & Francis 10219:10.2139/ssrn.2224276 9868:Ottoman Architecture 9466:Delivering Education 8674:Cambridge Dictionary 8492:—used in Shi'a Islam 8321:Darul Uloom Haqqania 8216:improve this article 7840:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 7832:Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah 7663:improve this article 7560:French colonial rule 7254:Ottoman architecture 7019:, e.g., Jerusalem's 6973:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya 6896:Madrasa al-Salihiyya 6845:Ottoman architecture 6824:Ince Minaret Medrese 6770:Islamic architecture 6753:Jamia Millia Islamia 6730:Diniyah School Putri 6425:Mohammad Akram Nadwi 6234:, as of Muhammad'), 6095:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 6068:On the Nature of Man 5976:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5954:Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād 5751:. In 931 AD, Caliph 5379:Caliphate of Córdoba 5321:, the tenth century 5007:Elementary education 3838:Modern Arabic poetry 3513:Gnawa (North Africa) 3354:Classical Arab music 2346:improve this article 2257:, starting with the 2219:in 1167–1172. After 2094:integration of logic 1913:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn 403:Association football 19211:Arabic architecture 17812: • 17799: • 17785:Yemeni architecture 17770:Mughal architecture 17750:Berber architecture 17745:Arabic architecture 17409:Salsabil (fountain) 17143:Islamic calligraphy 16623:Slavic Native Faith 16046:Trinitarian formula 15983:Father of Greatness 15866:Abrahamic religions 13613:context.reverso.net 12990:(Second ed.). 12196:. 24 January 2020. 12151:Seno, Seno (2010). 11518:, pp. 126-7, 282-98 11442:Huff, Toby (2003). 11094:Muqarnas, Volume 13 9973:Motilal Banarsidass 9463:Andrew J. Coulson, 8301:AlMaghrib Institute 8020:Madrasah Tsanawiyah 8012:Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 7824:Darul Uloom Deoband 7528:Madrasa as-Saffarin 7284:Süleymaniye complex 7244:Süleymaniye complex 7203:Chahar Bagh Madrasa 7130:Ben Youssef Madrasa 7088:Madrasa as-Saffarin 7053:Ben Youssef Madrasa 6939:Mamluk architecture 6725:Rahmah el Yunusiyah 6704:'s founding of the 6129:medieval university 5997:Ptolemaic astronomy 5936:at al-Azhar, while 5856:al-Azhar University 5829:medieval university 5813:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5323:al-Azhar University 5179:Secondary education 5165:Islamic metaphysics 5058:Islamic philosopher 4511:Iram of the Pillars 3770:Mirrors for princes 3317:Great Book of Music 3050:(Arabian Peninsula) 2638:Islamic calligraphy 2265:(founded in 1350). 1961:Al-Azhar University 1846:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 1828:near a hill called 1682:Early Modern Period 164:Profession of Faith 137:Day of Resurrection 66:Timurid Renaissance 64:, built during the 18068: 17486:Kuttab (or maktab) 16585:Abrahamic prophecy 16515:Ayyavazhi theology 16287:Apophatic theology 15676:Conceptions of God 15576:Islamic University 15453:Quran and miracles 15367:Criticism of Islam 15071:Geometric patterns 14923:Gender segregation 14494:Non-denominational 13873:Evans, Alexander. 13755:The New York Times 13608:2021-03-08 at the 13307:The Kathmandu Post 13227:2023-01-15 at the 13045:2011-03-03 at the 12855:"Religion of Iran" 12301:20.500.12657/34531 11794:The New York Times 11790:"A Secret History" 10945:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 10809:2023-01-15 at the 9907:2017-08-29 at the 9887:2017-08-29 at the 9520:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 9474:Hoover Institution 9399:10.1007/BF02908588 9240:The Fatimid Empire 8986:madrasah Islāmīyah 8383:The New York Times 8267: 8065: 8032:senior high school 8024:junior high school 7975:) in Thailand and 7928: 7809: 7793: 7764: 7637: 7548:Bou Inania Madrasa 7524:Madrasat al-Ma'raḍ 7508:reformist doctrine 7480: 7473:Bou Inania Madrasa 7336:possibly contains 7319: 7308:Şemsi Pasha Mosque 7294:Madrasas by region 7290:'s highest hills. 7251: 7246:(16th century) in 7157: 7114:Bou Inania Madrasa 7096:Madrasa al-Attarin 7060: 7055:(16th century) in 6926: 6921:(14th century) in 6904:al-Firdaws Madrasa 6898:founded by Sultan 6832: 6826:(13th century) in 6698: 6672:Atik Valide Mosque 6587:), and qualify as 6472: 6159:university college 6107:first book in his 5895:for a theological 5877: 5800:Islamic university 5623: 5466:made this effort. 5248: 5237: 5207:trade and commerce 5148: 5032: 4633:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad 4461:Beast of the Earth 4416:Sicilian Questions 4247:Islamic Platonism 4200:Arabic mathematics 3750:Arabic short story 3745:Literary_criticism 2937:Islamic embroidery 2907:Arabic calligraphy 2494:Education in Islam 2263:Bou Inania Madrasa 2237:Further west, the 2213:Madrasa al-Nuriyya 2179: 2168:Nur al-Din Madrasa 2137:Islamic Golden Age 2086:Islamic philosophy 2014:Madrasah Niẓāmīyah 1992: 1955:institution under 1850:Ubada ibn as-Samit 1822: 1567:form or template) 1473:Christian seminary 69: 19111: 19110: 18846:Sufis persecution 17888:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 17829: 17828: 17676: 17675: 17432: 17431: 17419:Shading Umbrellas 17203:Stucco decoration 17103:For overview, see 16918:Four-centred arch 16658: 16657: 16640: 16639: 16636: 16635: 16378: 16377: 16374: 16373: 16269:Latter Day Saints 16238:Divine simplicity 16159: 16158: 16016:Consubstantiality 15992: 15991: 15843: 15842: 15787:Theistic finitism 15629: 15628: 15504: 15503: 15470: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15438:Domestic violence 15428:Islamic terrorism 15423:Islamic extremism 15244: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15012: 15011: 15008: 15007: 14798:Marriage contract 14628: 14627: 14588:Political aspects 14317:Story of Prophets 14086:Prophets of Islam 13970:Media related to 13950:, March 21, 2004. 13933:(LUMS), Pakistan. 13919:Tanweer, Bilal. " 13914:978-0-19-597863-6 13869:978-0-19-547672-9 13665:YaleGlobal Online 13109:www.aljazeera.com 12754:Goffman, Daniel. 12493:978-0-87817-175-0 12310:978-90-8964-421-3 12164:978-602-8742-16-0 12128:(in Indonesian). 12120:Raditya, Iswara. 12064:978-1-351-91315-7 12037:978-1-86189-253-9 11844:Anthony Nutting, 11322:, p. 77-111. 11259:978-0-521-70941-5 11067:978-1-4381-2696-8 10999:Current Sociology 10914:978-1-84614-273-4 10892:Kettani, M. Ali. 10767:Council of Europe 10669:like it anywhere. 10414:978-0-8369-1548-8 10283:Current Sociology 10095:Current Sociology 9975:, pp. 33–4, 9270:Jonathan Berkey, 9174:978-0-521-54113-8 9131:Kettani, M. Ali. 9089:978-0-8101-1069-4 8978:) translates as ' 8942:) translates as ' 8614:. Merriam-Webster 8485:Education in Mali 8473:Dars-e Nizamiyyah 8454:Bias in education 8248: 8247: 8240: 8188:Western countries 8016:elementary school 7880:and the minority 7735:, in Patiya, and 7695: 7694: 7687: 7506:, who espoused a 7471:Courtyard of the 7385: 7384: 7377: 7338:original research 7207:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 7148:Courtyard of the 7092:Madrasa as-Sahrij 7051:Courtyard of the 7035:, and Damascus's 6932:around 1250, the 6888:Fatimid Caliphate 6751:, a professor at 6557:According to the 6476:Abbasid Caliphate 6349:Islamic hospitals 6205:like it anywhere. 6190:cathedral schools 6110:Canon of Medicine 6093:was a student of 6073:Hunayn b. Ishaq's 5913:Islamic astronomy 5891:, had individual 5802:(disambiguation). 5749:Abbasid Caliphate 5701:religious matters 5671:, presented to a 5134:Primary education 5004: 5003: 4304:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 4215:Arabic technology 4210:Arabic psychology 4195:Arabic Golden Age 2962:Islamic Metalwork 2718:Stucco decoration 2463:Arabic literature 2378: 2377: 2370: 2166:Courtyard of the 1943:establishment of 1936:Muḥammad al-Fihrī 1882:Umayyad Caliphate 1811:Qarawiyyin Mosque 1771:in the region of 1347: 1304: 1303: 724: 723: 16:(Redirected from 19253: 19188: 19187: 19176: 19175: 19164: 19163: 19162: 19152: 19151: 19140: 19139: 19138: 19128: 19127: 19119: 18836:Sufi metaphysics 18792: 18734: 18625: 18593: 18581: 18519: 18507: 18495: 18433: 18406: 18394: 18382: 18370: 18343: 18331: 18309: 18267: 18255: 18238: 18226: 18101: 18089: 18045: 17982:Nass al-Houdhour 17973: 17946: 17856: 17849: 17842: 17833: 17832: 17822:Islam portal 17820: 17819: 17818: 17807: 17806: 17441: 17440: 17106:Islamic ornament 16985:South Asian dome 16913:Discharging arch 16894: 16867: 16866: 16711:Anatolian Seljuk 16685: 16678: 16671: 16662: 16661: 16650: 16395: 16394: 16384: 16383: 16271: 16111: 16110: 16006:Athanasian Creed 15856: 15855: 15693: 15692: 15684: 15683: 15671: 15670: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15633: 15632: 15531: 15524: 15517: 15508: 15507: 15494: 15493: 15486:Islam portal 15484: 15483: 15482: 15264: 15263: 15256: 15250: 15249: 15091:Medieval science 15034: 15033: 15024: 15018: 15017: 14675:Economic history 14658: 14657: 14634: 14633: 14620:Islam by country 14405:Bektashi Alevism 14043: 14042: 14034:Outline of Islam 14016: 14009: 14002: 13993: 13992: 13981: 13969: 13839: 13811: 13810: 13800: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13766: 13746: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13715: 13709: 13708: 13706: 13705: 13689: 13680: 13674: 13673: 13655: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13622: 13616: 13600: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13584: 13578:. Archived from 13577: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13532: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13470: 13461:. Archived from 13451: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13432:. Archived from 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13393: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13340:The Conversation 13330: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13280: 13271:(744): 135–140. 