Seleucid Empire - Knowledge

51: 15271: 2616:, were near and requesting a meeting with the Seleucid king. Antiochus agreed, but when they met and Antiochus held out his hand in friendship, Popilius placed in his hand the tablets on which was written the decree of the senate and told him to read it. The decree demanded that he should abort his attack on Alexandria and immediately stop waging the war on Ptolemy. When the king said that he would call his friends into council and consider what he ought to do, Popilius drew a circle in the sand around the king's feet with the stick he was carrying and said, "Before you step out of that circle give me a reply to lay before the senate." For a few moments he hesitated, astounded at such a peremptory order, and at last replied, "I will do what the senate thinks right." He then chose to withdraw rather than set the empire to war with Rome again. 3489:

during Antiochus III's reign (which Numismatist Arthur Houghton dubs "The Syrian and Coele-Syrian Experiment") began minting bronze coins (weighing 1.25–1.5g) to serve a "regional purpose." The reasons behind this remain unclear. However, Spek notes a chronic shortage of silver in the Seleucid empire. In fact, Antiochus I's heavy withdrawal of silver from a satrap is noted by the Babylonian astronomical diary (AD No. – 273 B 'Rev. 33'): "purchases in Babylon and other cities were made in Greek bronze coins." This was unprecedented because "in official documents played no part"; it was a sign of "hardship" for the Seleucids. Nevertheless, the low denomination of bronze coinage meant it was used in tandem with bartering; making it a popular and successful medium of exchange.

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Minor—were quick to adopt the new standard. In Mesopotamia, however, the millennia-old shekel (weighing 8.33 g silver) prevailed over the Attic standard. According to Historian R. J. van der Spek, this is due to their particular method in recording price, which favored bartering over monetary transactions. The Mesopotamians used the value of one shekel as a fixed reference point, against which the amount of a good is given. Prices themselves are accounted in terms of their weight in silver per ton, e.g., 60 g silver, barley, June 242 BC. The minute difference in weight between a shekel and didrachm (weighing 8.6 g silver) could not be expressed in this barter system, and the a Greek tetradrachm would be "a far too heavy denomination…in daily trade."

14708: 13848: 12480: 3329: 13443: 1919: 16935: 13152: 16565: 68: 15101: 13115: 12540: 2819: 13694: 17287: 15328: 3126: 14022: 2424:) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him. Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there. 915: 2561: 12890: 17277: 3522:

per ton from 5–8 May, 124 BC. The average Mesopotamian peasant, if working for a wage at a temple, would receive 1 shekel; it "was a reasonable monthly wage for which one could buy one kor of grain= 180 ." While this appears dire, we should be reminded that Mesopotamia under the Seleucids was largely stable and prices remained low. With encouraged Greek colonization and land reclamation increasing the supply of grain production, however, the question of whether this artificially kept prices stable is uncertain.

12515: 14293: 13100: 3278:, were created or renamed with Greek names, and hundreds of new cities were established for trade purposes and built in Greek style from the start. Local educated elites who needed to work with the government learned the Greek language, wrote in Greek, absorbed Greek philosophical ideas, and took on Greek names; some of these practices then slowly filtered down to the lower classes. Hellenic ideas began an almost 250-year expansion into the Near East, Middle East, and Central Asian cultures. 16149: 16040: 12723: 2354: 12310: 14362: 3631: 12320: 15356: 1741: 467: 2467: 6348: 3306:, a moderate Hellenist who upheld many traditional Judean practices. The shift from Jason to Menelaus unsettled the Jewish populace due to Menelaus's more extreme Hellenistic leanings. Aggravating the situation, Antiochus IV initiated a series of religious persecutions. This cumulated in a localized revolt in Jerusalem. Antiochus IV's violent retaking of the city and the banning of traditional Judean practices led to the eventual 2111: 2686: 16382: 2137: 2674: 13374: 2034: 3593:

markets with capitalist enterprises exported over long distances in "completely monetarized markets." On the other hand, the primitivist view—associated with M.I. Finley, Karl Polanyi and Karl Bücher—interprets ancient economies as "autarchic" in nature with little to no interaction among each other. However, recent discussion has since criticized these models for their grounding on "Greco-centric" sources.

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see a continuation rather than shift in this practice, i.e. the payment of taxation in silver or, if necessary, in kind. In this regard, the Seleucids are notable for paying their sizeable armies exclusively in silver. Nevertheless, there are two significant developments of currency during the Seleucid period: the adoption of the "Attic Standard" in certain regions, and the popularization of bronze coinage.

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productive. Recent evidence indicates that Mesopotamian grain production, under the Seleucids, was subject to market forces of supply and demand. Traditional "primitivist" narratives of the ancient economy argue that it was "marketless"; however, the Babylonian astronomical diaries show a high degree of market integration of barley and date prices—to name a few—in Seleucid Babylonia. Prices exceeding

13287: 13110: 14465: 14017: 13689: 13282: 13095: 3472:), and royal estates; much of which was inherited from their Achaemenid predecessors. Recent discussion indicates a market-oriented economy under the Seleucids. However, evidencing limits our understanding of the Seleucid economy to the Hellenistic Near-East; that is, through their holdings in Syria, Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia. Little is known about the economy of the Upper Satrapies. 14582: 13544: 12527: 3457:, King Antiochus IV sponsored a new wave of immigration and settlements to replace them and maintain enough Greeks to staff the phalanxes seen at the military parade at Daphne in 166–165 BC. Antiochus IV built 15 new cities "and their association with the increased phalanx... at Daphne is too obvious to be ignored". 3259:, and more all lived within its bounds. The immense size of the empire gave the Seleucid rulers a difficult balancing act to maintain order, resulting in a mixture of concessions to local cultures to maintain their own practices while also firmly controlling and unifying local elites under the Seleucid banner. 3263:

exchange were expected to serve in military service for the state. Despite being a tiny minority of the overall population, these Greeks were the backbone of the empire: loyal and committed to a cause that gave them vast territory to rule, they overwhelmingly served in the military and government. Unlike

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or temples was considered private property of the sovereign; thus, considered as Royal Land and liable to direct tax by the state. Here, a "proportional land-tax", that is, a tax based on the size of one's plot, is collected by the local governor (or Satrap) and sent to the capital. However, there is

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Bronze coinage, dating from the late fifth and fourth century, was popularized as a "fiduciary" currency facilitating "small-scale exchanges" in the Hellenistic period. It was principally a legal tender which circulated only around its locales of production;however, the great Seleucid mint at Antioch

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The government established Greek cities and settlements throughout the empire via a program of colonization that encouraged immigration from Greece; both city settlements as well as rural ones were created that were inhabited by ethnic Greeks. These Greeks were given good land and privileges, and in

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The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC

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The adoption of the Attic standard was not uniform across the realm. The Attic standard was already the common currency of the Mediterranean prior to Alexander's conquest; that is, it was the preferred currency for foreign transactions. As a result, coastal regions under the Seleucids—Syria and Asia

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The Seleucids also continued the tradition of actively maintaining the Mesopotamian waterways. As the greatest source of state income, the Seleucid kings actively managed the irrigation, reclamation, and population of Mesopotamia. In fact, canals were often dug by royal decrees, to which "some were

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produced: "grain, olives and their oil, wine…figs, cheese from sheep and goats, meat." Whereas Mesopotamian production from temple land consisted of: "barley, dates, mustard (or cascuta/dodder), cress (cardamom), sesame and wool"; which, as the core region of the Seleucid empire, was also the most

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The latter part of his reign saw a further disintegration of the Empire despite his best efforts. Weakened economically, militarily and by loss of prestige, the Empire became vulnerable to rebels in the eastern areas of the empire, who began to further undermine the empire while the Parthians moved

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Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the

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In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of

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The controversial practice of temple "despoliation", however, was a regular occurrence under the Seleucids—in contrast to earlier times. Although the Seleucid kings were aware and appreciated the sacrosanctity of religious treasures, their concentration in these places "proved irresistible" in the

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silver per ton in Seleucid Mesopotamia was considered a sign of famine. Therefore, during periods of war, heavy taxation, and crop failure, prices increase drastically. In an extreme example, Spek believes tribal Arab raiding into Babylonia caused barley prices to skyrocket to 1493 grams of silver

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Agriculture, like most pre-modern economies, constituted a vast majority of the Seleucid economy. Somewhere between 80 and 90% of the Seleucid population was employed, in some form, within the prevailing agricultural structures inherited from their Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid predecessors. These

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Currency plays an increasingly central role under the Seleucids; however, we should note that monetization was nothing new in their newly acquired lands. Rather, the introduction and widespread implementation of currency is attributed to Darius I's tax reforms centuries prior; hence, the Seleucids

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Interpretations on the Seleucid economy since the late 19th century traditionally fell between the "modernist" and "primitivist" camps. On one hand, the modernist view—largely associated with Michael Rostovtzeff and Eduard Meyer—argues that the Hellenistic economies operated along price-setting

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do not constitute royal land, some remain uncertain over the status of temple land. Yet, they commanded notable economic power and functioned almost independently from the state. Nevertheless, the Seleucid manner of extraction, in contrast to earlier regimes, is considered more "aggressive" and

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The distance from Greece put a strain on the Seleucid military system, as it was primarily based around the recruitment of Greeks as the key segment of the army. In order to increase the population of Greeks in their kingdom, the Seleucid rulers created military settlements. There were two main

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and temples. Although tribute is paid annually, the amount demanded increases significantly during wartime. During a civil war in 149 BC, Demetrius II demanded the province of Judaea to pay 300 talents of silver, which was seen as "severe." But this was far from an isolated case. In fact, the

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A rebellion in 169 BC during Antiochus III's campaign in Egypt demonstrates that these "risks" occasionally backfire. The increasingly bold interference is due, in large part, to the appointment of provincial high-priests by the monarch himself. Often they were his court "favorites", whose

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It is difficult to believe that these monarchs who knew enough to bow before Nabu, bake bricks for Esagil, and enforce kosher regulations in Jerusalem, would be blithely aware of the political hazards of removing Temple treasures. It is more likely that they knew the risks but took them

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were present during the reign of the Seleucid governments. Though previous governments had managed a relatively seamless integration of Judean religious and cultural practices, the rule of Antiochus IV introduced significant changes. Antiochus IV instigated a bidding process for the

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Most of the Asiatic occupations of Alexander, Iran as the core of them, were given to Seleucus I at first. Thus, Iran came under the ruling of the Seleucid. The Seleucid was a Greek state that commanded Western Asia between 312 and 64 BC. The Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus

3166:, however, saw opportunity for expansion in the constant civil strife to the south. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he invaded Syria and soon established himself as ruler of Syria, putting the Seleucid Empire virtually at an end. 3564:

Babylonian Astronomical Diaries in 308/7 BC note a hefty 50% tax on harvest "from the lands of the temple of Shamash (in Sipprar or Larsa)." Nevertheless, annual tribute was "a long-accepted and uncontroversial practice." Also, royal land was regularly donated to the temples and

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herd); and Roman intervention was an ever-present threat. Sidetes managed to bring the Maccabees to heel and frighten the Anatolian dynasts into a temporary submission; then, in 133, he turned east with the full might of the Royal Army (supported by a body of Jews under the

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By 201–200 it appeared that the old structure would be replaced by a tremendous expansion in the power of two already formidable Greek states –Antigonid Macedon and the Seleucid Empire– or perhaps even that one of these two formidable powers would emerge the sole

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called the King's Canal for that reason." For example, the construction of the Pallacottas canal was able to control the water level of the Euphrates which, as Arrian notes in his Anabasis 7.21.5, required: "over two months of work by more than 10,000 Assyrians."

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As a hegemonic empire, much of the state's wealth accumulation centered around maintaining its sizable military. While the motive is simple enough, the Seleucid Empire boasts of a sophisticated political economy that extracts wealth from local temples, cities (or

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prerogatives were purely administrative; essentially, they served to collect tribute for the state. Unsurprisingly: "native elites profoundly feared that the arrival of a Seleucid official might quickly cascade into a wholesale removal of Temple treasures."

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After the death of Antiochus VII Sidetes, all of the recovered eastern territories were recaptured by the Parthians. The Maccabees again rebelled, civil war soon tore the empire to pieces, and the Armenians began to encroach on Syria from the north.

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face of "short-term fiscal constraints." As an example, Antiochus III's despoliation of the Anahit Temple in Ecbatana, wherein he procured 4000 silver talents, was used to fund his Great Eastern campaign. According to historian Michael J. Taylor:

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These Greek settlers would be used to form the Seleucid phalanx and cavalry units, with picked men put into the kingdom's guards' regiments. The rest of the Seleucid army would consist of native and mercenary troops, who would serve as light

3384:. The military settlers were given land, "varying in size according to rank and arm of service'. They were settled in 'colonies of an urban character, which at some point could acquire the status of a polis". The settler-soldiers were called 3999:

The wars between the two most prominent Greek dynasties, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, unalterably change the history of the land of Israel…As a result the land of Israel became part of the empire of the Syrian Greek

1820:, unsuccessfully led a campaign to annex Babylon. The victory of Seleucus ensured his claim of Babylon and legitimacy. He ruled not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's empire, as described by the historian 3510:, according to Spek, did not confer any special status to cities in the Seleucid sources; it was simply the term for "city"—Greek or otherwise. Regardless, agricultural produce varied from region to region. But in general, Greek 2794:

Sidetes' campaign initially met with spectacular success, recapturing Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Media. In the winter of 130/129 BC, his army was scattered in winter quarters throughout Media and Persis when the Parthian king,

2333:. The Seleucid economy started to show the first signs of weakness, as Galatians gained independence and Pergamum took control of coastal cities in Anatolia. Consequently, they managed to partially block contact with the West. 3285:– met with varying degrees of success. The result was times of simultaneous peace and rebellion in various parts of the empire. In general, the Seleucids allowed local religions to operate undisturbed, such as incorporating 746:

customs and language were privileged; the wide variety of local traditions had been generally tolerated, while an urban Greek elite had formed the dominant political class and was reinforced by steady immigration from

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and his son Alexander the Great. Alongside the phalanx, the Seleucid armies used numerous native and mercenary troops to supplement their Greek forces, which were limited due to the distance from the Seleucid rulers'

5189:"The Volatility of Prices of Barley and Dates in Babylon in the Third and Second Centuries BC." In Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman Economic History, by Heather D. Baker and Michael Jursa 2510:. With his huge army he aimed to establish the Seleucid empire as the foremost power in the Hellenic world, but these plans put the empire on a collision course with the new rising power of the Mediterranean, the 10046: 2651:. Efforts to deal with both the Parthians and the Jews as well as retain control of the provinces at the same time proved beyond the weakened empire's power. Antiochus orchestrated a military campaign, capturing 3181:, contested rule with Antiochus. After the Roman conquest of Pontus, the Romans became increasingly alarmed at the constant source of instability in Syria under the Seleucids. Once Mithridates was defeated by 3142:

and other outside powers. The Seleucids existed solely because no other nation wished to absorb them—seeing as they constituted a useful buffer between their other neighbours. In the wars in Anatolia between

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He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus , king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship.

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and some Syrian cities. Despite the clear collapse of their power, and the decline of their kingdom around them, nobles continued to play kingmakers on a regular basis, with occasional intervention from

2309:. Taking advantage of this distraction, Bactria and Parthia seceded from the empire. In Asia Minor too, the Seleucid dynasty seemed to be losing control: the Gauls had fully established themselves in 4170: 2179:—distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together. Towards the end of Antiochus II's reign, various provinces simultaneously asserted their independence, such as 2542:, Rome's allies in the war, gained the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. Antiochus died in 187 BC on another expedition to the east, where he sought to extract money to pay the indemnity. 6972: 17531: 10812: 3596:

Recent discussion has since rejected these traditional dichotomies. According to Spek and Reger, the current view is that the Seleucid economy—and Hellenistic economies more broadly—were

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expansion continued as well. In 139 BC, Demetrius II was defeated in battle by the Parthians and was captured. By this time, the entire Iranian Plateau had been lost to Parthian control.

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were allowed to continue with some degree of autonomy under local kings, Pompey saw the Seleucids as too troublesome to continue; doing away with both rival Seleucid princes, he made

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monetarized. While the market was subject to forces of supply and demand, a majority of produce was still consumed by their producers and was, hence, "invisible" to the observer.

67: 2655:, King of Armenia, and reoccupying Armenia. His offensive ventured as far as Persepolis, but he was forced from the city by the populace. On his return home, Antiochus died in 4095:

Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed.

2766:, took the throne after his brother's capture. He faced the enormous task of restoring a rapidly crumbling empire, one facing threats on multiple fronts. Hard-won control of 1829:

river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.

10802: 1922:"Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon": a conjectural interpretation of the "marriage agreement" between the Seleucids and Chandragupta Maurya, related by 10057: 2452:(200 BC) definitively transferred these holdings from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids. Antiochus appeared, at the least, to have restored the Seleucid Kingdom to glory. 1786:(which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas since 323 BC, though he helped to assassinate him later) received 10037: 10033: 3547:"predatory". In theory, the Seleucid state was an absolute monarchy that did not recognize private property in our modern sense. Any land that was not delegated to the 4030:

Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population.

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from the Seleucid Empire. The coin shows on the reverse an Achaemenid king slaying an armoured, possibly Greek, soldier. This possibly refers to the events related by

562: 548: 534: 520: 506: 492: 12356: 3442:). This was presumably mostly from a desire not to train and arm the people who were an overwhelming majority in the trade and governmental centers of the Empire in 1690: 2237:

culture and was to continue its domination of Bactria until around 125 BC when it was overrun by the invasion of northern nomads. One of the Greco-Bactrian kings,

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into the power vacuum to take over the old Persian lands. Antiochus' aggressive Hellenizing (or de-Judaizing) activities provoked a full scale armed rebellion in

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in 281 BC, after which Seleucus expanded his control to encompass western Anatolia. He hoped further to take control of Lysimachus's lands in Europe – primarily

10060: 6990: 1764:, was the first to challenge the new system, which eventually led to the demise of Perdiccas. Ptolemy's revolt created a new subdivision of the empire with the 13803: 10031: 3438:

and Jews, Iranian peoples in the east, and inhabitants of Asia Minor to the north, they generally eschewed recruiting native Syrians and native Mesopotamians (

3390:; they would maintain the land as their own and in return, they would serve in the Seleucid army when called. The majority of settlements were concentrated in 2720:—an impostor who (with Egyptian backing) claimed to be the son of Epiphanes. Alexander Balas reigned until 145 BC when he was overthrown by Demetrius I's son, 1720:, died young in 323 BC, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenised culture without an adult heir. The empire was put under the authority of a regent, 9948: 6951: 6942: 6932: 6928: 6128: 3534:

As a hegemonic empire, the state's primary focus was maintaining its sizable army via wealth extraction from three major sources: tribute from autonomous

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left by Alexander. Expecting a confrontation, Seleucus gathered his army and marched to the Indus. It is said that Chandragupta could have fielded a

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The Seleucid kingdom has traditionally been regarded as basically a Greco-Macedonian state and its rulers thought of as successors to Alexander.

10723: 6977: 6976: 2381:(217 BC), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself. He spent the next ten years on his 7371: 14603: 14324: 14235: 13924: 13639: 13581: 13577: 12349: 9707: 1683: 6968: 6966: 6956: 6948: 6941: 6937: 4563: 2275:, first claimed independence, in a parallel to the secession of his Bactrian neighbour. Soon after, however, a Parthian tribal chief called 13881: 13877: 13585: 11014: 10012: 8514: 6924: 2770:

was threatened by the Jewish Maccabee rebels. Once-vassal dynasties in Armenia, Cappadocia, and Pontus were threatening Syria and northern

885:, and other designations; the evidence for the Seleucid rulers representing themselves as kings of Syria is provided by the inscription of 6964: 3270:

The various non-Greek peoples of the empire were still influenced by the spread of Greek thought and culture, a phenomenon referred to as

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Engels, David (201). "Iranian Identity and Seleucid Allegiance: Vahbarz, the Frataraka and Early Arsacid Coinage". In K. Erickson (ed.).

2818: 1048: 9978: 6979: 4386: 2799:, counter-attacked. Moving to intercept the Parthians with only the troops at his immediate disposal, he was ambushed and killed at the 1886:

Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received, formalized through a treaty, vast territory west of the Indus, including the

17551: 16934: 13493: 13337: 13202: 13198: 12479: 11160: 10676: 10058: 10044: 10043: 10020: 10019: 10052: 10015: 9987: 9974: 6929: 6919: 6917: 2704:, the Seleucid Empire became increasingly unstable. Frequent civil wars made central authority tenuous at best. Epiphanes' young son, 17496: 14221: 14217: 14131: 13928: 12685: 9993: 5660: 5505: 2824: 2256:, also seem to have established some level of independence from the Seleucids during the 3rd century BC, especially from the time of 10040: 10017: 1997:

The Indians occupy some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the

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and Babylon, risking revolt. While a revolt in a remote place could be put down by resolute action from the center, an uprising in

3114: 1676: 17556: 17501: 10711: 6333: 10055: 10054: 10050: 9999: 9985: 9980: 9972: 9971: 2590:(187–175 BC) was largely spent in attempts to pay the large indemnity, and Seleucus was ultimately assassinated by his minister 17511: 17506: 13735: 13489: 13469: 11336: 11187: 10950: 3267:, Greeks in the Seleucid Empire seem to rarely have engaged in mixed marriages with non-Greeks; they kept to their own cities. 2102:

in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire.

