51:
15271:
2616:, were near and requesting a meeting with the Seleucid king. Antiochus agreed, but when they met and Antiochus held out his hand in friendship, Popilius placed in his hand the tablets on which was written the decree of the senate and told him to read it. The decree demanded that he should abort his attack on Alexandria and immediately stop waging the war on Ptolemy. When the king said that he would call his friends into council and consider what he ought to do, Popilius drew a circle in the sand around the king's feet with the stick he was carrying and said, "Before you step out of that circle give me a reply to lay before the senate." For a few moments he hesitated, astounded at such a peremptory order, and at last replied, "I will do what the senate thinks right." He then chose to withdraw rather than set the empire to war with Rome again.
3489:
during
Antiochus III's reign (which Numismatist Arthur Houghton dubs "The Syrian and Coele-Syrian Experiment") began minting bronze coins (weighing 1.25–1.5g) to serve a "regional purpose." The reasons behind this remain unclear. However, Spek notes a chronic shortage of silver in the Seleucid empire. In fact, Antiochus I's heavy withdrawal of silver from a satrap is noted by the Babylonian astronomical diary (AD No. – 273 B 'Rev. 33'): "purchases in Babylon and other cities were made in Greek bronze coins." This was unprecedented because "in official documents played no part"; it was a sign of "hardship" for the Seleucids. Nevertheless, the low denomination of bronze coinage meant it was used in tandem with bartering; making it a popular and successful medium of exchange.
3485:
Minor—were quick to adopt the new standard. In
Mesopotamia, however, the millennia-old shekel (weighing 8.33 g silver) prevailed over the Attic standard. According to Historian R. J. van der Spek, this is due to their particular method in recording price, which favored bartering over monetary transactions. The Mesopotamians used the value of one shekel as a fixed reference point, against which the amount of a good is given. Prices themselves are accounted in terms of their weight in silver per ton, e.g., 60 g silver, barley, June 242 BC. The minute difference in weight between a shekel and didrachm (weighing 8.6 g silver) could not be expressed in this barter system, and the a Greek tetradrachm would be "a far too heavy denomination…in daily trade."
14708:
13848:
12480:
3329:
13443:
1919:
16935:
13152:
16565:
68:
15101:
13115:
12540:
2819:
13694:
17287:
15328:
3126:
14022:
2424:) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him. Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there.
915:
2561:
12890:
17277:
3522:
per ton from 5–8 May, 124 BC. The average
Mesopotamian peasant, if working for a wage at a temple, would receive 1 shekel; it "was a reasonable monthly wage for which one could buy one kor of grain= 180 ." While this appears dire, we should be reminded that Mesopotamia under the Seleucids was largely stable and prices remained low. With encouraged Greek colonization and land reclamation increasing the supply of grain production, however, the question of whether this artificially kept prices stable is uncertain.
12515:
14293:
13100:
3278:, were created or renamed with Greek names, and hundreds of new cities were established for trade purposes and built in Greek style from the start. Local educated elites who needed to work with the government learned the Greek language, wrote in Greek, absorbed Greek philosophical ideas, and took on Greek names; some of these practices then slowly filtered down to the lower classes. Hellenic ideas began an almost 250-year expansion into the Near East, Middle East, and Central Asian cultures.
16149:
16040:
12723:
2354:
12310:
14362:
3631:
12320:
15356:
1741:
467:
2467:
6348:
3306:, a moderate Hellenist who upheld many traditional Judean practices. The shift from Jason to Menelaus unsettled the Jewish populace due to Menelaus's more extreme Hellenistic leanings. Aggravating the situation, Antiochus IV initiated a series of religious persecutions. This cumulated in a localized revolt in Jerusalem. Antiochus IV's violent retaking of the city and the banning of traditional Judean practices led to the eventual
2111:
2686:
16382:
2137:
2674:
13374:
2034:
3593:
markets with capitalist enterprises exported over long distances in "completely monetarized markets." On the other hand, the primitivist view—associated with M.I. Finley, Karl
Polanyi and Karl Bücher—interprets ancient economies as "autarchic" in nature with little to no interaction among each other. However, recent discussion has since criticized these models for their grounding on "Greco-centric" sources.
3481:
see a continuation rather than shift in this practice, i.e. the payment of taxation in silver or, if necessary, in kind. In this regard, the
Seleucids are notable for paying their sizeable armies exclusively in silver. Nevertheless, there are two significant developments of currency during the Seleucid period: the adoption of the "Attic Standard" in certain regions, and the popularization of bronze coinage.
14470:
3517:
productive. Recent evidence indicates that
Mesopotamian grain production, under the Seleucids, was subject to market forces of supply and demand. Traditional "primitivist" narratives of the ancient economy argue that it was "marketless"; however, the Babylonian astronomical diaries show a high degree of market integration of barley and date prices—to name a few—in Seleucid Babylonia. Prices exceeding
13287:
13110:
14465:
14017:
13689:
13282:
13095:
3472:), and royal estates; much of which was inherited from their Achaemenid predecessors. Recent discussion indicates a market-oriented economy under the Seleucids. However, evidencing limits our understanding of the Seleucid economy to the Hellenistic Near-East; that is, through their holdings in Syria, Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia. Little is known about the economy of the Upper Satrapies.
14582:
13544:
12527:
3457:, King Antiochus IV sponsored a new wave of immigration and settlements to replace them and maintain enough Greeks to staff the phalanxes seen at the military parade at Daphne in 166–165 BC. Antiochus IV built 15 new cities "and their association with the increased phalanx... at Daphne is too obvious to be ignored".
3259:, and more all lived within its bounds. The immense size of the empire gave the Seleucid rulers a difficult balancing act to maintain order, resulting in a mixture of concessions to local cultures to maintain their own practices while also firmly controlling and unifying local elites under the Seleucid banner.
3263:
exchange were expected to serve in military service for the state. Despite being a tiny minority of the overall population, these Greeks were the backbone of the empire: loyal and committed to a cause that gave them vast territory to rule, they overwhelmingly served in the military and government. Unlike
3553:
or temples was considered private property of the sovereign; thus, considered as Royal Land and liable to direct tax by the state. Here, a "proportional land-tax", that is, a tax based on the size of one's plot, is collected by the local governor (or Satrap) and sent to the capital. However, there is
3488:
Bronze coinage, dating from the late fifth and fourth century, was popularized as a "fiduciary" currency facilitating "small-scale exchanges" in the
Hellenistic period. It was principally a legal tender which circulated only around its locales of production;however, the great Seleucid mint at Antioch
3262:
The government established Greek cities and settlements throughout the empire via a program of colonization that encouraged immigration from Greece; both city settlements as well as rural ones were created that were inhabited by ethnic Greeks. These Greeks were given good land and privileges, and in
4066:
The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The
Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC
3484:
The adoption of the Attic standard was not uniform across the realm. The Attic standard was already the common currency of the
Mediterranean prior to Alexander's conquest; that is, it was the preferred currency for foreign transactions. As a result, coastal regions under the Seleucids—Syria and Asia
3525:
The
Seleucids also continued the tradition of actively maintaining the Mesopotamian waterways. As the greatest source of state income, the Seleucid kings actively managed the irrigation, reclamation, and population of Mesopotamia. In fact, canals were often dug by royal decrees, to which "some were
3516:
produced: "grain, olives and their oil, wine…figs, cheese from sheep and goats, meat." Whereas Mesopotamian production from temple land consisted of: "barley, dates, mustard (or cascuta/dodder), cress (cardamom), sesame and wool"; which, as the core region of the Seleucid empire, was also the most
2642:
The latter part of his reign saw a further disintegration of the Empire despite his best efforts. Weakened economically, militarily and by loss of prestige, the Empire became vulnerable to rebels in the eastern areas of the empire, who began to further undermine the empire while the Parthians moved
1828:
Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the
4029:
In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of
3573:
The controversial practice of temple "despoliation", however, was a regular occurrence under the Seleucids—in contrast to earlier times. Although the Seleucid kings were aware and appreciated the sacrosanctity of religious treasures, their concentration in these places "proved irresistible" in the
3521:
silver per ton in Seleucid Mesopotamia was considered a sign of famine. Therefore, during periods of war, heavy taxation, and crop failure, prices increase drastically. In an extreme example, Spek believes tribal Arab raiding into Babylonia caused barley prices to skyrocket to 1493 grams of silver
3497:
Agriculture, like most pre-modern economies, constituted a vast majority of the Seleucid economy. Somewhere between 80 and 90% of the Seleucid population was employed, in some form, within the prevailing agricultural structures inherited from their Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid predecessors. These
3480:
Currency plays an increasingly central role under the Seleucids; however, we should note that monetization was nothing new in their newly acquired lands. Rather, the introduction and widespread implementation of currency is attributed to Darius I's tax reforms centuries prior; hence, the Seleucids
3592:
Interpretations on the Seleucid economy since the late 19th century traditionally fell between the "modernist" and "primitivist" camps. On one hand, the modernist view—largely associated with Michael Rostovtzeff and Eduard Meyer—argues that the Hellenistic economies operated along price-setting
3546:
do not constitute royal land, some remain uncertain over the status of temple land. Yet, they commanded notable economic power and functioned almost independently from the state. Nevertheless, the Seleucid manner of extraction, in contrast to earlier regimes, is considered more "aggressive" and
3371:
The distance from Greece put a strain on the Seleucid military system, as it was primarily based around the recruitment of Greeks as the key segment of the army. In order to increase the population of Greeks in their kingdom, the Seleucid rulers created military settlements. There were two main
50:
3563:
and temples. Although tribute is paid annually, the amount demanded increases significantly during wartime. During a civil war in 149 BC, Demetrius II demanded the province of Judaea to pay 300 talents of silver, which was seen as "severe." But this was far from an isolated case. In fact, the
3583:
A rebellion in 169 BC during Antiochus III's campaign in Egypt demonstrates that these "risks" occasionally backfire. The increasingly bold interference is due, in large part, to the appointment of provincial high-priests by the monarch himself. Often they were his court "favorites", whose
3578:
It is difficult to believe that these monarchs who knew enough to bow before Nabu, bake bricks for Esagil, and enforce kosher regulations in Jerusalem, would be blithely aware of the political hazards of removing Temple treasures. It is more likely that they knew the risks but took them
3293:
were present during the reign of the Seleucid governments. Though previous governments had managed a relatively seamless integration of Judean religious and cultural practices, the rule of Antiochus IV introduced significant changes. Antiochus IV instigated a bidding process for the
2342:
3893:
Most of the Asiatic occupations of Alexander, Iran as the core of them, were given to Seleucus I at first. Thus, Iran came under the ruling of the Seleucid. The Seleucid was a Greek state that commanded Western Asia between 312 and 64 BC. The Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus
3166:, however, saw opportunity for expansion in the constant civil strife to the south. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he invaded Syria and soon established himself as ruler of Syria, putting the Seleucid Empire virtually at an end.
3564:
Babylonian Astronomical Diaries in 308/7 BC note a hefty 50% tax on harvest "from the lands of the temple of Shamash (in Sipprar or Larsa)." Nevertheless, annual tribute was "a long-accepted and uncontroversial practice." Also, royal land was regularly donated to the temples and
2782:
herd); and Roman intervention was an ever-present threat. Sidetes managed to bring the Maccabees to heel and frighten the Anatolian dynasts into a temporary submission; then, in 133, he turned east with the full might of the Royal Army (supported by a body of Jews under the
3924:
By 201–200 it appeared that the old structure would be replaced by a tremendous expansion in the power of two already formidable Greek states –Antigonid Macedon and the Seleucid Empire– or perhaps even that one of these two formidable powers would emerge the sole
3526:
called the King's Canal for that reason." For example, the construction of the Pallacottas canal was able to control the water level of the Euphrates which, as Arrian notes in his Anabasis 7.21.5, required: "over two months of work by more than 10,000 Assyrians."
3465:
As a hegemonic empire, much of the state's wealth accumulation centered around maintaining its sizable military. While the motive is simple enough, the Seleucid Empire boasts of a sophisticated political economy that extracts wealth from local temples, cities (or
3584:
prerogatives were purely administrative; essentially, they served to collect tribute for the state. Unsurprisingly: "native elites profoundly feared that the arrival of a Seleucid official might quickly cascade into a wholesale removal of Temple treasures."
2806:
After the death of Antiochus VII Sidetes, all of the recovered eastern territories were recaptured by the Parthians. The Maccabees again rebelled, civil war soon tore the empire to pieces, and the Armenians began to encroach on Syria from the north.
3574:
face of "short-term fiscal constraints." As an example, Antiochus III's despoliation of the Anahit Temple in Ecbatana, wherein he procured 4000 silver talents, was used to fund his Great Eastern campaign. According to historian Michael J. Taylor:
3429:
These Greek settlers would be used to form the Seleucid phalanx and cavalry units, with picked men put into the kingdom's guards' regiments. The rest of the Seleucid army would consist of native and mercenary troops, who would serve as light
3384:. The military settlers were given land, "varying in size according to rank and arm of service'. They were settled in 'colonies of an urban character, which at some point could acquire the status of a polis". The settler-soldiers were called
3999:
The wars between the two most prominent Greek dynasties, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, unalterably change the history of the land of Israel…As a result the land of Israel became part of the empire of the Syrian Greek
1820:, unsuccessfully led a campaign to annex Babylon. The victory of Seleucus ensured his claim of Babylon and legitimacy. He ruled not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's empire, as described by the historian
3510:, according to Spek, did not confer any special status to cities in the Seleucid sources; it was simply the term for "city"—Greek or otherwise. Regardless, agricultural produce varied from region to region. But in general, Greek
2794:
Sidetes' campaign initially met with spectacular success, recapturing Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Media. In the winter of 130/129 BC, his army was scattered in winter quarters throughout Media and Persis when the Parthian king,
2333:. The Seleucid economy started to show the first signs of weakness, as Galatians gained independence and Pergamum took control of coastal cities in Anatolia. Consequently, they managed to partially block contact with the West.