13256: 13247: 13240: 13231: 13215: 13206: 13203: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13175: 13169: 13168: 13162: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13130: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13101: 13095: 13088: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13077: 13057: 13051: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13013: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13003: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12964: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12904: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12851: 12845: 12844: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12811: 12805: 12804: 12786: 12777: 12776: 12768: 12759: 12752: 12741: 12734: 12725: 12724:, p. 36-37. 12719: 12713: 12712: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12659: 12640: 12634: 12633: 12625: 12619: 12618: 12610: 12599: 12598: 12580: 12569: 12562: 12551: 12550: 12542: 12533: 12532: 12523:Berchem, van, M. 12519: 12513: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12478:Creswell, K.A.C. 12474: 12468: 12467: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12244: 12236: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12186: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12117: 12108: 12107: 12089: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12023: 12017: 12016: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11955: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11855: 11849: 11842: 11836: 11829: 11823: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11707: 11701: 11686: 11680: 11667: 11661: 11657: 11648: 11644: 11631: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11554: 11545: 11538: 11532: 11525: 11519: 11508: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11481: 11475: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11455: 11447: 11439: 11433: 11426: 11420: 11419: 11401: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11308: 11303: 11295:licentia docendi 11284: 11278: 11275:and proficiency. 11269: 11263: 11262: 11245: 11236: 11227: 11221: 11214: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11146: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11123:. 24 June 2016. 11117: 11111: 11110: 11098:Brill Publishers 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11034: 11033: 11027: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10922: 10916: 10903: 10897: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10828: 10822: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10756: 10750: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10699: 10693: 10678: 10672: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10620: 10614: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10538: 10506: 10493: 10492: 10487:. 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Archived from 9927: 9918: 9912: 9898: 9892: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9863: 9852: 9851: 9833: 9818: 9817: 9799: 9790: 9789: 9781: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9680: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9608: 9599: 9598: 9580: 9571: 9564: 9547: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9482: 9471: 9460: 9454: 9452: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9287: 9278: 9268: 9259: 9258: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9159: 9153: 9144: 9138: 9128: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9073: 9067: 9060: 9015: 9013: 9004: 9002:madrasah jāmiʻah 8997: 8988: 8980:religious school 8977: 8968: 8966:madrasah dīnīyah 8961: 8952: 8950:madrasah khāṣṣah 8941: 8932: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8822: 8761: 8760: 8752: 8737: 8736: 8728: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8559:. Archived from 8538: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8433: 8431:Education portal 8428: 8427: 8243: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8223: 8200: 8192: 8161:Since 2005, the 7974: 7965:religious school 7933:Jamia-tul-Madina 7690: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7647: 7639: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7360: 7357:inline citations 7329: 7328: 7321: 7161:Mongol invasions 6930:Mamluk Sultanate 6917:Interior of the 6738: 6732: 6657: 6649: 6640: 6594:Muhammad's wives 6585:academic degrees 6571:female education 6567: 6496: 6448: 6436: 6434:al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ 6401:Female education 6321:Greek philosophy 6273: 6263: 6254:academic freedom 6249: 6240: 6228: 6212:academic circles 6194:monastic schools 6155: 6147: 5993: 5972:natural sciences 5950: 5944:. Another early 5934:Islamic medicine 5889: 5817:medieval Islamic 5797: 5788: 5771: 5760:Sinan ibn Thabit 5741:medical madrasas 5733:Islamic medicine 5714: 5669: 5662: 5651:licentia docendi 5647: 5645:ijāzat al-tadrīs 5639:licentia docendi 5635:Islamic scholars 5631: 5629:ijāzat al-tadrīs 5625:The Arabic term 5621:Madrasa, c. 1906 5609: 5596: 5586: 5568: 5559: 5551: 5542: 5528: 5519: 5481: 5474: 5337:and up to 44 in 5331: 5315: 5264:secular sciences 5256: 5217:Higher education 5194: 5187: 5161: 5154: 5128: 5120: 5113: 5086: 5078: 5066: 5055: 5044: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4673:Princess Jasmine 4658:Layla and Majnun 4643:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 4591:She-Camel of God 4586:Shams al-Ma'arif 4396:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 4262:Sufi metaphysics 4190:Arabic geography 4185:Arabic astronomy 4180:Arabic astrology 4175:Arabic chemistry 3740:Arabic grimoires 3720: 3493:Chaabi (Morocco) 3488:Chaabi (Algeria) 3272:Arab tone system 3091: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3051: 2922:Arabic miniature 2648:Islamic ornament 2521: 2498: 2497: 2439: 2421: 2413: 2401: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2330: 2322: 2311: 2259:Saffarin Madrasa 2199:charitable trust 2183:Anatolian Seljuk 2149:classical Athens 2147:, comparable to 2101: 2084:" of Arabic and 2042: 2031: 2024: 2016: 2008: 1938: 1930: 1928:Fāṭimah al-Fihrī 1760: 1725: 1718: 1717: 1670: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1585: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1549: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1258:Tabi' al-Tabi'in 726: 725: 716: 709: 702: 688:Islam portal 686: 685: 684: 94: 71: 70: 21: 19261: 19260: 19256: 19255: 19254: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19226:Arab inventions 19196: 19195: 19194: 19182: 19170: 19160: 19158: 19146: 19136: 19134: 19122: 19114: 19112: 19107: 19021: 18870: 18861:Sufi psychology 18851:Sufi philosophy 18831:Sufi literature 18786: 18772: 18728: 18674: 18638: 18619: 18587: 18575: 18513: 18501: 18489: 18463: 18427: 18400: 18388: 18376: 18364: 18337: 18325: 18303: 18261: 18249: 18232: 18220: 18199: 18095: 18083: 18069: 18058: 18039: 18037:The Seven ranks 17967: 17940: 17866: 17860: 17830: 17825: 17816: 17814: 17801: 17789: 17733: 17724:Moorish Revival 17702: 17672: 17638:Albarrana tower 17626: 17555: 17542:in modern Iran) 17456:Dar al-Muwaqqit 17428: 17379:(fountain type) 17364: 17358: 17321: 17315: 17306:Reflecting pool 17301:Persian gardens 17296:Paradise garden 17264: 17241:(entrance hall) 17212: 17168:Nagash painting 17090: 17012: 17006: 16957: 16928:Lambrequin arch 16895: 16886: 16858: 16829:Sudano-Sahelian 16694: 16689: 16659: 16654: 16652:Religion portal 16632: 16609: 16571: 16552:Holy Scriptures 16524: 16501: 16389: 16370: 16331: 16267: 16243:Divine presence 16207: 16155: 16109: 16065: 16011:Comma Johanneum 15988: 15953: 15917: 15851: 15839: 15796: 15678: 15665: 15660: 15630: 15625: 15540: 15535: 15505: 15500: 15480: 15478: 15462: 15384:Cultural Muslim 15355: 15322: 15268:Other religions 15258: 15254: 15236: 15171: 15138: 15085: 15028: 15026:Islamic studies 15022: 15004: 14838: 14783: 14760: 14707: 14652: 14651: 14624: 14573:Moral teachings 14516: 14498: 14472:Nation of Islam 14385:Twelver Shi'ism 14322: 14288:Religious texts 14282: 14200:Early conquests 14183: 14165: 14117: 14037: 14026: 14020: 13962: 13942:Wayback Machine 13902:Rahman, Tariq. 13883:, Jan/Feb 2006. 13880:Foreign Affairs 13859:Ali, Saleem H. 13849: 13847:Further reading 13836: 13820: 13815: 13814: 13785:Current History 13777: 13773: 13764: 13762: 13747: 13743: 13734: 13732: 13717: 13716: 13712: 13703: 13701: 13687: 13681: 13677: 13656: 13649: 13640: 13638: 13623: 13619: 13610:Wayback Machine 13601: 13597: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13575: 13571: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13530: 13528: 13515: 13514: 13510: 13500: 13498: 13481: 13477: 13468: 13466: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13439: 13437: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13410: 13408: 13395: 13394: 13390: 13380: 13378: 13377:on 2 April 2015 13365: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13331: 13327: 13317: 13315: 13298: 13294: 13265:Current History 13257: 13250: 13241: 13234: 13229:Wayback Machine 13216: 13209: 13204: 13197: 13188: 13186: 13176: 13172: 13156: 13155: 13148: 13146: 13131: 13127: 13118: 13116: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13089: 13085: 13075: 13073: 13058: 13054: 13047:Wayback Machine 13037:Ahmed, Samina. 13036: 13032: 13015: 13014: 13010: 13001: 12999: 12976: 12972: 12962: 12960: 12943: 12939: 12929: 12927: 12916: 12912: 12902: 12900: 12889: 12885: 12877: 12873: 12863: 12861: 12853: 12852: 12848: 12841: 12827: 12823: 12812: 12808: 12801: 12787: 12780: 12769: 12762: 12753: 12744: 12735: 12728: 12720: 12716: 12701:10.2307/4127991 12685: 12681: 12670: 12666: 12657: 12655: 12642: 12641: 12637: 12626: 12622: 12611: 12602: 12595: 12581: 12572: 12563: 12554: 12543: 12536: 12520: 12516: 12503: 12501: 12494: 12475: 12471: 12464: 12450: 12446: 12435: 12431: 12420: 12416: 12407: 12405: 12362: 12358: 12351: 12343:. p. 505. 