1794:
1458:
321:
2031:
1766:
19:
1308:
356:
222:
813:
284:
1116:
742:
571:
524:
1603:
1534:
1383:
463:
5400:
1146:
487:
1244:
877:
703:
1079:
1958:
421:
1214:
1184:
639:
980:
779:
2229:
announced the discovery and decipherment of a coin bearing the portrait of
Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler; Kritt read the name of the ruler as Seleucus Philometor and, based on the epithet "Philometor", meaning mother loving, identified him with Cleopatra Selene's son, unnamed by Cicero. Kritt gave
1027:
1071:
Antiochus VIII died in 96 BC and
Antiochus IX followed him in 95 BC; the country became embroiled in a civil war in which Antiochus VIII's five sons and the descendants of Antiochus IX fought between themselves. The chronology of all those monarchs is problematic and is specially vague regarding
4262:
History of
Herodotus. A New English Version, Edited with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of Information; and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, Which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of
2097:
There is no reason to believe that
Laodice III fell from grace as she survived her husband and was honoured throughout his and his successors reigns. Seleucid monarchs did not engage in polygamy and even the most hostile accounts, aside from the propagandistic work of Polybius, do not accuse
3973:
The Holy Bible. Containing the Old and New
Testaments: the Text, Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation, Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts. With a Commentary and Critical Notes. Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred
1843:
most of the times. Occasionally, other
Aramean regions were also referred to as Syria. In the view of W. Edward Glenny, the rendering of Aram by Syria might be explained by an anti-Syrian bias, since at the time of the translation, Syria belonged to the
1838:
were often translated as Syria and the
Syrians; hence, the king was referred to as the king of Syria, and this was carried on by many English translations. Aram in the Hebrew Old Testament and Syria in the translation indicated the kingdom of
169:(200 BC); he annexed the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt (Coele-Syria) and united them with his Syrian lands, thus gaining control of the entirety of Syria. Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers, such as
3707:
Alten, Elif (2017). "Revolt of
Achaeus Against Antiochus III the Great and the Siege of Sardis, Based on Classical Textual, Epigraphic and Numismatic Evidence". In Laflı, Ergün; Kan Şahin, Gülseren (eds.).
2115:
Antiochus was a child of 4 or 5 years when he ascended the throne. Heliodorus might have killed
Seleucus IV, before being removed by Antiochus IV who kept his nephew as co-king before killing him in 170
3711:
Archaeology and
History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international Symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey. Abstracts Booklet
2230:
the newly discovered ruler the regnal name Seleucus VII, and considered it very likely that he is identical with Kybiosaktes. The reading of "Seleucus VII" was accepted by some scholars such as
606:
Diodotus Tryphon, who opposed Demetrius II by raising Antiochus VI to the throne, killed his protege and declared himself king ruling until 138 when the Seleucids unified Syria again.
2242:
rejected Kritt's reading, noting that the coin was badly damaged and some letters were unreadable; Hoover read the king's name as Antiochus and identified him with Antiochus XIII.
3040:
3020:
4925:
Abraham Ibn Daud's Dorot 'Olam (Generations of the Ages). A Critical Edition and Translation of Zikhron Divrey Romi, Divrey Malkhey Yisraʾel, and the Midrash on Zechariah
2102:
suggests a solution for the problem of Antiochus' second wife; according to Polybius, Euboea was a name given by Antiochus to his second wife and it is the name of her
3714:. Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea, Acta Congressus Communis Omnium Gentium Smyrnae. Vol. IV. The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM.
593:
Son of Alexander I and Cleopatra Thea. Was proclaimed king against Demetrius II by general Diodotus Tryphon who held actual power and eventually killed Antiochus.
4434:
Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE
1487:. The date of the invasion might actually be later, around 74 BC. The Armenian king captured Cleopatra Selene and killed her in 69 BC, but he was forced by the
2235:
2128:
proposed three possibilities: Antiochus was Demetrius I's son Antigonus who assumed the dynastic name Antiochus, a pretender, or Demetrius I's youngest son
1340:
Cleopatra Selene declared her son Antiochus XIII king following the deaths of both Antiochus XII and Philip I; she seems to have installed herself co-ruler.
70:, who was proclaimed King of Syria on 8 March 1920. Faisal's reign lasted a few months before he was overthrown by France and the title fell out of use.
5692:
2239:
4863:
Spawforth, Tony (2006). "Macedonian Times: Hellenistic Memories in the Provinces of the Roman Near East". In Konstan, David; Saïd, Suzanne (eds.).
177:, began referring to the Seleucid ruler as the king of Syria. The evidence for this title's usage by the kings is provided by the inscription of
2216:
Philip's death date is unknown but traditionally assumed to be the year 84 or 83 BC. Although there is a possibility that he ruled until 75 BC.
2226:
2106:. Hence, in the view of Kosmin, by marrying this girl, Antiochus signified that he was marrying the island which the girl became its symbol.
6017:
2198:
In 124/123 BC, he married Tryphaena who was murdered in 111 BC by Antiochus IX. By 103 BC, he married Tryphaena's sister Cleopatra Selene.
5668:
2152:(Alexander the bastard); this bastardy could have been the reason for the doubts ancient writers showed regarding Alexander's paternity.
5688:
265:
4299:
Hoover, Oliver D. (2005). "Dethroning Seleucus VII Philometor (Cybiosactes): Epigraphical Arguments Against a Late Seleucid Monarch".
2172:
138 BC. However, the last coins struk in Antiochus' name date to the year142/141 BC indicating that he was murdered around that time.
4616:
McAuley, Alex (2017). "Mother Knows Best: Motherhood and Succession in the Seleucid Realm". In Cooper, Dana; Phelan, Claire (eds.).
4555:(2013) . "Cleopatra Selene". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.).
4804:
Schafer, Elizabeth D. (2013) . "Faisal, Prince (1885-1933)". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Matysek Wood, Laura; Murphy, Justin D. (eds.).
3917:
5708:
3513:
1673:
4490:
5012:
5778:
5656:
4980:
4959:
4932:
4872:
4832:
4813:
4794:
4775:
4756:
4737:
4718:
4699:
4680:
4661:
4625:
4606:
4583:
4564:
4534:
4479:
4460:
4441:
4213:
4194:
4163:
4136:
4117:
4090:
4063:
4044:
4025:
3998:
3961:
3889:
3870:
3851:
3844:
Nemrud Dagi: Recent Archaeological Research and Preservation and Restoration Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
3774:
3755:
3736:
4108:
Georganas, Ioannis (2016). "Antiochus IV Epiphanes". In Phang, Sara E.; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter (eds.).
5878:
770:
Was released by the Parthians and regained his throne and wife following Antiochus VII's death in a battle against Parthia.
3561:
2278:
909:
Cleopatra Thea assumed power in her own right; she abandoned her husband Demetrius II and arranged his murder in 125 BC.
515:
Claimed to be a son of Antiochus IV. He could have been an illegitimate son of Antiochus by a concubine named Antiochis.
5773:
5701:
5675:
804:
Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea. He was elevated as king by his mother in an attempt to establish her authority.
1483:, invaded Syria; the year of the invasion is up to debate and is traditionally given as 83 BC based on the account of
5373:
3474:
3680:
5939:
5598:
4529:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 100. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven.
1018:
Due to the discontent arising from her becoming a queen regnant, Cleopatra Thea elevated Antiochus VIII as co-king.