3285:– met with varying degrees of success. The result was times of simultaneous peace and rebellion in various parts of the empire. In general, the Seleucids allowed local religions to operate undisturbed, such as incorporating
746:
customs and language were privileged; the wide variety of local traditions had been generally tolerated, while an urban Greek elite had formed the dominant political class and was reinforced by steady immigration from
3363:
and his son Alexander the Great. Alongside the phalanx, the Seleucid armies used numerous native and mercenary troops to supplement their Greek forces, which were limited due to the distance from the Seleucid rulers'
5189:"The Volatility of Prices of Barley and Dates in Babylon in the Third and Second Centuries BC." In Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman Economic History, by Heather D. Baker and Michael Jursa
2510:. With his huge army he aimed to establish the Seleucid empire as the foremost power in the Hellenic world, but these plans put the empire on a collision course with the new rising power of the Mediterranean, the
10046:
2651:. Efforts to deal with both the Parthians and the Jews as well as retain control of the provinces at the same time proved beyond the weakened empire's power. Antiochus orchestrated a military campaign, capturing
3181:, contested rule with Antiochus. After the Roman conquest of Pontus, the Romans became increasingly alarmed at the constant source of instability in Syria under the Seleucids. Once Mithridates was defeated by
3142:
and other outside powers. The Seleucids existed solely because no other nation wished to absorb them—seeing as they constituted a useful buffer between their other neighbours. In the wars in Anatolia between
1914:
He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus , king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship.
15270:
3137:
and some Syrian cities. Despite the clear collapse of their power, and the decline of their kingdom around them, nobles continued to play kingmakers on a regular basis, with occasional intervention from
2309:. Taking advantage of this distraction, Bactria and Parthia seceded from the empire. In Asia Minor too, the Seleucid dynasty seemed to be losing control: the Gauls had fully established themselves in
4170:
2179:—distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together. Towards the end of Antiochus II's reign, various provinces simultaneously asserted their independence, such as
2542:, Rome's allies in the war, gained the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. Antiochus died in 187 BC on another expedition to the east, where he sought to extract money to pay the indemnity.
6972:
17531:
10812:
3596:
Recent discussion has since rejected these traditional dichotomies. According to Spek and Reger, the current view is that the Seleucid economy—and Hellenistic economies more broadly—were
2759:
expansion continued as well. In 139 BC, Demetrius II was defeated in battle by the Parthians and was captured. By this time, the entire Iranian Plateau had been lost to Parthian control.
3197:
were allowed to continue with some degree of autonomy under local kings, Pompey saw the Seleucids as too troublesome to continue; doing away with both rival Seleucid princes, he made
17516:
3604:
monetarized. While the market was subject to forces of supply and demand, a majority of produce was still consumed by their producers and was, hence, "invisible" to the observer.
67:
2655:, King of Armenia, and reoccupying Armenia. His offensive ventured as far as Persepolis, but he was forced from the city by the populace. On his return home, Antiochus died in
4095:
Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed.
2766:, took the throne after his brother's capture. He faced the enormous task of restoring a rapidly crumbling empire, one facing threats on multiple fronts. Hard-won control of
1829:
river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.
10802:
1922:"Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon": a conjectural interpretation of the "marriage agreement" between the Seleucids and Chandragupta Maurya, related by
10057:
2452:(200 BC) definitively transferred these holdings from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids. Antiochus appeared, at the least, to have restored the Seleucid Kingdom to glory.
1786:(which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas since 323 BC, though he helped to assassinate him later) received
10037:
10033:
3547:"predatory". In theory, the Seleucid state was an absolute monarchy that did not recognize private property in our modern sense. Any land that was not delegated to the
4030:
Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population.
2152:
from the Seleucid Empire. The coin shows on the reverse an Achaemenid king slaying an armoured, possibly Greek, soldier. This possibly refers to the events related by
562:
548:
534:
520:
506:
492:
12356:
3442:). This was presumably mostly from a desire not to train and arm the people who were an overwhelming majority in the trade and governmental centers of the Empire in
1690:
2237:
culture and was to continue its domination of Bactria until around 125 BC when it was overrun by the invasion of northern nomads. One of the Greco-Bactrian kings,
2643:
into the power vacuum to take over the old Persian lands. Antiochus' aggressive Hellenizing (or de-Judaizing) activities provoked a full scale armed rebellion in
2075:
in 281 BC, after which Seleucus expanded his control to encompass western Anatolia. He hoped further to take control of Lysimachus's lands in Europe – primarily
10060:
6990:
1764:, was the first to challenge the new system, which eventually led to the demise of Perdiccas. Ptolemy's revolt created a new subdivision of the empire with the
13803:
10031:
3438:
and Jews, Iranian peoples in the east, and inhabitants of Asia Minor to the north, they generally eschewed recruiting native Syrians and native Mesopotamians (
3390:; they would maintain the land as their own and in return, they would serve in the Seleucid army when called. The majority of settlements were concentrated in
2720:—an impostor who (with Egyptian backing) claimed to be the son of Epiphanes. Alexander Balas reigned until 145 BC when he was overthrown by Demetrius I's son,
1720:, died young in 323 BC, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenised culture without an adult heir. The empire was put under the authority of a regent,
9948:
6951:
6942:
6932:
6928:
6128:
3534:
As a hegemonic empire, the state's primary focus was maintaining its sizable army via wealth extraction from three major sources: tribute from autonomous
4167:
13932:
13808:
11971:
10824:
6721:
12077:
9450:
6973:
6925:
6923:
5691:
4370:
1879:
left by Alexander. Expecting a confrontation, Seleucus gathered his army and marched to the Indus. It is said that Chandragupta could have fielded a
14225:
16564:
13847:
10056:
6965:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6939:
13663:
11491:
11482:
11226:
10738:
3971:
The Seleucid kingdom has traditionally been regarded as basically a Greco-Macedonian state and its rulers thought of as successors to Alexander.
10723:
6977:
6976:
2381:(217 BC), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself. He spent the next ten years on his
7371:
14603:
14324:
14235:
13924:
13639:
13581:
13577:
12349:
9707:
1683:
6968:
6966:
6956:
6948:
6941:
6937:
4563:
2275:, first claimed independence, in a parallel to the secession of his Bactrian neighbour. Soon after, however, a Parthian tribal chief called
13881:
13877:
13585:
11014:
10012:
8514:
6924:
2770:
was threatened by the Jewish Maccabee rebels. Once-vassal dynasties in Armenia, Cappadocia, and Pontus were threatening Syria and northern
885:, and other designations; the evidence for the Seleucid rulers representing themselves as kings of Syria is provided by the inscription of
6964:
3270:
The various non-Greek peoples of the empire were still influenced by the spread of Greek thought and culture, a phenomenon referred to as
17546:
17290:
14328:
14135:
13706:
13669:
13635:
13210:
13206:
12539:
10792:
10051:
9969:
6716:
4405:
Engels, David (201). "Iranian Identity and Seleucid Allegiance: Vahbarz, the Frataraka and Early Arsacid Coinage". In K. Erickson (ed.).
2818:
1048:
9978:
6979:
4386:
2799:, counter-attacked. Moving to intercept the Parthians with only the troops at his immediate disposal, he was ambushed and killed at the
1886:
Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received, formalized through a treaty, vast territory west of the Indus, including the
17551:
16934:
13493:
13337:
13202:
13198:
12479:
11160:
10676:
10058:
10044:
10043:
10020:
10019:
10052:
10015:
9987:
9974:
6929:
6919:
6917:
2704:, the Seleucid Empire became increasingly unstable. Frequent civil wars made central authority tenuous at best. Epiphanes' young son,
17496:
14221:
14217:
14131:
13928:
12685:
9993:
5660:
5505:
2824:
2256:, also seem to have established some level of independence from the Seleucids during the 3rd century BC, especially from the time of
10040:
10017:
1997:
The Indians occupy some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the
17561:
14332:
13589:
12342:
10005:
9998:
9994:
9941:
6975:
6969:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6918:
6772:
6121:
5642:
3446:
and Babylon, risking revolt. While a revolt in a remote place could be put down by resolute action from the center, an uprising in
3114:
1676:
17556:
17501:
10711:
6333:
10055:
10054:
10050:
9999:
9985:
9980:
9972:
9971:
2590:(187–175 BC) was largely spent in attempts to pay the large indemnity, and Seleucus was ultimately assassinated by his minister
17511:
17506:
13735:
13489:
13469:
11336:
11187:
10950:
3267:, Greeks in the Seleucid Empire seem to rarely have engaged in mixed marriages with non-Greeks; they kept to their own cities.
2102:
in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire.
13442:
13151:
10038:
10032:
10027:
3281:
Synthesizing Hellenic and indigenous cultural, religious, and philosophical ideas – an ethnic unity framework established by
17541:
17444:
17397:
17367:
11682:
11512:
11457:
11326:
11192:
10090:
10053:
8324:
7706:
6971:
6970:
6922:
5684:
5463:
5440:
5414:
5340:
5099:
4836:
4801:
4692:
4665:
4639:
4497:
4088:
4059:
3992:
3946:
3917:
3886:
3711:
Lynette G. Mitchell; Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, p. 123.
2071:, north of Babylon. Seleucus's empire reached its greatest extent following his defeat of his erstwhile ally, Lysimachus, at
1969:). Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign, which have been partly preserved to us through
6926:
6921:
10844:
10834:
10002:
5295:. Milan: Dipartimento di Studi letterari, filologicie linguistici dell'Università degli Studi di Milano. pp. 105–119.
10047:
10045:
9984:
8230:
6974:
3540:
and temples, and proportional land-tax from royal land. The definition of "royal land" remains contested. While all agree
2601:, now seized the throne. He attempted to restore Seleucid power and prestige with a successful war against the old enemy,
15691:
13186:
13038:
12895:
12042:
11992:
11718:
11252:
9934:
6463:
6114:
5747:
5548:
Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue, Part I, Seleucus I through Antiochus III, With Metrological Tables by B. Kritt
2413:) receiving war elephants, perhaps in accordance of the existing treaty and alliance set after the Seleucid-Mauryan War.
16361:
14040:
11267:
11256:
11201:
11149:
11004:
10807:
9968:
8376:
7376:
6897:
5300:
4981:
9997:
9986:
11697:
11641:
11621:
11437:
11412:
11308:
11232:
11134:
10764:
10606:
10039:
7020:
6190:
5585:
5516:
5493:
5205:
4468:
4438:
4353:
4211:
4130:
3835:
2751:
Meanwhile, the decay of the Empire's territorial possessions continued apace. By 143 BC, the Jews in the form of the
14707:
11531:
9973:
6984:
4628:
Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).
2639:, and interrupted the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation, for three years and six months.
17486:
12162:
11728:
8507:
6854:
5677:
3434:
troops. While the Seleucids were happy to recruit from less populated and outlying parts of the Empire such as the
10024:
17521:
17491:
16355:
11672:
11212:
11048:
11043:
10782:
10409:
9979:
8002:
6981:
6959:
6940:
6931:
5601:
4273:
1377:
10008:
7164:
16428:
15975:
15899:
12277:
12102:
11982:
11966:
11452:
11387:
11288:
11237:
11009:
10960:
10945:
10849:
10839:
10819:
10611:
10270:
10034:
10018:
9631:
9523:
6962:
6767:
6751:
4917:
3186:
3163:
2515:
2094:, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with
1128:
843:
11910:
10681:
10621:
10003:
9992:
9975:
9712:
6957:
6949:
6934:
5883:
17280:
17260:
16542:
16449:
16434:
16272:
16142:
15943:
15642:
15327:
12711:
12136:
11577:
11560:
11467:
11442:
11298:
11206:
11196:
10007:
9977:
9772:
9758:
9626:
9611:
8766:
8440:
6938:
6793:
5292:
Egitto: Dai Faraoni Agli Arabi." Kings, Taxes and High Priests: Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleukid Policies
3953:... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners.
2609:
itself. As the king planned on how to conclude the war, he was informed that Roman commissioners, led by the
2582:, now considered a portrait of a Roman general, made by a Greek artist working in Rome in the 2nd century BC.
1148:
59:
of Seleucus I – the horned horse, the elephant and the anchor all served as symbols of the Seleucid monarchy.
10030:
3328:
2494:
by Rome in 197 BC, Antiochus saw the opportunity for expansion into Greece itself. Encouraged by the exiled
2416:
Actual translation of Polybius 11.34 (No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus):
2229:
territory, asserted independence in around 245 BC, although the exact date is far from certain, to form the
818:
conquered much of the remaining eastern lands of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-second century BC including
17081:
16890:
16866:
16266:
15246:
12140:
11976:
11692:
11432:
11422:
11170:
11026:
10626:
10048:
9916:
9621:
9606:
9581:
9558:
9538:
8435:
8319:
6980:
6978:
6955:
6947:
6946:
6803:
6538:
6081:
5625:
5534:
Le pouvoir séleucide. Territoire, administration, finances d'un royaume hellénistique (312–129 avant J.C.).
3741:
Greek was the official and dominant written language of the Seleucid empire, but Aramaic continued in use..
2204:
2196:
2009:(Chandragupta Maurya) in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants.
1856:
886:
11906:
10009:
9983:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6943:
4366:
2522:(190 BC), Antiochus's forces suffered resounding defeats, and he was compelled to make peace and sign the
17566:
17536:
16503:
15542:
15341:
14888:
14882:
13129:
12485:
11931:
11925:
11876:
11687:
11517:
11396:
11021:
10028:
10025:
9820:
9805:
9616:
9601:
9586:
9571:
9528:
9500:
8711:
8500:
8445:
7482:
6859:
6741:
6736:
6671:
6347:
4302:
3365:
2272:
2080:
1934:
1918:
630:
10049:
10004:
9988:
9976:
9970:
6963:
3958:
17130:
16986:
16749:
16440:
16250:
15596:
15258:
15226:
15220:
13427:
12146:
11607:
11472:
10940:
10718:
10616:
10010:
9636:
9591:
9566:
9543:
9513:
9334:
6864:
6473:
5615:
2551:
10042:
10035:
10016:
5555:
New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics: Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen
4224:
Clark, Walter Eugene (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology".