12333: 12329: 12320: 12318: 12311: 12287: 12283: 12276: 12258: 12254: 12238: 12237: 12233: 12217: 12213: 12203: 12201: 12188: 12187: 12183: 12174: 12172: 12165: 12149: 12145: 12135: 12133: 12118: 12111: 12104: 12090: 12083: 12074: 12072: 12065: 12049: 12045: 12038: 12024: 12020: 12014: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11956: 11949: 11939: 11937: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11856: 11852: 11843: 11839: 11830: 11826: 11817: 11813: 11803: 11801: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11777: 11759: 11755: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11730: 11708: 11704: 11687: 11683: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11651: 11645: 11634: 11625: 11621: 11591: 11587: 11573: 11565:, p. 100, 11555: 11548: 11542:Studia Islamica 11539: 11535: 11526: 11522: 11509: 11505: 11499: 11495: 11482: 11478: 11469: 11465: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11436: 11427: 11423: 11378: 11374: 11366: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11330: 11326: 11318: 11311: 11288:Studia Islamica 11285: 11281: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11246: 11239: 11228: 11224: 11188: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11163: 11161: 11148: 11147: 11140: 11130: 11128: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11108: 11090: 11086: 11077: 11075: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11005:(1): 112–132 , 10991: 10987: 10981: 10963: 10959: 10923: 10919: 10904: 10900: 10891: 10887: 10880: 10863: 10859: 10846: 10842: 10829: 10825: 10811:Wayback Machine 10799: 10795: 10786: 10784: 10777: 10769:. p. 121. 10757: 10753: 10736: 10732: 10718: 10700: 10696: 10679: 10675: 10663:Studia Islamica 10660: 10656: 10621: 10617: 10600: 10596: 10578: 10574: 10559:Arnold H. Green 10556: 10552: 10507: 10496: 10461:(12): 615–617. 10447: 10438: 10425: 10421: 10415: 10401: 10397: 10388: 10384: 10378:Studia Islamica 10375: 10368: 10338: 10323: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10275: 10268: 10253: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10186: 10167: 10166: 10159: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10101:(1): 112–132 , 10087: 10083: 10074: 10072: 10059: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10034: 10030: 10017: 10013: 10007: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9965: 9958: 9947: 9940: 9932: 9925: 9919: 9915: 9909:Wayback Machine 9899: 9895: 9889:Wayback Machine 9879: 9875: 9864: 9855: 9848: 9834: 9821: 9814: 9800: 9793: 9782: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9696: 9692: 9681: 9668: 9659: 9657: 9650: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9587:. I.B. Tauris. 9581: 9574: 9565: 9550: 9538: 9534: 9498: 9494: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9433: 9429: 9376: 9372: 9363: 9361: 9346: 9342: 9333: 9331: 9288: 9281: 9269: 9262: 9251: 9247: 9236: 9232: 9221: 9217: 9162:Verger, Jacques 9160: 9156: 9149:Studia Islamica 9145: 9141: 9125: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9074: 9070: 9061: 9018: 8930:Madrasah ʻāmmah 8926: 8922: 8913: 8911: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8882: 8878: 8869: 8867: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8838: 8834: 8823: 8764: 8753: 8740: 8729: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8604: 8603: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8572: 8568: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8516:Khalwa (school) 8496:Islamic studies 8445:Religion portal 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8419: 8398:Foreign Affairs 8374:Donald Rumsfeld 8364:indoctrination. 8333:Arabic language 8329: 8309: 8285: 8272: 8244: 8233: 8227: 8224: 8213: 8201: 8190: 8125: 8119: 8054: 8048: 8028:Madrasah Aliyah 7996: 7990: 7973:school of Islam 7953: 7945: 7912: 7906: 7897:Arabic Colleges 7895:The so-called ' 7890:Arabic language 7866: 7860: 7781: 7720: 7700: 7691: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7660: 7648: 7625:Alauddin Khalji 7618: 7598: 7571:Twelver Shi'ism 7568: 7504:Almohad dynasty 7465: 7456: 7428: 7381: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7301: 7296: 7276:Mehmet II Fatih 7236: 7142: 7100:Madrasa of Salé 7045: 7017:Syria-Palestine 7002:Haram al-Sharif 6877:Qarafa Cemetery 6865:Ayyubid dynasty 6853: 6851:Syria and Egypt 6837:Karatay Madrasa 6817: 6815:Seljuk Anatolia 6812: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6710:Ayyubid dynasty 6702:Fatima al-Fihri 6552:sack of Baghdad 6494:Hārūn al-Rashīd 6417: 6403: 6371:'s Madrasah in 6337:very endowments 5881:Fatimid dynasty 5866:Al-Azhar Mosque 5848:Fatima al-Fihri 5809:Arnold H. Green 5782:Note: The word 5778: 5729: 5723: 5633:was awarded to 5533:legal education 5511: 5501: 5438:Delhi Sultanate 5225: 5219: 5181: 5136: 5015: 5009: 5000: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4873:Isāf and Nā'ila 4704: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4606:Zarqa al Yamama 4471:Book of Wonders 4440: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4361:Liber de Causis 4267:Sufi philosophy 4231: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4205:Arabic medicine 4169: 4159: 4158: 4157: 3718: 3712:Epic literature 3674: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3567: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3503:Fann at-Tanbura 3322:Kitab al-Aghani 3258: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3106: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3029: 2912:Arabic graffiti 2864: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2755:Albarrana tower 2698:Reflecting pool 2688:Nagash painting 2580: 2531: 2496: 2490: 2441:(Islamic law), 2374: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2343: 2331: 2320: 2255:Marinid dynasty 2088:, initiated by 1972: 1945:al-Azhar Mosque 1860:, treatises of 1803: 1798: 1788: 1752: 1637: 1541: 1536: 1425: 1424: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1358: 1349: 1348: 1314: 1310: 1300: 1068:Hujjat al-Islam 1013:Shaykh al-Islām 720: 682: 680: 673: 672: 617:Other religions 612:Arabic language 574: 564: 563: 492:Moral teachings 383: 369: 368: 359:Spread of Islam 304: 294: 293: 281:(jurisprudence) 263:Qisas al-Anbiya 212: 211: 191: 190: 159: 149: 148: 104: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19259: 19249: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19193: 19192: 19180: 19168: 19156: 19144: 19132: 19109: 19108: 19106: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19029: 19027: 19023: 19022: 19020: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18878: 18876: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18826:Sufism history 18823: 18821:Sufi cosmology 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18780: 18778: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18682: 18680: 18676: 18675: 18673: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18646: 18644: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18582: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18508: 18496: 18484: 18479: 18473: 18471: 18465: 18464: 18462: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18450: 18449: 18439: 18434: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18395: 18383: 18371: 18359: 18354: 18352:Sufism pillars 18349: 18344: 18332: 18320: 18315: 18313:Salat al-Fatih 18310: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18256: 18244: 18239: 18227: 18215: 18209: 18207: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18160:Lataif-e-Sitta 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18093:Aayane Thabita 18090: 18077: 18075: 18071: 18070: 18061: 18059: 18057: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17874: 17872: 17868: 17867: 17859: 17858: 17851: 17844: 17836: 17827: 17826: 17794: 17791: 17790: 17788: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17741: 17739: 17738:Category pages 17735: 17734: 17732: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17710: 17708: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17677: 17674: 17673: 17671: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17634: 17632: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17612:Medina quarter 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17563: 17561: 17557: 17556: 17554: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17447: 17445: 17438: 17434: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17427: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17400: 17398:Riwaq (arcade) 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17374: 17368: 17366: 17360: 17359: 17357: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17325: 17323: 17317: 17316: 17314: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17286:Islamic garden 17283: 17278: 17272: 17270: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17220: 17218: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17109: 17098: 17096: 17092: 17091: 17089: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17027: 17022: 17016: 17014: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17004: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16965: 16963: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16933:Multifoil arch 16930: 16925: 16923:Horseshoe arch 16920: 16915: 16910: 16903: 16901: 16897: 16896: 16889: 16887: 16885: 16884: 16879: 16873: 16871: 16864: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16765: 16764: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16702: 16700: 16696: 16695: 16688: 16687: 16680: 16673: 16665: 16656: 16655: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16630: 16625: 16619: 16617: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16581: 16579: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16562:Predestination 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16534: 16532: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16511: 16509: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16417:Biblical canon 16414: 16409: 16403: 16401: 16391: 16390: 16380: 16379: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16342: 16340: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16273: 16272: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16215: 16213: 16212:Other concepts 16209: 16208: 