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Synthesizing Hellenic and indigenous cultural, religious, and philosophical ideas – an ethnic unity framework established by

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Lynette G. Mitchell; Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, p. 123.

2071:, north of Babylon. Seleucus's empire reached its greatest extent following his defeat of his erstwhile ally, Lysimachus, at 1969:). Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign, which have been partly preserved to us through 6926: 6921: 10844: 10834: 10002: 5295:. Milan: Dipartimento di Studi letterari, filologicie linguistici dell'Università degli Studi di Milano. pp. 105–119. 10047: 10045: 9984: 8230: 6974: 3540:

and temples, and proportional land-tax from royal land. The definition of "royal land" remains contested. While all agree

2601:, now seized the throne. He attempted to restore Seleucid power and prestige with a successful war against the old enemy, 15691: 13186: 13038: 12895: 12042: 11992: 11718: 11252: 9934: 6463: 6114: 5747: 5548:

Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue, Part I, Seleucus I through Antiochus III, With Metrological Tables by B. Kritt

2413:) receiving war elephants, perhaps in accordance of the existing treaty and alliance set after the Seleucid-Mauryan War. 16361: 14040: 11267: 11256: 11201: 11149: 11004: 10807: 9968: 8376: 7376: 6897: 5300: 4981: 9997: 9986: 11697: 11641: 11621: 11437: 11412: 11308: 11232: 11134: 10764: 10606: 10039: 7020: 6190: 5585: 5516: 5493: 5205: 4468: 4438: 4353: 4211: 4130: 3835: 2751:

Meanwhile, the decay of the Empire's territorial possessions continued apace. By 143 BC, the Jews in the form of the

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Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).

2639:, and interrupted the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation, for three years and six months. 17486: 12162: 11728: 8507: 6854: 5677: 3434:

troops. While the Seleucids were happy to recruit from less populated and outlying parts of the Empire such as the

10024: 17521: 17491: 16355: 11672: 11212: 11048: 11043: 10782: 10409: 9979: 8002: 6981: 6959: 6940: 6931: 5601: 4273: 1377: 10008: 7164: 16428: 15975: 15899: 12277: 12102: 11982: 11966: 11452: 11387: 11288: 11237: 11009: 10960: 10945: 10849: 10839: 10819: 10611: 10270: 10034: 10018: 9631: 9523: 6962: 6767: 6751: 4917: 3186: 3163: 2515: 2094:, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with 1128: 843: 11910: 10681: 10621: 10003: 9992: 9975: 9712: 6957: 6949: 6934: 5883: 17280: 17260: 16542: 16449: 16434: 16272: 16142: 15943: 15642: 15327: 12711: 12136: 11577: 11560: 11467: 11442: 11298: 11206: 11196: 10007: 9977: 9772: 9758: 9626: 9611: 8766: 8440: 6938: 6793: 5292:

Egitto: Dai Faraoni Agli Arabi." Kings, Taxes and High Priests: Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleukid Policies

3953:... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners. 2609:

itself. As the king planned on how to conclude the war, he was informed that Roman commissioners, led by the

2582:, now considered a portrait of a Roman general, made by a Greek artist working in Rome in the 2nd century BC. 1148: 59:

of Seleucus I – the horned horse, the elephant and the anchor all served as symbols of the Seleucid monarchy.

10030: 3328: 2494:

by Rome in 197 BC, Antiochus saw the opportunity for expansion into Greece itself. Encouraged by the exiled

2416:

Actual translation of Polybius 11.34 (No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus):

2229:

territory, asserted independence in around 245 BC, although the exact date is far from certain, to form the

818:

conquered much of the remaining eastern lands of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-second century BC including

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Le pouvoir séleucide. Territoire, administration, finances d'un royaume hellénistique (312–129 avant J.C.).

3741:

Greek was the official and dominant written language of the Seleucid empire, but Aramaic continued in use..

2204: 2196: 2009:(Chandragupta Maurya) in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants. 1856: 886: 11906: 10009: 9983: 6961: 6960: 6952: 6943: 4366: 2522:(190 BC), Antiochus's forces suffered resounding defeats, and he was compelled to make peace and sign the 17566: 17536: 16503: 15542: 15341: 14888: 14882: 13129: 12485: 11931: 11925: 11876: 11687: 11517: 11396: 11021: 10028: 10025: 9820: 9805: 9616: 9601: 9586: 9571: 9528: 9500: 8711: 8500: 8445: 7482: 6859: 6741: 6736: 6671: 6347: 4302: 3365: 2272: 2080: 1934: 1918: 630: 10049: 10004: 9988: 9976: 9970: 6963: 3958: 17130: 16986: 16749: 16440: 16250: 15596: 15258: 15226: 15220: 13427: 12146: 11607: 11472: 10940: 10718: 10616: 10010: 9636: 9591: 9566: 9543: 9513: 9334: 6864: 6473: 5615: 2551: 10042: 10035: 10016: 5555:

New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics: Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen

4224:

Clark, Walter Eugene (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology".

3939:

Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66–70, Parts 66–70

3347:. The phalanx was a large, dense formation of men armed with small shields and a long pike called the 17267: 16875: 16761: 16743: 16593: 16255: 16119: 15820: 15635: 14532: 12250: 11841: 11611: 11392: 11318: 11180: 11155: 11078: 10829: 10728: 10671: 10083: 10001: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9982: 9548: 9533: 9436: 9393: 9219: 8972: 8616: 8403: 7551: 7115: 6986: 6953: 6944: 6936: 6548: 6363: 4529: 3784:

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth–Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".

2526:(188 BC), the main clause of which saw the Seleucids agree to pay a large indemnity, to retreat from 2279: 1937:

princess, a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent 500

1813: 1765: 1317: 1308: 638: 10011: 6935: 6930: 5578:

Großmacht gegen lokale Machthaber: die Herrschaftspraxis der Seleukiden an den Rändern ihres Reiches

2385:(journey) through the eastern parts of his domain and restoring rebellious vassals like Parthia and 1790:

and, from that point, continued to expand his dominions ruthlessly. Seleucus established himself in

17481: 17253: 16898: 16895: 16818: 16788: 16731: 16717: 16123: 15107: 14845: 14262: 14046: 12889: 11961: 11751: 11631: 11582: 11554: 11417: 10955: 10869: 10598: 10026: 10023: 10021: 9863: 9795: 9781: 9776: 9767: 9753: 9739: 9729: 9596: 9518: 9446: 9431: 9398: 9388: 9264: 8977: 8361: 8336: 8186: 7845: 7840: 6988: 6503: 6145: 5432: 4820:

The Development of the High Priesthood during the pre-Hasmonean Period: History, Ideology, Theology

3827: 2775: 1839: 815: 760: 17: 15100: 9990: 9989: 9981: 6985: 6983: 17571: 16913: 16841: 16815: 16791: 16785: 16770: 16682: 16618: 16583: 16527: 16476: 16049: 14526: 14307: 14052: 13360: 12818: 12192: 12166: 12157: 12027: 11987: 11591: 11527: 11487: 11222: 11073: 10930: 10889: 10147: 10014: 9843: 9810: 9763: 9749: 9641: 9508: 9455: 9421: 9413: 9362: 9357: 9043: 8867: 8746: 8680: 8588: 8555: 8428: 8309: 7850: 7803: 7746: 7445: 7389: 7137: 6813: 6746: 6640: 6493: 6411: 6406: 5832: 5485: 3570:; albeit under the assumption that a greater share of revenue is given to the state in exchange. 3356: 3343:, the Seleucid army fought primarily in the Greco-Macedonian style, with its main body being the 2370: 2346: 2099: 1974: 957: 878: 783: 210: 10022: 6987: 17076: 17066: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16806: 16797: 16740: 16720: 16714: 16708: 16705: 16696: 16624: 16621: 16612: 16512: 16491: 16105: 15879: 15811: 15721: 15465: 15459: 14940: 14395: 14254: 13819: 13600: 13140: 13114: 13074: 12717: 12490: 12282: 11921: 11662: 11617: 11341: 11303: 11031: 10787: 10006: 9995: 9878: 9744: 9576: 9465: 9460: 9426: 9383: 9352: 9224: 9149: 9086: 9063: 8982: 8967: 8957: 8952: 8937: 8877: 8872: 8857: 8726: 8631: 8621: 8583: 8450: 8351: 8346: 8034: 7982: 7902: 7835: 7739: 7724: 7617: 7384: 7338: 7179: 7066: 6982: 6890: 6844: 6696: 6455: 4051: 3964: 3819: 3659: 3617: 3381: 3368:

homeland. The size of the Seleucid army usually varied between 70,000 and 200,000 in manpower.

3299: 3224: 3198: 3178: 3173:' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under 2701: 2694: 2678: 2668: 2613: 2605:, which met with initial success as the Seleucids defeated and drove the Egyptian army back to 2598: 2587: 2461: 2294: 2238: 2230: 2123: 2068: 2064: 1990: 1817: 1158: 827: 787: 527: 296: 242: 155: 128: 17387: 13693: 12722: 10013: 6875: 4710:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians" 4682: 4629: 4458: 4428: 4120: 17436:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

17357: 17320: 17242: 17119: 16779: 16755: 16711: 16699: 16693: 16690: 16645: 16639: 16615: 16580: 16536: 16524: 16521: 16518: 16506: 16500: 16488: 16482: 16301: 16211: 16208: 16199: 15762: 13839: 11570: 11522: 11497: 11217: 10965: 10743: 10661: 10278: 10235: 10041: 10029: 9904: 9899: 9883: 9853: 9719: 9485: 9441: 9378: 9174: 9164: 9111: 9106: 8962: 8942: 8932: 8927: 8912: 8902: 8862: 8741: 8736: 8716: 8706: 8690: 8685: 8550: 8381: 8341: 8154: 8029: 7093: 7083: 7042: 7013: 6513: 5999: 4860: 4655: 4300:

Tarn, W. W. (1940). "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita".

3636: 3295: 3290: 2763: 2591: 2539: 2390: 17434: 17286: 13099: 8269: 6967: 5527:

The Seleukid Royal Economy. The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire

16687: 16636: 16545: 16539: 16509: 16111: 16064: 16052: 15876: 15817: 15441: 15335: 15158: 14685: 13833: 13354: 12771: 12121: 12023: 11916: 11856: 11831: 11810: 11790: 11763: 11565: 11507: 11402: 11165: 11130: 10894: 10076: 9889: 9868: 9671: 9490: 9342: 8917: 8897: 8814: 8804: 8771: 8721: 8626: 8598: 8578: 8540: 8474: 8304: 8274: 8149: 8080: 8051: 7970: 7304: 7142: 7132: 6731: 6691: 6170: 4631:

Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History

4199: 3360: 2721: 2690: 2302: 2276: 2212: 2095: 2072: 1895: 1729: 894: 270: 159: 16148: 8254: 5657: 5223:"Some Observations on Coordinated Bronze Currency Systems in Seleucid Syria and Phoenicia" 2724:. Demetrius II proved unable to control the whole of the kingdom, however. While he ruled 2167:(reigned 261–246 BC) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with 1902:. Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the 889:, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria". He refers to either 8: 17192: 17047: 16752: 16702: 16627: 16577: 16530: 16515: 16494: 16193: 16179: 16067: 16000: 15823: 15714: 15656: 15420: 15093: 14933: 14652: 14457: 14274: 14087: 13403: 12614: 11861: 11550: 11283: 11175: 10774: 10769: 10733: 10666: 10515: 10203: 9957: 9838: 9790: 9785: 9676: 9480: 9373: 9367: 9229: 8947: 8882: 8824: 8751: 8731: 8695: 8641: 8636: 8545: 8166: 8046: 8012: 7914: 7734: 7729: 7541: 7260: 7196: 7071: 7056: 6818: 6726: 6701: 6508: 6483: 6035: 5980: 5894: 5801: 5779: 3303: 3286: 3282: 2705: 2579: 2535: 2491: 2475: 2433: 2394: 2222: 2188: 2168: 2119: 2006: 1844: 1709: 1477: 1078: 768: 646: 169: 164: 103: 7882: 7872: 5639: 4744: 4709: 3189:, by creating new client kingdoms and establishing provinces. While client nations like 2156:(Strat. 7.40), in which Vahbarz (Oborzos) is said to have killed 3000 Seleucid settlers. 877:

Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers referred to the Seleucid ruler as the

17418: 17232: 17109: 16670: 16609: 16603: 16131: 16095: 16008: 15989: 15885: 15882: 15835: 15801: 15798: 15753: 15444: 15429: 15414: 15090: 15087: 15078: 14837: 14012: 13740: 13013: 12866: 12783: 12586: 12225: 12187: 12132: 12127: 12032: 11947: 11587: 11447: 11407: 11247: 11242: 11140: 11125: 10884: 10686: 10507: 10476: 10369: 10126: 10036: 9858: 9289: 9141: 8852: 8842: 8809: 8646: 8565: 8523: 8279: 8259: 8242: 8193: 8058: 7867: 7818: 7751: 7669: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7556: 7526: 7418: 7316: 7184: 7159: 6808: 6777: 6676: 6523: 6440: 5743: 5372: 5260: 5043: 5035: 4905: 4842: 4327: 4319: 4241: 4067:

by immigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite.

4044: 3801: 3669: 3654: 3454: 3373: 3340: 3159: 3082: 2976: 2800: 2566: 2519: 2242: 2164: 2038: 2002: 1930: 1769: 1724:, and the vast territories were divided among Alexander's generals, who thereby became 1557: 1537: 1290: 947: 839: 795: 791: 739: 634: 626: 352: 257: 229: 200: 73: 15888: 5620: 17440: 17393: 17363: 16656: 16630: 16606: 16588: 16388: 16309: 16217: 16086: 16058: 15873: 15841: 15832: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15756: 15744: 15659: 15580: 15432: 15426: 15393: 15387: 14958: 14831: 14695: 14517: 14243: 13842: 13836: 13644: 13612: 13157: 12366: 12319: 12235: 12152: 12058: 12048: 11957: 11866: 11851: 11846: 11815: 11805: 11795: 11785: 11772: 11627: 11331: 11145: 11083: 11058: 11038: 10988: 10908: 10756: 10385: 10377: 10302: 10254: 9894: 9873: 9828: 9475: 9403: 9249: 8887: 8847: 8662: 8608: 8593: 8388: 8284: 8220: 8215: 8144: 8041: 7756: 7684: 7679: 7521: 7450: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7223: 7174: 6883: 6798: 6655: 6650: 6635: 6570: 6488: 6445: 6165: 6160: 6026: 6016: 5581: 5512: 5489: 5459: 5436: 5410: 5336: 5326: 5296: 5201: 5187: 5095: 5047: 4977: 4913: 4846: 4832: 4797: 4749: 4731: 4688: 4661: 4635: 4541: 4493: 4489: 4464: 4434: 4349: 4331: 4245: 4207: 4126: 4084: 4055: 4020: 3988: 3942: 3913: 3882: 3831: 3664: 3377: 3344: 3311: 3148: 2709: 2406: 2374: 2160: 2091: 1773: 1713: 1337: 1327: 1178: 1118: 938: 756: 704: 642: 541: 472: 14820: 2297:

came to the throne around 246 BC. Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the

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Seleucid Research Bibliography, compiled and maintained by the Seleucid Study Group

5193: 5027: 4824: 4739: 4721: 4311: 4233: 3793: 3679: 3649: 3613: 3307: 3214: 3051: 2899: 2741: 2648: 2555: 2531: 2523: 2449: 2437: 2378: 2306: 2298: 2084: 1982: 1970: 1903: 1487: 1437: 1387: 1270: 831: 807: 650: 585: 322: 309: 134: 12334: 4560: 3125: 2560: 2436:

then made a pact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions outside of Egypt, and in the

2432:, the situation now looked propitious for another western campaign. Antiochus and 1812:

The rise of Seleucus in Babylon threatened the eastern extent of the territory of

17526: 17237: 17223: 17198: 17151: 17114: 17100: 16924: 16773: 16726: 16633: 16470: 16465: 16393: 16367: 16223: 16098: 16092: 16077: 16070: 16024: 16014: 15847: 15792: 15786: 15783: 15729: 15677: 15513: 15447: 15435: 15423: 15411: 15396: 15375: 15294: 15198: 15195: 15169: 15084: 15063: 15051: 15018: 15012: 14982: 14904: 14714: 14066: 14021: 13975: 13969: 13959: 13749: 12849: 12827: 12594: 12240: 12177: 12112: 12087: 12072: 12011: 11800: 11652: 11542: 11364: 11063: 10999: 10903: 10751: 10653: 10425: 10401: 10337: 10318: 10310: 10171: 10113: 9347: 9304: 9239: 9199: 9015: 8892: 8799: 8791: 8670: 8455: 8423: 8296: 8264: 8247: 8203: 8198: 8176: 8171: 8129: 8122: 8097: 7957: 7952: 7793: 7674: 7568: 7563: 7531: 7356: 7346: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7213: 7051: 7037: 6645: 6620: 6615: 6595: 6543: 6533: 6518: 6498: 6468: 6420: 6416: 6386: 6093: 6062: 5757: 5664: 5646: 5429:

The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire

5404: 4973:"The Seleucid State and the Economy" In Production and Public Powers in Antiquity 4567: 4374: 4174: 3907: 3876: 3674: 3264: 3236: 3139: 3062: 2756: 2717: 2632: 2602: 2571: 2503: 2401:. He even emulated Seleucus with an expedition into India where he met with King 2398: 2330: 2318: 2287: 2283: 2265: 2261: 2216: 2049: 1986: 1978: 1942: 1757: 1597: 1417: 1367: 1357: 1260: 1220: 1168: 890: 803: 701: 485: 339: 283: 17276: 12514: 7877: 5541:

Benefactors, Kings, Rulers. Studies on the Seleukid Empire between East and West

17135: 16679: 16572: 16461: 16414: 16375: 16318: 16220: 16156: 16074: 16033: 16027: 16017: 16005: 15789: 15777: 15765: 15685: 15574: 15528: 15438: 15408: 15372: 15236: 15081: 15060: 15054: 15045: 14997: 14967: 14949: 14924: 14912: 14824: 14681: 14552: 14403: 14265: 14259: 14162: 14154: 14090: 14063: 14027: 13860: 13627: 13624: 13525: 12933: 12698: 12604: 12581: 12473: 12082: 11602: 11427: 10915: 10879: 10542: 10460: 10393: 10219: 9724: 9294: 9234: 8922: 8532: 8398: 8393: 8356: 8331: 8314: 8225: 8210: 8181: 8139: 7987: 7947: 7942: 7897: 7823: 7783: 7773: 7763: 7578: 7457: 7351: 7218: 7100: 6625: 6031: 5482:

Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East

5424: 4454: 4081:

Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading

3248: 3202: 3174: 3144: 2954: 2941: 2853: 2803:

in 129 BC. Antiochus Sidetes is sometimes called the last great Seleucid king.