3939:
Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66–70, Parts 66–70
3347:. The phalanx was a large, dense formation of men armed with small shields and a long pike called the
17267:
16875:
16761:
16743:
16593:
16255:
16119:
15820:
15635:
14532:
12250:
11841:
11611:
11392:
11318:
11180:
11155:
11078:
10829:
10728:
10671:
10083:
10001:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9982:
9548:
9533:
9436:
9393:
9219:
8972:
8616:
8403:
7551:
7115:
6986:
6953:
6944:
6936:
6548:
6363:
4529:
3784:
Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth–Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".
2526:(188 BC), the main clause of which saw the Seleucids agree to pay a large indemnity, to retreat from
2279:
1937:
princess, a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent 500
1813:
1765:
1317:
1308:
638:
17:
10011:
6935:
6930:
5578:
Großmacht gegen lokale Machthaber: die Herrschaftspraxis der Seleukiden an den Rändern ihres Reiches
2385:(journey) through the eastern parts of his domain and restoring rebellious vassals like Parthia and
1790:
and, from that point, continued to expand his dominions ruthlessly. Seleucus established himself in
17481:
17253:
16898:
16895:
16818:
16788:
16731:
16717:
16123:
15107:
14845:
14262:
14046:
12889:
11961:
11751:
11631:
11582:
11554:
11417:
10955:
10869:
10598:
10026:
10023:
10021:
9863:
9795:
9781:
9776:
9767:
9753:
9739:
9729:
9596:
9518:
9446:
9431:
9398:
9388:
9264:
8977:
8361:
8336:
8186:
7845:
7840:
6988:
6503:
6145:
5432:
4820:
The Development of the High Priesthood during the pre-Hasmonean Period: History, Ideology, Theology
3827:
2775:
1839:
815:
760:
15100:
9990:
9989:
9981:
6985:
6983:
17571:
16913:
16841:
16815:
16791:
16785:
16770:
16682:
16618:
16583:
16527:
16476:
16049:
14526:
14307:
14052:
13360:
12818:
12192:
12166:
12157:
12027:
11987:
11591:
11527:
11487:
11222:
11073:
10930:
10889:
10147:
10014:
9843:
9810:
9763:
9749:
9641:
9508:
9455:
9421:
9413:
9362:
9357:
9043:
8867:
8746:
8680:
8588:
8555:
8428:
8309:
7850:
7803:
7746:
7445:
7389:
7137:
6813:
6746:
6640:
6493:
6411:
6406:
5832:
5485:
3570:; albeit under the assumption that a greater share of revenue is given to the state in exchange.
3356:
3343:, the Seleucid army fought primarily in the Greco-Macedonian style, with its main body being the
2370:
2346:
2099:
1974:
957:
878:
783:
210:
10022:
6987:
17076:
17066:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16806:
16797:
16740:
16720:
16714:
16708:
16705:
16696:
16624:
16621:
16612:
16512:
16491:
16105:
15879:
15811:
15721:
15465:
15459:
14940:
14395:
14254:
13819:
13600:
13140:
13114:
13074:
12717:
12490:
12282:
11921:
11662:
11617:
11341:
11303:
11031:
10787:
10006:
9995:
9878:
9744:
9576:
9465:
9460:
9426:
9383:
9352:
9224:
9149:
9086:
9063:
8982:
8967:
8957:
8952:
8937:
8877:
8872:
8857:
8726:
8631:
8621:
8583:
8450:
8351:
8346:
8034:
7982:
7902:
7835:
7739:
7724:
7617:
7384:
7338:
7179:
7066:
6982:
6890:
6844:
6696:
6455:
4051:
3964:
3819:
3659:
3617:
3381:
3368:
homeland. The size of the Seleucid army usually varied between 70,000 and 200,000 in manpower.
3299:
3224:
3198:
3178:
3173:' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under
2701:
2694:
2678:
2668:
2613:
2605:, which met with initial success as the Seleucids defeated and drove the Egyptian army back to
2598:
2587:
2461:
2294:
2238:
2230:
2123:
2068:
2064:
1990:
1817:
1158:
827:
787:
527:
296:
242:
155:
128:
17387:
13693:
12722:
10013:
6875:
4710:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"
4682:
4629:
4458:
4428:
4120:
17436:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
17357:
17320:
17242:
17119:
16779:
16755:
16711:
16699:
16693:
16690:
16645:
16639:
16615:
16580:
16536:
16524:
16521:
16518:
16506:
16500:
16488:
16482:
16301:
16211:
16208:
16199:
15762:
13839:
11570:
11522:
11497:
11217:
10965:
10743:
10661:
10278:
10235:
10041:
10029:
9904:
9899:
9883:
9853:
9719:
9485:
9441:
9378:
9174:
9164:
9111:
9106:
8962:
8942:
8932:
8927:
8912:
8902:
8862:
8741:
8736:
8716:
8706:
8690:
8685:
8550:
8381:
8341:
8154:
8029:
7093:
7083:
7042:
7013:
6513:
5999:
4860:
4655:
4300:
Tarn, W. W. (1940). "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. Seleucus' 500 Elephants, 2. Tarmita".
3636:
3295:
3290:
2763:
2591:
2539:
2390:
17434:
17286:
13099:
8269:
6967:
5527:
The Seleukid Royal Economy. The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire
16687:
16636:
16545:
16539:
16509:
16111:
16064:
16052:
15876:
15817:
15441:
15335:
15158:
14685:
13833:
13354:
12771:
12121:
12023:
11916:
11856:
11831:
11810:
11790:
11763:
11565:
11507:
11402:
11165:
11130:
10894:
10076:
9889:
9868:
9671:
9490:
9342:
8917:
8897:
8814:
8804:
8771:
8721:
8626:
8598:
8578:
8540:
8474:
8304:
8274:
8149:
8080:
8051:
7970:
7304:
7142:
7132:
6731:
6691:
6170:
4631:
Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
4199:
3360:
2721:
2690:
2302:
2276:
2212:
2095:
2072:
1895:
1729:
894:
270:
159:
16148:
8254:
5657:
5223:"Some Observations on Coordinated Bronze Currency Systems in Seleucid Syria and Phoenicia"
2724:. Demetrius II proved unable to control the whole of the kingdom, however. While he ruled
2167:(reigned 261–246 BC) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with
1902:. Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the
889:, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria". He refers to either
8:
17192:
17047:
16752:
16702:
16627:
16577:
16530:
16515:
16494:
16193:
16179:
16067:
16000:
15823:
15714:
15656:
15420:
15093:
14933:
14652:
14457:
14274:
14087:
13403:
12614:
11861:
11550:
11283:
11175:
10774:
10769:
10733:
10666:
10515:
10203:
9957:
9838:
9790:
9785:
9676:
9480:
9373:
9367:
9229:
8947:
8882:
8824:
8751:
8731:
8695:
8641:
8636:
8545:
8166:
8046:
8012:
7914:
7734:
7729:
7541:
7260:
7196:
7071:
7056:
6818:
6726:
6701:
6508:
6483:
6035:
5980:
5894:
5801:
5779:
3303:
3286:
3282:
2705:
2579:
2535:
2491:
2475:
2433:
2394:
2222:
2188:
2168:
2119:
2006:
1844:
1709:
1477:
1078:
768:
646:
169:
164:
103:
7882:
7872:
5639:
4744:
4709:
3189:, by creating new client kingdoms and establishing provinces. While client nations like
2156:(Strat. 7.40), in which Vahbarz (Oborzos) is said to have killed 3000 Seleucid settlers.
877:
Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers referred to the Seleucid ruler as the
17418:
17232:
17109:
16670:
16609:
16603:
16131:
16095:
16008:
15989:
15885:
15882:
15835:
15801:
15798:
15753:
15444:
15429:
15414:
15090:
15087:
15078:
14837:
14012:
13740:
13013:
12866:
12783:
12586:
12225:
12187:
12132:
12127:
12032:
11947:
11587:
11447:
11407:
11247:
11242:
11140:
11125:
10884:
10686:
10507:
10476:
10369:
10126:
10036:
9858:
9289:
9141:
8852:
8842:
8809:
8646:
8565:
8523:
8279:
8259:
8242:
8193:
8058:
7867:
7818:
7751:
7669:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7556:
7526:
7418:
7316:
7184:
7159:
6808:
6777:
6676:
6523:
6440:
5743:
5372:
5260:
5043:
5035:
4905:
4842:
4327:
4319:
4241:
4067:
by immigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite.
4044:
3801:
3669:
3654:
3454:
3373:
3340:
3159:
3082:
2976:
2800:
2566:
2519:
2242:
2164:
2038:
2002:
1930:
1769:
1724:, and the vast territories were divided among Alexander's generals, who thereby became
1557:
1537:
1290:
947:
839:
795:
791:
739:
634:
626:
352:
257:
229:
200:
73:
15888:
5620:
17440:
17393:
17363:
16656:
16630:
16606:
16588:
16388:
16309:
16217:
16086:
16058:
15873:
15841:
15832:
15774:
15771:
15768:
15756:
15744:
15659:
15580:
15432:
15426:
15393:
15387:
14958:
14831:
14695:
14517:
14243:
13842:
13836:
13644:
13612:
13157:
12366:
12319:
12235:
12152:
12058:
12048:
11957:
11866:
11851:
11846:
11815:
11805:
11795:
11785:
11772:
11627:
11331:
11145:
11083:
11058:
11038:
10988:
10908:
10756:
10385:
10377:
10302:
10254:
9894:
9873:
9828:
9475:
9403:
9249:
8887:
8847:
8662:
8608:
8593:
8388:
8284:
8220:
8215:
8144:
8041:
7756:
7684:
7679:
7521:
7450:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7223:
7174:
6883:
6798:
6655:
6650:
6635:
6570:
6488:
6445:
6165:
6160:
6026:
6016:
5581:
5512:
5489:
5459:
5436:
5410:
5336:
5326:
5296:
5201:
5187:
5095:
5047:
4977:
4913:
4846:
4832:
4797:
4749:
4731:
4688:
4661:
4635:
4541:
4493:
4489:
4464:
4434:
4349:
4331:
4245:
4207:
4126:
4084:
4055:
4020:
3988:
3942:
3913:
3882:
3831:
3664:
3377:
3344:
3311:
3148:
2709:
2406:
2374:
2160:
2091:
1773:
1713:
1337:
1327:
1178:
1118:
938:
756:
704:
642:
541:
472:
14820:
2297:
came to the throne around 246 BC. Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the
17316:
17228:
17174:
17105:
17092:
17071:
17036:
16885:
16673:
16642:
16497:
16473:
16241:
16238:
16232:
16187:
16080:
16061:
16055:
16011:
15994:
15838:
15829:
15826:
15750:
15747:
15585:
15470:
15057:
14147:
14081:
14069:
13762:
13309:
12599:
12206:
12197:
12107:
12097:
12053:
11893:
11881:
11835:
11780:
11597:
11462:
11293:
11262:
11107:
11088:
10797:
10417:
9651:
9470:
9121:
9005:
8907:
8700:
8675:
8237:
8024:
8019:
7975:
7962:
7892:
7860:
7855:
7719:
7714:
7696:
7657:
7590:
7573:
7514:
7504:
7499:
7440:
7396:
7366:
7326:
7309:
7292:
7255:
7006:
6711:
6706:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6391:
6248:
6233:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6185:
6076:
5658:
Seleucid Research Bibliography, compiled and maintained by the Seleucid Study Group
5193:
5027:
4824:
4739:
4721:
4311:
4233:
3793:
3679:
3649:
3613:
3307:
3214:
3051:
2899:
2741:
2648:
2555:
2531:
2523:
2449:
2437:
2378:
2306:
2298:
2084:
1982:
1970:
1903:
1487:
1437:
1387:
1270:
831:
807:
650:
585:
322:
309:
134:
12334:
4560:
3125:
2560:
2436:
then made a pact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions outside of Egypt, and in the
2432:, the situation now looked propitious for another western campaign. Antiochus and
1812:
The rise of Seleucus in Babylon threatened the eastern extent of the territory of
17526:
17237:
17223:
17198:
17151:
17114:
17100:
16924:
16773:
16726:
16633:
16470:
16465:
16393:
16367:
16223:
16098:
16092:
16077:
16070:
16024:
16014:
15847:
15792:
15786:
15783:
15729:
15677:
15513:
15447:
15435:
15423:
15411:
15396:
15375:
15294:
15198:
15195:
15169:
15084:
15063:
15051:
15018:
15012:
14982:
14904:
14714:
14066:
14021:
13975:
13969:
13959:
13749:
12849:
12827:
12594:
12240:
12177:
12112:
12087:
12072:
12011:
11800:
11652:
11542:
11364:
11063:
10999:
10903:
10751:
10653:
10425:
10401:
10337:
10318:
10310:
10171:
10113:
9347:
9304:
9239:
9199:
9015:
8892:
8799:
8791:
8670:
8455:
8423:
8296:
8264:
8247:
8203:
8198:
8176:
8171:
8129:
8122:
8097:
7957:
7952:
7793:
7674:
7568:
7563:
7531:
7356:
7346:
7240:
7233:
7228:
7213:
7051:
7037:
6645:
6620:
6615:
6595:
6543:
6533:
6518:
6498:
6468:
6420:
6416:
6386:
6093:
6062:
5757:
5664:
5646:
5429:
The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire
5404:
4973:"The Seleucid State and the Economy" In Production and Public Powers in Antiquity
4567:
4374:
4174:
3907:
3876:
3674:
3264:
3236:
3139:
3062:
2756:
2717:
2632:
2602:
2571:
2503:
2401:. He even emulated Seleucus with an expedition into India where he met with King
2398:
2330:
2318:
2287:
2283:
2265:
2261:
2216:
2049:
1986:
1978:
1942:
1757:
1597:
1417:
1367:
1357:
1260:
1220:
1168:
890:
803:
701:
485:
339:
283:
17276:
12514:
7877:
5541:
Benefactors, Kings, Rulers. Studies on the Seleukid Empire between East and West
17135:
16679:
16572:
16461:
16414:
16375:
16318:
16220:
16156:
16074:
16033:
16027:
16017:
16005:
15789:
15777:
15765:
15685:
15574:
15528:
15438:
15408:
15372:
15236:
15081:
15060:
15054:
15045:
14997:
14967:
14949:
14924:
14912:
14824:
14681:
14552:
14403:
14265:
14259:
14162:
14154:
14090:
14063:
14027:
13860:
13627:
13624:
13525:
12933:
12698:
12604:
12581:
12473:
12082:
11602:
11427:
10915:
10879:
10542:
10460:
10393:
10219:
9724:
9294:
9234:
8922:
8532:
8398:
8393:
8356:
8331:
8314:
8225:
8210:
8181:
8139:
7987:
7947:
7942:
7897:
7823:
7783:
7773:
7763:
7578:
7457:
7351:
7218:
7100:
6625:
6031:
5482:
Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East
5424:
4454:
4081:
Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading
3248:
3202:
3174:
3144:
2954:
2941:
2853:
2803:
in 129 BC. Antiochus Sidetes is sometimes called the last great Seleucid king.