16206: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16169: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16117: 16115: 16108: 16107: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16086: 16084:Apocalypticism 16081: 16075: 16073: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16002: 16000: 15998:Trinitarianism 15994: 15993: 15990: 15989: 15987: 15986: 15972: 15967: 15961: 15959: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15925: 15923: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15915: 15913:Zoroastrianism 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15862: 15860: 15853: 15845: 15844: 15841: 15840: 15838: 15837: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15748: 15747: 15745:Urmonotheismus 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15690: 15680: 15679: 15667: 15666: 15659: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15636: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15551: 15545: 15542: 15541: 15534: 15533: 15526: 15519: 15511: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15488: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15468: 15467: 15464: 15463: 15461: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15408: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15386: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15363: 15361: 15360:Related topics 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15332: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15294: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15272: 15270: 15260: 15259: 15246: 15245: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15229: 15222: 15217: 15216: 15215: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15148: 15146: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15095: 15093: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15042: 15040: 15030: 15029: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15005: 15003: 15002: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14983: 14981:Sources of law 14978: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14961: 14954: 14949: 14942: 14937: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14880: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14859: 14854: 14846: 14844: 14840: 14839: 14837: 14836: 14829: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14786: 14784: 14782: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14761: 14759: 14758: 14751: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14717: 14715: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14705: 14698: 14691: 14684: 14677: 14672: 14666: 14664: 14654: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14638: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14605:Social welfare 14602: 14597: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14509: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14474: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14455: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14430: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14377: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14332: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14292: 14290: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14231: 14226: 14219: 14212: 14210:Historiography 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14186: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14135: 14127: 14125: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14071: 14064: 14063: 14062: 14051: 14049: 14039: 14038: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14019: 14018: 14011: 14004: 13996: 13990: 13989: 13975: 13961: 13960:External links 13958: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13936:Ziad, Waleed. 13934: 13917: 13900: 13895:Malik, Jamal. 13893: 13884: 13871: 13857: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13843: 13840: 13834: 13819: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13771: 13741: 13727:. 2004-03-11. 13710: 13675: 13672:on 2009-05-05. 13647: 13617: 13595: 13564: 13538: 13508: 13475: 13455:"JMS Timeline" 13446: 13417: 13388: 13358: 13325: 13292: 13248: 13232: 13207: 13195: 13170: 13125: 13096: 13083: 13052: 13050:. 19 Apr 2005. 13030: 13027:on 2012-10-23. 13021:The Daily Star 13008: 12984:Islam, Sirajul 12970: 12937: 12910: 12883: 12871: 12846: 12840:978-2867701528 12839: 12821: 12806: 12799: 12778: 12760: 12742: 12726: 12714: 12679: 12664: 12635: 12620: 12600: 12594:978-3902782311 12593: 12570: 12568:. h.f.ullmann. 12552: 12534: 12514: 12492: 12469: 12462: 12444: 12429: 12414: 12382:10.1086/714346 12376:(3): 363–372. 12356: 12349: 12327: 12309: 12281: 12274: 12252: 12231: 12211: 12181: 12163: 12143: 12109: 12102: 12081: 12063: 12043: 12036: 12018: 12012: 11984: 11978: 11947: 11918: 11912: 11884: 11878: 11850: 11837: 11824: 11811: 11781: 11775: 11769:, p. 69, 11753: 11748:al-Muhaddithat 11738: 11702: 11681: 11669:Hugh Kennedy: 11662: 11649: 11632: 11619: 11607:10.2307/604423 11585: 11571: 11546: 11533: 11520: 11503: 11493: 11476: 11463: 11434: 11421: 11392:(3): 611–630. 11372: 11370:, p. 251. 11360: 11358:, p. 161. 11348: 11346:, p. 138. 11336: 11324: 11309: 11279: 11264: 11258: 11237: 11222: 11204:10.2307/604423 11182: 11170: 11138: 11112: 11106: 11100:, p. 56, 11084: 11066: 11046: 10985: 10979: 10973:, p. 99, 10957: 10917: 10898: 10885: 10878: 10866:Esposito, John 10857: 10840: 10823: 10793: 10775: 10751: 10730: 10716: 10694: 10673: 10654: 10637:10.2307/601679 10615: 10594: 10591:. p. 125. 10572: 10550: 10494: 10491:on 2013-02-01. 10436: 10419: 10413: 10395: 10382: 10366: 10354:10.2307/604423 10321: 10289:(1): 112–132, 10266: 10244: 10194: 10157: 10154:. p. 419. 10141: 10081: 10052: 10046: 10028: 10011: 10005: 9987: 9981: 9956: 9938: 9935:on 2005-03-05. 9913: 9893: 9873: 9853: 9846: 9819: 9812: 9791: 9753: 9735: 9715: 9708: 9690: 9666: 9648: 9628: 9621: 9600: 9593: 9572: 9548: 9532: 9492: 9455: 9448: 9427: 9379:Sonja Brentjes 9370: 9340: 9279: 9260: 9245: 9230: 9215: 9190:, such as the 9154: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9129: 9123: 9111:Esposito, John 9095: 9088: 9068: 9016: 8920: 8891: 8876: 8847: 8832: 8762: 8738: 8686: 8661: 8625: 8594: 8566: 8563:on 2019-12-30. 8532: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8434: 8418: 8415: 8328: 8325: 8308: 8305: 8284: 8281: 8271: 8268: 8246: 8245: 8204: 8202: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8121:Main article: 8118: 8115: 8089:GCE 'O' Levels 8077:junior college 8050:Main article: 8047: 8044: 7992:Main article: 7989: 7986: 7952: 7951:Southeast Asia 7949: 7944: 7941: 7937:Dawat-e-Islami 7908:Main article: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7893: 7864:Arabic College 7862:Main article: 7859: 7856: 7780: 7777: 7731:in Hathazari, 7719: 7716: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7651: 7649: 7642: 7617: 7614: 7597: 7594: 7583:Supreme Leader 7567: 7564: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7427: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7383: 7382: 7333: 7331: 7324: 7300: 7299:Ottoman Empire 7297: 7295: 7292: 7235: 7234:Ottoman Empire 7232: 7141: 7138: 7044: 7041: 7013:four-iwan plan 6900:al-Salih Ayyub 6892:al-Kamil Ayyub 6852: 6849: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6776: 6773: 6765: 6762: 6682:Nurbanu Sultan 6528:Arabic grammar 6482:, dancing and 6407:Women in Islam 6402: 6399: 6365:New Testaments 6127:s because the 5909:Arabic grammar 5842:, present-day 5825:George Makdisi 5807:Scholars like 5805: 5804: 5777: 5774: 5722: 5721:Medical school 5719: 5500: 5497: 5218: 5215: 5180: 5177: 5173:Islamic ethics 5135: 5132: 5011:Main article: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4648:Kara Ben Nemsi 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Abdul Alhazred 4620: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4423: 4421:Fusus al-Hikam 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4294:Al-aql al-faal 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3967:Arabic prosody 3963: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3719:(ryhmed prose) 3714: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441:Qudud Halabiya 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3391:Andalusi nubah 3388: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3339:Arabic hip hop 3336: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3277:Algerian scale 3274: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3222:Robe of honour 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3155:Tarboush (fez) 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090:(North Africa) 3085: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3053: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2989:Damascus steel 2986: 2981: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2947:Islamic garden 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2927:Arabic pottery 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2880: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2810:Medina quarter 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2678:Multifoil arch 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2623:Horseshoe arch 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2513: 2511:Arabic culture 2507: 2506: 2489: 2486: 2455:Ottoman Empire 2451:Muslim history 2376: 2375: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2270:Ottoman period 2239:Hafsid dynasty 2151:' literacy in 2092:'s successful 1971: 1965: 1959:rule (today's 1919:, present-day 1826:Zayd ibn Arqam 1802: 1799: 1787: 1784: 1751: 1748: 1678:Ottoman Empire 1636: 1635:Arabic meaning 1633: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1449:transliterated 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1263:Da'i al-Mutlaq 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 995: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 841: 840: 832: 831: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 756: 755: 747: 746: 738: 737: 722: 721: 719: 718: 711: 704: 696: 693: 