6065:
5824:
5025:
3398:
3147:
3060:
3004:
2969:
5856:
2721:
2631:
2556:
6095:
5629:
5359:
3577:
2843:
1802:
1480:
326:
3442:
2921:
5348:
5222:
3652:
3631:
3545:
3529:
3426:
3104:
3076:
2985:
2905:
2815:
2796:
2761:
2465:
2440:
2393:
2326:
729:
Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V. Married his brother's wife after Demetrius II was captured by the
3612:
2953:
2937:
2481:
2374:
2358:
2342:
478:
Known from a coin minted in the same year Demetrius I lost his throne; his identity is left to speculations.
5837:
5663:
5588:
3593:
3490:
3458:
2889:
2696:
2537:
2521:
2500:
2421:
2310:
2259:
178:
2777:
2615:
2584:
5868:
5861:
5716:
5576:
2294:
451:
5814:
5612:
5449:
5045:
5005:
4671:
Mumford, Gregory D. (2013). "Egypt and the Levant". In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.).
2054:
971:
He declared himself king following his father's murder against the wishes of his mother who killed him.
409:
5622:
5892:
5424:
5365:
4639:. Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture. Vol. 1. Harper & Brothers Publishers.
1995:
The only king mentioned by the name "Ben-Hadad" both in the Old Testament and extra-biblical sources.
1313:
1007:
150:
4867:. Cambridge Classical Journal. Supplementary Volumes. Vol. 29. Cambridge Philological Society.
4278:
Hoover, Oliver D. (2000). "A Dedication to Aphrodite Epekoos for Demetrius I Soter and His Family".
6110:
6105:
5982:
5954:
5761:
1723:
1388:
3523:
2288:
6100:
5593:
5583:
5444:
5429:
5329:
5283:
3918:"The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress– The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, Seleukid Queen of Syria"
2181:
Alexander fabricated a genealogy that presented him as the son of Alexander I Balas according to
2044:
1852:' main enemy; Aram-Damascus was the Jews' enemy during its Iron Age prime in the 9th century BC.
1698:
1626:
Freed by his captor, he ruled for one year before being deposed by Pompey who annexed Syria as a
1412:
227:
181:, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria" (Alexander refers either to
158:
5617:
4386:
Houghton, Arthur (1993). "The reigns of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX at Antioch and Tarsus".
4110:
Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia
5470:
5465:
5379:
5134:
5050:
2049:
1831:
1570:
1334:
1249:
1189:
1084:
1032:
361:
289:
257:
4408:
3690:
3662:
3646:
3625:
3587:
3571:
3555:
3539:
3484:
3452:
3408:
3157:
3117:
3086:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3014:
2998:
2979:
2931:
2856:
2731:
2566:
2550:
2531:
2515:
2494:
2475:
2459:
2434:
2403:
2387:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2272:
1457:
5987:
5909:
5809:
5651:
5634:
5561:
5439:
5337:
5179:
4998:
4975:. Ancient Coins in Australian Collections. Vol. 2. Numismatic Association of Australia.
4552:
3606:
3507:
3468:
3436:
2963:
2947:
2915:
2899:
2825:
2809:
2790:
2771:
2715:
2654:
2625:
2594:
2320:
2304:
2231:
2129:
1793:
1727:
1219:
1121:
952:
784:
708:
576:
559:
344:
562:
of Egypt divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Alexander I and married her to Demetrius.
6002:
5804:
5639:
5343:
1330:
818:
529:
186:
4842:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2003). "On Demetrius II Nicator's Arsacid Captivity and Second Rule".
3765:
Austin, Michel (2010) . "Seleucids. Dynasty of Macedonian Kings". In Wilson, Nigel (ed.).
312:
Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III. He married Laodice IV, his brother Antiochus' widow.
8:
6022:
6012:
5904:
5566:
5174:
5169:
4156:
Finding Meaning in the Text: Translation Technique and Theology in the Septuagint of Amos
2133:
1783:
1586:
Son of Philip I. Elevated by the people of Antioch following Antiochus XIII's capture by
1151:
391:
4018:
The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect
3937:
834:
Claimed to be of Seleucid heritage. Declared himself king in opposition to Demetrius II.
320:
5964:
5914:
5873:
5733:
5721:
5646:
5607:
5571:
5434:
5408:
5066:
4911:
4349:
4248:
3809:
2186:
2070:
1806:
1463:
447:
109:
4969:
Wright, Nicholas L. (2011). "The Iconography of Succession Under the Late Seleukids".
4884:"The Apology of Hazael: A Literary and Historical Analysis of the Tel Dan Inscription"
4181:
Greene, Joseph A. (1993). "Aram". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.).
1765:
6034:
5819:
5743:
5549:
5353:
5288:
5243:
5096:
4976:
4972:
Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection
4955:
4938:
4928:
4915:
4903:
4868:
4851:
4828:
4809:
4790:
4771:
4752:
4733:
4714:
4695:
4676:
4657:
4640:
4621:
4602:
4595:
4579:
4560:
4540:
4530:
4510:
4502:
4475:
4472:
The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire
4456:
4437:
4420:
4395:
4374:
4353:
4341:
4308:
4287:
4266:
4240:
4209:
4190:
4169:
4159:
4142:
4132:
4113:
4096:
4086:
4069:
4059:
4040:
4021:
4004:
3994:
3977:
3957:
3929:
3904:
3885:
3866:
3847:
3830:
3801:
3770:
3751:
3732:
3715:
2125:
426:
162:
4363:"The Double Portrait Coins of Antiochus XI and Philip I: a Seleucid Mint at Beroea?"
6058:
6039:
5974:
5792:
5756:
5526:
5385:
5278:
5258:
5253:
5199:
5071:
5033:
4895:
4333:
4232:
3793:
2165:
2059:
1879:
1771:
1715:
644:
166:
63:
34:
kings who ruled the entirety of the region of Syria. It was also used to refer to
5959:
5934:
5924:
5919:
5681:
5273:
5238:
5204:
5119:
4654:
Syria and the USA: Washington's Relations with Damascus from Wilson to Eisenhower
4183:
3750:. T&T Clark Jewish and Christian Texts. Vol. 23. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2030:
1974:
1587:
730:
492:
182:
31:
18:
4337:
1235:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Took the throne with his twin Antiochus XI.
6074:
6029:
5992:
5947:
5726:
5521:
5516:
5268:
5248:
5214:
5189:
4825:
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135)
4730:
The Legend of Seleucus: Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in the Ancient World
2099:
2065:
1137:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Defeated Antiochus IX but was soon killed.
882:
504:
97:
79:
59:
47:
3719:
1307:
355:
6089:
6007:
5500:
5495:
5480:
5318:
5295:
5263:
5228:
5164:
5106:
5076:
4942:
4907:
4855:
4694:. Biblical Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. Society of Biblical Literature Press.
4644:
4544:
4506:
4424:
4399:
4378:
4345:
4312:
4291:
4270:
4244:
4173:
4146:
4100:
4073:
4008:
3981:
3933:
3805:
2088:
Antiochus son of Antiochus III was made co-king in 209 BC and died in 193 BC.
1986:
1840:
1823:
812:
221:
121:
83:
43:
39:
660:
Last coins date to 138 BC but his reign might have lasted into early 137 BC.
5829:
5490:
5301:
4225:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
4058:. Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture. Vol. 12. Brill.
3993:. Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum. Vol. 23. Mohr Siebeck.
3908:
3834:
3786:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
2169:
1488:
1044:
903:
347:
held real power, then Antiochus was made co-king by his uncle Antiochus IV.
1911:
The name "Hazib" was also used for him. Known only from the Old Testament.
1855:
741:
570:
523:
5996:
5768:
5751:
5194:
5154:
5086:
5081:
4085:. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, 2. Reihe. Vol. 51. Mohr Siebeck.
3976:. Vol. 1: Genesis to Esther. H.S. & J. Applegate & Company.