2511:
2428:
When he returned to the west in 205 BC, Antiochus found that with the death of
1807:
1647:
1567:
1527:
1457:
1397:
1058:
990:
914:
859:
799:
748:
743:
654:
618:
174:
5031:
4828:
4780:
The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia
3754:
The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia
2067:, a city he named after his father. An alternative capital was established at
707:. At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that covered
700:, all of which had been under Macedonian control after the fall of the former
17475:
17430:
17353:
17338:
17210:
17142:
17022:
16667:
16664:
16417:
16411:
16371:
16327:
16235:
16196:
16030:
15969:
15870:
15867:
15795:
15780:
15741:
15738:
15681:
15620:
15502:
15208:
15201:
15178:
15072:
15066:
15030:
14952:
14908:
14865:
14657:
14555:
14549:
14507:
14406:
14209:
14171:
13944:
13830:
13744:
13554:
13505:
13260:
13244:
12937:
12863:
12824:
12798:
12792:
12753:
12694:
12665:
12390:
12313:
12217:
12202:
12172:
12117:
11997:
11952:
11901:
11871:
10574:
10468:
10433:
10155:
9692:
9681:
9179:
9169:
9126:
9091:
8819:
8479:
8366:
8161:
8134:
8107:
8085:
8063:
7830:
7813:
7798:
7642:
7595:
7583:
7509:
7401:
7275:
7270:
7245:
7127:
6425:
6273:
6180:
5939:
5935:
5768:
5569:
4925:
4735:
3644:
3407:
3323:
3271:
2985:
2963:
2919:
2864:
2788:
2636:
2483:
2386:
1852:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1467:
1427:
1407:
1210:
1021:
970:
772:
764:
499:
14292:
7907:
7887:
3133:
By 100 BC, the once-formidable Seleucid Empire encompassed little more than
2382:
17383:
17180:
17058:
16992:
16910:
16901:
16832:
16758:
16661:
16405:
16306:
16229:
16083:
16039:
15919:
15844:
15804:
15735:
15732:
15726:
15665:
15617:
15605:
15519:
15496:
15489:
15405:
15399:
15369:
15181:
15153:
15135:
15126:
15075:
14868:
14862:
14856:
14761:
14731:
14537:
14449:
14346:
14283:
14231:
14060:
13785:
13720:
13710:
13621:
13572:
13457:
13437:
13433:
13218:
13082:
12942:
12922:
12875:
12834:
12621:
12576:
12425:
12410:
12245:
12230:
12182:
12091:
11636:
11502:
10925:
10874:
10582:
10566:
10550:
10492:
9734:
9697:
9661:
9314:
9299:
9214:
9154:
9116:
9096:
9081:
8756:
8371:
8112:
8102:
8068:
7997:
7992:
7919:
7709:
7691:
7652:
7647:
7627:
7622:
7494:
7487:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7361:
7299:
7280:
7265:
7201:
6430:
6243:
6175:
6072:
5451:
5197:
4976:. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society Supplementary. pp. 27–36.
4924:. For the dismissive Greek attitudes toward Syrians, Bar-Kochva is citing
4753:
3976:
3073:
2779:
2737:
2402:
1938:
1860:
1848:
1795:
1637:
1577:
1517:
1240:
1190:
925:
882:
732:
5859:
5669:
5536:(Collection "Histoire"). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2007.
4726:
4035:
4024:
3310:
by the Seleucid government, paving the way for the rise of an independent
3169:
Seleucid rule was not entirely over, however. Following the Roman general
1945:
in 301 BC. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador,
858:
Contemporary sources, such as a loyalist decree honoring Antiochus I from
17195:
17186:
17041:
16995:
16980:
16971:
16965:
16907:
16809:
16767:
16737:
16734:
16676:
16533:
16485:
16396:
16315:
16312:
16295:
16205:
16020:
15963:
15960:
15957:
15932:
15922:
15910:
15759:
15700:
15653:
15629:
15623:
15614:
15608:
15553:
15516:
15499:
15483:
15417:
15402:
15390:
15378:
15349:
15316:
15313:
15175:
15150:
15147:
15141:
15048:
15009:
15006:
14994:
14979:
14976:
14964:
14871:
14859:
14850:
14799:
14793:
14743:
14740:
14728:
14725:
14661:
14638:
14621:
14607:
14598:
14368:
14297:
14287:
14139:
14124:
14118:
14102:
14099:
14002:
13981:
13891:
13854:
13777:
13618:
13408:
13333:
13328:
13321:
13291:
13277:
13240:
13090:
12999:
12914:
12884:
12870:
12639:
12625:
12570:
12505:
12435:
12405:
12323:
12287:
12038:
11723:
11646:
11477:
9274:
9269:
9209:
9194:
9131:
9076:
9053:
9048:
9023:
8761:
8090:
8075:
7924:
7637:
7546:
7536:
7462:
7110:
7105:
6849:
6839:
6630:
6562:
6435:
6323:
6137:
5901:
5789:
5739:
5701:
5094:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 331–353.
5092:"The Economy" in "A Companion to the Hellenistic World" by Andrew Erskine
3700:
The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
3447:
3431:
3335:(Minted 290–280 BC) was the first native Seleucid satrap to be appointed.
3332:
3155:
of Rome, the Seleucids were largely left alone by both major combatants.
3093:
2833:
2796:
2771:
2767:
2445:
2234:
2022:
1966:
1958:
1946:
1891:
1872:
1864:
1347:
1250:
752:
728:
720:
689:
665:
513:
56:
14361:
5376:
5360:
5264:
5252:
5039:
5015:
3965:
Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) (1993).
2635:, sent his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the
2353:
17204:
17201:
17183:
17160:
17145:
17139:
17019:
17016:
16974:
16962:
16956:
16941:
16812:
16803:
16800:
16794:
16776:
16746:
16554:
16479:
16420:
16286:
16226:
16089:
15983:
15954:
15951:
15948:
15936:
15928:
15916:
15904:
15650:
15626:
15611:
15547:
15509:
15486:
15480:
15384:
15123:
14955:
14853:
14812:
14802:
14796:
14758:
14755:
14752:
14746:
14734:
14722:
14719:
14689:
14635:
14632:
14445:
14424:
14400:
14376:
14205:
14096:
14093:
14084:
14075:
13994:
13885:
13771:
13726:
13714:
13558:
13396:
13392:
13341:
13162:
13070:
12996:
12992:
12736:
12609:
12559:
12553:
11677:
11068:
10590:
10558:
10484:
10452:
10262:
9833:
9800:
9666:
9324:
9184:
9071:
9038:
9000:
8992:
8117:
7934:
7808:
7768:
7701:
6381:
6376:
5558:
3805:
3220:
3027:
2673:
2652:
2606:
2575:
2507:
2429:
2322:
2253:
2192:
2176:
2045:
1887:
1717:
1657:
1587:
1497:
1447:
1201:
835:
72:
The Seleucid Empire (light blue) in 281 BC on the eve of the murder of
15355:
9926:
6106:
4323:
2207:. A few years later, the last was defeated and killed by the invading
1756:, jostled for supremacy over parts of his empire following his death.
17213:
17156:
17013:
16983:
16977:
16968:
16953:
16947:
16929:
16904:
16782:
16764:
16551:
16548:
16408:
16335:
16321:
16292:
16280:
16202:
16173:
15913:
15907:
15672:
15602:
15559:
15556:
15505:
15288:
15205:
15191:
15188:
15144:
15138:
15120:
15042:
15033:
15003:
15000:
14991:
14973:
14970:
14808:
14805:
14669:
14665:
14641:
14589:
14576:
14546:
14441:
14437:
14315:
14175:
13912:
13907:
13903:
13872:
13789:
13766:
13730:
13615:
13538:
13461:
13453:
13420:
13317:
13301:
13273:
13236:
13105:
13063:
12880:
12759:
12645:
10803:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
10523:
10500:
10294:
10227:
10195:
9702:
9686:
9319:
9309:
9284:
9254:
9159:
9101:
9033:
9028:
8781:
8776:
8651:
8573:
8492:
8007:
7778:
7662:
7632:
7413:
7287:
7078:
6686:
6371:
6258:
6195:
5951:
5921:
4818:
3765:
Primer of Hinduism, p. 81, J. N. Farquhar, Asian Educational Services
3565:
3558:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3467:
3399:
3385:
3349:
3244:
3240:
3231:, therefore including a diverse array of cultures and ethnic groups.
2784:
2752:
2725:
2628:
2610:
2466:
2441:
2373:, took the throne in 223 BC. Although initially unsuccessful in the
2153:
2141:
2018:
2017:
in the south-east of the Iranian plateau, and, to the north of this,
1954:
1880:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1750:
1740:
1721:
1547:
1507:
1230:
1108:
869:
863:
823:
677:
669:
622:
5652:
5507:
Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King
4406:
3797:
2530:
and to never again attempt to expand Seleucid territory west of the
2389:
to at least nominal obedience. He gained many victories such as the
874:). Similarly, Seleucid rulers were described as kings in Babylonia.
17163:
16989:
16950:
16944:
16821:
16402:
16399:
16344:
16341:
16283:
16214:
16164:
16127:
15980:
15522:
15381:
15363:
15346:
15284:
15211:
15185:
15132:
15114:
15024:
14899:
14790:
14781:
14769:
14737:
14701:
14677:
14627:
14595:
14571:
14543:
14513:
14501:
14494:
14480:
14474:
14409:
14319:
14301:
14213:
14191:
14187:
14072:
13998:
13827:
13781:
13758:
13753:
13684:
13679:
13648:
13465:
13389:
13385:
13378:
13256:
13177:
13022:
12854:
12844:
12839:
12830:
12766:
12749:
12520:
12467:
11713:
11053:
10935:
10187:
9279:
9204:
9189:
7408:
7191:
7149:
7088:
6906:
6823:
6478:
6401:
6396:
6303:
6288:
6283:
6238:
5945:
5930:
5926:
5910:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5827:
5290:
5222:
4971:
4579:
4315:
4237:
3228:
3177:. Even so, civil wars could not be prevented, as another Seleucid,
3170:
3014:
2877:
2844:
2733:
2620:
2527:
2499:
2495:
2358:
2326:
2314:
2110:
2053:
2014:
1950:
1907:
1899:
1749:
1704:
1039:
1030:
811:
708:
676:
in 321 BC, Seleucus I began expanding his dominions to include the
335:
203:
184:
179:
87:
17392:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
16381:
2888:
2685:
17216:
17044:
17025:
17010:
17004:
16998:
16332:
16277:
16170:
16167:
16115:
15966:
15708:
15647:
15568:
15562:
15303:
15297:
15069:
15039:
14894:
14784:
14749:
14540:
14483:
14384:
14353:
14057:
13606:
13549:
13478:
13373:
13365:
13230:
13165:
12972:
12969:
12954:
12950:
12762:
12756:
12740:
12618:
12256:
10179:
9848:
9244:
7321:
7250:
7206:
7061:
6580:
6308:
6298:
6263:
6253:
6004:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5847:
5815:
5794:
3982:
3443:
3439:
3423:
3419:
3348:
3275:
3190:
3134:
3104:
2745:
2656:
2310:
2257:
2226:
2200:
2180:
2145:
2136:
2115:
1868:
1791:
1068:
1008:
999:
862:, in Greek language define the Seleucid state both as an empire (
819:
776:
697:
673:
555:
139:
95:
14469:
7122:
5456:
From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire
4100:
4041:
4010:
4008:
2736:, the remnants of Balas' supporters—first supporting Balas' son
17007:
17001:
16959:
16870:
16338:
16289:
15864:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
15662:
15565:
15550:
15534:
15279:
15264:
15129:
15036:
15027:
14961:
14918:
14787:
14778:
14775:
14772:
14673:
14645:
14586:
14477:
14372:
14199:
14078:
13990:
13978:
13609:
13566:
13531:
13512:
13484:
13381:
13313:
13251:
13194:
13146:
13055:
13026:
12982:
12979:
12929:
12859:
12777:
12730:
12680:
12655:
12650:
12629:
12446:
12420:
12395:
12062:
11382:
10211:
9259:
7154:
7029:
6905:
6328:
6278:
6200:
3930:
3554:
no evidence for the amount that was taxed on any given region.
3411:
3232:
3182:
3005:
2996:
2479:
2362:
2341:
2249:
2184:
2149:
2076:
2033:
1998:
1923:
1876:
1821:
1725:
1280:
1088:
847:
724:
716:
712:
658:
14464:
14016:
13688:
13286:
13281:
13109:
13094:
10068:
9967:
6916:
4796:(Reprint ed., 2. print ed.). Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson.
3969:. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. p. 211.
2712:
in 161 BC. Demetrius I attempted to restore Seleucid power in
802:
and its Greek allies. The Seleucids were forced to pay costly
779:
of vast territory west of the Indus and a political alliance.