692: 691: 690: 675: 674: 671: 670: 664: 663: 662: 661: 656: 646: 641: 640: 639: 634: 624: 619: 614: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 595: 587: 586: 581: 575: 572:Related topics 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 554:Social welfare 551: 546: 545: 544: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 442: 432: 431: 430: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 339: 332: 325: 317: 316: 311: 305: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 283: 274: 273: 267: 259: 251: 242: 241: 221: 213: 210: 209: 204: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 183: 178: 172: 171: 166: 160: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 144:Predestination 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 125:Revealed Books 122: 116: 115: 105: 100: 99: 96: 95: 87: 86: 80: 79: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19258: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19203: 19201: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19167: 19157: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19143: 19133: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19120: 19117: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19024: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18917:Jama'at Khana 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18892:Datuk Keramat 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18873: 18867: 18866:Sufi whirling 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18790: 18785: 18782: 18781: 18779: 18775: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18732: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18683: 18681: 18677: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18650:Antinomianism 18648: 18647: 18645: 18641: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18623: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18591: 18586: 18583: 18579: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18517: 18512: 18509: 18505: 18500: 18497: 18493: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18470: 18466: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18448: 18445: 18444: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18431: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18404: 18399: 18396: 18392: 18387: 18384: 18380: 18375: 18372: 18368: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18341: 18336: 18333: 18329: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18307: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18265: 18260: 18257: 18253: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18236: 18231: 18228: 18224: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18206: 18202: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18099: 18094: 18091: 18087: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18065: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18043: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17971: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17944: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17883:Ahl al-Khutwa 17881: 17879: 17876: 17875: 17873: 17869: 17864: 17857: 17852: 17850: 17845: 17843: 17838: 17837: 17834: 17824: 17823: 17811: 17810: 17805: 17798: 17792: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17742: 17740: 17736: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17709: 17705: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17597:Hasht-Bihisht 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17558: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17471:Jama'at Khana 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17435: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17367: 17361: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17326: 17324: 17318: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17291:Mughal garden 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17267: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17215: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17113: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17093: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17009: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16967: 16966: 16964: 16960: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16904: 16902: 16898: 16893: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16874: 16872: 16868: 16865: 16861: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16693: 16686: 16681: 16679: 16674: 16672: 16667: 16666: 16663: 16653: 16649: 16643: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16620: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16595:Denominations 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16582: 16580: 16578: 16574: 16568: 16567:Last Judgment 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16531: 16527: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16400: 16396: 16392: 16385: 16381: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16328: 16327:Unmoved mover 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16270: 16266: 16265: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16228:Binitarianism 16226: 16224: 16220: 16217: 16216: 16214: 16210: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15995: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15956: 15950: 15949:Supreme Being 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15920: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15857: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15836: 15833: 15829: 15826: 15825: 15824: 15821: 15820:Gender of God 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15725:Kathenotheism 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15677: 15672: 15668: 15664: 15657: 15652: 15650: 15645: 15643: 15638: 15637: 15634: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15546: 15543: 15539: 15532: 15527: 15525: 15520: 15518: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15497: 15489: 15487: 15477: 15476: 15473: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15409: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15399:Post-Islamism 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15292: 15291:Protestantism 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15278: 15277: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15251: 15247: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15174: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15141: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15129:Ophthalmology 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15092: 15088: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15019: 15015: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14993: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14967: 14966: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14935: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14893: 14889: 14887: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14877:Death penalty 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14843:Other aspects 14841: 14835: 14834: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14823: 14821: 14820: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14795: 14793: 14792: 14788: 14787: 14785: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14763: 14757: 14756: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14744: 14740: 14738: 14737: 14733: 14731: 14730: 14726: 14724: 14723: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14714: 14710: 14704: 14703: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14683: 14682: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14648: 14647:Jurisprudence 14645: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14466: 14463: 14459: 14456: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14420: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14329: 14328:Denominations 14325: 14319: 14318: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14224: 14220: 14218: 14217: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14157: 14155: 14154: 14150: 14148: 14147: 14143: 14141: 14140: 14136: 14134: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14120: 14114: 14113:Holiest sites 14111: 14109: 14108:Judgement Day 14106: 14104: 14103: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14029: 14024: 14017: 14012: 14010: 14005: 14003: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13988:at Wiktionary 13987: 13986: 13980: 13976: 13973: 13968: 13964: 13963: 13955: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13927: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13906: 13901: 13898: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13876: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13851: 13850: 13841: 13837: 13835:9782503574455 13831: 13827: 13822: 13821: 13808: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13775: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13745: 13730: 13726: 13725: 13720: 13714: 13699: 13695: 13694: 13686: 13679: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13654: 13652: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13599: 13585:on 2013-03-01 13581: 13574: 13568: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13512: 13496: 13492: 13491: 13486: 13479: 13465:on 2015-04-02 13464: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13436:on 2015-04-02 13435: 13431: 13427: 13421: 13407:on 2015-04-02 13406: 13402: 13398: 13392: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13329: 13313: 13309: 13308: 13303: 13296: 13288: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13253: 13245: 13239: 13237: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13220: 13214: 13212: 13202: 13200: 13185: 13181: 13174: 13166: 13160: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13129: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13093: 13087: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13049: 13048: 13044: 13041: 