2182:
2164:
placed Antiochus' murder after the end of Demetrius II's first reign and
2036:
1920:
1690:
1627:
283:
239:
154:
51:
4491:"Numismatic Evidence For A New Seleucid King: Seleucus (VII) Philometor"
3863:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
1115:
5129:
5091:
3882:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
1827:
1719:
899:
301:
261:
174:
4322:"A Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0-64 BC)"
4252:
3813:
1602:
1533:
1382:
1175:
Avenged his father and killed Seleucus VI. He married his step-mother.
979:
876:
778:
462:
5475:
5184:
4673:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE
1946:
1845:
1694:
999:
443:
125:
93:
4927:. The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World. Vol. 50. Brill.
4453:
Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who Would be King
4362:
4321:
3899:
Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1872). "Laodice". In Smith, William (ed.).
3729:
Queen Salome: Jerusalem's Warrior Monarch of the First Century B.C.E
3709:
1145:
1026:
486:
5124:
5114:
4899:
4637:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature
4236:
3797:
3784:
Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1945). "King Antiochus in 151/0 B. C.".
2161:
1835:
1104:
272:
170:
146:
129:
117:
101:
4970:
4883:
4865:
Greeks on Greekness: Viewing the Greek Past Under the Roman Empire
4231:(4). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 361–364.
408:
Son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and possibly Laodice IV. His regent
382:
Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III. Married his brother's widow.
120:
dynasty used the term "Syria" to designate the region between the
5929:
4990:
442:
Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV. Might have married his sister
35:
4656:. Library of International Relations. Vol. 56. I.B.Tauris.
3792:(1). The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: 58–59.
1243:
702:
5531:
5485:
5159:
5144:
3991:
The Interpretation of the Old Testament in Greco-Roman Paganism
3316:
3217:
2145:
2103:
1963:
1901:
1558:
1484:
1183:
1078:
271:
Antiochus III's second wife is attested in the hostile work of
113:
55:
1957:
420:
128:. The usage of the name in referring to the region during the
5399:
5149:
5021:
4265:. Vol. 1. Translated by Rawlinson, George. John Murray.
2136:
considered the suggestion of Antiochus VII the most credible.
2004:
1213:
1064:
He rose against Antiochus VIII with the help of Cleopatra IV.
105:
67:
4827:. Vol. 1 (A New English Version ed.). Bloomsbury.
4823:
Schürer, Emil (2014) . Vermes, Geza; Millar, Fergus (eds.).
3823:
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
1265:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Ruled only in Damascus.
5139:
4806:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1849:
1826:
into Greek written during the third century BC (called the
1591:
1205:
Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena. Killed by Antiochus X.
4711:
Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties
3205:
3092:
2660:
2572:
1973:
Probably a usurper; described in Assyrian records as "the
1892:
Also named "Ezron", and known only from the Old Testament.
638:
4223:
Heichelheim, Fritz Moritz (1944). "Numismatic Comments".
3821:
Bellinger, Alfred R. (1949). "The End of the Seleucids".
3253:
3229:
3168:
3166:
2879:
2877:
1561:
confirmed Antiochus as king following Tigranes departure.
4158:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Vol. 126. Brill.
4131:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Vol. 8. Brill.
3388:
3386:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3183:
3181:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2605:
2603:
1172:
Son of Antiochus IX and a first wife whose name is lost.
4527:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
3901:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3668:
3340:
3282:
3280:
3241:
2848:
2846:
2801:
2799:
2684:
2672:
3414:
3163:
2874:
2862:
2749:
30:
appeared in the second century BC in referring to the
3748:
A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond
3638:
3636:
3634:
3598:
3596:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3383:
3364:
3352:
3328:
3193:
3178:
3135:
3123:
3109:
3107:
2990:
2988:
2831:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2600:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
1730:; the kingdom collapsed on 24 July of the same year.
3617:
3615:
3277:
2782:
2780:
2737:
2486:
2484:
2379:
2377:
2026:
4692:
Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE)
4592:
4129:
Judaea and Mediterranean Politics: 219 to 161 B.C.E
3567:
3304:
3292:
3265:
2542:
2540:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2426:
2424:
2409:
2264:
2262:
2185:, or the adopted son of Antiochus VII according to
1817:
1697:of Egypt. He was declared king of Syria during the
4594:
4182:
1889:Mentioned as "ruling over Syria" in 1 Kings 11:25.
2168:placed the usurpation of Diodotus Tryphon in the
6087:
4634:
3519:
2207:His reign might have actually ended in 89/88 BC.
343:Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV. The minister
4713:. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales.
4551:
4394:. Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft.
4373:. Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft.
3322:
3223:
4593:Maxwell Miller, James; Hayes, John H. (1986).
4557:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.)
4407:Iossif, Panagiotis; Lorber, Catharine (2007).
4054:Flesher, Paul V.M.; Chilton, Bruce D. (2011).
4053:
3480:
153:established the Syrian kingdom which included
5006:
1856:Aramean kings referred to as "kings of Syria"
4431:
4406:
3829:. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.
3686:
2578:
4894:(3). University of Chicago Press: 163–176.
4222:
2666:
5013:
4999:
4949:
4301:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
4280:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
3404:
3153:
3066:
3046:
3010:
2975:
555:Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.
4862:
4749:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
4559:. Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell.
4450:
4326:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
4259:
4107:
3820:
3783:
3420:
3247:
2727:
2690:
2678:
2650:
2562:
2284:
4841:
4651:
4635:McClintock, John; Strong, James (1867).
4524:
4419:(1). Association L'Antiquité Classique.
4385:
4360:
3951:
3745:
3726:
3583:
3432:
3172:
3026:
2911:
2883:
2868:
2852:
2821:
2805:
2767:
2014:Known in Assyrian inscription as Raqyan.
1408:Son of Antiochus X and Cleopatra Selene.
1061:Son of Antiochus VII and Cleopatra Thea.
268:, who preceded him in death, as co-king.
17:
5709:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
4881:
4822:
4803:
4670:
4615:
4573:
3915:
3898:
3841:
3674:
3448:
3377:
3334:
3259:
3235:
2959:
2943:
2927:
2399:
2332:
2316:
1945:Equated by many Biblical scholars with
968:Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.
38:kings in the Greek translations of the
6088:
4968:
4922:
4784:
4765:
4689:
4469:
4388:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
4367:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
4319:
4298:
4277:
4263:Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery
4180:
4153:
4080:
4034:
3970:
3764:
3642:
3602:
3551:
3535:
3503:
3464:
3392:
3358:
3286:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3141:
3129:
3113:
3098:
3082:
2994:
2895:
2837:
2743:
2711:
2609:
2471:
2455:
2383:
2364:
2348:
1949:who was mentioned in Assyrian sources.
1273:
5717:Political status of the Golan Heights
4994:
4746:
4727:
4708:
4597:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
4488:
4409:"Laodikai and the Goddess Nikephoros"
4203:
4015:
3879:
3860:
3706:
3658:
3621:
3346:
3310:
3298:
3271:
2786:
2755:
2621:
2590:
2490:
2415:
2300:
2268:
1499:
1348:
917:
668:
132:(ended 586 BC) is a modern practice.
4332:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 280–301.
4126:
4056:The Targums: A Critical Introduction
3988:
2546:
2527:
2511:
2430:
1709:
1100:Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.
842:
96:in the 5th century BC to indicate a
54:, the region came under the rule of
1638:
1423:
140:
135:
13:
5020:
4020:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1929:Known only from the Old Testament.
14:
6122:
4185:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
3952:Burstein, Stanley Mayer (2007) .
42:, mainly indicating the kings of
5398:
4850:. Wayne State University Press.
4574:Mahaffy, John Pentland (2014) .