17207:
17189:
15704:
15310:
15291:
14357:
14268:
14239:
14166:
13898:
13562:
13449:
13368:
13296:
13173:
13169:
13051:
12989:
12985:
12946:
12733:
12675:
12670:
12660:
12633:
12415:
10920:
7788:
6681:
6318:
6313:
6293:
5810:
5159:
4005:
3435:
3415:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3252:
3194:
3152:
2932:
2910:
2729:
2713:
2644:
2624:
2313:, semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms had sprung up in
2208:
2057:
1962:
1761:
1098:
1012:
693:
600:
14581:
13543:
3985:
The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture
17532:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC
16161:
15925:
15852:
15696:
15452:
14563:
14418:
14340:
14181:
14109:
13938:
13824:
13655:
13630:
13518:
13499:
13268:
13226:
13181:
13121:
13059:
13006:
12975:
12904:
12804:
12746:
12743:
12690:
12534:
12526:
12496:
12456:
12440:
12430:
12400:
10700:
10163:
10099:
6268:
5806:
4910:
Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids
4627:
3909:
Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome
3714:
3372:
periods in the establishment of settlements, firstly under
2172:
2001:
of them, and established there settlements of his own. But
1941:, a military asset which would play a decisive role at the
980:
685:
681:
597:
6998:
5332:, by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Pieter Willem de Neeve
5192:. Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. pp. 234–259.
4597:
2693:, who ruled the country with the exception of the city of
2455:
2305:
and then had to fight a civil war against his own brother
14158:
11678:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
4760:
3256:
2148:(Oborzos), thought to have initiated the independence of
606:
591:
17517:
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
17327:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
5635:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4083:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 55.
4072:
1875:
region, and by 317 BC, he conquered the remaining Greek
13795:
12451:
4609:
4585:
4528:, Book 11, 1889, p. 78, trans. Friedrich Otto Hultsch,
4506:
3453:
Following losses of territory in Asia Minor during the
2105:
27:
Hellenistic-era Greek state in Western Asia (312–63 BC)
17306:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
4408:
The Seleukid Empire, 281–222 BC: War within the Family
3936:
3529:
3289:, to gain support. Tensions around the integration of
3274:. Historically significant towns and cities, such as
2369:
A revival would begin when Seleucus II's younger son,
846:
in 83 BC, and ultimate overthrow by the Roman general
14827:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
4430:
The Seleukid Empire 281–222 BC: War Within the Family
4151:
4139:
3504:, and royal estates. We should clarify that the term
3450:
would have undermined the kingdom's very existence.
2357:
The Seleucid Empire in 200 BC (before expansion into
2329:
in the west was asserting its independence under the
806:
and had to relinquish territorial claims west of the
603:
588:
13895:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
3626:
2013:
Other territories ceded before Seleucus' death were
1871:. Chandragupta then redirected his attention to the
1833:
609:
12364:
4046:
Western civilization: a history of European society
3941:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 174.
3824:
The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra
594:
13698:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
5449:
5330:De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve
4106:
4043:
3355:. This form of fighting had been developed by the
1929:It is generally thought that Chandragupta married
905:
5160:"Palace, Temple and Market in Seleucid Babylonia"
4014:
2545:
17473:
5406:The Seleucid Empire of Antiochus III. 223–187 BC
5289:Gilles, Gorre; Honigman, Sylvie (January 2013).
4078:
3967:The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113–114
2420:He crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) (
2063:In the latter area, he founded a new capital at
10739:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
5409:(Paperback ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
4912:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–111.
4460:Time and Its Adversaries in the Seleucid Empire
3912:. University of California Press. p. 106.
3874:
3219:The domain of the Seleucids stretched from the
2163:(reigned 281–261 BC) and his son and successor
814:, marking the gradual decline of their empire.
10825:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
10724:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
5288:
4684:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies
2778:, had overrun upland Media (home of the famed
2716:particularly, but was overthrown in 150 BC by
2662:
2502:, and making an alliance with the disgruntled
2264:, before becoming vassals to the newly formed
2215:—the region would then become the core of the
2052:in 301 BC, Seleucus took control over eastern
1910:in southern Afghanistan. According to Appian:
1801:
1760:, a former general and then current satrap of
12350:
10607:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
10084:
9942:
8508:
7014:
6891:
6122:
5685:
5359:Aphergis, Gerassmimos George (October 2008).
5335:. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben. pp. 303–332.
4660:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51.
2708:, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son,
2570:, a bronze statue originally thought to be a
2260:. They would later overtly take the title of
1883:army of 600,000 men and 9,000 war elephants.
1684:
401:2,600,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi)
393:3,900,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi)
385:3,000,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi)
17341:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
17315:
14819:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
13412:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
11683:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
8471:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5550:, I-II, New York – Lancaster – London, 2002.
5324:
5185:
5157:
4969:
4118:
3983:Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (2010).
3878:Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period
3875:Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (2020).
2774:; the nomadic Parthians, brilliantly led by
2631:by force, slew a great many who had favored
2506:, Antiochus launched an invasion across the
2377:against Egypt, which led to a defeat at the
17351:
16568:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
10793:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
6717:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
5699:
5328:"New Evidence on Seleucid Land Policy". In
5016:"Sacred Plunder and the Seleucid Near East"
4791:
4634:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
4042:Steven C. Hause; William S. Maltby (2004).
3607:
2490:Following the defeat of his erstwhile ally
2233:. This kingdom was characterized by a rich
108:
12357:
12343:
11299:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
11161:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
10677:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
10091:
10077:
9949:
9935:
8515:
8501:
7021:
7007:
6898:
6884:
6129:
6115:
5736:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
5692:
5678:
4904:
3987:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
2755:had fully established their independence.
2241:, invaded India around 180 BC to form the
1772:, who had been "Commander-in-Chief of the
1691:
1677:
738:The Seleucid Empire was a major center of
17268:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
13864:"King of the four quarters of the world"
10808:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
5502:
5393:
5253:"Tribute and Land-tax in Seleucid Judaea"
4898:
4743:
4725:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4463:. Harvard University Press. p. 207.
3865:" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1911.
3783:
2048:' decisive victory over Antigonus at the
759:—a rival Hellenistic state. To the east,
409:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi)
17439:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
10627:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
5543:, Leuven, 2017 (Studia Hellenistica 57).
5479:
5402:
5358:
5325:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (1993).
5250:
5220:
5186:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (2014).
5158:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (2004).
4970:van der Spek, Robartus Johannes (2000).
4426:
3905:
3720:
3327:
3124:
2684:
2672:
2559:
2465:
2352:
2340:
2135:
2109:
2032:
1917:
1739:
830:continued to flourish in the northeast.
417:100,000 km (39,000 sq mi)
17284:
11413:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
9956:
8295:
6136:
4483:
3185:in 63 BC, Pompey set about the task of
2810:
2456:Expansion into Greece and war with Rome
2336:
1816:in Asia. Antigonus, along with his son
14:
17474:
17413:
17411:
17409:
17149:
16379:
16177:
13957:
13948:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
13852:
12776:
10951:History of democracy in classical Iran
8522:
5575:
5423:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5013:
4816:
4766:
4512:
4453:
4145:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3731:
3729:
3587:
3080:
3071:
2271:The Seleucid satrap of Parthia, named
1794:in 312 BC, the year later used as the
680:territories that encompass modern-day
17429:
17274:
17241:
17236:
17227:
17179:
17118:
17113:
17104:
17099:
17090:
17080:
17075:
17070:
17065:
17056:
16922:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16874:
16865:
16855:
16850:
16839:
16830:
16724:
16459:
16366:
16264:
16254:
16140:
15988:
15897:
15719:
15712:
15670:
15594:
15572:
15540:
15526:
15495:
15479:
15353:
15325:
15301:
15256:
15217:
15162:
15098:
14931:
14916:
14893:
14880:
14843:
14693:
14650:
14524:
14500:
14492:
14455:
14393:
14382:
14352:
14336:
14305:
14272:
14252:
14230:
14197:
14106:
14038:
14026:
13985:
13897:
13889:
13817:
13598:
13352:
13345:
13307:
13234:
13216:
13185:
13138:
13104:
13089:
13081:
13068:
13049:
13037:
13020:
13004:
12967:
12920:
12894:
12816:
12781:
12709:
12533:
12502:
12495:
12484:
12465:
12338:
11749:
11673:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
11458:Iran and the World Trade Organization
11362:
11105:
10986:
10111:
10072:
9930:
9447:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
8496:
7002:
6879:
6110:
6092:
6071:
6061:
5979:
5950:
5882:
5858:
5673:
5354:
5352:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5089:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4794:Hellenistic civilization and the jews
4707:
4680:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4346:Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy
4223:
3818:
3102:
3091:
3049:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2983:
2974:
2961:
2952:
2939:
2930:
2917:
2908:
2897:
2886:
2875:
2862:
2851:
2831:
2822:
2689:Seleucid Syria in early 124 BC under
2028:
17382:
10845:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
10835:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
9915:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
4299:
3812:
3060:
3038:
3025:
2842:
2619:On his return journey, according to
2282:territory around 238 BC to form the
2106:Breakup of Central Asian territories
17406:
12078:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
11719:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
11693:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
11492:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
11227:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
5511:. London: Oxford University Press.
4019:. Thames & Hudson. p. 34.
3826:. History of Civilisation. London:
3768:
3726:
3530:Role of the state–political economy
3158:Mithridates' ambitious son-in-law,
2586:The reign of his son and successor
1989:as having sent an ambassador named
1735:
751:. The empire's western territories
24:
17547:Offshoots of the Macedonian Empire
17362:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
17281:Chronology of the Neolithic period
16933:
16563:
16380:
16362:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
16147:
16038:
15354:
15326:
15269:
15099:
14706:
14360:
12721:
10617:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
6907:The division of Alexander's empire
5580:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
5473:
5349:
5309:
5271:
5237:
5170:
5108:
5054:
4990:
4944:
4861:"History of Iran: Seleucid Empire"
4415:
4393:
3302:, a radical Hellenist, outbidding
3119:Main polities in Asia, circa -100.
2122:asserted independence to form the
1716:under its last Achaemenid dynast,
913:
838:in Syria, until their conquest by
629:. It was founded in 312 BC by the
25:
17583:
17552:Former monarchies of Central Asia
16938:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
15274:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
13085:("made the land of Elam submit")
11688:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
11309:Supreme National Security Council
11135:Persian Constitutional Revolution
10765:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
10672:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
10662:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
5595:
3881:. Springer Nature. p. viii.
1834:Seleucid–Mauryan War (305–303 BC)
17497:Former countries in Central Asia
17359:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
17285:
17275:
14580:
14468:
14463:
14291:
14020:
14015:
13846:
13692:
13687:
13542:
13441:
13372:
13285:
13280:
13150:
13113:
13108:
13098:
13093:
12888:
12538:
12525:
12513:
12478:
12318:
12309:
12308:
11284:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
6855:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
6346:
4817:Brutti, Maria (1 January 2006).
4582:, Shabbat 21b, Babylonian Talmud
4288:The evolution of man and society
3629:
2817:
2083:itself, but was assassinated by
782:In the early second century BC,
584:
560:
546:
532:
518:
504:
490:
465:
66:
49:
17562:Former monarchies of South Asia
17423:
17376:
17345:
17331:
17309:
17300:
16356:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
11483:Military equipment manufactured
11049:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
10813:United States withdrawal (2018)
10734:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
10098:
5387:
5214:
5166:: 303–332 – via Academia.
4935:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4853:
4810:
4785:
4772:
4701:
4674:
4648:
4621:
4573:
4552:
4534:
4518:
4477:
4447:
4379:
4359:
4338:
4293:
4280:
4274:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
4265:
4252:
4217:
4193:
4180:
4112:
3937:Jones, Kenneth Raymond (2006).
3899:
3868:
3739:, (Ballantyne Ltd, 1984), 164;"
3475:
2791:) to drive back the Parthians.
2472:Syria, Kingdom of the Seleucids
1782:) and appointed first or court
1748:Alexander's generals, known as
906:Partition of Alexander's empire
17557:Former monarchies of West Asia
17502:Former countries in South Asia
17291:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
16429:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
15976:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
15900:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
14462:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
12043:modern / contemporary
11289:Expediency Discernment Council
10612:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
10601:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
10125:
6412:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
6407:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
5398:. University of Chicago Press.
5396:A Political History of Parthia
5394:Debevoise, Neilson C. (1938).
4206:. Asian Educational Services.
4122:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
4107:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt 1993
3844:
3759:
3746:
3705:
3692:
3557:Tribute was heavily levied on
3492:
2546:Roman power, Parthia and Judea
13:
1:
17512:4th-century BC establishments
17507:Former countries in West Asia
17261:Muslim conquest of the Levant
16507:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
16450:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
16435:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
16273:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
16143:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
15944:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
15643:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
11257:state-sponsorship allegations
10987:
9919:in most of their territories.
8717:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
6794:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
6191:Tigris–Euphrates river system
5233:: 35–47 – via Academia.
4687:. Ibidem Press. p. 403.
4050:. Thomson Wadsworth. p.
3756:, (Gorgias Press, 2004), 143.
3685:
3187:remaking the Hellenistic East
2762:Demetrius Nicator's brother,
2474:) and the expanded states of
2399:besieged the Bactrian capital
2126:
1949:, to Chandragupta, and later
962:
834:were thereafter reduced to a
17542:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
15810:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
12544:(Uruk influence or control)
11714:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
11106:
11015:twin towns and sister cities
10321:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
10198:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
10174:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
5626:Resources in other libraries
4930:Juden, Griechen und Barbaren
4792:Tcherikover, Victor (2004).
4411:. Swansea. pp. 173–196.
4344:Partha Sarathi Bose (2003).
3906:Eckstein, Arthur M. (2009).
3618:Seleucid dynasty Family tree
3566:
3559:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3468:
3386:
3350:
2740:, then the usurping general
2470:The reduced empire (titled:
1778:
1751:
1712:, who quickly conquered the
870:
864:
653:until its annexation by the
7:
16504:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
15543:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
15342:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
14889:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
14883:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
14143:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
13130:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
12531:(Anonymous "King-priests")
12486:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
11993:Water supply and sanitation
11750:
11724:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
11363:
10783:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
10158:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
10112:
8712:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
7028:
6860:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
6742:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
6737:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
5480:Overtoom, Nikolaus (2020).
5403:Grainger, John D. (2020) .
5014:Taylor, Michael J. (2014).