13034: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13012: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12958: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12941: 12926: 12922: 12914: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12880: 12875: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12842: 12836: 12832: 12825: 12817: 12810: 12802: 12796: 12792: 12785: 12783: 12774: 12767: 12765: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12739: 12733: 12731: 12723: 12722:Brentjes 2018 12718: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12683: 12675: 12668: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12639: 12631: 12624: 12616: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12596: 12590: 12586: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12567: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12548: 12541: 12539: 12530: 12529: 12524: 12518: 12511: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12473: 12465: 12459: 12455: 12448: 12440: 12433: 12425: 12418: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12360: 12352: 12350:9780810874565 12346: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12316: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12293: 12285: 12277: 12275:9780028972114 12271: 12267: 12263: 12256: 12248: 12242: 12234: 12232:9780252030772 12228: 12224: 12223: 12215: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12185: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12116: 12114: 12105: 12103:9789796866441 12099: 12095: 12088: 12086: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12057:. Routledge. 12056: 12055: 12047: 12039: 12033: 12029: 12022: 12015: 12013:0-313-32270-8 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11996: 11988: 11981: 11979:0-313-32270-8 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11962: 11954: 11952: 11935: 11931: 11930: 11922: 11915: 11913:0-313-32270-8 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11896: 11888: 11881: 11879:0-313-32270-8 11875: 11871: 11870:196 & 198 11867: 11863: 11862: 11854: 11847: 11841: 11834: 11828: 11821: 11815: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11778: 11776:0-252-07121-2 11772: 11768: 11764: 11757: 11749: 11742: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11711:George Saliba 11706: 11699: 11698:0-521-52994-8 11695: 11691: 11685: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11629: 11623: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11572:0-7486-1009-X 11568: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11551: 11543: 11537: 11530: 11524: 11517: 11516:0-87249-376-8 11513: 11507: 11497: 11490: 11489:1-57958-245-1 11486: 11480: 11473: 11467: 11459: 11453: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11425: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11368:Brentjes 2018 11364: 11357: 11356:Brentjes 2018 11352: 11345: 11344:Brentjes 2018 11340: 11334:, p. 69. 11333: 11332:Brentjes 2018 11328: 11321: 11320:Brentjes 2018 11316: 11314: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11296: 11289: 11283: 11276: 11268: 11261: 11255: 11251: 11244: 11242: 11234: 11226: 11219: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11186: 11180:, p. 80. 11179: 11178:Brentjes 2018 11174: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11143: 11126: 11122: 11116: 11109: 11107:90-04-10633-2 11103: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11050: 11043: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10989: 10982: 10980:0-7486-1009-X 10976: 10972: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10921: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10889: 10881: 10879:0-19-512559-2 10875: 10871: 10867: 10861: 10853: 10852: 10844: 10836: 10835: 10827: 10820: 10819:0-521-36105-2 10816: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10797: 10782: 10778: 10776:9789287161215 10772: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10755: 10748: 10747:0-521-36105-2 10744: 10740: 10734: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10717:90-04-11351-7 10713: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10690:0-521-52994-8 10687: 10683: 10677: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10611:0-521-52994-8 10608: 10604: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10433: 10432:0-521-52994-8 10429: 10423: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10399: 10392: 10386: 10379: 10373: 10371: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10271: 10262: 10258: 10251: 10249: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10199: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10136: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10049: 10047:81-208-1596-3 10043: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10008: 10006:81-208-1596-3 10002: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9982:81-208-1596-3 9978: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9961: 9952: 9945: 9943: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9897: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9877: 9869: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9849: 9847:9782350314907 9843: 9839: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9815: 9813:9780195309911 9809: 9805: 9798: 9796: 9787: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9736:9780300218701 9732: 9728: 9727: 9719: 9711: 9709:9783902782199 9705: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9655: 9651: 9649:9780300088670 9645: 9641: 9640: 9632: 9624: 9622:9780195309911 9618: 9614: 9607: 9605: 9596: 9594:9781845119478 9590: 9586: 9579: 9577: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9546: 9542: 9539:Ira Lapidus, 9536: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9496: 9483:on 2011-08-17 9479: 9475: 9468: 9467: 9459: 9453:, pages 225-7 9451: 9449:0-226-74951-7 9445: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9286: 9284: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9256: 9249: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9151: 9150: 9143: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9124:0-19-512559-2 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9099: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9072: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9009: 9005: 9003: 8996:مدرسة إسلامية 8993: 8989: 8987: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8967: 8957: 8953: 8951: 8945: 8944:public school 8937: 8933: 8931: 8924: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8887: 8880: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8758: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8734: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8649: 8645: 8644:HarperCollins 8641: 8640: 8635: 8629: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8599: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8435: 8432: 8426: 8421: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8403:Jessica Stern 8400: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8370:Newt Gingrich 8365: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307:United States 8304: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8293:Hafiz (Quran) 8290: 8280: 8278: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8252: 8242: 8239: 8231: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8205:This section 8203: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8185: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8104:for boys and 8103: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7957:Sekolah Agama 7948: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7814: 7813:Uttar Pradesh 7807:used to pray. 7806: 7802: 7801:Srirangapatna 7797: 7790: 7785: 7776: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7689: 7686: 7678: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7652:This section 7650: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7563: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7552:Friday mosque 7549: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7490:), including 7489: 7485: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7460: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7423: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7395: 7394:globalization 7390: 7379: 7376: 7368: 7365:December 2023 7358: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7334:This section 7332: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7118:Friday mosque 7115: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7029:Ṭashtamuriyya 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6771: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6741:Diniyah Putri 6737: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6706:al-Qarawiyyin 6703: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6680:sponsored by 6679: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6630: 6628: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6463:qawmi madrasa 6459: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6397: 6395: 6388: 6386: 6383:madrasahs in 6382: 6378: 6375:which taught 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6332:George Saliba 6328: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5905:jurisprudence 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689:legal opinion 5686: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5572:post-graduate 5569: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5455:Mughal Empire 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5211:craftsmanship 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096:from private 5095: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5014: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4688:Talia al Ghul 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:Book of Idols 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4299:Aql bi-l-fi'l 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:Islamic Logic 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3498:Egyptian folk 