3956:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2029:
1956:
1822:In the first translation of the
1818:Biblical usage for Aramean kings
1792:
1776:(20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933)
1764:
1601:
1532:
1491:to evacuate Syria the same year.
1456:
1381:
1306:
1242:
1212:
1182:
1144:
1114:
1077:
1025:
978:
875:
811:
777:
740:
701:
637:
569:
522:
485:
461:
419:
354:
319:
282:
220:
4888:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4601:. Westminster John Knox Press.
4432:Kah-Jin Kuan, Jeffrey (2016) .
3568:Maxwell Miller & Hayes 1986
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2175:
2155:
2139:
2119:
2109:
2091:
2082:
1726:, declared himself king of the
1666:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1527:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1451:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1376:Parents, co-regents, and notes
1301:Parents, co-regents, and notes
945:Parents, co-regents, and notes
870:Parents, co-regents, and notes
696:Parents, co-regents, and notes
632:Parents, co-regents, and notes
601:
215:Parents, co-regents, and notes
4844:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4732:. Cambridge University Press.
4578:. Cambridge University Press.
4039:. Princeton University Press.
3767:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
264:. He appointed his eldest son
46:. Following the defeat of the
1:
4436:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3916:Burgess, Michael Roy (2004).
3903:. Vol. II. John Murray.
3842:Brijder, Herman A.G. (2014).
2248:
1859:
1805:and Abdiyah bint Abdullah of
1788:(8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920)
1732:
1642:
1503:
1427:
1352:
1277:
921:
846:
672:
608:
191:
73:
5857:Energy and mineral resources
5657:Supreme Constitutional Court
4882:Suriano, Matthew J. (2007).
4789:. Harvard University Press.
4768:The Modern History of Jordan
4474:. Harvard University Press.
4206:Who's Who in the Greek World
3520:McClintock & Strong 1867
2253:
2098:Antiochus III with the act.
2011:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1780:8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920
1779:
1770:
1763:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1305:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1058:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1015:
998:
991:
984:
977:
965:
963:
960:
951:
949:
895:
893:
890:
881:
874:
831:
829:
826:
817:
810:
801:
799:
792:
783:
776:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
726:
719:
716:
707:
700:
657:
655:
652:
643:
636:
590:
587:
584:
575:
568:
552:
544:
537:
528:
521:
512:
503:
500:
491:
484:
475:
473:
470:
467:
460:
439:
437:
434:
425:
418:
405:
402:
399:
390:
388:
379:
372:
369:
360:
353:
340:
337:
334:
325:
318:
309:
300:
297:
288:
281:
253:
238:
235:
226:
219:
100:generally extending between
7:
5879:Water supply and sanitation
5779:Weapons of mass destruction
5682:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
4751:. Oxford University Press.
4690:Nelson, Richard D. (2014).
4675:. Oxford University Press.
4576:The Empire of the Ptolemies
4501:(4). Kerry K. Wetterstrom.
4455:. Oxford University Press.
4338:10.25162/historia-2007-0021
4189:. Oxford University Press.
4035:Downey, Glanville (2015) .
3989:Cook, John Granger (2004).
3928:(3). Kerry K. Wetterstrom.
3884:. Oxford University Press.
3731:. McFarland & Company.
2022:
179:Antigonus son of Menophilus
10:
6127:
5774:Chief of the General Staff
5702:National Progressive Front
5374:independent First Republic
4950:Whitehorne, John (2002) .
4787:The Middle East Under Rome
4766:Salibi, Kamal S. (2006) .
4307:. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
4286:. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
4154:Glenny, W. Edward (2009).
4083:Egypt as a Place of Refuge
4016:Dever, William G. (2012).
3746:Atkinson, Kenneth (2016).
3727:Atkinson, Kenneth (2012).
3699:
3481:Flesher & Chilton 2011
2055:List of Palmyrene monarchs
1411:Might have had a brother,
1072:Seleucus VI's successors.
77:
6052:
5973:
5900:
5891:
5849:
5800:
5791:
5742:
5557:
5548:
5509:
5458:
5420:
5416:
5407:
5396:
5328:
5311:
5213:
5105:
5059:
5041:
5032:
4525:Lipiński, Edward (2000).
4451:Chrubasik, Boris (2016).
4361:Houghton, Arthur (1987).
1868:
1865:
1862:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1070:
937:
934:
927:
924:
862:
859:
852:
849:
688:
685:
678:
675:
624:
621:
614:
611:
275:and the story is debated.
207:
204:
197:
194:
151:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
108:. With the advent of the
4785:Sartre, Maurice (2005).
4470:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014).
4081:Galvin, Garrett (2011).
2579:Iossif & Lorber 2007
2134:Alfred Raymond Bellinger
2076:
1724:Syrian National Congress
1714:On 8 March 1920, prince
1608:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
1539:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
1389:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
5284:Principality of Antioch
4747:Pipes, Daniel (1992) .
4652:Moubayed, Sami (2012).
4618:Motherhood in Antiquity
4320:Hoover, Oliver (2007).
2045:List of Seleucid rulers
1699:Donations of Alexandria
1413:Seleucus VII Philometer
228:Antiochus III the Great
159:Antiochus III the Great
5825:International rankings
5471:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
5135:Middle Assyrian Empire
4923:Vehlow, Katja (2013).
4728:Ogden, Daniel (2017).
4709:Ogden, Daniel (1999).
4620:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4553:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd
3971:Clarke, Adam (1851) .
3954:The Reign of Cleopatra
3880:Bryce, Trevor (2012).
3861:Bryce, Trevor (2009).
2050:List of Assyrian kings
1571:Philip II Philoromaeus
1250:Antiochus XII Dionysus
1190:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
1085:Demetrius III Eucaerus
1033:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
362:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
290:Seleucus IV Philopator
258:Seleucus II Callinicus
23:
6096:History of the Levant
5630:Government ministries
5180:Neo-Babylonian Empire
4489:Kritt, Brian (2002).
4413:L'Antiquité Classique
4204:Hazel, John (2002) .
3846:. Walter de Gruyter.
2232:Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones
2225:In 2002, numismatist
1728:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1220:Philip I Philadelphus
1122:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
985:Antiochus VIII Grypus
953:Seleucus V Philometor
785:Antiochus VIII Grypus
709:Antiochus VII Sidetes
577:Antiochus VI Dionysus
560:Ptolemy VI Philometor
446:, the former wife of
92:was first applied by
21:
5942:(2011–present)
5838:Securities Exchange
5589:Council of Ministers
5344:Haj Fadel Government
3323:Llewellyn-Jones 2013
3224:Llewellyn-Jones 2013
3214:, pp. 298, 299.
3101:, pp. 284, 289.
1674:Ptolemy Philadelphus
819:Alexander II Zabinas
747:Demetrius II Nicator
530:Demetrius II Nicator
187:Alexander II Zabinas
157:. The Seleucid king
5618:Golan Heights claim
5175:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5170:Syro-Hittite states
5060:Prehistorical Syria
4260:Herodotus (1862) .
2236:Michael Roy Burgess
1784:Huzaima bint Nasser
1722:, supported by the
1152:Antiochus X Eusebes
581:(148 BC–142/141 BC)
392:Antiochus V Eupator
22:The region of Syria
5869:Telecommunications
5862:Petroleum industry
5366:Mandatory Republic
5312:Early modern Syria
5067:Levantine corridor
4127:Gera, Dov (1998).
4037:History of Antioch
2071:Syrian nationalism
1557:The Roman general
1464:Tigranes the Great
1318:(c. 135/130–69 BC)
412:held actual power.