4303:Journal of Hellenic Studies
3737:The History of Ancient Iran
3622:
3317:
3287:Babylonian religious tenets
2663:Civil war and further decay
2623:, he made an expedition to
2597:Seleucus' younger brother,
1802:Babylonian War (311–309 BC)
887:Antigonus son of Menophilus
10:
17588:
17296:
17131:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
16558:
16441:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
16325:
16299:
16251:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
15597:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
15362:Third Babylonian dynasty (
15259:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
15221:Second Intermediate Period
14031:(vassal of the Akkadians)
13419:
12564:Early or legendary kings:
11473:Economy of the Middle East
10850:2021–2022 Iranian protests
10840:2019–2020 Iranian protests
10820:2017–2018 Iranian protests
10281:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
6865:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
5653:Genealogy of the Seleucids
5345:– via Research Gate.
4708:Török, Tibor (July 2023).
4125:. Routledge. p. 652.
4015:Glubb, John Bagot (1967).
3611:
3460:
3321:
3212:
3208:
2666:
2549:
2459:
1957:, at the Mauryan court at
1837:
1805:
1702:
1285:8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
1129:Ancient kingdom of Armenia
971:Proto-Elamite civilization
900:
723:, and what are now modern
17265:
17258:
17251:
17222:
17172:
17169:
17128:
17087:
17053:
17034:
16876:Parthamaspates of Parthia
16862:
16827:
16686:
16654:
16447:
16426:
16353:
16350:
16256:Assyrian conquest of Elam
16249:
16137:
16103:
16037:
15998:
15862:
15851:
15808:
15636:Third Intermediate Period
15451:
15322:
15166:Second Babylonian dynasty
15111:("Old Babylonian Period")
14877:
14829:
14593:
14561:
14533:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
14505:
14489:
14436:
14433:
14416:
14338:
14323:
14282:
14249:
14195:
14179:
14153:
14145:
14116:
14041:First Intermediate Period
14035:
14011:
13967:
13952:
13936:
13911:
13902:
13876:
13871:
13683:
13662:
13643:
13634:
13595:
13570:
13553:
13529:
13516:
13511:
13497:
13482:
13473:
13425:
13401:
13326:
13266:
13249:
13214:
13193:
13187:Early Dynastic Period III
13135:
13119:
13047:
13045:
13034:
12961:
12912:
12902:
12813:
12790:
12706:
12637:
12568:
12551:
12548:
12489:
12462:
12389:
12373:
12304:
12270:
12216:
12019:
12010:
11940:
11892:
11824:
11771:
11762:
11758:
11745:
11706:
11698:National Development Fund
11661:
11618:Telecommunications and IT
11612:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
11541:
11438:Foreign direct investment
11383:Bonyad (charitable trust)
11375:
11371:
11358:
11317:
11276:
11118:
11114:
11101:
10995:
10982:
10862:
10729:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
10719:Interim Government (1979)
10698:
10646:
10639:
10535:
10445:
10362:
10353:
10330:
10247:
10140:
10133:
10124:
10120:
10107:
9964:
9913:
9819:
9650:
9557:
9499:
9412:
9333:
9140:
9062:
9014:
8991:
8833:
8790:
8661:
8617:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
8607:
8564:
8531:
8464:
8416:
7933:
7337:
7036:
6913:
6832:
6786:
6760:
6664:
6561:
6454:
6362:
6355:
6344:
6226:
6153:
6144:
6089:
6068:
6056:
6053:
6046:
6043:
6025:
6015:
5998:
5991:
5989:
5955:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5920:
5892:
5875:
5846:
5831:
5826:
5805:
5800:
5788:
5778:
5766:
5756:
5738:
5735:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5621:Resources in your library
5503:Chrubasik, Boris (2016).
5259:. 36. No.3 (3): 352–361.
5227:Israel Numismatic Journal
5221:Houghton, Arthur (2003).
5032:10.1017/S0017383514000175
4829:10.1163/9789047408758_006
4561:The War of the Jews 1.1§2
4530:Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh
4079:Victor, Royce M. (2010).
3851:Oxford English Dictionary
3828:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3129:Seleucid Kingdom in 87 BC
2410:
1814:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
1766:Partition of Triparadisus
1732:, all in that same year.
753:were repeatedly contested
444:
440:
430:
426:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
376:
372:
362:
349:
332:
319:
306:
293:
280:
267:
263:
253:
249:
236:
223:
219:
209:
196:
148:
121:
80:
65:
46:
41:
34:
17254:Muslim conquest of Egypt
16718:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
16549:Cleopatra VII Philopator
16046:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
15108:First Babylonian dynasty
14846:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
14350:(vassal of the Gutians)
14047:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
13039:Early Dynastic Period II
11448:International oil bourse
11213:Ministry of Intelligence
10798:Syrian civil war (2011–)
10622:1921 Persian coup d'état
8978:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
8777:Cleopatra VII Philopator
5717:Northwestern Mesopotamia
5546:A. Houghton, C. Lorber,
5433:Harvard University Press
4566:13 February 2021 at the
4542:"Livy's History of Rome"
4433:. ISD LLC. p. 175.
3608:Family tree of Seleucids
3339:As with the other major
3308:loss of control of Judea
2776:Mithridates I of Parthia
2021:on the west bank of the
1798:of the Seleucid Empire.
1049:Bactria–Margiana Complex
826:, while the independent
816:Mithridates I of Parthia
42:312 BC – 63 BC
17487:Ancient history of Iran
17339:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
17082:Province of Mesopotamia
16891:Province of Mesopotamia
16867:Province of Mesopotamia
16842:Roman conquest of Egypt
16683:Antigonus II Mattathias
16477:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
16050:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
14527:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
14053:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
13361:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
12896:Early Dynastic Period I
12819:Second Dynasty of Egypt
11972:scientists and scholars
11478:Milad Tower and complex
11268:Women's rights movement
11263:White Revolution (1963)
10931:Peoples of the Caucasus
10273:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
10166:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
9775:'s attempted rule with
9456:Mithridates V Euergetes
8868:Antiochus III the Great
8681:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
8622:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
8546:Alexander III the Great
5576:Wünsch, Julian (2022).
5486:Oxford University Press
4484:Castrén, Paavo (2011).
4427:Erickson, Kyle (2018).
2440:, the Seleucids ousted
2371:Antiochus III the Great
2347:Antiochus III the Great
2100:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2090:His son and successor,
1975:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1818:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
1744:Bronze bust of Seleucus
853:
784:Antiochus III the Great
17522:310s BC establishments
17492:Former empires in Asia
16939:
16721:Philip II Philoromaeus
16715:Antiochus XII Dionysus
16709:Demetrius III Eucaerus
16706:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
16697:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
16569:
16537:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
16492:Arsinoe III Philopator
16385:
16153:
16043:
15880:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
15812:Second Dynasty of Isin
15359:
15332:
15275:
15104:
14987:(Non-dynastic usurpers
14711:
14396:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
14365:
14255:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
13820:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
13601:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
13428:Second kingdom of Mari
13141:Third Dynasty of Egypt
13075:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
12727:
12718:First Dynasty of Egypt
12283:Anti-Iranian sentiment
12278:Science and technology
12103:Intellectual movements
11983:International rankings
11967:Intellectual movements
11453:International rankings
10946:Heads of state of Iran
10752:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
10313:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
10150:culture (3400–2000 BC)
9559:Monarchs of Cappadocia
9461:Mithridates VI Eupator
8983:Philip II Philoromaeus
8968:Antiochus XII Dionysus
8958:Demetrius III Eucaerus
8953:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
8938:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
8878:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
8873:Seleucus IV Philopator
8858:Seleucus II Callinicus
8757:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
8632:Demetrius II Aetolicus
6697:Babylonian mathematics
5877:Middle Hittite Kingdom
5450:Sherwin-White, Susan;
5361:"The Seleucid Economy"
5198:10.2307/j.ctvh1dn9m.15
4941:Griffith, 1935, p. 153
4895:Chaniotis, 2006, p. 85
4886:Chaniotis, 2006, p. 86
4681:Fauve, Jeroen (2021).
4657:Atlas of World History
4486:Uusi antiikin historia
4173:4 January 2022 at the
4017:Syria, Lebanon, Jordan
3830:. pp. 21–24, 48.
3786:Social Science History
3660:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3581:
3382:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
3336:
3130:
2702:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2697:
2682:
2679:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2669:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
2614:Gaius Popillius Laenas
2599:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2588:Seleucus IV Philopator
2583:
2552:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2487:
2486:by Rome. Circa 188 BC.
2482:, after the defeat of
2426:
2366:
2350:
2295:Seleucus II Callinicus
2239:Demetrius I of Bactria
2231:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2157:
2133:
2124:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
2087:on landing in Europe.
2069:Seleucia on the Tigris
2065:Antioch on the Orontes
2041:
2011:
1993:to the Mauryan court.
1985:, is also recorded by
1926:
1916:
1906:, are known as far as
1831:
1745:
1578:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans
1159:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
918:
828:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
788:project Seleucid power
528:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
364:• Disestablished
109:
17325:The Ancient Near East
17243:Byzantine Mesopotamia
17157:Province of Asoristan
17120:Byzantine Mesopotamia
16937:
16930:Province of Asoristan
16712:Philip I Philadelphus
16700:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
16694:Antiochus VIII Grypus
16691:Seleucus V Philometor
16646:Antiochus VII Sidetes
16640:Antiochus VI Dionysus
16567:
16540:Berenice IV Epiphanea
16501:Ptolemy VI Philometor
16489:Ptolemy IV Philopator
16486:Berenice II Euergetis
16483:Ptolemy III Euergetes
16384:
16302:Neo-Babylonian Empire
16212:Marduk-apla-iddina II
16209:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
16200:Marduk-apla-iddina II
16151:
16106:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
16042:
15763:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
15453:Middle Elamite period
15358:
15330:
15273:
15103:
14710:
14364:
14119:Third kingdom of Mari
13840:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
12915:First kingdom of Mari
12725:
12712:Early Dynastic Period
12554:Proto-Dynastic period
11571:Shetab Banking System
11561:Banking and insurance
11523:Tehran Stock Exchange
11443:Intellectual property
10788:PJAK conflict (2004–)
10561:Turcomans (1378–1508)
10553:Turcomans (1374–1468)
10502:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
10305:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
9501:Monarchs of Commagene
9422:Mithridates I Ctistes
8963:Philip I Philadelphus
8943:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
8933:Antiochus VIII Grypus
8928:Seleucus V Philometor
8913:Antiochus VII Sidetes
8903:Antiochus VI Dionysus
8863:Seleucus III Ceraunus
8762:Berenice IV Epiphanea
8707:Ptolemy VI Philometor
8691:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8686:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8551:Philip III Arrhidaeus
8441:Medieval great powers
6000:Neo-Babylonian Empire
5833:Old Babylonian Empire
5748:Early Dynastic period
5663:24 March 2015 at the
5458:. London: Duckworth.
5251:Mittwoch, A. (1955).
4727:10.3390/genes14071345
4367:"The Natural History"
4119:Nigel Wilson (2013).
3637:Ancient Greece portal
3600:market-oriented, and
3576:
3331:
3298:position—this led to
3213:Further information:
3128:
2764:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2688:
2676:
2667:Further information:
2563:
2550:Further information:
2469:
2460:Further information:
2418:
2391:Battle of Mount Labus
2356:
2344:
2139:
2113:
2036:
1995:
1921:
1912:
1826:
1743:
1063:c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
917:
775:in 305 BC led to the
122:Common languages
16688:Alexander II Zabinas
16552:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
16528:Ptolemy XI Alexander
16510:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
16065:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
16053:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
15877:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
15818:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
15442:Marduk-apla-iddina I
15336:New Kingdom of Egypt
15159:Early Kassite rulers
14453:(Vassals of Ur III)
14434:(Vassals of UR III)
13834:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
13804:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
13355:Old Kingdom of Egypt
11532:Technology start-ups
11433:Environmental issues
11423:Economic Reform Plan
11337:Provincial governors
11027:Environmental issues
10775:Iran Air Flight 655
10516:Jalayirid Sultanate
10388:Caliphate (750–1258)
10230:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
9335:Monarchs of Bithynia
8918:Alexander II Zabinas
8898:Demetrius II Nicator
8815:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
8782:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
8747:Ptolemy XI Alexander
8722:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
8627:Antigonus II Gonatas
8451:European colonialism
8436:Ancient great powers
6692:Babylonian astronomy
6171:Mesopotamian Marshes
5727:Southern Mesopotamia
5722:Northern Mesopotamia
5645:19 July 2013 at the
5365:The Classical Review
5090:Reger, Gary (2003).
4373:28 July 2013 at the
3723:, pp. 130, 143.
3422:and settled them in
3410:brought Greeks from
3361:Philip II of Macedon
3115:class=notpageimage|
2811:Collapse (100–63 BC)
2722:Demetrius II Nicator
2691:Alexander II Zabinas
2514:. At the battles of
2337:Revival (223–191 BC)
2303:Ptolemy III of Egypt
2280:invaded the Parthian
2096:Antigonus II Gonatas
1981:and contemporary of
1855:in 321 BC after the
1840:Seleucid–Mauryan war
1730:Partition of Babylon
1588:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans
1378:Zaydis of Tabaristan
895:Alexander II Zabinas
868:) and as a kingdom (
664:After receiving the
271:Wars of the Diadochi
17193:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
16703:Antiochus X Eusebes
16531:Ptolemy XII Auletes
16522:Ptolemy X Alexander
16516:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
16495:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
16180:Neo-Assyrian Empire
16068:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
16001:Neo-Assyrian Empire
15824:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
15715:Syro-Hittite states
15421:Shagarakti-Shuriash
15094:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
14088:Neferkare Pepiseneb
13987:Akkadian Governors:
12491:Pre-Dynastic period
11932:Freedom of religion
11518:Supreme Audit Court
11397:Automotive industry
11044:Iranian Balochistan
10770:1987 Mecca incident
10667:Iran crisis of 1946
10656:dynasty (1925–1979)
10585:Dynasty (1751–1794)
10526:dynasty (1338–1357)
10518:dynasty (1335–1432)
10510:dynasty (1314–1393)
10495:dynasty (1244–1381)
10479:dynasty (1077–1231)
10463:dynasty (1011–1215)
10380:Caliphate (661–750)
10372:Caliphate (632–661)
10340:Empire (AD 224–651)
10257:Empire (550–330 BC)
10238:Empire (626–539 BC)
10222:Empire (678–549 BC)
10206:Empire (911–609 BC)
9958:History of Anatolia
9917:Hellenistic satraps
8948:Antiochus X Eusebes
8883:Antiochus V Eupator
8825:Cleopatra Selene II
8752:Ptolemy XII Auletes
8737:Ptolemy X Alexander
8732:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
8696:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8637:Antigonus III Doson
8446:Modern great powers
6773:Destruction by ISIL
6727:Sumerian literature
6702:Akkadian literature
6138:Ancient Mesopotamia
5981:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5895:Bronze Age Collapse
5828:Old Hittite Kingdom
5802:Old Assyrian period
5780:Third Dynasty of Ur
5640:The Seleucid Empire
5566:Antiochus the Great
5564:Michael J. Taylor,
5557:, Berlin – Boston:
5532:Laurent Capdetrey,
4906:Bar-Kochva, Bezalel
4769:, pp. 106–107.