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3088:Arab Maghreb 3086: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3066:(Mesopotamia) 3062: 3060: 3056:Arab Mashriq 3054: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3019:Pseudo-Arabic 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952:Islamic glass 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878:Nabataean art 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449:(logic), and 2448: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2393: 2391: 2388:- Oneness or 2387: 2383: 2372: 2369: 2361: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2335:This section 2333: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2072:Dimitri Gutas 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2030: 2029:Niẓām al-Mulk 2025: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2006:Niẓām al-Mulk 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:al-Qarawiyyin 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1801:Early history 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1780:Nizam al-Mulk 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1577: 1566: 1565:morphological 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Nizam al-Mulk 1497: 1493: 1492:jurisprudence 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:architectural 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447:), sometimes 1445: 1435: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1411: 1378: 1370: 1352: 1341: 1308: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083:Seghatoleslam 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 842: 839: 838: 834: 833: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 757: 754: 753: 749: 748: 745: 744: 740: 739: 736: 732: 728: 727: 717: 712: 710: 705: 703: 698: 697: 695: 694: 689: 679: 678: 677: 676: 669: 666: 665: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 645: 642: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 573: 568: 567: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:Proselytizing 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435:Denominations 433: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 378: 373: 372: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 333: 331: 330: 326: 324: 323: 319: 318: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 298: 297: 290: 288: 284: 282: 280: 276: 275: 271: 268: 266: 264: 260: 258: 256: 252: 250: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 233: 232: 227: 226: 222: 220: 219: 215: 214: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 158: 153: 152: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 114: 110: 107: 106: 103: 98: 97: 93: 89: 88: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 59: 54: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 19231:School types 19190:Architecture 18946: 18796:Madih nabawi 17813: 17800: 17797:Islamic arts 17577:Caravanserai 17490: 17102: 17056:Loudspeakers 16981:Persian dome 16943:Pointed arch 16741:Indo-Islamic 16731:Great Seljuk 16462:Hamartiology 16447:Ecclesiology 16437:Pneumatology 16346:Christianity 16337:Names of God 16312:Philo's view 16302:Personal god 16282:Great Spirit 16221: / 16178:Christianity 16036:Perichoresis 15939:Emanationism 15881:Christianity 15871:Baháʼí Faith 15849:Singular god 15822: 15782:Spiritualism 15595: 15411:Islamophobia 15276:Christianity 15224: 15157:Contemporary 15051:Architecture 14990: 14956: 14944: 14932: 14890: 14883: 14849: 14831: 14826:Nikah mut'ah 14824: 14817: 14810: 14803: 14796: 14789: 14753: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14700: 14693: 14686: 14679: 14592: 14567: 14315: 14239: 14221: 14214: 14158: 14151: 14144: 14137: 14130: 14123:Five Pillars 14100: 14066: 14055:God in Islam 14032: 13984: 13945: 13924: 13904: 13896: 13888: 13878: 13853: 13825: 13791:(744): 136. 13788: 13784: 13774: 13763:. 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Retrieved 12858: 12849: 12830: 12824: 12815: 12809: 12790: 12772: 12755: 12737: 12717: 12695:(1): 32–51. 12692: 12688: 12682: 12673: 12667: 12656:. Retrieved 12647: 12638: 12629: 12623: 12614: 12584: 12565: 12546: 12527: 12517: 12508: 12502:. Retrieved 12482: 12472: 12453: 12447: 12438: 12432: 12423: 12417: 12406:. Retrieved 12373: 12369: 12359: 12336: 12330: 12319:. Retrieved 12291: 12284: 12265: 12255: 12221: 12214: 12202:. Retrieved 12193: 12184: 12173:. Retrieved 12153: 12146: 12134:. Retrieved 12125: 12093: 12073:. Retrieved 12053: 12046: 12027: 12021: 11994: 11987: 11960: 11938:. Retrieved 11929:Sahih Muslim 11928: 11921: 11894: 11887: 11860: 11853: 11845: 11840: 11832: 11827: 11819: 11814: 11802:. 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Retrieved 10761: 10754: 10749:, pp. XIX–XX 10738: 10733: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10681: 10676: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10648: 10631:(3): 586–8. 10628: 10624: 10618: 10613:, p. 179-185 10602: 10597: 10584: 10581:Hossein Nasr 10575: 10566: 10562: 10553: 10521:(1): 60–65. 10518: 10514: 10489:the original 10458: 10454: 10434:, p. 191-193 10422: 10404: 10398: 10390: 10385: 10377: 10345: 10341: 10314:, retrieved 10286: 10282: 10263:: 1123–1189. 10260: 10256: 10237:November 23, 10235:. Retrieved 10210: 10187:, retrieved 10173: 10150: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10126:, retrieved 10098: 10094: 10084: 10073:. Retrieved 10064: 10055: 10037: 10031: 10019: 10014: 9996: 9990: 9968: 9950: 9930:the original 9916: 9896: 9876: 9867: 9837: 9803: 9785: 9745:. Retrieved 9725: 9718: 9699: 9693: 9684: 9658:. Retrieved 9638: 9631: 9612: 9584: 9567: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9514:: 165–186 , 9507: 9501: 9495: 9485:, retrieved 9478:the original 9465: 9458: 9439: 9436:Sabra, A. I. 9430: 9386: 9382: 9373: 9362:. Retrieved 9343: 9332:. Retrieved 9302:(2): 63–75. 9299: 9295: 9275: 9271: 9254: 9248: 9239: 9233: 9224: 9218: 9192:Roman Empire 9178: 9165: 9157: 9147: 9142: 9132: 9114: 9098: 9078: 9071: 9063: 8999: 8983: 8963: 8947: 8927: 8923: 8912:. Retrieved 8903: 8894: 8885: 8879: 8868:. Retrieved 8859: 8850: 8841: 8835: 8826: 8756: 8732: 8677:. Retrieved 8673: 8664: 8652:. Retrieved 8637: 8628: 8616:. Retrieved 8609: 8585:. Retrieved 8578: 8569: 8561:the original 8549: 8536: 8459:Beth midrash 8396: 8394: 8389: 8381: 8378:Colin Powell 8367: 8362: 8350: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8313:André Carson 8310: 8286: 8273: 8270:South Africa 8259:kindergarten 8234: 8228:January 2021 8225: 8214:Please help 8209:verification 8206: 8179: 8171:Soccsksargen 8167:Davao Region 8160: 8154:and SMIE in 8143: 8129: 8126: 8110: 8093: 8072: 8066: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7976: 7956: 7954: 7946: 7929: 7913: 7892:instruction. 7867: 7852: 7844: 7817: 7810: 7769: 7765: 7760:Lalbagh Fort 7721: 7701: 7681: 7675:January 2010 7672: 7661:Please help 7656:verification 7653: 7629:Qutb complex 7627:'s Madrasa, 7602:anticlerical 7599: 7596:20th century 7569: 7556: 7536: 7523: 7483: 7481: 7457: 7433: 7429: 7420: 7403: 7386: 7371: 7362: 7335: 7280:Fatih Mosque 7271: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7219: 7172: 7158: 7126: 7107: 7063: 7061: 7010: 7001: 6998:Temple Mount 6970: 6942: 6927: 6869:Salah ad-Din 6854: 6833: 6796:Central Asia 6778: 6764:Architecture 6745: 6740: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6699: 6675: 6674:, part of a 6667: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6578: 6556: 6473: 6461: 6431: 6418: 6390: 6343:, which was 6330: 6326: 6298: 6295: 6267: 6257: 6243: 6235: 6223: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6169: 6164: 6150: 6142: 6136: 6132: 6131:(from Latin 6124: 6122: 6114: 6108: 6098: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6060: 6057:Ibn al-Nafis 6050: 6041: 6033: 6019: 6012: 6005: 6002: 5982: 5980: 5968:al-Mustanṣir 5945: 5924: 5884: 5878: 5851: 5834: 5821:universities 5806: 5789: 5781: 5765: 5745: 5730: 5708: 5704: 5682: 5676: 5673:jurisconsult 5664: 5656: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5626: 5624: 5604: 5590: 5580: 5576: 5563: 5554: 5546: 5536: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5492: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5427: 5424:Muslim India 5421: 5416: 5413:Abd al-Latif 5407: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5386: 5383: 5251: 5249: 5189: 5182: 5156: 5149: 5123: 5115: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5060:and teacher 5039: 5035: 5033: 5022: 4935:Dhul Khalasa 4878: 4877: 4707: 4702:Spirituality 4678:Ra's al Ghul 4653:King Marsile 4611: 4610: 4536:Magic carpet 4425: 4354: 4353: 4287: 4286: 4123:Saudi Arabia 4039: 4038: 3965: 3964: 3890: 3889: 3843: 3842: 3814: 3813: 3775: 3774: 3705: 3704: 3677: 3552: 3478:Algerian Raï 3466: 3465: 3379: 3378: 3327: 3326: 3307:Quarter tone 3267:Arabic maqam 3261: 3165: 3164: 3109: 3028: 3004:Hedwig glass 2967: 2966: 2900: 2899: 2867: 2849: 2789: 2770:Caravanserai 2748: 2747: 2581: 2579: 2534: 2529:Architecture 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2428: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2364: 2358:January 2010 2355: 2344:Please help 2339:verification 2336: 2306: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2267: 2236: 2229: 2221:Salah ad-Din 2202: 2180: 2075: 2070: 2053: 2037: 2019: 1998:period, the 1993: 1968: 1925: 1912: 1894: 1874:martial arts 1823: 1809:View of the 1764:Muslim world 1755: 1753: 1741: 1735: 1719: 1709:. The usual 1706: 1700: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1645: 1638: 1580: 1560: 1556: 1553:Semitic root 1544: 1542: 1520: 1495: 1484:Muslim world 1477: 1456: 1452: 1306: 1305: 835: 801: 750: 743:Usul al-Fiqh 741: 644:Islamophobia 486: 423:Demographics 418:Circumcision 334: 327: 320: 286: 278: 262: 254: 246: 235: 229: 223: 216: 19236:Law schools 18912:Jama masjid 18856:Sufi poetry 18787: [ 18748:Sufi orders 18729: [ 18643:Misconducts 18620: [ 18588: [ 18576: [ 18514: [ 18502: [ 18490: [ 18428: [ 18401: [ 18389: [ 18377: [ 18365: [ 18338: [ 18326: [ 18304: [ 18262: [ 18250: [ 18233: [ 18221: [ 18096: [ 18084: [ 18040: [ 18027:Sufis ranks 17968: [ 17941: [ 17893:Bash Hezzab 17865:terminology 17424:Windcatcher 17405:(courtyard) 17158:Mosque lamp 17138:Girih tiles 17095:Decorations 16973:Arabic dome 16520:Krishnology 16497:Soteriology 16452:Eschatology 16432:Christology 16297:Open theism 16253:Exotheology 16151:Zoroastrian 16114:By religion 16071:Eschatology 16026:Homoiousian 15979:Ahura Mazda 15757:Panentheism 15720:Hermeticism 15566:Darul uloom 15549:Almajiranci 15281:Catholicism 15176:Other areas 15167:Theological 15162:Eschatology 15119:Mathematics 15056:Calligraphy 14986:Theological 14940:Inheritance 14857:Cleanliness 14229:Shi'a Imams 14223:Ahl al-Bayt 13724:The Tribune 13557:November 8, 13459:muis.gov.sg 13430:muis.gov.sg 13426:"About JMS" 13401:muis.gov.sg 12930:5 September 12903:5 September 12864:5 September 11940:11 November 11868:, pp. 11804:22 February 11688:Toby Huff, 11428:Toby Huff, 10821:, pp. 47-55 10680:Toby Huff, 10601:Toby Huff, 10389:Toby Huff, 10169:"education" 9181:Middle Ages 9012:مدرسة جامعة 8976:مدرسة دينية 8888:. Springer. 