376:(c. 175–c. 164 BC)
110:Hellenistic period
24:
6083:
6082:
6048:
6047:
5887:
5886:
5787:
5786:
5676:Political parties
5613:Foreign relations
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5394:
5393:
5354:Syrian Federation
5289:County of Tripoli
5244:Ikhshidid dynasty
5097:Yarmukian culture
4982:978-0-646-55051-0
4961:978-0-415-05806-3
4934:978-9-004-22790-3
4874:978-0-906-01428-8
4834:978-1-472-55827-5
4815:978-1-135-50694-0
4796:978-0-674-01683-5
4777:978-1-860-64331-6
4758:978-0-195-36304-3
4739:978-1-107-16478-9
4720:978-0-715-62930-7
4701:978-1-628-37006-5
4682:978-0-19-166255-3
4663:978-1-780-76768-0
4627:978-3-319-48902-5
4608:978-0-664-21262-9
4585:978-1-10807-865-8
4566:978-1-405-17935-5
4536:978-9-042-90859-8
4481:978-0-674-72882-0
4462:978-0-198-78692-4
4443:978-1-498-28143-0
4215:978-1-134-80224-1
4196:978-0-199-74391-9
4165:978-9-047-42982-1
4138:978-9-004-09441-3
4119:978-1-610-69020-1
4092:978-3-161-50816-5
4065:978-9-004-21769-0
4046:978-1-4008-7773-7
4027:978-0-802-86701-8
4000:978-1-107-16478-9
3963:978-0-806-13871-8
3891:978-0-191-50502-7
3872:978-1-134-15908-6
3853:978-1-614-51622-4
3776:978-1-136-78800-0
3757:978-0-567-66903-2
3738:978-0-786-49073-8
3687:Kah-Jin Kuan 2016
3349:, p. 27, 28.
3262:, p. 23, 24.
3238:, p. 20, 21.
2758:, pp. 45–46.
2150:Alexandros Nothos
2126:Fritz Heichelheim
2020:
2019:
1815:
1814:
1789:
1777:
1753:
1743:
1710:Hashemite dynasty
1707:
1706:
1679:
1663:
1653:
1636:
1635:
1619:
1612:
1576:
1550:
1543:
1524:
1514:
1497:
1496:
1469:
1448:
1438:
1421:
1420:
1401:
1394:
1373:
1363:
1346:
1345:
1319:
1298:
1288:
1274:Ptolemaic dynasty
1271:
1270:
1255:
1225:
1195:
1167:
1157:
1127:
1103:Declared king in
1090:
1056:
1050:
1038:
1013:
1005:
996:
989:
958:
942:
932:
915:
914:
888:
867:
857:
843:Ptolemaic dynasty
840:
839:
824:
797:
790:
765:
758:
751:
724:
714:
693:
683:
666:
665:
650:
629:
619:
599:
598:
582:
549:
542:
535:
510:
498:
493:Alexander I Balas
432:
427:Demetrius I Soter
397:
377:
367:
332:
307:
295:
251:
245:
233:
212:
202:
183:Alexander I Balas
163:Ptolemaic Kingdom
6118:
6068:
6061:
5943:
5898:
5897:
5841:
5840:(stock exchange)
5833:
5798:
5797:
5711:
5704:
5695:
5693:regional command
5684:
5555:
5554:
5527:Fertile Crescent
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5402:
5279:County of Edessa
5259:Mirdasid dynasty
5254:Hamdanid dynasty
5233:
5200:Palmyrene Empire
5185:Achaemenid Syria
5072:Natufian culture
5039:
5038:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4965:
4946:
4919:
4878:
4859:
4838:
4819:
4800:
4781:
4762:
4743:
4724:
4705:
4686:
4667:
4648:
4631:
4612:
4600:
4589:
4570:
4548:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4509:. Archived from
4485:
4466:
4447:
4428:
4403:
4382:
4357:
4316:
4295:
4274:
4256:
4219:
4200:
4188:
4177:
4150:
4123:
4104:
4077:
4050:
4031:
4012:
3985:
3967:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3936:. Archived from
3912:
3895:
3876:
3857:
3838:
3817:
3780:
3761:
3742:
3723:
3694:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3656:
3650:
3640:
3629:
3619:
3610:
3600:
3591:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3511:
3501:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3456:
3446:
3440:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3111:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3080:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3044:
3038:
3024:
3018:
3008:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2973:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2909:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2803:
2794:
2784:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2725:
2719:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2667:Heichelheim 1944
2664:
2658:
2648:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2544:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2509:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2438:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2381:
2372:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2314:
2308:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2166:Diodorus Siculus
2159:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2060:History of Syria
2039:
2034:
2033:
1960:
1906:10th century BC
1884:10th century BC
1860:
1796:
1787:
1775:
1768:
1751:
1741:
1733:
1678:(36–after 30 BC)
1677:
1661:
1651:
1643:
1639:Antonian dynasty
1617:
1610:
1605:
1574:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1522:
1512:
1504:
1500:Seleucid dynasty
1467:
1460:
1446:
1436:
1428:
1424:Artaxiad dynasty
1415:, as a co-ruler.
1399:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1361:
1353:
1349:Seleucid dynasty
1317:
1314:Cleopatra Selene
1310:
1296:
1286:
1278:
1253:
1246:
1223:
1216:
1193:
1186:
1165:
1163:Cleopatra Selene
1155:
1148:
1125:
1118:
1088:
1081:
1054:
1052:Cleopatra Selene
1048:
1036:
1029:
1011:
1008:Cleopatra Selene
1003:
994:
987:
982:
956:
940:
930:
922:
918:Seleucid dynasty
886:
879:
865:
855:
847:
822:
815:
795:
788:
781:
763:
756:
749:
744:
722:
712:
705:
691:
681:
673:
669:Seleucid dynasty
648:
645:Diodotus Tryphon
641:
627:
617:
609:
580:
573:
547:
540:
533:
526:
508:
496:
489:
465:
430:
423:
395:
375:
365:
358:
330:
323:
305:
293:
286:
249:
243:
231:
224:
210:
200:
192:
167:Battle of Panium
141:Seleucid dynasty
136:List of monarchs
6126:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6111:Syrian monarchs
6106:Queens of Syria
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6044:
5969:
5955:Public holidays
5941:
5883:
5845:
5839:
5831:
5783:
5738:
5707:
5700:
5687:
5680:
5536:
5505:
5454:
5403:
5390:
5380:Second Republic
5324:
5307:
5274:Crusader states
5239:Tulunid dynasty
5232:(Bilad al-Sham)
5231:
5229:Caliphal Syria
5223:Muslim conquest
5209:
5205:Byzantine Syria
5120:Akkadian Empire
5101:
5055:
5028:
5019:
4989:
4983:
4962:
4935:
4875:
4835:
4816:
4797:
4778:
4759:
4740:
4721:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4628:
4609:
4586:
4567:
4537:
4516:
4514:
4482:
4463:
4444:
4216:
4197:
4166:
4139:
4120:
4093:
4066:
4047:
4028:
4001:
3964:
3943:
3941:
3892:
3873:
3854:
3777:
3758:
3739:
3702:
3697:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3657:
3653:
3641:
3632:
3620:
3613:
3601:
3594:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3534:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3502:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3405:Whitehorne 2002
3403:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3325:, p. 1573.
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:, p. 1572.
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3164:
3154:Whitehorne 2002
3152:
3148:
3144:, pp. 294.
3140:
3136:
3132:, pp. 288.