2511: 2428:

When he returned to the west in 205 BC, Antiochus found that with the death of

1807: 1647: 1567: 1527: 1457: 1397: 1058: 990: 914: 859: 799: 748: 743: 654: 618: 174: 5031: 4828: 4780:

The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia

3754:

The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia

2067:, a city he named after his father. An alternative capital was established at 707:. At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that covered 700:, all of which had been under Macedonian control after the fall of the former 17475: 17430: 17353: 17338: 17210: 17142: 17022: 16667: 16664: 16417: 16411: 16371: 16327: 16235: 16196: 16030: 15969: 15870: 15867: 15795: 15780: 15741: 15738: 15681: 15620: 15502: 15208: 15201: 15178: 15072: 15066: 15030: 14952: 14908: 14865: 14657: 14555: 14549: 14507: 14406: 14209: 14171: 13944: 13830: 13744: 13554: 13505: 13260: 13244: 12937: 12863: 12824: 12798: 12792: 12753: 12694: 12665: 12390: 12313: 12217: 12202: 12172: 12117: 11997: 11952: 11901: 11871: 10574: 10468: 10433: 10155: 9692: 9681: 9179: 9169: 9126: 9091: 8819: 8479: 8366: 8161: 8134: 8107: 8085: 8063: 7830: 7813: 7798: 7642: 7595: 7583: 7509: 7401: 7275: 7270: 7245: 7127: 6425: 6273: 6180: 5939: 5935: 5768: 5569: 4925: 4735: 3644: 3407: 3323: 3271: 2985: 2963: 2919: 2864: 2788: 2636: 2483: 2386: 1852: 1627: 1617: 1607: 1467: 1427: 1407: 1210: 1021: 970: 772: 764: 499: 14292: 7907: 7887: 3133:

By 100 BC, the once-formidable Seleucid Empire encompassed little more than

2382: 17383: 17180: 17058: 16992: 16910: 16901: 16832: 16758: 16661: 16405: 16306: 16229: 16083: 16039: 15919: 15844: 15804: 15735: 15732: 15726: 15665: 15617: 15605: 15519: 15496: 15489: 15405: 15399: 15369: 15181: 15153: 15135: 15126: 15075: 14868: 14862: 14856: 14761: 14731: 14537: 14449: 14346: 14283: 14231: 14060: 13785: 13720: 13710: 13621: 13572: 13457: 13437: 13433: 13218: 13082: 12942: 12922: 12875: 12834: 12621: 12576: 12425: 12410: 12245: 12230: 12182: 12091: 11636: 11502: 10925: 10874: 10582: 10566: 10550: 10492: 9734: 9697: 9661: 9314: 9299: 9214: 9154: 9116: 9096: 9081: 8756: 8371: 8112: 8102: 8068: 7997: 7992: 7919: 7709: 7691: 7652: 7647: 7627: 7622: 7494: 7487: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7361: 7299: 7280: 7265: 7201: 6430: 6243: 6175: 6072: 5451: 5197: 4976:. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society Supplementary. pp. 27–36. 4924:. For the dismissive Greek attitudes toward Syrians, Bar-Kochva is citing 4753: 3976: 3073: 2779: 2737: 2402: 1938: 1860: 1848: 1795: 1637: 1577: 1517: 1240: 1190: 925: 882: 732: 5859: 5669: 5536:(Collection "Histoire"). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2007. 4726: 4035: 4024: 3310:

by the Seleucid government, paving the way for the rise of an independent

3169:

Seleucid rule was not entirely over, however. Following the Roman general

1945:

in 301 BC. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador,

858:

Contemporary sources, such as a loyalist decree honoring Antiochus I from

17195: 17186: 17041: 16995: 16980: 16971: 16965: 16907: 16809: 16767: 16737: 16734: 16676: 16533: 16485: 16396: 16315: 16312: 16295: 16205: 16020: 15963: 15960: 15957: 15932: 15922: 15910: 15759: 15700: 15653: 15629: 15623: 15614: 15608: 15553: 15516: 15499: 15483: 15417: 15402: 15390: 15378: 15349: 15316: 15313: 15175: 15150: 15147: 15141: 15048: 15009: 15006: 14994: 14979: 14976: 14964: 14871: 14859: 14850: 14799: 14793: 14743: 14740: 14728: 14725: 14661: 14638: 14621: 14607: 14598: 14368: 14297: 14287: 14139: 14124: 14118: 14102: 14099: 14002: 13981: 13891: 13854: 13777: 13618: 13408: 13333: 13328: 13321: 13291: 13277: 13240: 13090: 12999: 12914: 12884: 12870: 12639: 12625: 12570: 12505: 12435: 12405: 12323: 12287: 12038: 11723: 11646: 11477: 9274: 9269: 9209: 9194: 9131: 9076: 9053: 9048: 9023: 8761: 8090: 8075: 7924: 7637: 7546: 7536: 7462: 7110: 7105: 6849: 6839: 6630: 6562: 6435: 6323: 6137: 5901: 5789: 5739: 5701: 5094:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 331–353. 5092:"The Economy" in "A Companion to the Hellenistic World" by Andrew Erskine 3700:

The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa

3447: 3431: 3335:(Minted 290–280 BC) was the first native Seleucid satrap to be appointed. 3332: 3155:

of Rome, the Seleucids were largely left alone by both major combatants.

3093: 2833: 2796: 2771: 2767: 2445: 2234: 2022: 1966: 1958: 1946: 1891: 1872: 1864: 1347: 1250: 752: 728: 720: 689: 665: 513: 56: 14361: 5376: 5360: 5264: 5252: 5039: 5015: 3965:

Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) (1993).

2635:, sent his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the 2353: 17204: 17201: 17183: 17160: 17145: 17139: 17019: 17016: 16974: 16962: 16956: 16941: 16812: 16803: 16800: 16794: 16776: 16746: 16554: 16479: 16420: 16286: 16226: 16089: 15983: 15954: 15951: 15948: 15936: 15928: 15916: 15904: 15650: 15626: 15611: 15547: 15509: 15486: 15480: 15384: 15123: 14955: 14853: 14812: 14802: 14796: 14758: 14755: 14752: 14746: 14734: 14722: 14719: 14689: 14635: 14632: 14445: 14424: 14400: 14376: 14205: 14096: 14093: 14084: 14075: 13994: 13885: 13771: 13726: 13714: 13558: 13396: 13392: 13341: 13162: 13070: 12996: 12992: 12736: 12609: 12559: 12553: 11677: 11068: 10590: 10558: 10484: 10452: 10262: 9833: 9800: 9666: 9324: 9184: 9071: 9038: 9000: 8992: 8117: 7934: 7808: 7768: 7701: 6381: 6376: 5558: 3805: 3220: 3027: 2673: 2652: 2606: 2575: 2507: 2429: 2322: 2253: 2192: 2176: 2045: 1887: 1717: 1657: 1587: 1497: 1447: 1201: 835: 72:

The Seleucid Empire (light blue) in 281 BC on the eve of the murder of

15355: 9926: 6106: 4323: 2207:. A few years later, the last was defeated and killed by the invading 1756:, jostled for supremacy over parts of his empire following his death. 17213: 17156: 17013: 16983: 16977: 16968: 16953: 16947: 16929: 16904: 16782: 16764: 16551: 16548: 16408: 16335: 16321: 16292: 16280: 16202: 16173: 15913: 15907: 15672: 15602: 15559: 15556: 15505: 15288: 15205: 15191: 15188: 15144: 15138: 15120: 15042: 15033: 15003: 15000: 14991: 14973: 14970: 14808: 14805: 14669: 14665: 14641: 14589: 14576: 14546: 14441: 14437: 14315: 14175: 13912: 13907: 13903: 13872: 13789: 13766: 13730: 13615: 13538: 13461: 13453: 13420: 13317: 13301: 13273: 13236: 13105: 13063: 12880: 12759: 12645: 10803:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

10523: 10500: 10294: 10227: 10195: 9702: 9686: 9319: 9309: 9284: 9254: 9159: 9101: 9033: 9028: 8781: 8776: 8651: 8573: 8492: 8007: 7778: 7662: 7632: 7413: 7287: 7078: 6686: 6371: 6258: 6195: 5951: 5921: 4818: 3765:

Primer of Hinduism, p. 81, J. N. Farquhar, Asian Educational Services

3565: 3558: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3467: 3399: 3385: 3349: 3244: 3240: 3231:, therefore including a diverse array of cultures and ethnic groups. 2784: 2752: 2725: 2628: 2610: 2466: 2441: 2373:, took the throne in 223 BC. Although initially unsuccessful in the 2153: 2141: 2018: 2017:

in the south-east of the Iranian plateau, and, to the north of this,

1954: 1880: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1750: 1740: 1721: 1547: 1507: 1230: 1108: 869: 863: 823: 677: 669: 622: 5652: 5507:

Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King

4406: 3797: 2530:

and to never again attempt to expand Seleucid territory west of the

2389:

to at least nominal obedience. He gained many victories such as the

874:). Similarly, Seleucid rulers were described as kings in Babylonia. 17163: 16989: 16950: 16944: 16821: 16402: 16399: 16344: 16341: 16283: 16214: 16164: 16127: 15980: 15522: 15381: 15363: 15346: 15284: 15211: 15185: 15132: 15114: 15024: 14899: 14790: 14781: 14769: 14737: 14701: 14677: 14627: 14595: 14571: 14543: 14513: 14501: 14494: 14480: 14474: 14409: 14319: 14301: 14213: 14191: 14187: 14072: 13998: 13827: 13781: 13758: 13753: 13684: 13679: 13648: 13465: 13389: 13385: 13378: 13256: 13177: 13022: 12854: 12844: 12839: 12830: 12766: 12749: 12520: 12467: 11713: 11053: 10935: 10187: 9279: 9204: 9189: 7408: 7191: 7149: 7088: 6906: 6823: 6478: 6401: 6396: 6303: 6288: 6283: 6238: 5945: 5930: 5926: 5910: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5827: 5290: 5222: 4971: 4579: 4315: 4237: 3228: 3177:. Even so, civil wars could not be prevented, as another Seleucid, 3170: 3014: 2877: 2844: 2733: 2620: 2527: 2499: 2495: 2358: 2326: 2314: 2110: 2053: 2014: 1950: 1907: 1899: 1749: 1704: 1039: 1030: 811: 708: 676:

in 321 BC, Seleucus I began expanding his dominions to include the

335: 203: 184: 179: 87: 17392:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 16381: 2888: 2685: 17216: 17044: 17025: 17010: 17004: 16998: 16332: 16277: 16170: 16167: 16115: 15966: 15708: 15647: 15568: 15562: 15303: 15297: 15069: 15039: 14894: 14784: 14749: 14540: 14483: 14384: 14353: 14057: 13606: 13549: 13478: 13373: 13365: 13230: 13165: 12972: 12969: 12954: 12950: 12762: 12756: 12740: 12618: 12256: 10179: 9848: 9244: 7321: 7250: 7206: 7061: 6580: 6308: 6298: 6263: 6253: 6004: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5847: 5815: 5794: 3982: 3443: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3348: 3275: 3190: 3134: 3104: 2745: 2656: 2310: 2257: 2226: 2200: 2180: 2145: 2136: 2115: 1868: 1791: 1068: 1008: 999: 862:, in Greek language define the Seleucid state both as an empire ( 819: 776: 697: 673: 555: 139: 95: 14469: 7122: 5456:

From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire

4100: 4041: 4010: 4008: 2736:, the remnants of Balas' supporters—first supporting Balas' son 17007: 17001: 16959: 16870: 16338: 16289: 15864:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

15662: 15565: 15550: 15534: 15279: 15264: 15129: 15036: 15027: 14961: 14918: 14787: 14778: 14775: 14772: 14673: 14645: 14586: 14477: 14372: 14199: 14078: 13990: 13978: 13609: 13566: 13531: 13512: 13484: 13381: 13313: 13251: 13194: 13146: 13055: 13026: 12982: 12979: 12929: 12859: 12777: 12730: 12680: 12655: 12650: 12629: 12446: 12420: 12395: 12062: 11382: 10211: 9259: 7154: 7029: 6905: 6328: 6278: 6200: 3930: 3554:

no evidence for the amount that was taxed on any given region.

3411: 3232: 3182: 3005: 2996: 2479: 2362: 2341: 2249: 2184: 2149: 2076: 2033: 1998: 1923: 1876: 1821: 1725: 1280: 1088: 847: 724: 716: 712: 658: 14464: 14016: 13688: 13286: 13281: 13109: 13094: 10068: 9967: 6916: 4796:(Reprint ed., 2. print ed.). Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson. 3969:. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. p. 211. 2712:

in 161 BC. Demetrius I attempted to restore Seleucid power in

802:

and its Greek allies. The Seleucids were forced to pay costly

779:

of vast territory west of the Indus and a political alliance.

17207: 17189: 15704: 15310: 15291: 14357: 14268: 14239: 14166: 13898: 13562: 13449: 13368: 13296: 13173: 13169: 13051: 12989: 12985: 12946: 12733: 12675: 12670: 12660: 12633: 12415: 10920: 7788: 6681: 6318: 6313: 6293: 5810: 5159: 4005: 3435: 3415: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3252: 3194: 3152: 2932: 2910: 2729: 2713: 2644: 2624: 2313:, semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms had sprung up in 2208: 2057: 1962: 1761: 1098: 1012: 693: 600: 14581: 13543: 3985:

The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture

17532:

States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC

16161: 15925: 15852: 15696: 15452: 14563: 14418: 14340: 14181: 14109: 13938: 13824: 13655: 13630: 13518: 13499: 13268: 13226: 13181: 13121: 13059: 13006: 12975: 12904: 12804: 12746: 12743: 12690: 12534: 12526: 12496: 12456: 12440: 12430: 12400: 10700: 10163: 10099: 6268: 5806: 4910:

Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids

4627: 3909:

Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome

3714: 3372:

periods in the establishment of settlements, firstly under

2172: 2001:

of them, and established there settlements of his own. But

1941:, a military asset which would play a decisive role at the 980: 685: 681: 597: 6998: 5332:, by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Pieter Willem de Neeve 5192:. Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. pp. 234–259. 4597: 2693:, who ruled the country with the exception of the city of 2455: 2305:

and then had to fight a civil war against his own brother

14158: 11678:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

4760: 3256: 2148:(Oborzos), thought to have initiated the independence of 606: 591: 17517:

States and territories established in the 4th century BC

17327:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5635: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4083:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 55. 4072: 1875:

region, and by 317 BC, he conquered the remaining Greek

13795: 12451: 4609: 4585: 4528:, Book 11, 1889, p. 78, trans. Friedrich Otto Hultsch, 4506: 3453:

Following losses of territory in Asia Minor during the

2105: 27:

Hellenistic-era Greek state in Western Asia (312–63 BC)

17306:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

4408:

The Seleukid Empire, 281–222 BC: War within the Family

3936: 3529: 3289:, to gain support. Tensions around the integration of 3274:. Historically significant towns and cities, such as 2369:

A revival would begin when Seleucus II's younger son,

846:

in 83 BC, and ultimate overthrow by the Roman general

14827:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

4430:

The Seleukid Empire 281–222 BC: War Within the Family

4151: 4139: 3504:, and royal estates. We should clarify that the term 3450:

would have undermined the kingdom's very existence.

2357:

The Seleucid Empire in 200 BC (before expansion into

2329:

in the west was asserting its independence under the

806:

and had to relinquish territorial claims west of the

603: 588: 13895:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

3626: 2013:

Other territories ceded before Seleucus' death were

1871:. Chandragupta then redirected his attention to the 1833: 609: 12364: 4046:

Western civilization: a history of European society

3941:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 174. 3824:

The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra

594: 13698:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 5449: 5330:De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve 4106: 4043: 3355:. This form of fighting had been developed by the 1929:It is generally thought that Chandragupta married 905: 5160:"Palace, Temple and Market in Seleucid Babylonia" 4014: 2545: 17473: 5406:The Seleucid Empire of Antiochus III. 223–187 BC 5289:Gilles, Gorre; Honigman, Sylvie (January 2013). 4078: 3967:The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113–114 2420:He crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) ( 2063:In the latter area, he founded a new capital at 10739:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 5409:(Paperback ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 4912:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–111. 4460:Time and Its Adversaries in the Seleucid Empire 3912:. University of California Press. p. 106. 3874: 3219:The domain of the Seleucids stretched from the 2163:(reigned 281–261 BC) and his son and successor 814:, marking the gradual decline of their empire. 10825:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 10724:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 5288: 4684:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies 2778:, had overrun upland Media (home of the famed 2716:particularly, but was overthrown in 150 BC by 2662: 2502:, and making an alliance with the disgruntled 2264:, before becoming vassals to the newly formed 2215:—the region would then become the core of the 2052:in 301 BC, Seleucus took control over eastern 1910:in southern Afghanistan. According to Appian: 1801: 1760:, a former general and then current satrap of 12350: 10607:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 10084: 9942: 8508: 7014: 6891: 6122: 5685: 5359:Aphergis, Gerassmimos George (October 2008). 5335:. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. pp. 303–332. 4660:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. 2708:, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, 2570:, a bronze statue originally thought to be a 2260:. They would later overtly take the title of 1883:army of 600,000 men and 9,000 war elephants. 1684: 401:2,600,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi) 393:3,900,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi) 385:3,000,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi) 17341:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 17315: 14819:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 13412:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 11683:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 8471:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 5550:, I-II, New York – Lancaster – London, 2002. 5324: 5185: 5157: 4969: 4118: 3983:Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (2010). 3878:Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period 3875:Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (2020). 2774:; the nomadic Parthians, brilliantly led by 2631:by force, slew a great many who had favored 2506:, Antiochus launched an invasion across the 2377:against Egypt, which led to a defeat at the 17351: 16568:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 10793:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 6717:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 5699: 5328:"New Evidence on Seleucid Land Policy". In 5016:"Sacred Plunder and the Seleucid Near East" 4791: 4634:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. 4042:Steven C. Hause; William S. Maltby (2004). 3607: 2490:Following the defeat of his erstwhile ally 2233:. This kingdom was characterized by a rich 108: 12357: 12343: 11299:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 11161:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 10677:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 10091: 10077: 9949: 9935: 8515: 8501: 7021: 7007: 6898: 6884: 6129: 6115: 5736:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 5692: 5678: 4904: 3987:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 2755:had fully established their independence. 2241:, invaded India around 180 BC to form the 1772:, who had been "Commander-in-Chief of the 1691: 1677: 738:The Seleucid Empire was a major center of 17268:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 13864:"King of the four quarters of the world" 10808:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 5502: 5393: 5253:"Tribute and Land-tax in Seleucid Judaea" 4898: 4743: 4725: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4463:. Harvard University Press. p. 207. 3865:" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1911. 3783: 2048:' decisive victory over Antigonus at the 759:—a rival Hellenistic state. To the east, 409:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi) 17439:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 10627:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 5543:, Leuven, 2017 (Studia Hellenistica 57). 5479: 5402: 5358: 5325:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (1993). 5250: 5220: 5186:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (2014). 5158:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (2004). 4970:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (2000). 4426: 3905: 3720: 3327: 3124: 2684: 2672: 2559: 2465: 2352: 2340: 2135: 2109: 2032: 1917: 1739: 830:continued to flourish in the northeast. 417:100,000 km (39,000 sq mi) 17284: 11413:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 9956: 8295: 6136: 4483: 3185:in 63 BC, Pompey set about the task of 2810: 2456:Expansion into Greece and war with Rome 2336: 1816:in Asia. Antigonus, along with his son 14: 17474: 17413: 17411: 17409: 17149: 16379: 16177: 13957: 13948:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 13852: 12776: 10951:History of democracy in classical Iran 8522: 5575: 5423: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5013: 4816: 4766: 4512: 4453: 4145: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3731: 3729: 3587: 3080: 3071: 2271:The Seleucid satrap of Parthia, named 1794:in 312 BC, the year later used as the 680:territories that encompass modern-day 17429: 17274: 17241: 17236: 17227: 17179: 17118: 17113: 17104: 17099: 17090: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17056: 16922: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16874: 16865: 16855: 16850: 16839: 16830: 16724: 16459: 16366: 16264: 16254: 16140: 15988: 15897: 15719: 15712: 15670: 15594: 15572: 15540: 15526: 15495: 15479: 15353: 15325: 15301: 15256: 15217: 15162: 15098: 14931: 14916: 14893: 14880: 14843: 14693: 14650: 14524: 14500: 14492: 14455: 14393: 14382: 14352: 14336: 14305: 14272: 14252: 14230: 14197: 14106: 14038: 14026: 13985: 13897: 13889: 13817: 13598: 13352: 13345: 13307: 13234: 13216: 13185: 13138: 13104: 13089: 13081: 13068: 13049: 13037: 13020: 13004: 12967: 12920: 12894: 12816: 12781: 12709: 12533: 12502: 12495: 12484: 12465: 12338: 11749: 11673:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 11458:Iran and the World Trade Organization 11362: 11105: 10986: 10111: 10072: 9930: 9447:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 8496: 7002: 6879: 6110: 6092: 6071: 6061: 5979: 5950: 5882: 5858: 5673: 5354: 5352: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5089: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4794:Hellenistic civilization and the jews 4707: 4680: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4346:Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy 4223: 3818: 3102: 3091: 3049: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2983: 2974: 2961: 2952: 2939: 2930: 2917: 2908: 2897: 2886: 2875: 2862: 2851: 2831: 2822: 2689:Seleucid Syria in early 124 BC under 2028: 17382: 10845:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 10835:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 9915:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 4299: 3812: 3060: 3038: 3025: 2842: 2619:On his return journey, according to 2282:territory around 238 BC to form the 2106:Breakup of Central Asian territories 17406: 12078:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 11719:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 11693:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 11492:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 11227:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 5511:. London: Oxford University Press. 4019:. Thames & Hudson. p. 34. 3826:. History of Civilisation. London: 3768: 3726: 3530:Role of the state–political economy 3158:Mithridates' ambitious son-in-law, 2586:The reign of his son and successor 1989:as having sent an ambassador named 1735: 751:. The empire's western territories 24: 17547:Offshoots of the Macedonian Empire 17362:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 17281:Chronology of the Neolithic period 16933: 16563: 16380: 16362:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 16147: 16038: 15354: 15326: 15269: 15099: 14706: 14360: 12721: 10617:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 6907:The division of Alexander's empire 5580:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 5473: 5349: 5309: 5271: 5237: 5170: 5108: 5054: 4990: 4944: 4861:"History of Iran: Seleucid Empire" 4415: 4393: 3302:, a radical Hellenist, outbidding 3119:Main polities in Asia, circa -100. 2122:asserted independence to form the 1716:under its last Achaemenid dynast, 913: 838:in Syria, until their conquest by 629:. It was founded in 312 BC by the 25: 17583: 17552:Former monarchies of Central Asia 16938:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 15274:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 13085:("made the land of Elam submit") 11688:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 11309:Supreme National Security Council 11135:Persian Constitutional Revolution 10765:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 10672:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 10662:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 5595: 3881:. Springer Nature. p. viii. 1834:Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC) 17497:Former countries in Central Asia 17359:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 17285: 17275: 14580: 14468: 14463: 14291: 14020: 14015: 13846: 13692: 13687: 13542: 13441: 13372: 13285: 13280: 13150: 13113: 13108: 13098: 13093: 12888: 12538: 12525: 12513: 12478: 12318: 12309: 12308: 11284:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 6855:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 6346: 4817:Brutti, Maria (1 January 2006). 4582:, Shabbat 21b, Babylonian Talmud 4288:The evolution of man and society 3629: 2817: 2083:itself, but was assassinated by 782:In the early second century BC, 584: 560: 546: 532: 518: 504: 490: 465: 66: 49: 17562:Former monarchies of South Asia 17423: 17376: 17345: 17331: 17309: 17300: 16356:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 11483:Military equipment manufactured 11049:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 10813:United States withdrawal (2018) 10734:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 10098: 5387: 5214: 5166:: 303–332 – via Academia. 4935: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4853: 4810: 4785: 4772: 4701: 4674: 4648: 4621: 4573: 4552: 4534: 4518: 4477: 4447: 4379: 4359: 4338: 4293: 4280: 4274:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 4265: 4252: 4217: 4193: 4180: 4112: 3937:Jones, Kenneth Raymond (2006). 3899: 3868: 3739:, (Ballantyne Ltd, 1984), 164;" 3475: 2791:) to drive back the Parthians. 2472:Syria, Kingdom of the Seleucids 1782:) and appointed first or court 1748:Alexander's generals, known as 906:Partition of Alexander's empire 17557:Former monarchies of West Asia 17502:Former countries in South Asia 17291:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 16429:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 15976:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 15900:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 14462:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 12043:modern / contemporary 11289:Expediency Discernment Council 10612:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 10601:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 10125: 6412:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 6407:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 5398:. University of Chicago Press. 5396:A Political History of Parthia 5394:Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938). 4206:. Asian Educational Services. 4122:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 4107:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt 1993 3844: 3759: 3746: 3705: 3692: 3557:Tribute was heavily levied on 3492: 2546:Roman power, Parthia and Judea 13: 1: 17512:4th-century BC establishments 17507:Former countries in West Asia 17261:Muslim conquest of the Levant 16507:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 16450:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 16435:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 16273:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 16143:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 15944:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 15643:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 11257:state-sponsorship allegations 10987: 9919:in most of their territories. 8717:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 6794:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 6191:Tigris–Euphrates river system 5233:: 35–47 – via Academia. 4687:. Ibidem Press. p. 403. 4050:. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 3756:, (Gorgias Press, 2004), 143. 3685: 3187:remaking the Hellenistic East 2762:Demetrius Nicator's brother, 2474:) and the expanded states of 2399:besieged the Bactrian capital 2126: 1949:, to Chandragupta, and later 962: 834:were thereafter reduced to a 17542:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 15810:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 12544:(Uruk influence or control) 11714:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 11106: 11015:twin towns and sister cities 10321:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 10198:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 10174:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 5626:Resources in other libraries 4930:Juden, Griechen und Barbaren 4792:Tcherikover, Victor (2004). 4411:. Swansea. pp. 173–196. 4344:Partha Sarathi Bose (2003). 3906:Eckstein, Arthur M. (2009). 3618:Seleucid dynasty Family tree 3566: 3559: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3468: 3386: 3350: 2740:, then the usurping general 2470:The reduced empire (titled: 1778: 1751: 1712:, who quickly conquered the 870: 864: 653:until its annexation by the 7: 16504:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 15543:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 15342:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 14889:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 14883:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 14143:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 13130:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 12531:(Anonymous "King-priests") 12486:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 11993:Water supply and sanitation 11750: 11724:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 11363: 10783:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 10158:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 10112: 8712:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 7028: 6860:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 6742:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 6737:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 5480:Overtoom, Nikolaus (2020). 5403:Grainger, John D. (2020) . 5014:Taylor, Michael J. (2014). 4303:Journal of Hellenic Studies 3737:The History of Ancient Iran 3622: 3317: 3287:Babylonian religious tenets 2663:Civil war and further decay 2623:, he made an expedition to 2597:Seleucus' younger brother, 1802:Babylonian War (311–309 BC) 887:Antigonus son of Menophilus 10: 17588: 17296: 17131:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 16558: 16441:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 16325: 16299: 16251:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 15597:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 15362:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 15259:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 15221:Second Intermediate Period 14031:(vassal of the Akkadians) 13419: 12564:Early or legendary kings: 11473:Economy of the Middle East 10850:2021–2022 Iranian protests 10840:2019–2020 Iranian protests 10820:2017–2018 Iranian protests 10281:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 6865:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 5653:Genealogy of the Seleucids 5345:– via Research Gate. 4708:Török, Tibor (July 2023). 4125:. Routledge. p. 652. 4015:Glubb, John Bagot (1967). 3611: 3460: 3321: 3212: 3208: 2666: 2549: 2459: 1957:, at the Mauryan court at 1837: 1805: 1702: 1285:8th/9th century – 1238 / 9 1129:Ancient kingdom of Armenia 971:Proto-Elamite civilization 900: 723:, and what are now modern 17265: 17258: 17251: 17222: 17172: 17169: 17128: 17087: 17053: 17034: 16876:Parthamaspates of Parthia 16862: 16827: 16686: 16654: 16447: 16426: 16353: 16350: 16256:Assyrian conquest of Elam 16249: 16137: 16103: 16037: 15998: 15862: 15851: 15808: 15636:Third Intermediate Period 15451: 15322: 15166:Second Babylonian dynasty 15111:("Old Babylonian Period") 14877: 14829: 14593: 14561: 14533:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 14505: 14489: 14436: 14433: 14416: 14338: 14323: 14282: 14249: 14195: 14179: 14153: 14145: 14116: 14041:First Intermediate Period 14035: 14011: 13967: 13952: 13936: 13911: 13902: 13876: 13871: 13683: 13662: 13643: 13634: 13595: 13570: 13553: 13529: 13516: 13511: 13497: 13482: 13473: 13425: 13401: 13326: 13266: 13249: 13214: 13193: 13187:Early Dynastic Period III 13135: 13119: 13047: 13045: 13034: 12961: 12912: 12902: 12813: 12790: 12706: 12637: 12568: 12551: 12548: 12489: 12462: 12389: 12373: 12304: 12270: 12216: 12019: 12010: 11940: 11892: 11824: 11771: 11762: 11758: 11745: 11706: 11698:National Development Fund 11661: 11618:Telecommunications and IT 11612:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 11541: 11438:Foreign direct investment 11383:Bonyad (charitable trust) 11375: 11371: 11358: 11317: 11276: 11118: 11114: 11101: 10995: 10982: 10862: 10729:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 10719:Interim Government (1979) 10698: 10646: 10639: 10535: 10445: 10362: 10353: 10330: 10247: 10140: 10133: 10124: 10120: 10107: 9964: 9913: 9819: 9650: 9557: 9499: 9412: 9333: 9140: 9062: 9014: 8991: 8833: 8790: 8661: 8617:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 8607: 8564: 8531: 8464: 8416: 7933: 7337: 7036: 6913: 6832: 6786: 6760: 6664: 6561: 6454: 6362: 6355: 6344: 6226: 6153: 6144: 6089: 6068: 6056: 6053: 6046: 6043: 6025: 6015: 5998: 5991: 5989: 5955: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5920: 5892: 5875: 5846: 5831: 5826: 5805: 5800: 5788: 5778: 5766: 5756: 5738: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5621:Resources in your library 5503:Chrubasik, Boris (2016). 5259:. 36. No.3 (3): 352–361. 5227:Israel Numismatic Journal 5221:Houghton, Arthur (2003). 5032:10.1017/S0017383514000175 4829:10.1163/9789047408758_006 4561:The War of the Jews 1.1§2 4530:Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh 4079:Victor, Royce M. (2010). 3851:Oxford English Dictionary 3828:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3129:Seleucid Kingdom in 87 BC 2410: 1814:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 1766:Partition of Triparadisus 1732:, all in that same year. 753:were repeatedly contested 444: 440: 430: 426: 421: 413: 405: 397: 389: 381: 376: 372: 362: 349: 332: 319: 306: 293: 280: 267: 263: 253: 249: 236: 223: 219: 209: 196: 148: 121: 80: 65: 46: 41: 34: 17254:Muslim conquest of Egypt 16718:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 16549:Cleopatra VII Philopator 16046:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 15108:First Babylonian dynasty 14846:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 14350:(vassal of the Gutians) 14047:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 13039:Early Dynastic Period II 11448:International oil bourse 11213:Ministry of Intelligence 10798:Syrian civil war (2011–) 10622:1921 Persian coup d'état 8978:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 8777:Cleopatra VII Philopator 5717:Northwestern Mesopotamia 5546:A. Houghton, C. Lorber, 5433:Harvard University Press 4566:13 February 2021 at the 4542:"Livy's History of Rome" 4433:. ISD LLC. p. 175. 3608:Family tree of Seleucids 3339:As with the other major 3308:loss of control of Judea 2776:Mithridates I of Parthia 2021:on the west bank of the 1798:of the Seleucid Empire. 1049:Bactria–Margiana Complex 826:, while the independent 816:Mithridates I of Parthia 42:312 BC – 63 BC 17487:Ancient history of Iran 17339:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 17082:Province of Mesopotamia 16891:Province of Mesopotamia 16867:Province of Mesopotamia 16842:Roman conquest of Egypt 16683:Antigonus II Mattathias 16477:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 16050:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 14527:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 14053:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 13361:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 12896:Early Dynastic Period I 12819:Second Dynasty of Egypt 11972:scientists and scholars 11478:Milad Tower and complex 11268:Women's rights movement 11263:White Revolution (1963) 10931:Peoples of the Caucasus 10273:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 10166:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 9775:'s attempted rule with 9456:Mithridates V Euergetes 8868:Antiochus III the Great 8681:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 8622:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 8546:Alexander III the Great 5576:Wünsch, Julian (2022). 5486:Oxford University Press 4484:Castrén, Paavo (2011). 4427:Erickson, Kyle (2018). 