8679:19 November 8479:Darul uloom 8335:, the word 8117:Philippines 7874:Sunni Islam 7847:Maharashtra 7805:Tipu Sultan 7789:Taliparamba 7754:madrasa in 7698:Afghanistan 7343:WP:NOTESSAY 7274:complex of 7213:complex in 7195:Shah Mosque 6884:proselytism 6875:in Cairo's 6792:Transoxiana 6788:monasteries 6694:Mimar Sinan 6565:Ibn ʻAsākir 6446:muḥaddithāt 6394:Inquisition 6289:founded by 6133:universitas 5901:Islamic law 5753:Al-Muqtadir 5699:as well as 5611:'teacher'. 5485:Islamic law 5404:Islamic law 5377:during the 5296:metaphysics 5272:mathematics 5197:preaching, 4638:Battal Gazi 3823:Anthologies 3623:Raqs Sharqi 3578:Belly dance 3421:Iraqi maqam 3349:Arabic jazz 3344:Arabic rock 3197:Fouta towel 2999:Girih tiles 2917:Arab carpet 2888:Fatimid art 2883:Islamic art 2738:Windcatcher 2603:Arabic dome 2480:(plural of 2268:During the 2201:known as a 2145:Middle Ages 2108:mathematics 2062:Sufi orders 2046:Mesopotamia 2040:Ḥashshāshīn 1866:calligraphy 1768:Islamic law 1680:during the 1512:Mesopotamia 1488:Islamic law 1063:Grand Mufti 659:Laws of war 322:Ahl al-Bayt 207:Foundations 19200:Categories 19166:Psychology 19078:Prayer rug 18841:Sufi music 18701:Hizb Rateb 18679:Ceremonies 18447:Zarruqiyya 18155:Ismul Azam 17707:Influences 17622:Well house 17393:Mashrabiya 17041:Hussainiya 16977:Onion dome 16768:Indonesian 16756:Qutb Shahi 16605:Philosophy 16492:Sophiology 16472:Philosophy 16467:Messianism 16427:Paterology 16031:Hypostasis 16021:Homoousian 15852:theologies 15792:Theopanism 15777:Polytheism 15740:Monotheism 15715:Henotheism 15341:Ex-Muslims 15226:Shu'ubiyya 15220:Psychology 15208:Literature 15198:Inventions 15144:Philosophy 14952:Leadership 14928:Honorifics 14583:Philosophy 14390:Isma'ilism 14351:Maturidism 14234:Caliphates 14205:Golden Age 14096:Revelation 13765:2014-09-13 13735:2008-01-14 13704:2008-01-14 13641:2010-05-12 13589:2012-11-08 13469:2015-03-18 13440:2015-03-18 13411:2015-03-18 13189:2024-04-09 13119:2022-06-10 13002:2016-05-08 12980:"Madrasah" 12859:Britannica 12800:2723301591 12658:2020-08-15 12504:2022-06-21 12463:2213029830 12408:2021-11-22 12321:2022-03-11 12175:2022-07-01 12075:2021-11-18 12002:, p. 11968:, p. 11902:, p. 11733:2010-04-02 11501:20/03/2010 11164:2020-08-15 11131:9 February 11078:2021-05-04 11032:2019-06-29 10787:2020-10-27 10316:2019-06-29 10189:2008-09-30 10128:2019-06-29 10075:2020-08-30 10026:, pp. 77–8 9747:2021-10-07 9660:2021-11-18 9487:2008-11-22 9393:: 65–79 , 9364:2008-12-05 9334:2021-11-23 8960:مدرسة خاصة 8940:مدرسة عامة 8914:2017-05-30 8870:2020-08-13 8634:"Madrasah" 8606:"madrassa" 8523:References 8317:Queens, NY 8182:Bangsamoro 7926:, Pakistan 7836:Isma'ilism 7762:courtyard. 7756:Bangladesh 7718:Bangladesh 7712:Abu Hanifa 7616:South Asia 7604:policy of 7411:Darulhadis 7349:improve it 7033:Muzhiriyya 7025:Arghūniyya 7021:Tankiziyya 6768:See also: 6749:Hem Borker 6596:, such as 6532:literature 6516:philosophy 6468:Bangladesh 6421:al-Sakhawi 6405:See also: 6359:, and the 6316:sic et non 6276:, meaning 6232:companions 6105:Ibn Sina's 6030:al-Sakhawi 5938:Maimonides 5870:University 5737:bimaristan 5727:Bimaristan 5725:See also: 5503:See also: 5499:Law school 5457:founded a 5387:danişmends 5345:cities of 5343:Andalusian 5276:philosophy 5260:philosophy 5221:See also: 5169:literature 5167:, Arabic, 5068:(known as 4910:Dhat-Badan 4838:Theandrios 4818:Baalshamin 4813:Atarsamain 4668:Palamedes 4411:Muqaddimah 4371:Al-isharat 4277:Avicennism 4229:Philosophy 4098:Mauritania 3907:Muwashshah 3872:Khamriyyah 3672:Literature 3618:Ouled Nail 3431:Muwashshah 3334:Arabic pop 2893:Mamluk art 2840:Well house 2775:Bimaristan 2663:Mashrabiya 2492:See also: 2459:Süleyman I 2415:); and an 2390:monotheism 2253:under the 2225:al-Shafi'i 2217:Nur al-Din 2181:Under the 2176:Nur al-Din 2128:philosophy 2104:Avicennism 2090:al-Ghazali 2082:Golden Age 1790:See also: 1686:danişmends 1621:Indonesian 1576:mafʻal(ah) 1534:Definition 1506:under the 1465:Arab world 1218:Mujahideen 512:Philosophy 249:(exegesis) 186:Pilgrimage 176:Almsgiving 19154:Education 19088:Tagelmust 19083:Qashabiya 19058:Jellabiya 18962:Mausoleum 18655:Rahbaniya 18469:Waridates 18286:Muraqabah 18281:Muhasabah 17965:Mutahaqiq 17681:Resources 17444:Religious 17414:Shabestan 17372:Hypostyle 17354:Shadirvan 17123:Arabesque 17046:Imamzadeh 17011:Religious 16991:Semi-dome 16938:Ogee arch 16907:Chahartaq 16870:Materials 16797:Almoravid 16772:Malaysian 16482:Practical 16477:Political 16442:Cosmology 16399:Christian 16258:Holocaust 16248:Egotheism 16203:Goddesses 16198:Mormonism 16126:Christian 16079:Afterlife 15965:Sustainer 15772:Polydeism 15767:Pantheism 15752:Mysticism 15735:Monolatry 15730:Nontheism 15710:Dystheism 15606:Pesantren 15601:Nezamiyeh 15458:Symbolism 15416:Incidents 15394:Criticism 15286:Mormonism 15183:Astrology 15109:Cosmology 15104:Astronomy 15046:Arabesque 14913:Etiquette 14872:Blasphemy 14662:Economics 14477:Ahmadiyya 14419:Muhakkima 14366:Wahhabism 14356:Mu'tazili 14341:Ash'arism 13693:USA Today 13159:cite news 13139:The Hindu 12398:234864708 12390:0011-3204 12241:cite book 11846:The Arabs 11581:237514956 11491:, p. 1025 11452:cite book 11416:211662842 11037:One such 11019:144509355 10953:143484233 10726:0926-6070 10650:parallel. 10569:(4): 459. 10303:144509355 10227:142242807 10115:144509355 9528:143484233 9407:1420-9144 9324:129458856 9316:0161-956X 9196:Byzantium 8904:ThoughtCo 8670:"madrasa" 8575:"madrasa" 8546:"madrasa" 8543:(US) and 8541:"madrasa" 8528:Citations 8152:Zamboanga 8062:Singapore 8046:Singapore 8002:The word 7994:Pesantren 7988:Indonesia 7858:In Kerala 7606:Reżā Shah 7426:Curricula 7353:verifying 7215:Samarkand 7154:Samarkand 7134:Marrakesh 7057:Marrakesh 7037:Ẓāhirīyah 6981:Baybars I 6684:(wife of 6633:The term 6554:in 1258. 6550:with the 6504:astronomy 6377:astronomy 6373:Samarqand 6369:Ulugh Beg 6307:civil law 6293:in 1224. 6282:consensus 6183:earliest 6180:corporate 5925:modernize 5893:faculties 5675:, called 5329:Niẓāmīyah 5308:chemistry 5304:astronomy 5102:emulation 4753:Al-Kutbay 4581:Shadhavar 4546:Mount Qaf 4521:Karkadann 4438:Mythology 4324:Asabiyyah 4282:Averroism 4113:Palestine 4035:Mutadārik 4032:Mutaqārib 4023:Mujtathth 3875:Tardiyyah 3695:Classical 3638:Schikhatt 3603:Khaleegy 3380:Art music 3207:Jellabiya 3120:Battoulah 2974:Arabesque 2968:Features 2830:Shadirvan 2633:Hypostyle 2598:Arabesque 2582:Features 2550:Nabataean 2453:. In the 2280:word for 2153:antiquity 2133:patronage 2120:geography 2116:astrology 2112:astronomy 2096:into the 2034:Assassins 1886:Caliphate 1870:athletics 1862:first aid 1858:genealogy 1792:Nizamiyya 1543:The word 1539:Etymology 1528:Devshirme 1198:Ulu'l-amr 1173:Muhaddith 1078:Ayatollah 1053:Mohyeddin 942:Istishhad 937:Istighfar 852:Mustahabb 632:terrorism 584:Criticism 537:Sexuality 507:Mysticism 477:Festivals 457:Education 452:Economics 388:Academics 344:Caliphate 157:Practices 62:Samarkand 19206:Madrasas 19130:Religion 19098:Tarboosh 19053:Gandoura 19048:Djellaba 18665:Taqabbur 18415:Tawassul 18410:Tawakkul 18074:Concepts 17992:Qalandar 17955:Muqarrab 17950:Muqaddam 17933:Marabout 17795:Part of 17631:Military 17567:Baradari 17560:Civilian 17383:Jharokha 17344:Mechouar 17281:Charbagh 17224:Andaruni 17198:Socarrat 17163:Muqarnas 17061:Maqsurah 16953:Vaulting 16882:Tadelakt 16863:Elements 16812:Zayyanid 16792:Aghlabid 16600:Kabbalah 16547:Prophets 16422:Glossary 16388:By faith 16351:Hinduism 16233:Demiurge 16223:in Islam 16183:Hinduism 16173:Buddhism 16165:Feminist 16121:Buddhist 15929:Absolute 15922:Concepts 15898:Hinduism 15893:Buddhism 15859:By faith 15823:and gods 15815:Divinity 15801:Concepts 15762:Pandeism 15663:Theology 15496:Category 15389:Islamism 15372:Muhammad 15328:Apostasy 15303:Hinduism 15193:Feminism 15124:Medicine 14964:Military 14918:Gambling 14867:Apostasy 14862:Criminal 14774:Marriage 14743:Tayammum 14695:Murabaha 14568:Madrasas 14558:Holidays 14548:Clothing 14543:Children 14538:Calendar 14489:Quranism 14423:Khawarij 14395:Alawites 14346:Atharism 14240:Rashidun 14079:In Islam 14074:Muhammad 13972:Madrasas 13947:The News 13807:45319115 13759:Archived 13729:Archived 13698:Archived 13635:Archived 13631:BBC News 13606:Archived 13551:Archived 13525:Archived 13495:Archived 13381:18 March 13345:Archived 13312:Archived 13287:45319115 13225:Archived 13143:Archived 13113:Archived 13070:Archived 13043:Archived 12996:Archived 12957:Archived 12952:TOLOnews 12652:Archived 12525:(1922). 12498:Archived 12480:(1978). 12454:Le Caire 12402:Archived 12315:Archived 12198:Archived 12169:Archived 12130:Archived 12126:tirto.id 12069:Archived 11934:Archived 11798:Archived 11727:archived 11713:(2002), 11700:, p. 155 11158:Archived 11125:Archived 11072:Archived 11023:archived 10868:(2003). 10807:Archived 10781:Archived 10485:17139063 10307:archived 10231:Archived 10213:: 1–74. 10183:archived 10181:, 2008, 10119:archived 10069:Archived 9953:. 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