3128:
3124:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3081:
3077:
3067:Whitehorne 2002
3065:
3061:
3047:Whitehorne 2002
3045:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3011:Whitehorne 2002
3009:
3005:
2993:
2986:
2976:Whitehorne 2002
2974:
2970:
2958:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2797:
2785:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2649:
2632:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2489:
2482:
2470:
2466:
2454:
2441:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2382:
2375:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2315:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:Oliver D Hoover
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2066:region of Syria
2035:
2028:
2025:
1975:son of a nobody
1858:
1820:
1803:Hussein bin Ali
1786:
1774:
1750:
1740:
1720:House of Hashim
1712:
1676:
1660:
1650:
1641:
1616:
1609:
1588:Sampsiceramus I
1575:( –after 57 BC)
1573:
1547:
1540:
1521:
1511:
1502:
1466:
1445:
1435:
1426:
1398:
1391:
1370:
1360:
1351:
1316:
1295:
1285:
1276:
1252:
1222:
1192:
1164:
1154:
1124:
1087:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1010:
1006:
1002:
993:
986:
955:
939:
929:
920:
887:(c. 165–121 BC)
885:
864:
854:
845:
821:
794:
787:
762:
755:
748:
721:
711:
690:
680:
671:
653:142/141–138 BC
647:
626:
616:
604:
585:144–142/141 BC
579:
550:
546:
539:
532:
507:
495:
429:
394:
374:
366:(c. 215–164 BC)
364:
331:(c. 180–170 BC)
329:
304:
294:(c. 218–175 BC)
292:
248:
246:
242:
232:(c. 241–187 BC)
230:
209:
199:
143:
138:
86:
78:Main articles:
76:
12:
11:
5:
6124:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6101:Kings of Syria
6098:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5937:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5853:
5851:
5850:Infrastructure
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5727:Syria (region)
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5594:Prime Minister
5586:
5584:Vice President
5581:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Southern Syria
5519:
5517:Syria (region)
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5360:State of Syria
5357:
5349:French Mandate
5346:
5341:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5271:
5269:Saljuqid Syria
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5249:Zangid dynasty
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5219:
5217:
5215:Medieval Syria
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Seleucid Syria
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5051:Years in Syria
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4933:
4920:
4900:10.1086/521754
4879:
4873:
4860:
4839:
4833:
4820:
4814:
4801:
4795:
4782:
4776:
4770:. I.B.Tauris.
4763:
4757:
4744:
4738:
4725:
4719:
4706:
4700:
4687:
4681:
4668:
4662:
4649:
4632:
4626:
4613:
4607:
4590:
4584:
4571:
4565:
4549:
4535:
4522:
4486:
4480:
4467:
4461:
4448:
4442:
4429:
4404:
4383:
4358:
4317:
4296:
4275:
4257:
4237:10.2307/146704
4220:
4214:
4201:
4195:
4178:
4164:
4151:
4137:
4124:
4118:
4105:
4091:
4078:
4064:
4051:
4045:
4032:
4026:
4013:
3999:
3986:
3968:
3962:
3949:
3913:
3896:
3890:
3877:
3871:
3858:
3852:
3839:
3818:
3798:10.2307/146752
3781:
3775:
3762:
3756:
3743:
3737:
3724:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3679:
3677:, p. 174.
3667:
3651:
3630:
3611:
3592:
3576:
3560:
3544:
3528:
3512:
3489:
3473:
3457:
3441:
3425:
3421:Spawforth 2006
3413:
3397:
3395:, p. 299.
3382:
3363:
3361:, p. 297.
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3248:Bellinger 1949
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3202:, p. 298.
3192:
3190:, p. 296.
3177:
3175:, pp. 79.
3162:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3103:
3091:
3075:
3059:
3039:
3019:
3003:
2984:
2968:
2952:
2936:
2920:
2904:
2888:
2873:
2871:, pp. 88.
2861:
2842:
2840:, p. 108.
2830:
2814:
2795:
2776:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2728:Chrubasik 2016
2720:
2695:
2691:Bellinger 1945
2683:
2679:Bellinger 1945
2671:
2669:, p. 364.
2659:
2651:Chrubasik 2016
2630:
2614:
2612:, p. 107.
2599:
2583:
2571:
2563:Georganas 2016
2555:
2536:
2520:
2499:
2480:
2464:
2439:
2420:
2408:
2392:
2373:
2357:
2341:
2325:
2309:
2293:
2285:Herodotus 1862
2277:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2174:
2154:
2138:
2118:
2108:
2100:Paul J. Kosmin
2090:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1968:c. 842–800 BC
1966:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1742:(and lifespan)
1737:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1652:(and lifespan)
1647:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:Roman province
1622:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1549:(second reign)
1544:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1513:(and lifespan)
1508:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1437:(and lifespan)
1432:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1397:83 or 83–74 BC
1395:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1362:(and lifespan)
1357:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1287:(and lifespan)
1282:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
997:
995:(second reign)
990:
983:
975:
974:
973:
972:
969:
964:
962:
959:
950:
947:
946:
943:
936:
933:
931:(and lifespan)
926:
919:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
907:
894:
892:
889:
883:Cleopatra Thea
880:
872:
871:
868:
861:
858:
856:(and lifespan)
851:
844:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
830:
828:
825:
816:
808:
807:
806:
805:
800:
798:
791:
782:
774:
773:
772:
771:
766:
761:Cleopatra Thea
759:
757:(second reign)
752:
745:
737:
736:
735:
734:
725:
720:Cleopatra Thea
718:
715:
706:
698:
697:
694:
687:
684:
682:(and lifespan)
677:
670:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
654:
651:
642:
634:
633:
630:
623:
620:
618:(and lifespan)
613:
603:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
589:
586:
583:
574:
566:
565:
564:
563:
556:
551:
545:Cleopatra Thea
543:
536:
527:
519:
518:
517:
516:
511:
505:Cleopatra Thea
502:
499:
490:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
472:
469:
466:
458:
457:
456:
455:
438:
436:
433:
424:
416:
415:
414:
413:
404:
401:
398:
389:
386:
385:
384:
383:
378:
371:
368:
359:
351:
350:
349:
348:
339:
336:
333:
324:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
299:
296:
287:
279:
278:
277:
276:
269:
252:
237:
234:
225:
217:
216:
213:
206:
203:
201:(and lifespan)
196:
142:
139:
137:
134:
80:Syria (region)
75:
72:
60:United Kingdom
48:Ottoman Empire
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6123:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5501:Syrian Desert
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Golan Heights
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5319:Ottoman Syria
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5296:Ayyubid Syria
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:Fatimid Syria
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Aram-Damascus
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5107:Ancient Syria
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Halaf culture
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:. Routledge.
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:. Routledge.
4807:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4513:on 2018-10-13
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:. Routledge.
4207:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3940:on 2021-01-06
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:. Routledge.
3864:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:. Routledge.
3768:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3584:Lipiński 2000
3580:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3433:Moubayed 2012
3429:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3380:, p. 24.
3379:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3337:, p. 20.
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3313:, p. 28.
3312:
3307:
3301:, p. 27.
3300:
3295:
3289:, p. 95.
3288:
3283:
3281:
3274:, p. 25.
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3250:, p. 79.
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:Houghton 1987
3169:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:Atkinson 2012
3023:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2912:Burstein 2007
2908:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2886:, p. 96.
2885:
2884:Shayegan 2003
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:Houghton 1993
2865:
2858:
2854:
2853:Atkinson 2012
2849:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2822:Atkinson 2016
2818:
2811:
2807:
2806:Atkinson 2016
2802:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2768:Atkinson 2016
2764:
2757:
2752:
2746:, p. 43.
2745:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2693:, p. 58.
2692:
2687:
2681:, p. 59.
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2581:, p. 68.
2580:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2418:, p. 27.