2440:, the Seleucids ousted 2371:Antiochus III the Great 2347:Antiochus III the Great 2100:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 2090:His son and successor, 1975:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 1818:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 1744:Bronze bust of Seleucus 853: 784:Antiochus III the Great 17522:310s BC establishments 17492:Former empires in Asia 16939: 16721:Philip II Philoromaeus 16715:Antiochus XII Dionysus 16709:Demetrius III Eucaerus 16706:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 16697:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 16569: 16537:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 16492:Arsinoe III Philopator 16385: 16153: 16043: 15880:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 15812:Second Dynasty of Isin 15359: 15332: 15275: 15104: 14987:(Non-dynastic usurpers 14711: 14396:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 14365: 14255:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 13820:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 13601:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 13428:Second kingdom of Mari 13141:Third Dynasty of Egypt 13075:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 12727: 12718:First Dynasty of Egypt 12283:Anti-Iranian sentiment 12278:Science and technology 12103:Intellectual movements 11983:International rankings 11967:Intellectual movements 11453:International rankings 10946:Heads of state of Iran 10752:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 10313:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 10150:culture (3400–2000 BC) 9559:Monarchs of Cappadocia 9461:Mithridates VI Eupator 8983:Philip II Philoromaeus 8968:Antiochus XII Dionysus 8958:Demetrius III Eucaerus 8953:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 8938:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 8878:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 8873:Seleucus IV Philopator 8858:Seleucus II Callinicus 8757:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 8632:Demetrius II Aetolicus 6697:Babylonian mathematics 5877:Middle Hittite Kingdom 5450:Sherwin-White, Susan; 5361:"The Seleucid Economy" 5198:10.2307/j.ctvh1dn9m.15 4941:Griffith, 1935, p. 153 4895:Chaniotis, 2006, p. 85 4886:Chaniotis, 2006, p. 86 4681:Fauve, Jeroen (2021). 4657:Atlas of World History 4486:Uusi antiikin historia 4173:4 January 2022 at the 4017:Syria, Lebanon, Jordan 3830:. pp. 21–24, 48. 3786:Social Science History 3660:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3581: 3382:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 3336: 3130: 2702:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 2697: 2682: 2679:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 2669:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 2614:Gaius Popillius Laenas 2599:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 2588:Seleucus IV Philopator 2583: 2552:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 2487: 2486:by Rome. Circa 188 BC. 2482:, after the defeat of 2426: 2366: 2350: 2295:Seleucus II Callinicus 2239:Demetrius I of Bactria 2231:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2157: 2133: 2124:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 2087:on landing in Europe. 2069:Seleucia on the Tigris 2065:Antioch on the Orontes 2041: 2011: 1993:to the Mauryan court. 1985:, is also recorded by 1926: 1916: 1906:, are known as far as 1831: 1745: 1578:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1159:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 918: 828:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 788:project Seleucid power 528:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 364:• Disestablished 109: 17325:The Ancient Near East 17243:Byzantine Mesopotamia 17157:Province of Asoristan 17120:Byzantine Mesopotamia 16937: 16930:Province of Asoristan 16712:Philip I Philadelphus 16700:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 16694:Antiochus VIII Grypus 16691:Seleucus V Philometor 16646:Antiochus VII Sidetes 16640:Antiochus VI Dionysus 16567: 16540:Berenice IV Epiphanea 16501:Ptolemy VI Philometor 16489:Ptolemy IV Philopator 16486:Berenice II Euergetis 16483:Ptolemy III Euergetes 16384: 16302:Neo-Babylonian Empire 16212:Marduk-apla-iddina II 16209:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 16200:Marduk-apla-iddina II 16151: 16106:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 16042: 15763:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 15453:Middle Elamite period 15358: 15330: 15273: 15103: 14710: 14364: 14119:Third kingdom of Mari 13840:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 12915:First kingdom of Mari 12725: 12712:Early Dynastic Period 12554:Proto-Dynastic period 11571:Shetab Banking System 11561:Banking and insurance 11523:Tehran Stock Exchange 11443:Intellectual property 10788:PJAK conflict (2004–) 10561:Turcomans (1378–1508) 10553:Turcomans (1374–1468) 10502:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 10305:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 9501:Monarchs of Commagene 9422:Mithridates I Ctistes 8963:Philip I Philadelphus 8943:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 8933:Antiochus VIII Grypus 8928:Seleucus V Philometor 8913:Antiochus VII Sidetes 8903:Antiochus VI Dionysus 8863:Seleucus III Ceraunus 8762:Berenice IV Epiphanea 8707:Ptolemy VI Philometor 8691:Ptolemy IV Philopator 8686:Ptolemy III Euergetes 8551:Philip III Arrhidaeus 8441:Medieval great powers 6000:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5833:Old Babylonian Empire 5748:Early Dynastic period 5663:24 March 2015 at the 5458:. London: Duckworth. 5251:Mittwoch, A. (1955). 4727:10.3390/genes14071345 4367:"The Natural History" 4119:Nigel Wilson (2013). 3637:Ancient Greece portal 3600:market-oriented, and 3576: 3331: 3298:position—this led to 3213:Further information: 3128: 2764:Antiochus VII Sidetes 2688: 2676: 2667:Further information: 2563: 2550:Further information: 2469: 2460:Further information: 2418: 2391:Battle of Mount Labus 2356: 2344: 2139: 2113: 2036: 1995: 1921: 1912: 1826: 1743: 1063:c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE 917: 775:in 305 BC led to the 122:Common languages 16688:Alexander II Zabinas 16552:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 16528:Ptolemy XI Alexander 16510:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 16065:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 16053:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 15877:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 15818:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 15442:Marduk-apla-iddina I 15336:New Kingdom of Egypt 15159:Early Kassite rulers 14453:(Vassals of Ur III) 14434:(Vassals of UR III) 13834:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 13804:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 13355:Old Kingdom of Egypt 11532:Technology start-ups 11433:Environmental issues 11423:Economic Reform Plan 11337:Provincial governors 11027:Environmental issues 10775:Iran Air Flight 655 10516:Jalayirid Sultanate 10388:Caliphate (750–1258) 10230:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 9335:Monarchs of Bithynia 8918:Alexander II Zabinas 8898:Demetrius II Nicator 8815:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8782:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8747:Ptolemy XI Alexander 8722:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 8627:Antigonus II Gonatas 8451:European colonialism 8436:Ancient great powers 6692:Babylonian astronomy 6171:Mesopotamian Marshes 5727:Southern Mesopotamia 5722:Northern Mesopotamia 5645:19 July 2013 at the 5365:The Classical Review 5090:Reger, Gary (2003). 4373:28 July 2013 at the 3723:, pp. 130, 143. 3422:and settled them in 3410:brought Greeks from 3361:Philip II of Macedon 3115:class=notpageimage| 2811:Collapse (100–63 BC) 2722:Demetrius II Nicator 2691:Alexander II Zabinas 2514:. At the battles of 2337:Revival (223–191 BC) 2303:Ptolemy III of Egypt 2280:invaded the Parthian 2096:Antigonus II Gonatas 1981:and contemporary of 1855:in 321 BC after the 1840:Seleucid–Mauryan war 1730:Partition of Babylon 1588:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378:Zaydis of Tabaristan 895:Alexander II Zabinas 868:) and as a kingdom ( 664:After receiving the 271:Wars of the Diadochi 17193:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 16703:Antiochus X Eusebes 16531:Ptolemy XII Auletes 16522:Ptolemy X Alexander 16516:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 16495:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 16180:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16068:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 16001:Neo-Assyrian Empire 15824:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 15715:Syro-Hittite states 15421:Shagarakti-Shuriash 15094:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 14088:Neferkare Pepiseneb 13987:Akkadian Governors: 12491:Pre-Dynastic period 11932:Freedom of religion 11518:Supreme Audit Court 11397:Automotive industry 11044:Iranian Balochistan 10770:1987 Mecca incident 10667:Iran crisis of 1946 10656:dynasty (1925–1979) 10585:Dynasty (1751–1794) 10526:dynasty (1338–1357) 10518:dynasty (1335–1432) 10510:dynasty (1314–1393) 10495:dynasty (1244–1381) 10479:dynasty (1077–1231) 10463:dynasty (1011–1215) 10380:Caliphate (661–750) 10372:Caliphate (632–661) 10340:Empire (AD 224–651) 10257:Empire (550–330 BC) 10238:Empire (626–539 BC) 10222:Empire (678–549 BC) 10206:Empire (911–609 BC) 9958:History of Anatolia 9917:Hellenistic satraps 8948:Antiochus X Eusebes 8883:Antiochus V Eupator 8825:Cleopatra Selene II 8752:Ptolemy XII Auletes 8737:Ptolemy X Alexander 8732:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 8696:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 8637:Antigonus III Doson 8446:Modern great powers 6773:Destruction by ISIL 6727:Sumerian literature 6702:Akkadian literature 6138:Ancient Mesopotamia 5981:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5895:Bronze Age Collapse 5828:Old Hittite Kingdom 5802:Old Assyrian period 5780:Third Dynasty of Ur 5640:The Seleucid Empire 5566:Antiochus the Great 5564:Michael J. Taylor, 5557:, Berlin – Boston: 5532:Laurent Capdetrey, 4906:Bar-Kochva, Bezalel 4769:, pp. 106–107. 4226:Classical Philology 3588:Academic discussion 2706:Antiochus V Eupator 2700:After the death of 2536:Kingdom of Pergamum 2434:Philip V of Macedon 2395:Battle of the Arius 2293:Antiochus II's son 2243:Indo-Greek Kingdoms 2225:, governor for the 1845:Chandragupta Maurya 1478:Khwarazmian dynasty 1251:Kabul Shahi kingdom 1153:c. 302 BCE – 580 CE 1079:Neo-Assyrian Empire 958:Kura–Araxes culture 794:, but his attempts 790:and authority into 740:Hellenistic culture 649:, and ruled by the 647:Alexander the Great 170:Hellenistic Judaism 165:Babylonian religion 17567:Hellenistic states 17537:Classical Anatolia 17419:Sumerian King List 17233:Palaestina Secunda 17110:Palaestina Secunda 16940: 16671:Alexander Jannaeus 16570: 16560:Hellenistic Period 16386: 16154: 16132:Humban-haltash III 16096:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 16044: 16009:Tukulti-Ninurta II 15990:Kingdom of Samaria 15886:Mar-biti-apla-usur 15883:Shirikti-shuqamuna 15853:Neo-Elamite period 15836:Marduk-shapik-zeri 15821:Itti-Marduk-balatu 15802:Tiglath-Pileser II 15799:Ashur-resh-ishi II 15754:Enlil-kudurri-usur 15445:Zababa-shuma-iddin 15430:Kadashman-Harbe II 15415:Kadashman-Enlil II 15360: 15333: 15276: 15105: 15091:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 15088:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 15079:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 14838:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 14712: 14366: 13741:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 13122:Old Elamite period 13014:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 12867:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 12784:Jemdet Nasr period 12728: 12063:Persian New Year ( 11468:Main economic laws 11039:Iranian Azerbaijan 10941:Monarchs of Persia 10885:Persianate society 10593:Empire (1789–1925) 10577:Empire (1736–1796) 10569:Empire (1501–1736) 10545:Empire (1370–1507) 10471:Empire (1037–1194) 10436:dynasty (934–1062) 10428:dynasty (931–1090) 10420:dynasty (861–1003) 10289:Empire (312–63 BC) 10190:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 9821:Monarchs of Epirus 9654:Cimmerian Bosporus 9414:Monarchs of Pontus 8973:Cleopatra Selene I 8853:Antiochus II Theos 8843:Seleucus I Nicator 8810:Demetrius the Fair 8792:Monarchs of Cyrene 6809:Mesopotamian myths 5837:Southern Akkadians 5744:Jemdet Nasr period 5529:, Cambridge, 2004. 5379:– via JSTOR. 5267:– via JSTOR. 5050:– via JSTOR. 4558:Flavius Josephus, 4387:"Strabo 15.2.1(9)" 4286:C. D. Darlington. 4188:Natural History VI 3670:Indo-Greek Kingdom 3655:Hellenistic period 3498:included temples, 3455:Roman-Seleucid War 3374:Seleucus I Nicator 3341:Hellenistic armies 3337: 3160:Tigranes the Great 3131: 2801:Battle of Ecbatana 2698: 2683: 2584: 2567:Hellenistic Prince 2540:Republic of Rhodes 2488: 2462:Roman–Seleucid War 2367: 2351: 2325:, and the city of 2165:Antiochus II Theos 2158: 2134: 2044:Following his and 2042: 2039:Seleucus I Nicator 2029:Westward expansion 1927: 1863:and their capital 1746: 1558:Jalairid Sultanate 1538:Muzaffarid dynasty 1318:Rashidun Caliphate 1291:Kingdom of Georgia 1241:Hephthalite Empire 919: 840:Tigranes the Great 832:The Seleucid kings 822:and what had been 792:Hellenistic Greece 635:Seleucus I Nicator 627:Hellenistic period 353:Battle of Ecbatana 297:Roman–Seleucid war 258:Hellenistic period 225:• 305–281 BC 74:Seleucus I Nicator 17469: 17468: 17463: 17462: 17459: 17458: 17446:978-1-62564-606-4 17431:Unger, Merrill F. 17399:978-0-14-193825-7 17369:978-1-60606-649-2 17136:Province of Egypt 17067:Province of Egypt 16847:Province of Egypt 16589:Antigonid dynasty 16389:Achaemenid Empire 16310:Nebuchadnezzar II 16218:Ashur-nadin-shumi 16087:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 16059:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 15874:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 15842:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 15833:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 15775:Asharid-apal-Ekur 15772:Tiglath-Pileser I 15769:Ashur-resh-ishi I 15757:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 15745:Tukulti-Ninurta I 15692:Kingdom of Israel 15660:Osorkon the Elder 15581:Shutrukid dynasty 15466:Igehalkid dynasty 15433:Adad-shuma-iddina 15427:Enlil-nadin-shumi 15394:Kadashman-Enlil I 15388:Kadashman-harbe I 14832:Sukkalmah dynasty 14696:Isin-Larsa period 14518:Shimashki Dynasty 14244:Puzur-Inshushinak 13843:Netjerkare Siptah 13613:Neferirkare Kakai 13158:Egyptian pyramids 12367:Ancient Near East 12332: 12331: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12266: 12265: 12173:Opium consumption 12006: 12005: 11842:Ethnic minorities 11816:Iranian languages 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11233:Political parties 11171:Children's rights 11156:Foreign relations 11150:2009 presidential 11097: 11096: 11059:Iranian Kurdistan 10978: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10858: 10857: 10830:COVID-19 pandemic 10689:Revolution (1979) 10635: 10634: 10455:Empire (977–1186) 10412:dynasty (864–928) 10404:dynasty (821–873) 10396:dynasty (819–999) 10349: 10348: 10265:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 10066: 10065: 9924: 9923: 9404:Socrates Chrestus 8893:Alexander I Balas 8888:Demetrius I Soter 8848:Antiochus I Soter 8594:Antipater Etesias 8490: 8489: 8412: 8411: 8377:Polish–Lithuanian 7552:Gurjara-Pratihara 6996: 6995: 6873: 6872: 6824:Ziggurat (Temple) 6799:Sumerian religion 6557: 6556: 6504:Middle Babylonian 6446:Kish civilization 6342: 6341: 6166:Lower Mesopotamia 6161:Upper Mesopotamia 6104: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6027:Macedonian Empire 6017:Achaemenid Empire 5890:c. 1200–1150 BCE 5873:c. 1400–1200 BCE 5844:c. 1600–1400 BCE 5824:c. 1800–1600 BCE 5786:c. 2000–1800 BCE 5776:c. 2100–2000 BCE 5764:c. 2200–2100 BCE 5754:c. 2350–2200 BCE 5733:c. 3500–2350 BCE 5649:by Jona Lendering 5602:Library resources 5553:R. Oetjen (ed.), 5465:978-0-520-08183-3 5442:978-0-674-72882-0 5416:978-1-52677-493-4 5342:978-90-50-63070-2 5101:978-1-4051-3278-7 5020:Greece & Rome 4877:Head, 1982, p. 20 4838:978-90-474-0875-8 4803:978-1-56563-476-3 4694:978-3-8382-1518-1 4667:978-0-19-521921-0 4641:978-1-316-29777-3 4606:, pp. 20–21. 4515:, pp. 35–36. 4499:978-951-1-21594-3 4365:Pliny the Elder, 4168:"The Syrian Wars" 4090:978-0-567-24719-3 4061:978-0-534-62164-3 3994:978-0-521-68974-8 3948:978-0-542-82473-9 3919:978-0-520-25992-8 3888:978-3-030-41776-5 3735:Richard N. Frye, 3698:Cohen, Getzel M; 3665:Hasmonean dynasty 3378:Antiochus I Soter 3312:Hasmonean kingdom 3255:, Mesopotamians, 2710:Demetrius I Soter 2375:Fourth Syrian War 2286:, from which the 2098:in Macedonia and 2092:Antiochus I Soter 1774:Companion cavalry 1701: 1700: 1666: 1665: 1338:Abbasid Caliphate 1328:Umayyad Caliphate 1299: 1298: 1199: 1198: 1183:2nd century BCE – 1179:Caucasian Albania 1119:Achaemenid Empire 1069:Kingdom of Mannai 981:Elamite dynasties 705:Achaemenid Empire 643:Macedonian Empire 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 542:Hasmonean kingdom 514:Province of Syria 478: 477: 473:Macedonian Empire 16:(Redirected from 17579: 17451: 17450: 17427: 17421: 17415: 17404: 17403: 17380: 17374: 17373: 17352:Thomas, Ariane; 17349: 17343: 17342: 17335: 17329: 17328: 17313: 17307: 17304: 17289: 17279: 17229:Palaestina Prima 17175:Byzantine Empire 17106:Palaestina Prima 17093:Byzantine Empire 17072:Syria Palaestina 17037:Palmyrene Empire 17023:Bahram VI Chobin 16886:Syria Palaestina 16674:Salome Alexandra 16657:Kingdom of Judea 16643:Diodotus Tryphon 16498:Cleopatra I Syra 16474:Ptolemy Keraunos 16242:Ashur-uballit II 16239:Sin-shumu-lishir 16233:Ashur-etil-ilani 16188:Sargonid dynasty 16081:Marduk-apla-usur 16062:Nabu-apla-iddina 16056:Shamash-mudammiq 16012:Ashurnasirpal II 15995:Kingdom of Judah 15839:Adad-apla-iddina 15830:Enlil-nadin-apli 15827:Nebuchadnezzar I 15751:Ashur-nirari III 15748:Ashur-nadin-apli 15586:Shutruk-Nakhunte 15471:Untash-Napirisha 15460:Kidinuid dynasty 15058:Shamshi-Adad III 14766:Dynasty of Larsa 14584: 14472: 14467: 14295: 14148:Shar-Kali-Sharri 14082:Neferkare Tereru 14070:Neferkare Khendu 14024: 14019: 13850: 13809:Kiku-siwe-tempti 13696: 13691: 13546: 13475:Kish III dynasty 13445: 13376: 13289: 13284: 13189:(2600–2340 BCE) 13154: 13117: 13112: 13102: 13097: 13041:(2700–2600 BCE) 12898:(2900–2700 BCE) 12892: 12809:(3100–2700 BCE) 12788:(3100–2900 BCE) 12542: 12529: 12517: 12493:(4000–2900 BCE) 12482: 12381: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12359: 12352: 12345: 12336: 12335: 12322: 12312: 12311: 12163:National symbols 12017: 12016: 11832:Iranian citizens 11769: 11768: 11760: 11759: 11747: 11746: 11729:Research centers 11418:Economic history 11373: 11372: 11360: 11359: 11294:Guardian Council 11116: 11115: 11103: 11102: 10984: 10983: 10961:Electric history 10956:Military history 10870:Ancient Persians 10778: 10777:shootdown (1988) 10760: 10747: 10744:Iranian Embassy 10714: 10703: 10701:Islamic Republic 10690: 10682:1953 coup d'état 10657: 10644: 10643: 10602: 10599:Khanates of the 10594: 10586: 10578: 10570: 10562: 10554: 10546: 10527: 10519: 10511: 10503: 10496: 10488: 10480: 10472: 10464: 10456: 10437: 10429: 10421: 10413: 10405: 10397: 10389: 10381: 10373: 10360: 10359: 10341: 10322: 10314: 10306: 10298: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10258: 10239: 10231: 10223: 10215: 10207: 10199: 10191: 10183: 10175: 10167: 10159: 10151: 10138: 10137: 10122: 10121: 10109: 10108: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10070: 10069: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9928: 9927: 9716: 9632:Ariobarzanes III 9006:Ptolemy Epigonos 8908:Diodotus Tryphon 8701:Cleopatra I Syra 8676:Ptolemy Keraunos 8517: 8510: 8503: 8494: 8493: 8293: 8292: 7958:Austro-Hungarian 7658:Chagatai Khanate 7023: 7016: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6877: 6876: 6722:Sumerian cuisine 6712:Warfare in Sumer 6707:Economy of Sumer 6360: 6359: 6350: 6234:Fertile Crescent 6218:Sinjar Mountains 6213:Hamrin Mountains 6208:Zagros Mountains 6186:Taurus Mountains 6151: 6150: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6077:Byzantine Empire 5952:Middle Babylonia 5918:c. 1150–911 BCE 5711: 5710: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5591: 5525:G. G. Aperghis, 5522: 5499: 5469: 5446: 5420: 5399: 5381: 5380: 5356: 5347: 5346: 5322: 5307: 5306: 5286: 5269: 5268: 5248: 5235: 5234: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5183: 5168: 5167: 5155: 5106: 5105: 5087: 5052: 5051: 5011: 4988: 4987: 4967: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4923: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4789: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4729: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4538: 4532: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4363: 4357: 4348:. Gotham Books. 4342: 4336: 4335: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4271:William Hunter. 4269: 4263: 4258:Vijay Katchroo. 