4226:Classical Philology
3588:Academic discussion
2706:Antiochus V Eupator
2700:After the death of
2536:Kingdom of Pergamum
2434:Philip V of Macedon
2395:Battle of the Arius
2293:Antiochus II's son
2243:Indo-Greek Kingdoms
2225:, governor for the
1845:Chandragupta Maurya
1478:Khwarazmian dynasty
1251:Kabul Shahi kingdom
1153:c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
1079:Neo-Assyrian Empire
958:Kura–Araxes culture
794:, but his attempts
790:and authority into
740:Hellenistic culture
649:, and ruled by the
647:Alexander the Great
170:Hellenistic Judaism
165:Babylonian religion
17567:Hellenistic states
17537:Classical Anatolia
17419:Sumerian King List
17233:Palaestina Secunda
17110:Palaestina Secunda
16940:
16671:Alexander Jannaeus
16570:
16560:Hellenistic Period
16386:
16154:
16132:Humban-haltash III
16096:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
16044:
16009:Tukulti-Ninurta II
15990:Kingdom of Samaria
15886:Mar-biti-apla-usur
15883:Shirikti-shuqamuna
15853:Neo-Elamite period
15836:Marduk-shapik-zeri
15821:Itti-Marduk-balatu
15802:Tiglath-Pileser II
15799:Ashur-resh-ishi II
15754:Enlil-kudurri-usur
15445:Zababa-shuma-iddin
15430:Kadashman-Harbe II
15415:Kadashman-Enlil II
15360:
15333:
15276:
15105:
15091:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
15088:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
15079:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
14838:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
14712:
14366:
13741:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
13122:Old Elamite period
13014:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
12867:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
12784:Jemdet Nasr period
12728:
12063:Persian New Year (
11468:Main economic laws
11039:Iranian Azerbaijan
10941:Monarchs of Persia
10885:Persianate society
10593:Empire (1789–1925)
10577:Empire (1736–1796)
10569:Empire (1501–1736)
10545:Empire (1370–1507)
10471:Empire (1037–1194)
10436:dynasty (934–1062)
10428:dynasty (931–1090)
10420:dynasty (861–1003)
10289:Empire (312–63 BC)
10190:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
9821:Monarchs of Epirus
9654:Cimmerian Bosporus
9414:Monarchs of Pontus
8973:Cleopatra Selene I
8853:Antiochus II Theos
8843:Seleucus I Nicator
8810:Demetrius the Fair
8792:Monarchs of Cyrene
6809:Mesopotamian myths
5837:Southern Akkadians
5744:Jemdet Nasr period
5529:, Cambridge, 2004.
5379:– via JSTOR.
5267:– via JSTOR.
5050:– via JSTOR.
4558:Flavius Josephus,
4387:"Strabo 15.2.1(9)"
4286:C. D. Darlington.
4188:Natural History VI
3670:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3655:Hellenistic period
3498:included temples,
3455:Roman-Seleucid War
3374:Seleucus I Nicator
3341:Hellenistic armies
3337:
3160:Tigranes the Great
3131:
2801:Battle of Ecbatana
2698:
2683:
2584:
2567:Hellenistic Prince
2540:Republic of Rhodes
2488:
2462:Roman–Seleucid War
2367:
2351:
2325:, and the city of
2165:Antiochus II Theos
2158:
2134:
2044:Following his and
2042:
2039:Seleucus I Nicator
2029:Westward expansion
1927:
1863:and their capital
1746:
1558:Jalairid Sultanate
1538:Muzaffarid dynasty
1318:Rashidun Caliphate
1291:Kingdom of Georgia
1241:Hephthalite Empire
919:
840:Tigranes the Great
832:The Seleucid kings
822:and what had been
792:Hellenistic Greece
635:Seleucus I Nicator
627:Hellenistic period
353:Battle of Ecbatana
297:Roman–Seleucid war
258:Hellenistic period
225:• 305–281 BC
74:Seleucus I Nicator
17469:
17468:
17463:
17462:
17459:
17458:
17446:978-1-62564-606-4
17431:Unger, Merrill F.
17399:978-0-14-193825-7
17369:978-1-60606-649-2
17136:Province of Egypt
17067:Province of Egypt
16847:Province of Egypt
16589:Antigonid dynasty
16389:Achaemenid Empire
16310:Nebuchadnezzar II
16218:Ashur-nadin-shumi
16087:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
16059:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
15874:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
15842:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
15833:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
15775:Asharid-apal-Ekur
15772:Tiglath-Pileser I
15769:Ashur-resh-ishi I
15757:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
15745:Tukulti-Ninurta I
15692:Kingdom of Israel
15660:Osorkon the Elder
15581:Shutrukid dynasty
15466:Igehalkid dynasty
15433:Adad-shuma-iddina
15427:Enlil-nadin-shumi
15394:Kadashman-Enlil I
15388:Kadashman-harbe I
14832:Sukkalmah dynasty
14696:Isin-Larsa period
14518:Shimashki Dynasty
14244:Puzur-Inshushinak
13843:Netjerkare Siptah
13613:Neferirkare Kakai
13158:Egyptian pyramids
12367:Ancient Near East
12332:
12331:
12300:
12299:
12296:
12295:
12266:
12265:
12173:Opium consumption
12006:
12005:
11842:Ethnic minorities
11816:Iranian languages
11741:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11354:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11233:Political parties
11171:Children's rights
11156:Foreign relations
11150:2009 presidential
11097:
11096:
11059:Iranian Kurdistan
10978:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10858:
10857:
10830:COVID-19 pandemic
10689:Revolution (1979)
10635:
10634:
10455:Empire (977–1186)
10412:dynasty (864–928)
10404:dynasty (821–873)
10396:dynasty (819–999)
10349:
10348:
10265:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
10066:
10065:
9924:
9923:
9404:Socrates Chrestus
8893:Alexander I Balas
8888:Demetrius I Soter
8848:Antiochus I Soter
8594:Antipater Etesias
8490:
8489:
8412:
8411:
8377:Polish–Lithuanian
7552:Gurjara-Pratihara
6996:
6995:
6873:
6872:
6824:Ziggurat (Temple)
6799:Sumerian religion
6557:
6556:
6504:Middle Babylonian
6446:Kish civilization
6342:
6341:
6166:Lower Mesopotamia
6161:Upper Mesopotamia
6104:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6027:Macedonian Empire
6017:Achaemenid Empire
5890:c. 1200–1150 BCE
5873:c. 1400–1200 BCE
5844:c. 1600–1400 BCE
5824:c. 1800–1600 BCE
5786:c. 2000–1800 BCE
5776:c. 2100–2000 BCE
5764:c. 2200–2100 BCE
5754:c. 2350–2200 BCE
5733:c. 3500–2350 BCE
5649:by Jona Lendering
5602:Library resources
5553:R. Oetjen (ed.),
5465:978-0-520-08183-3
5442:978-0-674-72882-0
5416:978-1-52677-493-4
5342:978-90-50-63070-2
5101:978-1-4051-3278-7
5020:Greece & Rome
4877:Head, 1982, p. 20
4838:978-90-474-0875-8
4803:978-1-56563-476-3
4694:978-3-8382-1518-1
4667:978-0-19-521921-0
4641:978-1-316-29777-3
4606:, pp. 20–21.
4515:, pp. 35–36.
4499:978-951-1-21594-3
4365:Pliny the Elder,
4168:"The Syrian Wars"
4090:978-0-567-24719-3
4061:978-0-534-62164-3
3994:978-0-521-68974-8
3948:978-0-542-82473-9
3919:978-0-520-25992-8
3888:978-3-030-41776-5
3735:Richard N. Frye,
3698:Cohen, Getzel M;
3665:Hasmonean dynasty
3378:Antiochus I Soter
3312:Hasmonean kingdom
3255:, Mesopotamians,
2710:Demetrius I Soter
2375:Fourth Syrian War
2286:, from which the
2098:in Macedonia and
2092:Antiochus I Soter
1774:Companion cavalry
1701:
1700:
1666:
1665:
1338:Abbasid Caliphate
1328:Umayyad Caliphate
1299:
1298:
1199:
1198:
1183:2nd century BCE –
1179:Caucasian Albania
1119:Achaemenid Empire
1069:Kingdom of Mannai
981:Elamite dynasties
705:Achaemenid Empire
643:Macedonian Empire
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
542:Hasmonean kingdom
514:Province of Syria
478:
477:
473:Macedonian Empire
16:(Redirected from
17579:
17451:
17450:
17427:
17421:
17415:
17404:
17403:
17380:
17374:
17373:
17352:Thomas, Ariane;
17349:
17343:
17342:
17335:
17329:
17328:
17313:
17307:
17304:
17289:
17279:
17229:Palaestina Prima
17175:Byzantine Empire
17106:Palaestina Prima
17093:Byzantine Empire
17072:Syria Palaestina
17037:Palmyrene Empire
17023:Bahram VI Chobin
16886:Syria Palaestina
16674:Salome Alexandra
16657:Kingdom of Judea
16643:Diodotus Tryphon
16498:Cleopatra I Syra
16474:Ptolemy Keraunos
16242:Ashur-uballit II
16239:Sin-shumu-lishir
16233:Ashur-etil-ilani
16188:Sargonid dynasty
16081:Marduk-apla-usur
16062:Nabu-apla-iddina
16056:Shamash-mudammiq
16012:Ashurnasirpal II
15995:Kingdom of Judah
15839:Adad-apla-iddina
15830:Enlil-nadin-apli
15827:Nebuchadnezzar I
15751:Ashur-nirari III
15748:Ashur-nadin-apli
15586:Shutruk-Nakhunte
15471:Untash-Napirisha
15460:Kidinuid dynasty
15058:Shamshi-Adad III
14766:Dynasty of Larsa
14584:
14472:
14467:
14295:
14148:Shar-Kali-Sharri
14082:Neferkare Tereru
14070:Neferkare Khendu
14024:
14019:
13850:
13809:Kiku-siwe-tempti
13696:
13691:
13546:
13475:Kish III dynasty
13445:
13376:
13289:
13284:
13189:(2600–2340 BCE)
13154:
13117:
13112:
13102:
13097:
13041:(2700–2600 BCE)
12898:(2900–2700 BCE)
12892:
12809:(3100–2700 BCE)
12788:(3100–2900 BCE)
12542:
12529:
12517:
12493:(4000–2900 BCE)
12482:
12381:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12359:
12352:
12345:
12336:
12335:
12322:
12312:
12311:
12163:National symbols
12017:
12016:
11832:Iranian citizens
11769:
11768:
11760:
11759:
11747:
11746:
11729:Research centers
11418:Economic history
11373:
11372:
11360:
11359:
11294:Guardian Council
11116:
11115:
11103:
11102:
10984:
10983:
10961:Electric history
10956:Military history
10870:Ancient Persians
10778:
10777:shootdown (1988)
10760:
10747:
10744:Iranian Embassy
10714:
10703:
10701:Islamic Republic
10690:
10682:1953 coup d'état
10657:
10644:
10643:
10602:
10599:Khanates of the
10594:
10586:
10578:
10570:
10562:
10554:
10546:
10527:
10519:
10511:
10503:
10496:
10488:
10480:
10472:
10464:
10456:
10437:
10429:
10421:
10413:
10405:
10397:
10389:
10381:
10373:
10360:
10359:
10341:
10322:
10314:
10306:
10298:
10290:
10282:
10274:
10266:
10258:
10239:
10231:
10223:
10215:
10207:
10199:
10191:
10183:
10175:
10167:
10159:
10151:
10138:
10137:
10122:
10121:
10109:
10108:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10070:
10069:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9928:
9927:
9716:
9632:Ariobarzanes III
9006:Ptolemy Epigonos
8908:Diodotus Tryphon
8701:Cleopatra I Syra
8676:Ptolemy Keraunos
8517:
8510:
8503:
8494:
8493:
8293:
8292:
7958:Austro-Hungarian
7658:Chagatai Khanate
7023:
7016:
7009:
7000:
6999:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6877:
6876:
6722:Sumerian cuisine
6712:Warfare in Sumer
6707:Economy of Sumer
6360:
6359:
6350:
6234:Fertile Crescent
6218:Sinjar Mountains
6213:Hamrin Mountains
6208:Zagros Mountains
6186:Taurus Mountains
6151:
6150:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6108:
6107:
6077:Byzantine Empire
5952:Middle Babylonia
5918:c. 1150–911 BCE
5711:
5710:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5591:
5525:G. G. Aperghis,
5522:
5499:
5469:
5446:
5420:
5399:
5381:
5380:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5322:
5307:
5306:
5286:
5269:
5268:
5248:
5235:
5234:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5183:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5106:
5105:
5087:
5052:
5051:
5011:
4988:
4987:
4967:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4923:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4789:
4783:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4729:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4538:
4532:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4424:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4377:
4363:
4357:
4348:. Gotham Books.
4342:
4336:
4335:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4271:William Hunter.
4269:
4263:
4258:Vijay Katchroo.