2417:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2170:consular year
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2148:called Balas
2147:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2130:Antiochus VII
2127:
2122:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:Ben-Hadad III
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:Ben-Hadad II
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:Aram-Damascus
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:Old Testament
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1700:
1696:
1695:Cleopatra VII
1692:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1618:(third reign)
1611:(c. 94–63 BC)
1604:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1542:(c. 94–63 BC)
1535:
1530:
1526:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1400:(first reign)
1393:(c. 94–63 BC)
1390:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1354:
1339:
1336:
1335:Cleopatra III
1333:and his wife
1332:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1046:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1001:
981:
976:
970:
967:
966:
954:
948:
944:
923:
908:
905:
901:
897:
896:
884:
878:
873:
869:
848:
833:
832:
820:
814:
809:
803:
802:
796:(first reign)
786:
780:
775:
769:
768:
743:
738:
732:
728:
727:
710:
704:
699:
695:
674:
659:
658:
646:
640:
635:
631:
610:
607:
592:
591:
578:
572:
567:
561:
558:First reign;
557:
554:
553:
541:(first reign)
531:
525:
520:
514:
513:
506:
494:
488:
483:
477:
476:
464:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
428:
422:
417:
411:
407:
406:
393:
387:
381:
380:
363:
357:
352:
346:
342:
341:
328:
322:
317:
311:
310:
303:
291:
285:
280:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
241:
229:
223:
218:
214:
193:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:defeated the
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:According to
133:
131:
127:
123:
122:Mediterranean
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
84:Name of Syria
81:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Aram-Damascus
41:
40:Old Testament
37:
33:
29:
28:King of Syria
20:
16:
5988:Coat of arms
5910:Demographics
5810:Central Bank
5691: /
5652:High council
5635:Human rights
5562:Constitution
5440:Governorates
5338:Arab kingdom
5330:Modern Syria
5302:Mamluk Syria
5230:
4971:
4951:
4924:
4891:
4887:
4864:
4847:
4843:
4824:
4805:
4786:
4767:
4748:
4729:
4710:
4691:
4672:
4653:
4636:
4617:
4596:
4575:
4556:
4526:
4515:. Retrieved
4511:the original
4498:
4494:
4471:
4452:
4433:
4416:
4412:
4391:
4387:
4370:
4366:
4329:
4325:
4304:
4300:
4283:
4279:
4261:
4228:
4224:
4205:
4184:
4155:
4128:
4112:. ABC-CLIO.
4109:
4082:
4055:
4036:
4017:
3990:
3972:
3953:
3942:. Retrieved
3938:the original
3925:
3921:
3900:
3881:
3862:
3843:
3826:
3822:
3789:
3785:
3766:
3747:
3728:
3710:
3682:
3675:Suriano 2007
3670:
3654:
3579:
3563:
3547:
3531:
3515:
3476:
3460:
3449:Schafer 2013
3444:
3428:
3423:, p. 6.
3416:
3400:
3378:Burgess 2004
3354:
3342:
3335:Burgess 2004
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3267:
3260:Burgess 2004
3255:
3243:
3236:Burgess 2004
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3094:
3078:
3062:
3042:
3022:
3006:
2971:
2960:Brijder 2014
2955:
2944:McAuley 2017
2939:
2928:Schürer 2014
2923:
2907:
2891:
2864:
2833:
2817:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2723:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2617:
2586:
2574:
2558:
2523:
2467:
2411:
2400:Bunbury 1872
2395:
2360:
2344:
2333:Mahaffy 2014
2328:
2317:Mumford 2013
2312:
2296:
2280:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2177:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2121:
2111:
2093:
2084:
2009:750s–733 BC
1821:
1752:(and tenure)
1713:
1662:(and tenure)
1523:(and tenure)
1472:83/74–69 BC
1447:(and tenure)
1372:(and tenure)
1331:Ptolemy VIII
1329:Daughter of
1297:(and tenure)
1258:87–84/83 BC
1228:94–84/83 BC
1130:96–94/93 BC
1126:( –94/93 BC)
1049:(114–112 BC)
1045:Cleopatra IV
1004:(124–111 BC)
941:(and tenure)
904:Cleopatra II
898:Daughter of
866:(and tenure)
764:(129–125 BC)
723:(138–129 BC)
692:(and tenure)
628:(and tenure)
605:
602:Non-dynastic
548:(145–138 BC)
509:(150–145 BC)
431:(187–150 BC)
396:(172–161 BC)
306:(187–175 BC)
250:(191–187 BC)
244:(200–187 BC)
211:(and tenure)
144:
89:
87:
27:
25:
15:
5805:Agriculture
5762:air defense
5722:Nationalism
5382:(1950–1963)
5321:(1516–1918)
5304:(1260–1516)
5298:(1174–1260)
5195:Roman Syria
5087:Abu Hureyra
5082:Uruk period
4495:The Celator
3922:The Celator
3643:Nelson 2014
3603:Galvin 2011
3552:Glenny 2009
3536:Clarke 1851
3504:Greene 1993
3465:Salibi 2006
3393:Hoover 2007
3359:Hoover 2007
3287:Hoover 2005
3212:Hoover 2007
3200:Hoover 2007
3188:Hoover 2007
3142:Hoover 2007
3130:Hoover 2007
3114:Downey 2015
3099:Hoover 2007
3083:Kosmin 2014
2995:Downey 2015
2896:Kosmin 2014
2838:Hoover 2000
2744:Wright 2011
2712:Kosmin 2014
2610:Hoover 2000
2472:Vehlow 2013
2456:Kosmin 2014
2384:Kosmin 2014
2365:Austin 2010
2349:Kosmin 2014
2227:Brian Kritt
2183:Poseidonius
2037:Asia portal
1921:Ben-Hadad I
1691:Mark Antony
1468:(140–55 BC)
1012:(103–96 BC)
891:125–121 BC
827:128–123 BC
717:138–129 BC
501:150–145 BC
435:162–150 BC
400:164–162 BC
370:175–164 BC
335:175–170 BC
298:187–175 BC
240:Laodice III
236:200–187 BC
155:Coele-Syria
62:and Prince
52:World War I
6090:Categories
6023:television
5905:Censorship
5832:(currency)
5664:Parliament
5623:Iskandaron
5567:Corruption
5130:Canaanites
4952:Cleopatras
4517:2017-08-09
3944:2017-08-09
3720:6848755244
3689:, p.
3661:, p.
3659:Dever 2012
3645:, p.
3624:, p.
3622:Bryce 2012
3605:, p.
3586:, p.
3570:, p.
3554:, p.
3538:, p.
3522:, p.
3506:, p.
3483:, p.
3467:, p.
3451:, p.
3435:, p.
3407:, p.
3347:Kritt 2002
3311:Kritt 2002
3299:Kritt 2002
3272:Kritt 2002
3156:, p.
3116:, p.
3085:, p.
3069:, p.
3049:, p.
3029:, p.
3013:, p.
2997:, p.
2978:, p.
2962:, p.
2946:, p.
2930:, p.
2914:, p.
2898:, p.
2855:, p.
2824:, p.
2808:, p.
2789:, p.
2787:Hazel 2002
2770:, p.
2756:Ogden 1999
2730:, p.
2714:, p.
2653:, p.
2624:, p.
2622:Hazel 2002
2593:, p.
2591:Hazel 2002
2565:, p.
2549:, p.
2530:, p.
2514:, p.
2493:, p.
2491:Ogden 2017
2474:, p.
2458:, p.
2433:, p.
2416:Alten 2017
2402:, p.
2386:, p.
2367:, p.
2351:, p.
2335:, p.
2319:, p.
2303:, p.
2301:Pipes 1992
2287:, p.
2271:, p.