4256: 4250: 4249: 4221: 4215: 4200:Vincent A. Smith 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4049: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3872: 3866: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3781: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3680:Cilician pirates 3650:Seleucid dynasty 3639: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3614:Seleucid dynasty 3569: 3562: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3471: 3389: 3359:in the reign of 3353: 3215:Seleucid coinage 3109: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3023: 3021: 3010: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2959: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2937: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2742:Diodotus Tryphon 2649:Maccabean Revolt 2556:Maccabean Revolt 2532:Taurus Mountains 2524:Treaty of Apamea 2450:Battle of Panium 2444:from control of 2438:Fifth Syrian War 2412: 2379:Battle of Raphia 2307:Antiochus Hierax 2299:Third Syrian War 2131: 2128: 2085:Ptolemy Ceraunus 2003:Seleucus Nicator 1983:Ashoka the Great 1971:Diodorus Siculus 1904:Edicts of Ashoka 1781: 1754: 1736:Rise of Seleucus 1693: 1686: 1679: 1548:Chupanid dynasty 1488:Sultanate of Rum 1448:Ghaznavid Empire 1438:Sallarid dynasty 1388:Saffarid dynasty 1314: 1313: 1271:Bagratid Armenia 1231:Afrighid dynasty 1207: 1206: 1149:Caucasian Iberia 1133:331 BCE – 428 CE 1109:Scythian Kingdom 1073:10th–7th century 964: 943: 942: 910: 909: 873: 867: 808:Taurus Mountains 651:Seleucid dynasty 637:, following the 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 564: 563: 550: 549: 536: 535: 522: 521: 508: 507: 494: 493: 482: 481: 469: 468: 462: 461: 446: 445: 323:Maccabean Revolt 310:Treaty of Apamea 238:• 65–63 BC 114: 112: 100: 92: 70: 53: 32: 31: 21: 17587: 17586: 17582: 17581: 17580: 17578: 17577: 17576: 17482:Seleucid Empire 17472: 17471: 17470: 17465: 17464: 17455: 17454: 17447: 17428: 17424: 17416: 17407: 17400: 17381: 17377: 17370: 17350: 17346: 17337: 17336: 17332: 17314: 17310: 17305: 17301: 17238:Byzantine Syria 17224:Byzantine Egypt 17199:Farrukh Hormizd 17159: 17155: 17152:Sasanian Empire 17138: 17134: 17115:Byzantine Syria 17101:Byzantine Egypt 17040: 16932: 16928: 16925:Sasanian Empire 16845: 16750:Mithridates III 16730: 16727:Parthian Empire 16660: 16599:Seleucid Empire 16596: 16586: 16562: 16471:Ptolemy I Soter 16469: 16466:Ptolemaic Egypt 16438: 16432: 16392: 16374: 16370: 16368:Kings of Byblos 16359: 16331: 16305: 16276: 16270: 16244: 16224:Mushezib-Marduk 16194:Tiglath-Pileser 16192: 16183: 16160: 16146: 16130: 16126: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16109: 16101: 16099:Nabu-mukin-zeri 16093:Nabu-nadin-zeri 16078:Marduk-bel-zeri 16071:Baba-aha-iddina 16048: 16025:Adad-nirari III 16015:Shalmaneser III 16004: 15993: 15992: 15979: 15973: 15972: 15970:Menkheperre Ini 15947: 15940: 15939: 15903: 15889:Nabû-mukin-apli 15866: 15855:(1100–540 BCE) 15848:Nabu-shum-libur 15816: 15793:Ashur-nirari IV 15787:Ashurnasirpal I 15784:Shamshi-Adad IV 15730:Ashur-uballit I 15725: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15689: 15688: 15684: 15680: 15678:Kings of Byblos 15676: 15646: 15639: 15633: 15632: 15601: 15600: 15584: 15578: 15546: 15533: 15532: 15514:Neferneferuaten 15474: 15473: 15469: 15463: 15457: 15456:(1500–1100 BCE) 15448:Enlil-nadin-ahi 15436:Adad-shuma-usur 15424:Kashtiliashu IV 15412:Kadashman-Turgu 15397:Burnaburiash II 15376:Kashtiliash III 15368: 15345: 15339: 15309: 15308:(1600–1260 BCE) 15307: 15277: 15268: 15262: 15250: 15244: 15240: 15234: 15230: 15224: 15204: 15199:Peshgaldaramesh 15194: 15184: 15174: 15170:Sealand Dynasty 15167: 15164: 15163: 15157: 15156: 15119: 15112: 15110: 15085:Ashur-nirari II 15064:Puzur-Ashur III 15052:Shamshi-Adad II 15023: 15021: 15019:Adaside dynasty 15016: 15015: 14990: 14988: 14986: 14985: 14948: 14946: 14944: 14937: 14928: 14922: 14911: 14907: 14905:Kings of Byblos 14903: 14897: 14886: 14849: 14836: 14835: 14817:Uruk VI dynasty 14815: 14764: 14715:Dynasty of Isin 14705: 14699: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14631: 14625: 14618: 14614: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14585: 14579: 14575: 14569: 14566: 14536: 14530: 14512: 14473: 14461: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14423: 14413: 14399: 14383: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14356: 14349: 14345: 14331: 14327: 14318: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14300: 14296: 14290: 14286: 14277:(2150–2000 BCE) 14258: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14190: 14186: 14174: 14170: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14122: 14112: 14067:Djedkare Shemai 14056: 14050: 14044: 14030: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13976:Sargon of Akkad 13974: 13973: 13970:Akkadian Empire 13962:(2340–2150 BCE) 13960:Akkadian Period 13947: 13943: 13931: 13927: 13906: 13894: 13884: 13880: 13863: 13859: 13845: 13823: 13802: 13800: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13752: 13743: 13729: 13725: 13713: 13709: 13697: 13668: 13665: 13659: 13647: 13638: 13605: 13604: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13548: 13547: 13541: 13537: 13536: 13524: 13523: 13507: 13504: 13492: 13488: 13477: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13431: 13423:(2500-539 BCE) 13411: 13407: 13377: 13371: 13364: 13358: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13300: 13294: 13290: 13276: 13272: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13243: 13239: 13229: 13225: 13223: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13161: 13155: 13149: 13145: 13144: 13128: 13127: 13126:(2700–1500 BCE) 13125: 13073: 13062: 13025:("conqueror of 13011: 12995: 12988: 12978: 12964: 12945: 12941: 12936: 12927: 12918: 12910: 12907: 12887: 12823: 12822: 12808: 12802: 12796: 12787: 12729: 12715: 12702: 12643: 12574: 12563: 12557: 12543: 12537: 12530: 12524: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12510:(4000–3100 BCE) 12509: 12503: 12477: 12471: 12443: 12424: 12414: 12387: 12385: 12369: 12363: 12333: 12328: 12292: 12262: 12241:Rap and hip-hop 12212: 12193:Public holidays 12178:Persian gardens 12167:Imperial Anthem 12158:National Jewels 12113:Iranian studies 12002: 11936: 11888: 11820: 11781:Persian (Farsi) 11754: 11733: 11702: 11664: 11657: 11592:Pharmaceuticals 11537: 11528:Venture capital 11503:Rial (currency) 11488:Nuclear program 11367: 11346: 11313: 11272: 11223:Nuclear program 11188:Judicial system 11110: 11093: 11064:Iranian plateau 10991: 10970: 10854: 10776: 10758: 10745: 10713:History (1979–) 10712: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10688: 10655: 10631: 10600: 10592: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10560: 10552: 10544: 10531: 10525: 10517: 10509: 10501: 10494: 10486: 10478: 10470: 10462: 10454: 10441: 10435: 10427: 10419: 10411: 10403: 10395: 10387: 10379: 10371: 10355: 10345: 10339: 10326: 10320: 10312: 10304: 10296: 10288: 10280: 10272: 10264: 10256: 10243: 10237: 10236:Neo-Babylonian 10229: 10221: 10214:(860 BC–590 BC) 10213: 10205: 10197: 10189: 10182:(c.2300–675 BC) 10181: 10173: 10165: 10157: 10149: 10129: 10116: 10103: 10097: 10067: 10062: 10061: 10059: 9960: 9955: 9925: 9920: 9909: 9815: 9806:Mithridates III 9710: 9653: 9652:Monarchs of the 9646: 9627:Ariobarzanes II 9612:Ariarathes VIII 9553: 9539:Mithridates III 9495: 9437:Mithridates III 9408: 9329: 9136: 9064:Greco-Bactrians 9058: 9010: 8987: 8829: 8786: 8671:Ptolemy I Soter 8657: 8603: 8560: 8527: 8521: 8491: 8486: 8475:American Empire 8460: 8456:African empires 8408: 8291: 7983:Central African 7929: 7747:Romano-Germanic 7333: 7067:Middle Assyrian 7040: 7032: 7027: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6909: 6904: 6874: 6869: 6828: 6782: 6756: 6665:Culture/society 6660: 6553: 6549:Muslim conquest 6519:Fall of Babylon 6450: 6351: 6338: 6222: 6140: 6135: 6105: 6100: 6094:Sassanid Empire 6063:Parthian Empire 6058:Seleucid Empire 6048:Seleucid Empire 5967: 5961: 5938: 5929: 5758:Akkadian Empire 5704: 5698: 5665:Wayback Machine 5647:Wayback Machine 5632: 5631: 5630: 5610: 5609: 5607:Seleucid Empire 5605: 5598: 5588: 5519: 5496: 5476: 5474:Further reading 5466: 5443: 5425:Kosmin, Paul J. 5417: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5323: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5272: 5249: 5238: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5184: 5171: 5156: 5109: 5102: 5088: 5055: 5012: 4991: 4984: 4968: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4920: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4865:iranchamber.com 4859: 4858: 4854: 4839: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4790: 4786: 4778:Julye Bidmead, 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4720:(7): Figure 1. 4706: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4568:Wayback Machine 4557: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4492:. p. 244. 4482: 4478: 4471: 4455:Kosmin, Paul J. 4452: 4448: 4441: 4425: 4416: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4375:Wayback Machine 4364: 4360: 4343: 4339: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4222: 4218: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4175:Wayback Machine 4164:History of Rome 4161: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4077: 4073: 4062: 4040: 4036: 4013: 4006: 3995: 3981: 3977: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3935: 3931: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3817: 3813: 3798:10.2307/1170959 3782: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3752:Julye Bidmead, 3751: 3747: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3675:Parthian Empire 3635: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3612:Main articles: 3610: 3590: 3532: 3495: 3478: 3463: 3380:and then under 3357:Macedonian army 3326: 3320: 3265:Ptolemaic Egypt 3223:to what is now 3217: 3211: 3140:Ptolemaic Egypt 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2813: 2718:Alexander Balas 2671: 2665: 2603:Ptolemaic Egypt 2558: 2548: 2504:Aetolian League 2464: 2458: 2345:Silver coin of 2339: 2331:Attalid dynasty 2288:Parthian Empire 2284:Arsacid dynasty 2266:Parthian Empire 2262:Kings of Persis 2217:Parthian Empire 2129: 2108: 2050:Battle of Ipsus 2031: 1987:Pliny the Elder 1979:Ptolemaic Egypt 1977:, the ruler of 1943:Battle of Ipsus 1933:daughter, or a 1842: 1836: 1810: 1804: 1796:foundation date 1758:Ptolemy I Soter 1738: 1707: 1697: 1668: 1667: 1418:Ziyarid dynasty 1368:Dulafid dynasty 1358:Tahirid dynasty 1311: 1301: 1300: 1261:Dabuyid dynasty 1221:Sasanian Empire 1205: 1195:27 BCE – 330 CE 1184: 1169:Parthian Empire 1139:Seleucid Empire 935: 908: 903: 891:Alexander Balas 856: 804:war reparations 757:Ptolemaic Egypt 731:, and parts of 587: 583: 580:Seleucid Empire 561: 547: 533: 519: 505: 491: 486:Parthian Empire 466: 433: 365: 355: 342: 325: 312: 299: 286: 284:Battle of Ipsus 273: 239: 226: 192: 144: 117: 107:(secondary and 106: 98: 90: 76: 61: 60: 54: 37: 36:Seleucid Empire 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17585: 17575: 17574: 17572:Former empires 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17467: 17466: 17461: 17460: 17457: 17456: 17453: 17452: 17445: 17422: 17405: 17398: 17375: 17368: 17354:Potts, Timothy 17344: 17330: 17308: 17298: 17297: 17294: 17293: 17283: 17272: 17271: 17264: 17257: 17250: 17246: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17226: 17220: 17219: 17178: 17171: 17167: 17166: 17148: 17127: 17123: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17103: 17097: 17096: 17089: 17085: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17063: 17062: 17055: 17051: 17050: 17033: 17029: 17028: 16921: 16917: 16916: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16879: 16878: 16873: 16864: 16860: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16837: 16836: 16829: 16828:30 BCE–116 CE 16825: 16824: 16762:Mithridates IV 16744:Mithridates II 16723: 16685: 16680:Aristobulus II 16653: 16649: 16648: 16573:Argead dynasty 16557: 16462:Argead dynasty 16458: 16454: 16453: 16445: 16444: 16424: 16423: 16415:Artaxerxes III 16378: 16376:Kings of Sidon 16365: 16352: 16348: 16347: 16324: 16319:Labashi-Marduk 16298: 16263: 16259: 16258: 16253: 16247: 16246: 16221:Nergal-ushezib 16176: 16157:Black Pharaohs 16139: 16135: 16134: 16102: 16075:Ninurta-apla-X 16036: 16034:Ashur-nirari V 16028:Shalmaneser IV 16018:Shamshi-Adad V 16006:Adad-nirari II 15997: 15987: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15861: 15857: 15856: 15850: 15807: 15790:Shalmaneser II 15778:Ashur-bel-kala 15766:Mutakkil-Nusku 15722:Middle Assyria 15718: 15711: 15686:Kings of Sidon 15669: 15593: 15592:1155–1025 BCE 15589: 15588: 15575:Elamite Empire 15571: 15538: 15537: 15529:Hittite Empire 15525: 15493: 15492: 15477: 15476: 15450: 15439:Meli-Shipak II 15409:Nazi-Maruttash 15373:Burnaburiash I 15352: 15324: 15323:1531–1155 BCE 15320: 15319: 15300: 15255: 15215: 15214: 15161: 15097: 15082:Enlil-Nasir II 15061:Ashur-nirari I 15055:Ishme-Dagan II 15046:Sharma-Adad II 14998:Ashur-apla-idi 14989:1735–1701 BCE) 14968:Ashur-apla-idi 14950:Shamshi-Adad I 14945:1808–1736 BCE) 14930: 14925:Yamhad dynasty 14915: 14913:Kings of Sidon 14892: 14879: 14878:1800–1595 BCE 14875: 14874: 14841: 14840: 14828: 14692: 14682:Puzur-Ashur II 14649: 14592: 14559: 14558: 14553:Mentuhotep III 14522: 14521: 14504: 14499: 14491: 14490:2025-1763 BCE 14487: 14486: 14458:Ur III dynasty 14454: 14435: 14432: 14428: 14427: 14415: 14404:Neferkare VIII 14392: 14388: 14387: 14380: 14379: 14351: 14337: 14335: 14322: 14308:Gutian dynasty 14304: 14280: 14279: 14271: 14266:Nebkaure Khety 14260:Meryibre Khety 14251: 14247: 14246: 14229: 14196: 14194: 14178: 14151: 14150: 14144: 14115: 14105: 14091:Neferkamin Anu 14064:Neferkare Neby 14037: 14033: 14032: 14028:Lugal-ushumgal 14025: 14010: 14006: 14005: 13984: 13965: 13964: 13956: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13935: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13901: 13896: 13888: 13875: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13861:Lugalannemundu 13851: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13792: 13775: 13756: 13747: 13738: 13733: 13717: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13682: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13661: 13652: 13651: 13642: 13633: 13628:Djedkare Isesi 13625:Menkauhor Kaiu 13597: 13593: 13592: 13569: 13552: 13528: 13526:Pabilgagaltuku 13515: 13510: 13496: 13485:Akshak dynasty 13481: 13472: 13424: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13400: 13351: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13325: 13310:Enun-dara-anna 13305: 13304: 13265: 13248: 13233: 13215: 13213: 13191: 13190: 13184: 13137: 13133: 13132: 13118: 13103: 13087: 13086: 13079: 13078: 13067: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13018: 13017: 13003: 12966: 12959: 12958: 12934:Kullassina-bel 12919: 12911: 12900: 12899: 12893: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12789: 12780: 12775: 12726:Narmer Palette 12708: 12707:3100–2900 BCE 12704: 12703: 12636: 12566: 12565: 12550: 12549:3200–3100 BCE 12546: 12545: 12532: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12488: 12483: 12464: 12463:4000–3200 BCE 12460: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12418: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12375: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12365:Rulers of the 12362: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12316: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12222: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12144: 12130: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12036: 12030: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11955: 11950: 11944: 11942: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11919: 11914: 11904: 11898: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11839: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11777: 11775: 11766: 11756: 11755: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11667: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11625: 11615: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11558: 11547: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11390: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11369: 11368: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11342:Supreme Leader 11339: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11304:Local councils 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11204: 11199: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11181:Women's rights 11178: 11173: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11128: 11122: 11120: 11112: 11111: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11032:Climate change 11024: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10916:Jiroft culture 10913: 10912: 10911: 10904:Iranic peoples 10901: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10880:Persianization 10877: 10872: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10754: 10749: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10708: 10706: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10692: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10650: 10648: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10596: 10588: 10580: 10572: 10564: 10556: 10548: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10505: 10498: 10490: 10487:(1135/36-1225) 10482: 10474: 10466: 10458: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10431: 10423: 10415: 10407: 10399: 10391: 10383: 10375: 10366: 10364: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10308: 10300: 10297:(c.295–220 BC) 10292: 10284: 10276: 10268: 10260: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10233: 10225: 10217: 10209: 10201: 10193: 10185: 10177: 10169: 10161: 10156:Proto-Elamite 10153: 10144: 10142: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10118: 10117: 10105: 10104: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10073: 10064: 10063: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9954: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9864:Neoptolemus II 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9779: 9770: 9761: 9759:Mithridates II 9756: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9725:Paerisades III 9722: 9717: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9622:Ariobarzanes I 9619: 9614: 9609: 9607:Ariarathes VII 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9582:Ariarathes III 9579: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9529:Mithridates II 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9432:Mithridates II 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9295:Apollodotus II 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9146: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9068: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8997: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8923:Cleopatra Thea 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8078: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7339:Post-classical 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7319: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7138:Middle Kingdom 7135: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7094:Neo-Babylonian 7091: 7086: 7084:Old Babylonian 7076: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6845:Assyriologists 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6752:List of rulers 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6641:Proto-Armenian 6638: 6633: 6628: 6626:Middle Persian 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6514:Neo-Babylonian 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494:Old Babylonian 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Early Dynastic 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6070: 6069:63 BCE–224 CE 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6032:Ancient Greeks 6024: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6009: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884:Middle Assyria 5881: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5804: 5799: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5655: 5650: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596:External links 5594: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5573: 5562: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5500: 5494: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5447: 5441: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5371:(2): 520–522. 5348: 5341: 5308: 5302:978-8862276412 5301: 5270: 5236: 5213: 5206: 5169: 5107: 5100: 5053: 5026:(2): 222–241. 4989: 4983:978-0906014257 4982: 4943: 4934: 4918: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4852: 4837: 4809: 4802: 4784: 4771: 4759: 4700: 4693: 4673: 4666: 4647: 4640: 4620: 4616:Debevoise 1938 4608: 4604:Debevoise 1938 4596: 4592:Debevoise 1938 4584: 4572: 4551: 4533: 4517: 4505: 4498: 4488:(in Finnish). 4476: 4469: 4446: 4439: 4414: 4392: 4378: 4358: 4337: 4316:10.2307/626263 4292: 4279: 4264: 4251: 4238:10.1086/360246 4232:(4): 297–313. 4216: 4192: 4179: 4150: 4148:, p. 112. 4138: 4131: 4111: 4099: 4089: 4071: 4060: 4034: 4004: 3993: 3975: 3957: 3947: 3929: 3918: 3898: 3887: 3867: 3843: 3836: 3820:Grant, Michael 3811: 3767: 3758: 3745: 3725: 3713: 3704: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3624: 3621: 3609: 3606: 3589: 3586: 3531: 3528: 3494: 3491: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3459: 3322:Main article: 3319: 3316: 3210: 3207: 3203:Roman province 3175:Antiochus XIII 3145:Mithridates VI 3118: 3113: 3112: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2664: 2661: 2547: 2544: 2512:Roman Republic 2457: 2454: 2338: 2335: 2248:The rulers of 2197:Ariarathes III 2140:Drachm of the 2107: 2104: 2030: 2027: 1851:) founded the 1838:Main article: 1835: 1832: 1808:Babylonian War 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1737: 1734: 1714:Persian Empire 1703:Main article: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648:Durrani Empire 1644: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1598:Safavid Empire 1594: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1568:Timurid Empire 1564: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1528:Ottoman Empire 1524: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1462:pre-879 – 1215 1460: 1458:Ghurid dynasty 1454: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398:Samanid Empire 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1185:8th century CE 1181: 1175: 1174: 1173:248 BCE–224 CE 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1059:Avestan period 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1005: 1004: 1002: 996: 995: 993: 991:Jiroft culture 987: 986: 983: 977: 976: 973: 967: 966: 965:3400 – c. 2000 960: 954: 953: 951: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 921: 920: 907: 904: 902: 899: 855: 852: 800:Roman Republic 655:Roman Republic 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 558: 552: 551: 544: 538: 537: 530: 524: 523: 516: 510: 509: 502: 496: 495: 488: 479: 476: 475: 470: 458: 457: 452: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 432:• 301 BC 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 356: 350: 347: 346: 343: 333: 330: 329: 326: 320: 317: 316: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 281: 278: 277: 274: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 254:Historical era 251: 250: 247: 246: 240: 237: 234: 233: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 207: 206: 198: 194: 193: 191: 190: 187: 182: 177: 175:Zoroastrianism 172: 167: 162: 152: 150: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 132: 125: 123: 119: 118: 116: 115: 101: 93: 84: 82: 78: 77: 71: 63: 62: 55: 48: 47: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17584: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17479: 17477: 17448: 17442: 17438: 17437: 17432: 17426: 17420: 17414: 17412: 17410: 17401: 17395: 17391: 17390: 17385: 17384:Roux, Georges 17379: 17371: 17365: 17361: 17360: 17355: 17348: 17340: 17334: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17312: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17292: 17288: 17282: 17278: 17273: 17270: 17269: 17263: 17262: 17256: 17255: 17248: 17247: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17230: 17225: 17221: 17218: 17215: 17212: 17211:Yazdegerd III 17209: 17206: 17203: 17200: 17197: 17194: 17191: 17188: 17185: 17182: 17177: 17176: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17153: 17147: 17144: 17143:Sahralanyozan 17141: 17137: 17132: 17125: 17124: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17107: 17102: 17098: 17095: 17094: 17086: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17064: 17061: 17060: 17052: 17049: 17046: 17043: 17039: 17038: 17031: 17030: 17027: 17024: 17021: 17018: 17015: 17012: 17009: 17006: 17003: 17000: 16997: 16994: 16991: 16988: 16985: 16982: 16979: 16976: 16973: 16970: 16967: 16964: 16961: 16958: 16955: 16952: 16949: 16946: 16943: 16936: 16931: 16927: 16926: 16919: 16918: 16915: 16912: 16909: 16906: 16903: 16900: 16899:Mithridates V 16897: 16896:Sinatruces II 16892: 16887: 16881: 16880: 16877: 16872: 16868: 16861: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16835: 16834: 16826: 16823: 16820: 16819:Artabanus III 16817: 16814: 16811: 16808: 16805: 16802: 16799: 16796: 16793: 16790: 16789:Tiridates III 16787: 16784: 16781: 16778: 16775: 16772: 16769: 16766: 16763: 16760: 16757: 16754: 16751: 16748: 16745: 16742: 16739: 16736: 16733: 16732:Mithridates I 16729: 16728: 16722: 16719: 16716: 16713: 16710: 16707: 16704: 16701: 16698: 16695: 16692: 16689: 16684: 16681: 16678: 16675: 16672: 16669: 16668:Aristobulus I 16666: 16665:John Hyrcanus 16663: 16659: 16658: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16644: 16641: 16638: 16635: 16634:Alexander III 16632: 16629: 16626: 16623: 16620: 16619:Antiochus III 16617: 16614: 16611: 16608: 16605: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16591: 16590: 16585: 16582: 16579: 16578:Alexander III 16575: 16574: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16553: 16550: 16547: 16544: 16541: 16538: 16535: 16532: 16529: 16526: 16523: 16520: 16517: 16514: 16513:Cleopatra III 16511: 16508: 16505: 16502: 16499: 16496: 16493: 16490: 16487: 16484: 16481: 16478: 16475: 16472: 16468: 16467: 16463: 16456: 16455: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16430: 16425: 16422: 16419: 16418:Artaxerxes IV 16416: 16413: 16412:Artaxerxes II 16410: 16407: 16404: 16401: 16398: 16395: 16391: 16390: 16383: 16377: 16373: 16372:Kings of Tyre 16369: 16363: 16358: 16357: 16349: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16337: 16334: 16330: 16329: 16328:Median Empire 16323: 16320: 16317: 16314: 16311: 16308: 16304: 16303: 16297: 16294: 16291: 16288: 16285: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16274: 16269: 16268: 16261: 16260: 16257: 16252: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16237: 16236:Sinsharishkun 16234: 16231: 16228: 16225: 16222: 16219: 16216: 16213: 16210: 16207: 16204: 16201: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16189: 16182: 16181: 16175: 16172: 16169: 16166: 16163: 16158: 16150: 16145: 16144: 16136: 16133: 16129: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16108: 16107: 16100: 16097: 16094: 16091: 16088: 16085: 16082: 16079: 16076: 16073:(five kings) 16072: 16069: 16066: 16063: 16060: 16057: 16054: 16051: 16047: 16041: 16035: 16032: 16031:Ashur-Dan III 16029: 16026: 16022: 16019: 16016: 16013: 16010: 16007: 16003: 16002: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15978: 15977: 15971: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15959: 15956: 15953: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15930: 15927: 15924: 15921: 15918: 15915: 15912: 15909: 15906: 15902: 15901: 15894: 15893: 15890: 15887: 15884: 15881: 15878: 15875: 15872: 15871:Ea-mukin-zeri 15869: 15868:Simbar-shipak 15865: 15860:1025–934 BCE 15859: 15858: 15854: 15849: 15846: 15843: 15840: 15837: 15834: 15831: 15828: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15815: 15813: 15806: 15803: 15800: 15797: 15796:Ashur-rabi II 15794: 15791: 15788: 15785: 15782: 15781:Eriba-Adad II 15779: 15776: 15773: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15749: 15746: 15743: 15742:Shalmaneser I 15740: 15739:Adad-nirari I 15737: 15734: 15731: 15728: 15724: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15710: 15706: 15702: 15698: 15694: 15693: 15687: 15683: 15682:Kings of Tyre 15679: 15675: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15664: 15661: 15658: 15655: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15644: 15638: 15637: 15631: 15628: 15625: 15622: 15621:Ramesses VIII 15619: 15616: 15613: 15610: 15607: 15604: 15599: 15598: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15576: 15570: 15567: 15564: 15561: 15558: 15555: 15552: 15549: 15545: 15544: 15539: 15536: 15531: 15530: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15503:Amenhotep III 15501: 15498: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15467: 15462: 15461: 15454: 15449: 15446: 15443: 15440: 15437: 15434: 15431: 15428: 15425: 15422: 15419: 15416: 15413: 15410: 15407: 15404: 15401: 15398: 15395: 15392: 15389: 15386: 15383: 15380: 15377: 15374: 15371: 15367: 15365: 15357: 15351: 15348: 15344: 15343: 15338: 15337: 15329: 15321: 15318: 15315: 15312: 15306: 15305: 15299: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15282: 15281: 15272: 15266: 15261: 15260: 15254: 15253: 15249: 15248: 15243: 15239: 15238: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15223: 15222: 15216: 15213: 15210: 15209:Melamkurkurra 15207: 15203: 15202:Ayadaragalama 15200: 15197: 15193: 15190: 15187: 15183: 15180: 15179:Itti-ili-nibi 15177: 15173: 15171: 15160: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15146: 15143: 15140: 15137: 15134: 15131: 15128: 15125: 15122: 15118: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15089: 15086: 15083: 15080: 15077: 15074: 15073:Ashur-shaduni 15071: 15068: 15067:Enlil-nasir I 15065: 15062: 15059: 15056: 15053: 15050: 15047: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15035: 15032: 15031:Sharma-Adad I 15029: 15026: 15022:1700–722 BCE) 15020: 15014: 15011: 15008: 15005: 15002: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14984: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14972: 14969: 14966: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14953:Ishme-Dagan I 14951: 14942: 14936: 14935: 14926: 14921: 14920: 14914: 14910: 14909:Kings of Tyre 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14884: 14876: 14873: 14870: 14867: 14866:Amenemhat III 14864: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14842: 14839: 14834: 14833: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14804: 14801: 14798: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14786: 14783: 14780: 14777: 14774: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14736: 14733: 14730: 14727: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14709: 14703: 14698: 14697: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14658:Puzur-Ashur I 14655: 14654: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14637: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14623: 14617: 14609: 14605: 14600: 14597: 14591: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14565: 14564:Third Eblaite 14560: 14557: 14556:Mentuhotep IV 14554: 14551: 14550:Mentuhotep II 14548: 14545: 14542: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14528: 14523: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14509: 14503: 14498: 14496: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14479: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14460: 14459: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14430: 14429: 14426: 14422: 14420: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14407:Wahkare Khety 14405: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14390: 14389: 14386: 14381: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14348: 14344: 14342: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14321: 14317: 14310: 14309: 14303: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14275:Ur III period 14270: 14267: 14264: 14263:Neferkare VII 14261: 14257: 14256: 14248: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14210:Ur-Ningirsu I 14207: 14203: 14201: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14183: 14177: 14173: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14149: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14126: 14121: 14120: 14114: 14111: 14104: 14101: 14098: 14095: 14092: 14089: 14086: 14083: 14080: 14077: 14074: 14071: 14068: 14065: 14062: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14049: 14048: 14043: 14042: 14034: 14029: 14023: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14007: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13983: 13980: 13977: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13955: 13951: 13946: 13942: 13940: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13893: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13874: 13868: 13867: 13862: 13858: 13856: 13849: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13814: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13773: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13745:Lugal-kisalsi 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13722: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13701: 13695: 13690: 13686: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13671: 13667: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13603: 13602: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13575: 13574: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13556: 13551: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13533: 13527: 13522: 13520: 13514: 13509: 13503: 13501: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13486: 13480: 13476: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13444: 13439: 13435: 13430: 13429: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13406: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13349: 13348: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13330: 13324: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13306: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13264: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13247: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13220: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13159: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13142: 13134: 13131: 13124: 13123: 13116: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13044: 13040: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12971: 12965: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12944: 12939: 12938:Nangishlishma 12935: 12931: 12926: 12924: 12917: 12916: 12909: 12906: 12905:First Eblaite 12901: 12897: 12891: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12864:Seth-Peribsen 12862: 12861: 12857: 12856: 12852: 12851: 12847: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12825:Hotepsekhemwy 12821: 12820: 12812: 12806: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12794: 12793:Proto-Elamite 12786: 12785: 12779: 12774: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12732: 12724: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12713: 12705: 12701: 12700: 12696: 12695:Double Falcon 12693: 12692: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12663: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12641: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12617: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12606: 12602: 12601: 12597: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12584: 12583: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12572: 12567: 12561: 12556: 12555: 12547: 12541: 12536: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12508: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12492: 12487: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12469: 12461: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12383: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12372: 12368: 12360: 12355: 12353: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12315: 12307: 12306: 12303: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12148: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12137:news agencies 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12009: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11933: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11748: 11744: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11533: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11498:Privatization 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11361: 11357: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11104: 11100: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10967: 10966:Years in Iran 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10890:Turco-Persian 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10759:War (1980–88) 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10589: 10587: 10581: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10551:Qara Qoyunlu 10549: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10504: 10499: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10465: 10459: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10424: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10400: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10384: 10382: 10376: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10352: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10293: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248:550 BC–AD 224 10246: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10210: 10208: 10204:Neo-Assyrian 10202: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10178: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10087: 10082: 10080: 10075: 10074: 10071: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9947: 9945: 9940: 9938: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:Neoptolemus I 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9740:Mithridates I 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9730:Paerisades IV 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9693:Paerisades II 9691: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9682:Spartokos III 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9617:Ariarathes IX 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9602:Ariarathes VI 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587:Ariarathes IV 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9572:Ariarathes II 9570: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9544:Antiochus III 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9519:Mithridates I 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9394:Nicomedes III 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9225:Demetrius III 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:Antimachus II 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170:Apollodotus I 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9127:Eucratides II 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Euthydemus II 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8820:Ptolemy Apion 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:Cleopatra III 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8481: 8480:Soviet empire 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465:Miscellaneous 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8064:German Empire 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7804:Turco-Persian 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7012: 7010: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Syrian Desert 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6127: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6049: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5589: 5587:9783447119054 5583: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5570:Pen and Sword 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5518:9780198786924 5514: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5495:9780197680223 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452:Kuhrt, Amelie 5448: 5444: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5207:9781782977582 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4938: 4931: 4928:'s 1976 work 4927: 4926:Martin Hengel 4921: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4618:, p. 21. 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4594:, p. 20. 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4470:9780674976931 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4440:9781910589953 4436: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4354:1-59240-053-1 4351: 4347: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4260:Ancient India 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4212:81-206-1303-1 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4142: 4134: 4132:9781136788000 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4109:, p. 40. 4108: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4009: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3857:. "Seleucid, 3852: 3847: 3839: 3837:0-297-82057-5 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3721:Grainger 2020 3717: 3708: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645:Seleucid army 3643: 3642: 3638: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3470: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3408:Antiochus III 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3324:Seleucid army 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3272:Hellenization 3268: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3127: 3116: 3108: 3099: 3088: 3077: 3068: 3057: 3046: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2828: 2820: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2789:John Hyrcanus 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2744:—held out in 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518:(191 BC) and 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2484:Antiochus III 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:Greco-Bactria 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2130: 245 BC 2125: 2121: 2118:, the satrap 2117: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2056:and northern 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2005:gave them to 2004: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:war elephants 1936: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890:, modern day 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:Maurya Empire 1850: 1846: 1841: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1628:Afsharid Iran 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1618:Hotak dynasty 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1608:Mughal Empire 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468:Seljuk Empire 1466: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1428:Buyid dynasty 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1408:Sajid dynasty 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211:Kushan Empire 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1099:Median Empire 1097: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 984: 982: 979: 978: 974: 972: 969: 968: 961: 959: 956: 955: 952: 950: 949: 945: 944: 941: 940: 931: 930: 927: 923: 922: 916: 912: 911: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:King of Syria 875: 872: 866: 861: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:were thwarted 793: 789: 786:attempted to 785: 780: 778: 774: 773:Maurya Empire 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 581: 559: 557: 554: 553: 545: 543: 540: 539: 531: 529: 526: 525: 517: 515: 512: 511: 503: 501: 500:Maurya Empire 498: 497: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480: 474: 471: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 443: 439: 435: 429: 425: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 371: 367: 361: 357: 354: 348: 344: 341: 337: 331: 327: 324: 318: 314: 311: 305: 301: 298: 292: 288: 285: 279: 275: 272: 266: 262: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 241: 235: 231: 228: 222: 218: 214: 212: 208: 205: 202: 199: 195: 189:Local beliefs 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 157: 154: 153: 151: 147: 141: 138: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 111: 105: 102: 97: 94: 89: 86: 85: 83: 79: 75: 69: 64: 58: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 17435: 17425: 17389:Ancient Iraq 17388: 17378: 17358: 17347: 17333: 17324: 17311: 17302: 17266: 17259: 17252: 17181:Ardashir III 17173: 17150: 17091: 17059:Roman Empire 17057: 17035: 16993:Yazdegerd II 16923: 16914:Artabanus IV 16911:Vologases VI 16902:Vologases IV 16833:Roman Empire 16831: 16816:Vologases II 16792:Artabanus II 16786:Artabanus II 16771:Tiridates II 16759:Phraates III 16725: 16662:Simon Thassi 16655: 16637:Demetrius II 16625:Antiochus IV 16616:Seleucus III 16610:Antiochus II 16598: 16597: 16587: 16584:Alexander IV 16571: 16559: 16543:Ptolemy XIII 16525:Berenice III 16519:Cleopatra IV 16460: 16457:331–141 BCE 16448: 16439: 16433: 16427: 16406:Artaxerxes I 16387: 16354: 16351:539–331 BCE 16326: 16307:Nabopolassar 16300: 16271: 16265: 16262:626–539 BCE 16230:Ashurbanipal 16185: 16184: 16178: 16141: 16138:745–609 BCE 16104: 16084:Eriba-Marduk 16045: 15999: 15974: 15942: 15941: 15931: 15920:Shoshenq III 15898: 15895:911–745 BCE 15863: 15845:Marduk-zer-X 15809: 15805:Ashur-dan II 15736:Arik-den-ili 15733:Enlil-nirari 15727:Eriba-Adad I 15720: 15713: 15690: 15671: 15666:Psusennes II 15641: 15640: 15634: 15618:Ramesses VII 15606:Ramesses III 15595: 15579: 15573: 15541: 15527: 15508: 15497:Amenhotep II 15490:Thutmose III 15464: 15458: 15455: 15406:Kurigalzu II 15400:Kara-hardash 15370:Agum-Kakrime 15361: 15340: 15334: 15302: 15285:'Aper-'Anati 15283: 15278: 15257: 15251: 15245: 15241: 15235: 15231: 15225: 15219: 15218: 15182:Damqi-ilishu 15165: 15154:Samsu-Ditana 15136:Sin-muballit 15127:Sin-muballit 15106: 15076:Ashur-rabi I 14941:Shamshi-Adad 14938: 14932: 14917: 14887: 14881: 14869:Amenemhat IV 14863:Senusret III 14857:Amenemhat II 14844: 14830: 14816: 14765: 14762:Damiq-ilishu 14732:Lipit-Eshtar 14713: 14694: 14651: 14619: 14615: 14599:Shakkanakkus 14562: 14538:Mentuhotep I 14531: 14525: 14506: 14493: 14456: 14450:Puzur-Ishtar 14417: 14412: 14394: 14347:Lugalannatum 14339: 14306: 14273: 14253: 14232:Hishep-Ratep 14198: 14180: 14117: 14107: 14061:Neferkare II 14051: 14045: 14039: 13986: 13968: 13958: 13937: 13890:Invasion by 13853: 13818: 13794: 13786:Enannatum II 13750:E-iginimpa'e 13719: 13711:Igrish-Halam 13622:Nyuserre Ini 13599: 13573:Awan dynasty 13571: 13530: 13517: 13498: 13483: 13474: 13458:Ishtup-Ishar 13438:Iku-Shamagan 13434:Ikun-Shamash 13426: 13404:Ur I dynasty 13402: 13395: 13384: 13359: 13353: 13327: 13308: 13267: 13250: 13235: 13217: 13176: 13168: 13139: 13120: 13083:Enmebaragesi 13069: 13050: 13021: 13012: 13005: 12968: 12963: 12943:En-tarah-ana 12928: 12921: 12913: 12903: 12879: 12876:Neferkasokar 12874: 12869: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12817: 12797: 12791: 12782: 12770: 12765: 12716: 12710: 12697: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12638: 12624: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12577:Finger Snail 12575: 12569: 12552: 12521:Anu Ziggurat 12504: 12472: 12466: 12384:Territories/ 12271:Other topics 12255: 12183:Persian name 12122:Islamization 12064: 12024:Architecture 11977:universities 11922:Zoroastrians 11917:Christianity 11907:Baháʼí Faith 11857:Azerbaijanis 11764:Demographics 11578:Construction 11566:Central Bank 11508:Space Agency 11403:Child labour 11238:Principlists 11218:Cyberwarfare 11166:Human rights 11131:Constitution 10926:Azerbaijanis 10895:Indo-Persian 10875:Greater Iran 10746:siege (1980) 10705:1979–present 10356:early modern 10354:Medieval and 10286: 10148:Kura-Araxes 9879:Alexander II 9735:Paerisades V 9698:Spartokos IV 9662:Paerisades I 9637:Ariarathes X 9592:Ariarathes V 9567:Ariarathes I 9549:Antiochus IV 9534:Antiochus II 9466:Pharnaces II 9427:Ariobarzanes 9399:Nicomedes IV 9389:Nicomedes II 9315:Apollophanes 9300:Hippostratos 9215:Heliokles II 9175:Demetrius II 9155:Antimachus I 9117:Eucratides I 9112:Demetrius II 9097:Antimachus I 9082:Euthydemus I 8834: 8767:Ptolemy XIII 8742:Berenice III 8589:Antipater II 8556:Alexander IV 8231:Contemporary 8081:Indo-Persian 8069:Nazi Germany 8013:Contemporary 7915:Vijayanagara 7814:Great Seljuk 7725:Thessalonica 7653:Golden Horde 7293:Carthaginian 7169: 7072:Neo-Assyrian 7057:Neo-Sumerian 6747:Royal titles 6672:Architecture 6528: 6509:Neo-Assyrian 6356:(Pre)history 6176:Persian Gulf 6080: 6073:Ancient Rome 6057: 6047: 6044:311–129 BCE 6030: 6023:336–301 BCE 6013:539–331 BCE 6003: 5996:626–539 BCE 5987:729–609 BCE 5977:911–729 BCE 5968: 5962: 5956: 5944: 5909: 5899: 5893: 5863: 5851: 5836: 5813: 5792: 5767: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5700:Timeline of 5616:Online books 5606: 5577: 5565: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5506: 5504: 5481: 5455: 5428: 5405: 5395: 5388:Bibliography 5368: 5364: 5331: 5327: 5291: 5256: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5188: 5163: 5091: 5023: 5019: 4972: 4937: 4929: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4819: 4812: 4793: 4787: 4779: 4774: 4762: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4683: 4676: 4656: 4650: 4630: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4559: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4525: 4520: 4508: 4485: 4479: 4459: 4449: 4429: 4407: 4381: 4361: 4345: 4340: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4272: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4163: 4141: 4121: 4114: 4102: 4094: 4080: 4074: 4065: 4045: 4037: 4028: 4016: 3998: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3952: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3823: 3814: 3792:(3/4): 121. 