2269:Bryce 2009
2249:References
1828:Septuagint
1166:(95–92 BC)
1055:(96–95 BC)
1041:114–95 BC
957:( –125 BC)
900:Ptolemy VI
823:( –123 BC)
754:129–125 BC
750:( –125 BC)
713:( –129 BC)
649:( –138 BC)
588:Unmarried
538:145–138 BC
534:( –125 BC)
497:( –145 BC)
468:Antiochus
403:Unmarried
373:Laodice IV
345:Heliodorus
338:Unmarried
302:Laodice IV
262:Laodice II
175:Posidonius
116:and their
74:Background
26:The title
5965:Squatting
5940:refugees
5915:Education
5874:Transport
5815:Companies
5757:Air force
5734:Terrorism
5647:Judiciary
5608:Elections
5572:President
5476:Euphrates
5466:Al-Jazira
5450:Volcanoes
5435:Districts
5409:Geography
5386:Civil war
5376:(1946–50)
5368:(1930–46)
5362:(1925–30)
5356:(1922–25)
4943:1569-1934
4916:162347286
4908:0022-2968
4856:0890-4464
4645:174522454
4545:0777-978X
4507:1048-0986
4425:2295-9076
4400:0035-4163
4379:0035-4163
4354:159573100
4346:0018-2311
4313:0084-5388
4292:0084-5388
4271:833767387
4245:0018-098X
4174:0083-5889
4147:0926-2261
4101:1611-4914
4074:1570-1336
4009:1436-3003
3982:312892775
3934:1048-0986
3806:0018-098X
2547:Gera 1998
2528:Cook 2004
2512:Gera 1998
2431:Gera 1998
2254:Citations
1947:Adad-Idri
1863:Portrait
1846:Seleucids
1756:Standard
1736:Portrait
1682:34–30 BC
1646:Portrait
1579:67–65 BC
1507:Portrait
1431:Portrait
1356:Portrait
1337:of Egypt.
1322:83–69 BC
1281:Portrait
1254:( –84 BC)
1224:( –83 BC)
1198:94–93 BC
1194:( –93 BC)
1160:95–92 BC
1093:96–88 BC
1089:( –88 BC)
1037:( –95 BC)
1000:Tryphaena
992:125–96 BC
988:( –96 BC)
925:Portrait
906:of Egypt.
850:Portrait
789:( –96 BC)
731:Parthians
676:Portrait
612:Portrait
444:Laodice V
327:Antiochus
266:Antiochus
195:Portrait
126:Euphrates
94:Herodotus
88:The term
6075:Category
6035:Religion
5960:Scouting
5935:diaspora
5820:Industry
5744:Military
5689:national
5669:Speakers
5550:Politics
5459:Features
5125:Arameans
5115:Amorites
5046:Timeline
5026:articles
3974:Writings
2162:Josephus
2023:See also
1836:Arameans
1615:65–64 BC
1546:69–67 BC
1479:King of
1105:Damascus
273:Polybius
171:Polybius
147:Polybius
130:Iron Age
124:and the
118:Seleucid
102:Anatolia
32:Seleucid
6059:Outline
6040:Smoking
5993:Cuisine
5975:Culture
5893:Society
5793:Economy
5510:Related
5496:Orontes
5425:Borders
5034:History
3909:9176630
3835:4520682
3700:Sources
1801:Son of
1749:Consort
1718:of the
1689:Son of
1659:Consort
1649:Monarch
1520:Consort
1510:Monarch
1481:Armenia
1444:Consort
1434:Monarch
1369:Consort
1359:Monarch
1294:Consort
1284:Monarch
961:125 BC
938:Consort
928:Monarch
863:Consort
853:Monarch
689:Consort
679:Monarch
625:Consort
615:Monarch
471:150 BC
452:Macedon
448:Perseus
256:Son of
208:Consort
198:Monarch
165:in the
149:, King
36:Aramean
5983:Anthem
5930:People
5925:Hunger
5920:Health
5830:Pound
5532:Levant
5491:Hermon
5486:Hauran
5445:Rivers
5430:Cities
5340:(1920)
5160:Ugarit
5145:Yamhad
5024:
4979:
4958:
4941:
4931:
4914:
4906:
4871:
4854:
4831:
4812:
4793:
4774:
4755:
4736:
4717:
4698:
4679:
4660:
4643:
4624:
4605:
4582:
4563:
4543:
4533:
4505:
4478:
4459:
4440:
4423:
4398:
4377:
4352:
4344:
4311:
4290:
4269:
4253:146704
4251:
4243:
4212:
4193:
4172:
4162:
4145:
4135:
4116:
4099:
4089:
4072:
4062:
4043:
4024:
4007:
3997:
3980:
3960:
3932:
3907:
3888:
3869:
3850:
3833:
3814:146752
3812:
3804:
3773:
3754:
3735:
3718:
2238:, but
2187:Justin
2146:Appian
2104:island
1964:Hazael
1902:Hezion
1872:Notes
1869:Reign
1848:, the
1772:Faisal
1759:Notes
1746:Reign
1716:Faysal
1656:Reign
1559:Pompey
1517:Reign
1489:Romans
1485:Appian
1441:Reign
1366:Reign
1291:Reign
1156:( –92)
935:Reign
860:Reign
793:128 BC
686:Reign
622:Reign
410:Lysias
247:Euboea
205:Reign
114:Greeks
98:region
64:Faisal
58:, the
56:France
6066:Index
6030:Music
6018:State
6013:Media
6003:Films
5948:women
5225:(636)
5150:Qatna
5092:Aswad
5022:Syria
4912:S2CID
4350:S2CID
4249:JSTOR
3810:JSTOR
2077:Notes
2005:Rezin
1880:Rezon
1866:Name
1807:Mecca
1592:Emesa
106:Egypt
90:Syria
68:Hejaz
6008:Flag
5997:wine
5769:Navy
5752:Army
5640:LGBT
5599:list
5577:list
5155:Mari
5140:Ebla
4977:ISBN
4956:ISBN
4939:ISSN
4929:ISBN
4904:ISSN
4869:ISBN
4852:ISSN
4829:ISBN
4810:ISBN
4791:ISBN
4772:ISBN
4753:ISBN
4734:ISBN
4715:ISBN
4696:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4658:ISBN
4641:OCLC
4622:ISBN
4603:ISBN
4580:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4541:ISSN
4531:ISBN
4503:ISSN
4476:ISBN
4457:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4421:ISSN
4396:ISSN
4375:ISSN
4342:ISSN
4309:ISSN
4288:ISSN
4267:OCLC
4241:ISSN
4210:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4170:ISSN
4160:ISBN
4143:ISSN
4133:ISBN
4114:ISBN
4097:ISSN
4087:ISBN
4070:ISSN
4060:ISBN
4041:ISBN
4022:ISBN
4005:ISSN
3995:ISBN
3978:OCLC
3958:ISBN
3930:ISSN
3905:OCLC
3886:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3848:ISBN
3831:OCLC
3802:ISSN
3771:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3716:OCLC
2655:XXIV
2234:and
2064:the
1850:Jews
1834:and
1832:Aram
1739:Name
1693:and
902:and
260:and
173:and
104:and
82:and
4896:doi
4334:doi
4305:151
4284:131
4233:doi
3794:doi
3691:125
3663:363
3647:109
3626:178
3588:369
3572:214
3556:152
3540:843
3524:353
3485:339
3453:245
3409:209
3158:168
3118:133
3087:243
3071:167
3055:167
3051:165
3035:115
3031:114
3015:166
2999:129
2980:165
2932:133
2857:114
2732:162
2567:106
2551:115
2532:220
2516:110
2495:241
2476:145
2460:137
2435:283
2404:719
2388:112
2369:652
2353:122
2337:493
2289:126
2273:680
2116:BC.
1830:),
1590:of
450:of
189:).
185:or
66:of
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