3789: 3785: 3761: 3753: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3716: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3556: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3476:Monetization 3464: 3452: 3428: 3398:, the upper 3370: 3338: 3280: 3269: 3261: 3218: 3168: 3157: 3132: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3017: 3016: 2987: 2965: 2944: 2943: 2922: 2921: 2901: 2890: 2879: 2867: 2866: 2855: 2805: 2793: 2780:Nisean horse 2761: 2750: 2738:Antiochus VI 2728:and eastern 2699: 2641: 2618: 2596: 2585: 2565: 2496:Carthaginian 2489: 2471: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2403:Sophagasenus 2368: 2292: 2290:originated. 2270: 2247: 2221: 2175:invasion of 2159: 2089: 2062: 2043: 2012: 2007:Sandrocottus 1996: 1928: 1913: 1898:province of 1885: 1861:Nanda Empire 1849:Sandrokottos 1843: 1827: 1811: 1747: 1708: 1638:Zand dynasty 1518:Kart dynasty 1200: 1191:Roman Empire 1138: 946: 937: 926:Greater Iran 897:as a ruler. 883:Lord of Asia 876: 857: 810:in southern 781: 769:Chandragupta 737: 733:Turkmenistan 678:Near Eastern 666:Mesopotamian 663: 579: 577: 455:Succeeded by 454: 449: 276:312 BC 91:(305–240 BC) 29: 17321:Simpson, W. 17249:639–651 CE 17196:Azarmidokht 17187:Khosrow III 17170:628–641 CE 17126:618–628 CE 17088:395–618 CE 17054:273–395 CE 17042:Vaballathus 17032:270–273 CE 16996:Hormizd III 16981:Yazdegerd I 16972:Ardashir II 16966:Adur Narseh 16920:224–270 CE 16908:Vologases V 16882:117–224 CE 16863:116–117 CE 16810:Vardanes II 16807:Vologases I 16798:Gotarzes II 16768:Phraates IV 16738:Hyspaosines 16677:Hyrcanus II 16652:141–30 BCE 16631:Demetrius I 16628:Antiochus V 16622:Seleucus IV 16613:Seleucus II 16607:Antiochus I 16594:Antigonus I 16546:Ptolemy XIV 16534:Cleopatra V 16316:Neriglissar 16313:Amel-Marduk 16296:Psamtik III 16267:Late Period 16206:Sennacherib 16197:Shalmaneser 16124:Tammaritu I 16021:Shammuramat 15964:Takelot III 15961:Osorkon III 15958:Shoshenq VI 15933:Pedubast II 15923:Shoshenq IV 15911:Shoshenq II 15760:Ashur-dan I 15701:Ish-bosheth 15654:Psusennes I 15630:Ramesses XI 15624:Ramesses IX 15615:Ramesses VI 15609:Ramesses IV 15554:Ramesses II 15517:Tutankhamun 15500:Thutmose IV 15484:Thutmose II 15418:Kudur-Enlil 15403:Nazi-Bugash 15391:Kurigalzu I 15379:Ulamburiash 15350:Amenhotep I 15331:Tutankhamun 15317:Parshatatar 15314:Shuttarna I 15247:Seventeenth 15176:Ilum-ma-ili 15151:Ammi-saduqa 15148:Ammi-ditana 15142:Samsu-iluna 15049:Erishum III 15010:Adad-salulu 15007:Ipqi-Ishtar 14995:Ashur-dugul 14980:Adad-salulu 14977:Ipqi-Ishtar 14965:Ashur-dugul 14934:Old Assyria 14929:(Amorites) 14872:Sobekneferu 14860:Senusret II 14851:Amenemhat I 14823:Sîn-iribam 14800:Sin-Iqisham 14794:Sin-Iddinam 14744:Erra-imitti 14741:Lipit-Enlil 14729:Ishme-Dagan 14726:Iddin-Dagan 14662:Shalim-ahum 14653:Old Assyria 14639:Yasmah-Adad 14616:Lim Dynasty 14608:Hanun-Dagan 14604:Hitial-Erra 14369:Ur-Ningirsu 14325:Kuda (Uruk) 14298:Ishgum-Addu 14288:Ishtup-Ilum 14140:Ishma-Dagan 14125:Shakkanakku 14103:Neferirkare 14100:Neferkauhor 14003:Ili-ishmani 13982:Manishtushu 13945:Lugalzagesi 13941:III dynasty 13925:Puzur-Nirah 13640:Ishar-Malik 13619:Shepseskare 13409:Mesannepada 13334:Nin-kisalsi 13322:Lugal-kitun 13292:Meskalamdug 13278:Ur-Pabilsag 13091:Aga of Kish 13000:Barsal-nuna 12885:Khasekhemwy 12871:Neferkara I 12850:Weneg-Nebty 12828:Nebra/Raneb 12640:Lower Egypt 12626:Scorpion II 12571:Upper Egypt 12523:, 4000 BCE) 12506:Uruk period 12288:Tehrangeles 12251:Traditional 11988:Nationality 11926:persecution 11911:persecution 11862:Circassians 11811:Neo-Aramaic 11791:Azerbaijani 11663:State-owned 11588:Health care 11551:Agriculture 11388:Brain drain 11327:Ambassadors 11022:Earthquakes 10559:Aq Qoyunlu 10508:Muzaffarid 10485:Eldiguzids 10477:Anushtegin 10303:Kingdom of 10279:Kingdom of 10271:Kingdom of 10263:Atropatene 10255:Achaemenid 10196:Kingdom of 10141:3400–539 BC 9900:Pyrrhus III 9884:Olympias II 9854:Alexander I 9711: [ 9708:Spartokos V 9577:Ariamnes II 9524:Antiochus I 9486:Pythodorida 9442:Pharnaces I 9363:Zipoetes II 9358:Nicomedes I 9275:Artemidoros 9270:Menander II 9210:Antialcidas 9195:Agathokleia 9150:Demetrius I 9142:Indo-Greeks 9132:Heliocles I 9087:Demetrius I 9077:Diodotus II 9054:Eumenes III 9049:Attalus III 9024:Philetaerus 8993:Lysimachids 8805:Berenice II 8772:Ptolemy XIV 8654:(pretender) 8584:Alexander V 8566:Antipatrids 8524:Hellenistic 7819:Khwarezmian 7752:Carolingian 7557:Rashtrakuta 7261:Shaishunaga 7160:Hellenistic 7143:New Kingdom 7133:Old Kingdom 6850:Hittitology 6840:Assyriology 6761:Archaeology 6631:Old Persian 6441:Jemdet Nasr 6090:224–mid 7C 6054:129–63 BCE 6036:Macedonians 5931:city-states 5927:Neo-Hittite 5902:Sea Peoples 5818:city-states 5797:city-states 5740:Uruk period 5702:Mesopotamia 5568:(Barnsley: 5539:D. Engels, 4767:Kosmin 2014 4513:Kosmin 2014 4369:, Chap. 21 4146:Kosmin 2014 3493:Agriculture 3448:Syria-Coele 3440:Babylonians 3394:, northern 3333:Bagadates I 3296:High Priest 3225:Afghanistan 2797:Phraates II 2772:Mesopotamia 2768:Coele-Syria 2659:in 164 BC. 2516:Thermopylae 2446:Coele-Syria 2411:Subhagasena 2235:Hellenistic 2161:Antiochus I 2023:Indus River 1967:Bihar state 1959:Pataliputra 1953:to his son 1947:Megasthenes 1896:Balochistan 1892:Afghanistan 1873:Indus River 1865:Pataliputra 1768:in 320 BC. 1348:Shirvanshah 1275:880s – 1045 934:Pre-Islamic 924:History of 729:Afghanistan 721:Mesopotamia 690:Afghanistan 668:regions of 645:founded by 625:during the 450:Preceded by 436:30,000,000+ 368: 63 BC 201:Hellenistic 156:Olympianism 99:(240–63 BC) 57:Tetradrachm 17476:Categories 17205:Khosrow IV 17202:Hormizd VI 17184:Shahrbaraz 17161:Khosrow II 17146:Shahrbaraz 17140:Shahrbaraz 17020:Khosrow II 17017:Hormizd IV 16975:Shapur III 16963:Hormizd II 16957:Bahram III 16942:Ardashir I 16813:Pacorus II 16804:Vonones II 16801:Meherdates 16795:Vardanes I 16780:Orodes III 16777:Phraates V 16756:Sinatruces 16604:Seleucus I 16581:Philip III 16555:Arsinoe IV 16480:Arsinoe II 16421:Darius III 16287:Psamtik II 16227:Esarhaddon 16120:Ummanigash 16090:Nabonassar 15984:Bakenranef 15955:Pedubast I 15952:Takelot II 15949:Harsiese A 15937:Osorkon IV 15929:Shoshenq V 15917:Osorkon II 15905:Shoshenq I 15651:Amenemnisu 15627:Ramesses X 15612:Ramesses V 15560:Amenmesses 15548:Ramesses I 15510:Smenkhkare 15487:Hatshepsut 15481:Thutmose I 15385:Karaindash 15124:Sumu-la-El 14956:Mut-Ashkur 14947:(Amorites) 14854:Senusret I 14813:Rim-Sin II 14803:Silli-Adad 14797:Sin-Eribam 14759:Suen-magir 14756:Ur-du-kuga 14753:Iter-pisha 14747:Enlil-bani 14735:Ur-Ninurta 14723:Shu-Ilishu 14720:Ishbi-Erra 14690:Erishum II 14636:Yahdun-Lim 14633:Yaggid-Lim 14446:Tura-Dagan 14425:Utu-hengal 14401:Meryhathor 14377:Nam-mahani 14343:II dynasty 14312:(21 kings) 14206:Puzer-Mama 14202:II dynasty 14184:IV dynasty 14097:Neferkaure 14094:Qakare Ibi 14085:Neferkahor 14076:Neferkamin 13995:Ilshu-rabi 13886:Ishqi-Mari 13882:Ikun-Ishar 13878:Enna-Dagan 13798:II dynasty 13772:Bara-irnun 13727:Puzur-Suen 13723:IV dynasty 13715:Irkab-Damu 13660:(3 kings) 13586:Ukkutahesh 13559:Meskiagnun 13555:A'annepada 13502:II dynasty 13397:Thamphthis 13393:Shepseskaf 13342:Lugal-dalu 13241:Udulkalama 13221:II dynasty 13163:Sekhemkhet 13071:Lugalbanda 12997:Melem-Kish 12993:En-me-nuna 12778:Canaanites 12772:Horus Bird 12737:Neithhotep 12610:Scorpion I 12560:Naqada III 12188:Philosophy 12147:newspapers 12128:Literature 12033:architects 12028:Achaemenid 11948:Corruption 11408:Corruption 11248:Reformists 11243:Propaganda 11141:Corruption 11126:Censorship 11069:Lake Urmia 10757:Iran–Iraq 10453:Ghaznavid 10331:AD 224–651 10295:Frataraka 10127:Prehistory 9890:Pyrrhus II 9869:Alcetas II 9834:Tharrhypas 9801:Gepaepyris 9773:Scribonius 9667:Satyros II 9597:Orophernes 9509:Ptolemaeus 9491:Polemon II 9384:Prusias II 9353:Zipoetes I 9325:Strato III 9250:Theophilos 9230:Philoxenus 9185:Menander I 9165:Agathocles 9107:Agathocles 9072:Diodotus I 9044:Attalus II 9039:Eumenes II 9001:Lysimachus 8609:Antigonids 8389:Portuguese 8270:Revival Le 8260:Vietnamese 7903:Later Tran 7873:Vietnamese 7769:Singhasari 7757:Holy Roman 7381:Bulgarian 7317:Satavahana 7288:Phoenician 7224:Achaemenid 7185:Indo-Greek 7165:Macedonian 7079:Babylonian 6814:Divination 6524:Achaemenid 6489:Isin-Larsa 6382:Trialetian 6377:Mousterian 6364:Prehistory 5814:and other 5793:and other 5559:De Gruyter 5484:. Oxford: 4919:0521323525 4524:Polybius, 4000:Seleucids. 3686:References 3366:Macedonian 3221:Aegean Sea 3162:, king of 3031:Sarmatians 2653:Artaxias I 2607:Alexandria 2592:Heliodorus 2576:Attalus II 2508:Hellespont 2430:Ptolemy IV 2422:Hindu Kush 2323:Cappadocia 2273:Andragoras 2254:Fratarakas 2205:Andragoras 2193:Cappadocia 2177:Asia Minor 2169:Ptolemy II 2073:Corupedion 2046:Lysimachus 1935:Macedonian 1931:Seleucus's 1894:, and the 1888:Hindu Kush 1718:Darius III 1658:Qajar Iran 1498:Salghurids 1412:889/90–929 948:Prehistory 850:in 63 BC. 836:rump state 661:in 63 BC. 631:Macedonian 422:Population 328:167–160 BC 302:192–188 BC 230:Seleucus I 197:Government 131:(official) 113:, 190s BC) 104:Lysimachia 17317:Hallo, W. 17214:Peroz III 17048:Antiochus 17014:Khosrow I 16984:Shapur IV 16978:Bahram IV 16969:Shapur II 16954:Bahram II 16948:Hormizd I 16905:Osroes II 16783:Vonones I 16765:Orodes II 16741:Artabanus 16409:Darius II 16336:Phraortes 16322:Nabonidus 16293:Ahmose II 16281:Psamtik I 16174:Tanutamun 16023:(regent) 15914:Takelot I 15908:Osorkon I 15673:Phoenicia 15657:Amenemope 15603:Setnakhte 15557:Merneptah 15506:Akhenaten 15289:Sakir-Har 15227:Sixteenth 15206:Akurduana 15192:Gulkishar 15189:Shushushi 15145:Abi-eshuh 15139:Hammurabi 15121:Sumu-abum 15043:Shu-Ninua 15034:Iptar-Sin 15004:Sin-namir 15001:Nasir-Sin 14992:Puzur-Sin 14974:Sin-namir 14971:Nasir-Sin 14825:Sîn-gāmil 14821:Sîn-kāšid 14809:Rim-Sin I 14806:Warad-Sin 14686:Naram-Sin 14670:Erishum I 14666:Ilu-shuma 14642:Zimri-Lim 14590:Indilimma 14577:Ibbit-Lim 14547:Intef III 14510:invasions 14497:invasions 14442:Ili-Ishar 14438:Iddi-ilum 14431:2100 BCE 14421:V dynasty 14391:2125 BCE 14329:Puzur-ili 14316:La-erabum 14250:2150 BCE 14176:Shu-turul 14169:(3 years) 14136:Shu-Dagan 14036:2200 BCE 14013:Naram-Sin 14009:2250 BCE 13953:2340 BCE 13919:2350 BCE 13913:Luh-ishan 13908:Urukagina 13904:Lugalanda 13873:Isar-Damu 13869:2370 BCE 13815:2380 BCE 13790:Enentarzi 13778:Enannatum 13767:Gishakidu 13731:Ur-Zababa 13707:Adub-Damu 13703:2400 BCE 13676:2425 BCE 13670:Napilhush 13658:invasions 13636:Enar-Damu 13616:Neferefre 13596:2450 BCE 13539:Ur-Nanshe 13534:I dynasty 13521:I dynasty 13462:Ikun-Mari 13421:Phoenicia 13417:2500 BCE 13350:2575 BCE 13318:Melamanna 13302:Akalamdug 13274:A-Imdugud 13237:Ur-Nungal 13224:(5 kings) 13211:Baba-Damu 13207:Ibbi-Damu 13136:2600 BCE 13106:Gilgamesh 13064:Iltasadum 13035:2700 BCE 13009:I dynasty 12962:2800 BCE 12925:I dynasty 12881:Hudjefa I 12814:2900 BCE 12760:Semerkhet 12752:(regent) 12739:(regent) 12646:Hedju Hor 12474:Naqada II 12153:Mythology 12059:Calendars 12049:Astronomy 11958:Education 11867:Georgians 11852:Assyrians 11847:Armenians 11773:Languages 11665:companies 11628:Transport 11608:Petroleum 11393:Companies 11332:President 11319:Officials 11253:Terrorism 11202:Air Force 11146:Elections 11084:Provinces 11079:Mountains 10989:Geography 10909:languages 10647:1925–1979 10575:Afsharid 10536:1370–1925 10524:Chobanid 10418:Saffarid 10370:Rashidun 10338:Sasanian 10319:Kings of 10311:Parthian 10287:Seleucid 10228:Scythian 10188:Kassites 10172:Akkadian 9874:Pyrrhus I 9839:Alcetas I 9745:Pharnaces 9720:Kamasarye 9703:Leukon II 9687:Hygiainon 9642:Archelaus 9481:Polemon I 9379:Prusias I 9320:Strato II 9310:Zoilos II 9305:Dionysios 9285:Archebius 9255:Peukolaos 9220:Polyxenos 9160:Pantaleon 9102:Pantaleon 9034:Attalus I 9029:Eumenes I 8835:Seleucids 8663:Ptolemies 8652:Philip VI 8599:Sosthenes 8579:Philip IV 8574:Cassander 8541:Philip II 8382:Couronian 8020:Ethiopian 8008:Manchukuo 7963:Brazilian 7809:Ghaznavid 7779:Srivijaya 7730:Trebizond 7715:Byzantine 7697:North Sea 7692:Norwegian 7680:Almoravid 7663:Ilkhanate 7633:Majapahit 7606:Muromachi 7515:Solomonic 7500:Ethiopian 7414:Caliphate 7347:Aragonese 7175:Ptolemaic 6687:Cuneiform 6563:Languages 6372:Acheulean 6259:Babylonia 6196:Euphrates 6146:Geography 6005:Chaldeans 5922:Phoenicia 5860:Karduniaš 5048:162810470 4847:244761541 4823:. BRILL. 4736:2073-4425 4526:Histories 4332:163980490 4310:: 84–94. 4246:161613588 3602:partially 3598:partially 3432:auxiliary 3400:Euphrates 3283:Alexander 3245:Georgians 3241:Armenians 3237:Assyrians 3179:Philip II 3018:Dinglings 2785:Hasmonean 2753:Maccabees 2726:Babylonia 2695:Ptolemais 2629:Jerusalem 2611:Proconsul 2442:Ptolemy V 2252:, called 2154:Polyainos 2142:Frataraka 2081:Macedonia 2079:and even 2019:Arachosia 1991:Dionysius 1955:Bindusara 1881:conscript 1788:Babylonia 1784:chiliarch 1722:Perdiccas 1710:Alexander 1662:1794–1925 1652:1794–1826 1642:1750–1794 1632:1736–1750 1622:1722–1729 1612:1526–1857 1602:1501–1722 1592:1378–1508 1582:1407–1468 1572:1370–1507 1562:1339–1432 1552:1337–1357 1542:1314–1393 1532:1299–1923 1522:1231–1389 1512:1256–1353 1508:Ilkhanate 1502:1148–1282 1492:1077–1307 1482:1077–1231 1472:1037–1194 1295:1008–1490 1053:2200–1700 975:3200–2800 824:Babylonia 763:with the 670:Babylonia 623:West Asia 621:power in 340:Parthians 338:taken by 243:Philip II 160:Hellenism 149:Religion 17433:(2014). 17386:(1992). 17356:(2020). 17323:(1971). 17164:Kavad II 16990:Bahram V 16951:Bahram I 16945:Shapur I 16822:Osroes I 16753:Orodes I 16747:Gotarzes 16735:Phraates 16400:Darius I 16397:Cambyses 16345:Astyages 16342:Cyaxares 16284:Necho II 16215:Bel-ibni 16165:Shebitku 16128:Indabibi 15981:Tefnakht 15523:Horemheb 15382:Agum III 15364:Kassites 15347:Ahmose I 15212:Ea-gamil 15196:DIŠ+U-EN 15186:Ishkibal 15133:Apil-Sin 15115:Amorites 15025:Bel-bani 14900:Biblical 14791:Nur-Adad 14782:Gungunum 14770:Naplanum 14738:Bur-Suen 14702:Amorites 14678:Sargon I 14628:Amorites 14572:Amorites 14544:Intef II 14514:Kindattu 14502:Ibbi-Sin 14481:Amar-Sin 14475:Ur-Nammu 14410:Merykare 14302:Apil-kin 14214:Pirig-me 14192:Ur-gigir 14188:Ur-nigin 14128:dynasty) 14073:Merenhor 13999:Epirmupi 13828:Userkare 13782:Entemena 13759:Ur-Lumma 13754:Meskigal 13685:Eannatum 13680:Kun-Damu 13664:Shushun- 13649:Enakalle 13508:kushanna 13494:Undalulu 13466:Iblul-Il 13390:Menkaure 13386:Bikheris 13379:Djedefre 13338:Me-durba 13263:shaengur 13257:En-hegal 13245:Labashum 13203:Agur-lim 13199:Abur-lim 13178:Qahedjet 13023:Enmerkar 12855:Wadjenes 12845:Horus Sa 12840:Nubnefer 12831:Nynetjer 12805:Susa III 12767:Sneferka 12750:Merneith 12468:Naqada I 12314:Category 12207:football 12198:Scouting 12108:Iranians 12098:Folklore 11894:Religion 11806:Georgian 11786:Armenian 11647:shipping 11642:railways 11632:airlines 11598:Industry 11463:Taxation 11277:Councils 11193:Military 11108:Politics 11089:Wildlife 11054:Caucasus 10936:Persians 10863:See also 10687:Iranian 10654:Pahlavi 10567:Safavid 10543:Timurid 10446:977–1432 10426:Ziyarid 10402:Tahirid 10394:Samanid 10386:Abbasid 10378:Umayyad 10363:632–1090 10180:Lullubi 10164:Elamite 9905:Deidamia 9886:(regent) 9859:Aeacides 9796:Aspurgus 9689:(regent) 9672:Prytanis 9514:Sames II 9370:(regent) 9343:Boteiras 9290:Telephos 9280:Hermaeus 9235:Diomedes 9205:Strato I 9190:Zoilos I 9016:Attalids 8703:(regent) 8642:Philip V 8362:Japanese 8325:Scottish 8305:American 8297:Colonial 8226:Imperial 8194:Moroccan 8130:Japanese 8108:Afsharid 7967:Burmese 7953:Austrian 7908:Later Le 7883:Early Le 7868:Venetian 7794:Tiwanaku 7707:Hellenic 7670:Moroccan 7601:Kamakura 7591:Japanese 7574:Saffarid 7527:Georgian 7441:Chalukya 7419:Rashidun 7409:Calakmul 7377:Bruneian 7256:Haryanka 7234:Sasanian 7229:Parthian 7180:Bactrian 7170:Seleucid 7150:Goguryeo 7128:Egyptian 7062:Assyrian 7052:Akkadian 7043:Colonies 6833:Academia 6787:Religion 6656:Urartian 6651:Sumerian 6636:Parthian 6571:Akkadian 6544:Sasanian 6534:Parthian 6529:Seleucid 6479:Simurrum 6469:Akkadian 6402:Khiamian 6392:Natufian 6304:Simurrum 6289:Kassites 6284:Hittites 6239:Adiabene 5946:Arameans 5940:Damascus 5911:Arameans 5865:Kassites 5853:Hurrians 5661:Archived 5643:Archived 5572:, 2013). 5454:(1993). 5427:(2014). 5377:20482569 5265:42619061 5040:43297500 4932:, p. 77. 4908:(1989). 4754:37510249 4745:10379071 4580:Chanukah 4564:Archived 4457:(2018). 4371:Archived 4290:. p. 223 4277:. p. 167 4262:, p. 196 4202:(1972). 4171:Archived 4162:Appian, 3822:(1990). 3702:, p. 13. 3623:See also 3387:katoikoi 3318:Military 3300:Menelaus 3249:Persians 3229:Pakistan 3171:Lucullus 3064:PARTHIAN 2923:Tesinsky 2787:prince, 2757:Parthian 2734:Damascus 2677:Coin of 2621:Josephus 2580:Pergamon 2572:Seleucid 2538:and the 2528:Anatolia 2520:Magnesia 2500:Hannibal 2498:general 2476:Pergamum 2407:Sanskrit 2383:anabasis 2359:Anatolia 2327:Pergamum 2315:Bithynia 2301:against 2227:Bactrian 2223:Diodotus 2189:Diodotus 2185:Sogdiana 2120:Diodotus 2054:Anatolia 2037:Coin of 2015:Gedrosia 1973:. Later 1961:(modern 1951:Deimakos 1908:Kandahar 1900:Pakistan 1857:conquest 1779:hetairoi 1770:Seleucus 1752:diadochi 1705:Diadochi 1452:975–1187 1442:941–1062 1432:934–1055 1422:928–1043 1392:861–1003 1352:799–1607 1342:750–1258 1040:Corduene 985:2800–550 939:BCE / BC 871:basileia 812:Anatolia 761:conflict 709:Anatolia 639:division 633:general 617:) was a 336:Seleucia 211:Basileus 204:monarchy 185:Buddhism 180:Hinduism 110:de facto 88:Seleucia 18:Seleucid 17217:Narsieh 17045:Zenobia 17026:Vistahm 17011:Kavad I 17005:Kavad I 16999:Peroz I 16987:Khosrow 16333:Deioces 16290:Wahibre 16278:Necho I 16171:Taharqa 16168:Shabaka 16152:Taharqa 16116:Teumman 15967:Rudamun 15709:Solomon 15648:Smendes 15569:Twosret 15563:Seti II 15304:Mitanni 15298:Khamudi 15252:Dynasty 15242:Dynasty 15232:Dynasty 15070:Nur-ili 15040:Lullaya 14943:dynasty 14895:Abraham 14785:Abisare 14750:Zambiya 14644:(Queen 14596:Amorite 14567:Kingdom 14541:Intef I 14508:Elamite 14495:Amorite 14484:Shu-Sin 14385:Tirigan 14354:Ur-Baba 14284:Nûr-Mêr 14222:Lu-gula 14218:Lu-Baba 14132:Ididish 14113:Kingdom 14110:Eblaite 14108:Second 14058:Menkare 13933:Shu-Sin 13929:Ishu-Il 13857:dynasty 13837:Pepi II 13770:(Queen 13656:Elamite 13607:Userkaf 13550:Akurgal 13479:Ku-Baba 13295:(Queen 13231:Mesilim 13166:Sanakht 13156:(First 12973:Zuqaqip 12970:Kalumum 12955:Kalibum 12951:Puannum 12908:Kingdom 12757:Anedjib 12741:Hor-Aha 12686:Nat-Hor 12619:Iry-Hor 12615:Shendjw 12587:Pen-Abu 12535:Susa II 12257:Ey Iran 12205: ( 12165: ( 12141:student 12139: ( 12135: ( 12120: ( 12088:Cuisine 12073:Fashion 12061: ( 12041: ( 12026: ( 12012:Culture 11960: ( 11924: ( 11909: ( 11882:Turkmen 11834: ( 11825:Peoples 11796:Kurdish 11752:Society 11653:Tourism 11630: ( 11620: ( 11610: ( 11590: ( 11583:Defense 11553: ( 11543:Sectors 11530: ( 11490: ( 11395: ( 11376:General 11365:Economy 11255: ( 11225: ( 11195: ( 11148: ( 11133: ( 11119:General 11074:Islands 11010:largest 11000:Borders 10469:Seljuk 10461:Ghurid 10410:Alavid 10220:Median 10212:Urartu 10134:Ancient 10114:History 9895:Ptolemy 9849:Arybbas 9829:Admetus 9811:Cotys I 9791:Polemon 9786:Polemon 9782:Dynamis 9777:Dynamis 9768:Dynamis 9764:Asander 9754:Dynamis 9750:Asander 9677:Eumelos 9476:Arsaces 9451:Laodice 9374:Ziaelas 9368:Etazeta 9245:Epander 9240:Amyntas 8647:Perseus 8533:Argeads 8429:largest 8424:Empires 8404:Swedish 8399:Spanish 8394:Russian 8357:Italian 8332:Chinese 8320:English 8315:British 8310:Belgian 8285:Vietnam 8275:Tay son 8221:Tsarist 8216:Russian 8211:Ottoman 8177:Dzungar 8172:Khoshut 8145:Mexican 8140:Maratha 8123:Pahlavi 8103:Safavid 8098:Iranian 8025:Haitian 7988:Chinese 7948:Ashanti 7920:Wagadou 7846:Eastern 7841:Western 7824:Timurid 7784:Tibetan 7774:Songhai 7764:Serbian 7685:Almohad 7675:Idrisid 7579:Samanid 7569:Tahirid 7564:Iranian 7542:Kannauj 7522:Genoese 7458:Chinese 7451:Eastern 7446:Western 7434:Fatimid 7429:Abbasid 7424:Umayyad 7397:Burmese 7357:Ayyubid 7352:Angevin 7322:Xianbei 7310:Eastern 7305:Western 7251:Magadha 7214:Iranian 7207:Xiongnu 7192:Hittite 7101:Chinese 7089:Kassite 7038:Ancient 7030:Empires 6819:Prayers 6804:Deities 6768:Looting 6611:Kassite 6606:Hurrian 6601:Hittite 6591:Elamite 6586:Eblaite 6581:Aramaic 6576:Amorite 6499:Kassite 6474:Gutians 6456:History 6421:Samarra 6417:Hassuna 6387:Zarzian 6309:Subartu 6299:Mitanni 6264:Chaldea 6254:Assyria 6227:Ancient 5848:Mitanni 5816:Amorite 5795:Amorite 5769:Gutians 5257:Biblica 4186:Pliny, 3925:victor. 3806:1170959 3579:anyway. 3461:Economy 3444:Antioch 3424:Antioch 3420:Aetolia 3351:sarissa 3345:phalanx 3291:Judaism 3276:Antioch 3209:Culture 3201:into a 3191:Armenia 3164:Armenia 3135:Antioch 3106:XIONGNU 3097:DYNASTY 3084:SATAVA- 2968:culture 2880:SABEANS 2746:Antioch 2657:Isfahan 2633:Ptolemy 2627:, took 2311:Galatia 2277:Arsaces 2258:Vahbarz 2213:Arsaces 2201:Parthia 2181:Bactria 2146:Vahbarz 2116:Bactria 1877:satraps 1869:Magadha 1859:of the 1792:Babylon 1728:at the 1726:satraps 1402:819–999 1382:864–928 1372:840–897 1362:821–873 1332:661–750 1322:637–651 1309:Islamic 1265:642–760 1255:565–879 1245:425–557 1235:305–995 1225:224–651 1202:CE / AD 1163:250–125 1143:330–150 1123:550–330 1113:652–625 1103:728–550 1093:860–590 1083:911–609 1031:Cyrtian 1022:Gutians 1009:Lullubi 1000:Mannaea 901:History 844:Armenia 820:Assyria 798:by the 777:cession 771:of the 702:Persian 698:Lebanon 674:Assyria 641:of the 556:Osroene 351:• 334:• 321:• 308:• 295:• 282:• 269:• 232:(first) 140:Aramaic 135:Persian 96:Antioch 81:Capital 17527:312 BC 17443: 17396: 17366: 17008:Jamasp 17002:Balash 16960:Narseh 16871:Trajan 16869:under 16403:Xerxes 16339:Madyes 16203:Sargon 15663:Siamun 15566:Siptah 15551:Seti I 15535:Ugarit 15280:Semqen 15265:Hyksos 15237:Abydos 15130:Sabium 15037:Bazaya 15028:Libaya 14962:Asinum 14959:Rimush 14919:Yamhad 14811:(...) 14788:Sumuel 14779:Zabaia 14776:Samium 14773:Emisum 14674:Ikunum 14646:Shibtu 14587:Immeya 14478:Shulgi 14373:Ur-gar 14333:Ur-Utu 14200:Lagash 14079:Nikare 13991:Eshpum 13979:Rimush 13831:Pepi 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