4256:
4250:
4249:
4221:
4215:
4200:Vincent A. Smith
4197:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4049:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3872:
3866:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3781:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3733:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3680:Cilician pirates
3650:Seleucid dynasty
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3614:Seleucid dynasty
3569:
3562:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3471:
3389:
3359:in the reign of
3353:
3215:Seleucid coinage
3109:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2742:Diodotus Tryphon
2649:Maccabean Revolt
2556:Maccabean Revolt
2532:Taurus Mountains
2524:Treaty of Apamea
2450:Battle of Panium
2444:from control of
2438:Fifth Syrian War
2412:
2379:Battle of Raphia
2307:Antiochus Hierax
2299:Third Syrian War
2131:
2128:
2085:Ptolemy Ceraunus
2003:Seleucus Nicator
1983:Ashoka the Great
1971:Diodorus Siculus
1904:Edicts of Ashoka
1781:
1754:
1736:Rise of Seleucus
1693:
1686:
1679:
1548:Chupanid dynasty
1488:Sultanate of Rum
1448:Ghaznavid Empire
1438:Sallarid dynasty
1388:Saffarid dynasty
1314:
1313:
1271:Bagratid Armenia
1231:Afrighid dynasty
1207:
1206:
1149:Caucasian Iberia
1133:331 BCE – 428 CE
1109:Scythian Kingdom
1073:10th–7th century
964:
943:
942:
910:
909:
873:
867:
808:Taurus Mountains
651:Seleucid dynasty
637:, following the
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
564:
563:
550:
549:
536:
535:
522:
521:
508:
507:
494:
493:
482:
481:
469:
468:
462:
461:
446:
445:
323:Maccabean Revolt
310:Treaty of Apamea
238:• 65–63 BC
114:
112:
100:
92:
70:
53:
32:
31:
21:
17587:
17586:
17582:
17581:
17580:
17578:
17577:
17576:
17482:Seleucid Empire
17472:
17471:
17470:
17465:
17464:
17455:
17454:
17447:
17428:
17424:
17416:
17407:
17400:
17381:
17377:
17370:
17350:
17346:
17337:
17336:
17332:
17314:
17310:
17305:
17301:
17238:Byzantine Syria
17224:Byzantine Egypt
17199:Farrukh Hormizd
17159:
17155:
17152:Sasanian Empire
17138:
17134:
17115:Byzantine Syria
17101:Byzantine Egypt
17040:
16932:
16928:
16925:Sasanian Empire
16845:
16750:Mithridates III
16730:
16727:Parthian Empire
16660:
16599:Seleucid Empire
16596:
16586:
16562:
16471:Ptolemy I Soter
16469:
16466:Ptolemaic Egypt
16438:
16432:
16392:
16374:
16370:
16368:Kings of Byblos
16359:
16331:
16305:
16276:
16270:
16244:
16224:Mushezib-Marduk
16194:Tiglath-Pileser
16192:
16183:
16160:
16146:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16110:
16109:
16101:
16099:Nabu-mukin-zeri
16093:Nabu-nadin-zeri
16078:Marduk-bel-zeri
16071:Baba-aha-iddina
16048:
16025:Adad-nirari III
16015:Shalmaneser III
16004:
15993:
15992:
15979:
15973:
15972:
15970:Menkheperre Ini
15947:
15940:
15939:
15903:
15889:Nabû-mukin-apli
15866:
15855:(1100–540 BCE)
15848:Nabu-shum-libur
15816:
15793:Ashur-nirari IV
15787:Ashurnasirpal I
15784:Shamshi-Adad IV
15730:Ashur-uballit I
15725:
15707:
15703:
15699:
15695:
15689:
15688:
15684:
15680:
15678:Kings of Byblos
15676:
15646:
15639:
15633:
15632:
15601:
15600:
15584:
15578:
15546:
15533:
15532:
15514:Neferneferuaten
15474:
15473:
15469:
15463:
15457:
15456:(1500–1100 BCE)
15448:Enlil-nadin-ahi
15436:Adad-shuma-usur
15424:Kashtiliashu IV
15412:Kadashman-Turgu
15397:Burnaburiash II
15376:Kashtiliash III
15368:
15345:
15339:
15309:
15308:(1600–1260 BCE)
15307:
15277:
15268:
15262:
15250:
15244:
15240:
15234:
15230:
15224:
15204:
15199:Peshgaldaramesh
15194:
15184:
15174:
15170:Sealand Dynasty
15167:
15164:
15163:
15157:
15156:
15119:
15112:
15110:
15085:Ashur-nirari II
15064:Puzur-Ashur III
15052:Shamshi-Adad II
15023:
15021:
15019:Adaside dynasty
15016:
15015:
14990:
14988:
14986:
14985:
14948:
14946:
14944:
14937:
14928:
14922:
14911:
14907:
14905:Kings of Byblos
14903:
14897:
14886:
14849:
14836:
14835:
14817:Uruk VI dynasty
14815:
14764:
14715:Dynasty of Isin
14705:
14699:
14688:
14684:
14680:
14676:
14672:
14668:
14664:
14660:
14656:
14631:
14625:
14618:
14614:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14606:
14602:
14585:
14579:
14575:
14569:
14566:
14536:
14530:
14512:
14473:
14461:
14452:
14448:
14444:
14440:
14423:
14413:
14399:
14383:
14375:
14371:
14367:
14356:
14349:
14345:
14331:
14327:
14318:
14314:
14313:
14311:
14300:
14296:
14290:
14286:
14277:(2150–2000 BCE)
14258:
14242:
14238:
14234:
14228:
14224:
14220:
14216:
14212:
14208:
14204:
14190:
14186:
14174:
14170:
14146:
14142:
14138:
14134:
14130:
14129:
14127:
14122:
14112:
14067:Djedkare Shemai
14056:
14050:
14044:
14030:
14001:
13997:
13993:
13989:
13976:Sargon of Akkad
13974:
13973:
13970:Akkadian Empire
13962:(2340–2150 BCE)
13960:Akkadian Period
13947:
13943:
13931:
13927:
13906:
13894:
13884:
13880:
13863:
13859:
13845:
13823:
13802:
13800:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13769:
13765:
13761:
13752:
13743:
13729:
13725:
13713:
13709:
13697:
13668:
13665:
13659:
13647:
13638:
13605:
13604:
13588:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13548:
13547:
13541:
13537:
13536:
13524:
13523:
13507:
13504:
13492:
13488:
13477:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13448:
13447:
13446:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13431:
13423:(2500-539 BCE)
13411:
13407:
13377:
13371:
13364:
13358:
13340:
13336:
13332:
13320:
13316:
13312:
13300:
13294:
13290:
13276:
13272:
13262:
13259:
13255:
13243:
13239:
13229:
13225:
13223:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13197:
13161:
13155:
13149:
13145:
13144:
13128:
13127:
13126:(2700–1500 BCE)
13125:
13073:
13062:
13025:("conqueror of
13011:
12995:
12988:
12978:
12964:
12945:
12941:
12936:
12927:
12918:
12910:
12907:
12887:
12823:
12822:
12808:
12802:
12796:
12787:
12729:
12715:
12702:
12643:
12574:
12563:
12557:
12543:
12537:
12530:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12511:
12510:(4000–3100 BCE)
12509:
12503:
12477:
12471:
12443:
12424:
12414:
12387:
12385:
12369:
12363:
12333:
12328:
12292:
12262:
12241:Rap and hip-hop
12212:
12193:Public holidays
12178:Persian gardens
12167:Imperial Anthem
12158:National Jewels
12113:Iranian studies
12002:
11936:
11888:
11820:
11781:Persian (Farsi)
11754:
11733:
11702:
11664:
11657:
11592:Pharmaceuticals
11537:
11528:Venture capital
11503:Rial (currency)
11488:Nuclear program
11367:
11346:
11313:
11272:
11223:Nuclear program
11188:Judicial system
11110:
11093:
11064:Iranian plateau
10991:
10970:
10854:
10776:
10758:
10745:
10713:History (1979–)
10712:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10688:
10655:
10631:
10600:
10592:
10584:
10576:
10568:
10560:
10552:
10544:
10531:
10525:
10517:
10509:
10501:
10494:
10486:
10478:
10470:
10462:
10454:
10441:
10435:
10427:
10419:
10411:
10403:
10395:
10387:
10379:
10371:
10355:
10345:
10339:
10326:
10320:
10312:
10304:
10296:
10288:
10280:
10272:
10264:
10256:
10243:
10237:
10236:Neo-Babylonian
10229:
10221:
10214:(860 BC–590 BC)
10213:
10205:
10197:
10189:
10182:(c.2300–675 BC)
10181:
10173:
10165:
10157:
10149:
10129:
10116:
10103:
10097:
10067:
10062:
10061:
10059:
9960:
9955:
9925:
9920:
9909:
9815:
9806:Mithridates III
9710:
9653:
9652:Monarchs of the
9646:
9627:Ariobarzanes II
9612:Ariarathes VIII
9553:
9539:Mithridates III
9495:
9437:Mithridates III
9408:
9329:
9136:
9064:Greco-Bactrians
9058:
9010:
8987:
8829:
8786:
8671:Ptolemy I Soter
8657:
8603:
8560:
8527:
8521:
8491:
8486:
8475:American Empire
8460:
8456:African empires
8408:
8291:
7983:Central African
7929:
7747:Romano-Germanic
7333:
7067:Middle Assyrian
7040:
7032:
7027:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6909:
6904:
6874:
6869:
6828:
6782:
6756:
6665:Culture/society
6660:
6553:
6549:Muslim conquest
6519:Fall of Babylon
6450:
6351:
6338:
6222:
6140:
6135:
6105:
6100:
6094:Sassanid Empire
6063:Parthian Empire
6058:Seleucid Empire
6048:Seleucid Empire
5967:
5961:
5938:
5929:
5758:Akkadian Empire
5704:
5698:
5665:Wayback Machine
5647:Wayback Machine
5632:
5631:
5630:
5610:
5609:
5607:Seleucid Empire
5605:
5598:
5588:
5519:
5496:
5476:
5474:Further reading
5466:
5443:
5425:Kosmin, Paul J.
5417:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5323:
5310:
5303:
5287:
5272:
5249:
5238:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5184:
5171:
5156:
5109:
5102:
5088:
5055:
5012:
4991:
4984:
4968:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4920:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4865:iranchamber.com
4859:
4858:
4854:
4839:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4790:
4786:
4778:Julye Bidmead,
4777:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4720:(7): Figure 1.
4706:
4702:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4568:Wayback Machine
4557:
4553:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4492:. p. 244.
4482:
4478:
4471:
4455:Kosmin, Paul J.
4452:
4448:
4441:
4425:
4416:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4375:Wayback Machine
4364:
4360:
4343:
4339:
4298:
4294:
4285:
4281:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4253:
4222:
4218:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4175:Wayback Machine
4164:History of Rome
4161:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4077:
4073:
4062:
4040:
4036:
4013:
4006:
3995:
3981:
3977:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3935:
3931:
3920:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3873:
3869:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3817:
3813:
3798:10.2307/1170959
3782:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3752:Julye Bidmead,
3751:
3747:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3675:Parthian Empire
3635:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3612:Main articles:
3610:
3590:
3532:
3495:
3478:
3463:
3380:and then under
3357:Macedonian army
3326:
3320:
3265:Ptolemaic Egypt
3223:to what is now
3217:
3211:
3140:Ptolemaic Egypt
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2813:
2718:Alexander Balas
2671:
2665:
2603:Ptolemaic Egypt
2558:
2548:
2504:Aetolian League
2464:
2458:
2345:Silver coin of
2339:
2331:Attalid dynasty
2288:Parthian Empire
2284:Arsacid dynasty
2266:Parthian Empire
2262:Kings of Persis
2217:Parthian Empire
2129:
2108:
2050:Battle of Ipsus
2031:
1987:Pliny the Elder
1979:Ptolemaic Egypt
1977:, the ruler of
1943:Battle of Ipsus
1933:daughter, or a
1842:
1836:
1810:
1804:
1796:foundation date
1758:Ptolemy I Soter
1738:
1707:
1697:
1668:
1667:
1418:Ziyarid dynasty
1368:Dulafid dynasty
1358:Tahirid dynasty
1311:
1301:
1300:
1261:Dabuyid dynasty
1221:Sasanian Empire
1205:
1195:27 BCE – 330 CE
1184:
1169:Parthian Empire
1139:Seleucid Empire
935:
908:
903:
891:Alexander Balas
856:
804:war reparations
757:Ptolemaic Egypt
731:, and parts of
587:
583:
580:Seleucid Empire
561:
547:
533:
519:
505:
491:
486:Parthian Empire
466:
433:
365:
355:
342:
325:
312:
299:
286:
284:Battle of Ipsus
273:
239:
226:
192:
144:
117:
107:(secondary and
106:
98:
90:
76:
61:
60:
54:
37:
36:Seleucid Empire
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17585:
17575:
17574:
17572:Former empires
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17467:
17466:
17461:
17460:
17457:
17456:
17453:
17452:
17445:
17422:
17405:
17398:
17375:
17368:
17354:Potts, Timothy
17344:
17330:
17308:
17298:
17297:
17294:
17293:
17283:
17272:
17271:
17264:
17257:
17250:
17246:
17245:
17240:
17235:
17226:
17220:
17219:
17178:
17171:
17167:
17166:
17148:
17127:
17123:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17103:
17097:
17096:
17089:
17085:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17063:
17062:
17055:
17051:
17050:
17033:
17029:
17028:
16921:
16917:
16916:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16879:
16878:
16873:
16864:
16860:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16837:
16836:
16829:
16828:30 BCE–116 CE
16825:
16824:
16762:Mithridates IV
16744:Mithridates II
16723:
16685:
16680:Aristobulus II
16653:
16649:
16648:
16573:Argead dynasty
16557:
16462:Argead dynasty
16458:
16454:
16453:
16445:
16444:
16424:
16423:
16415:Artaxerxes III
16378:
16376:Kings of Sidon
16365:
16352:
16348:
16347:
16324:
16319:Labashi-Marduk
16298:
16263:
16259:
16258:
16253:
16247:
16246:
16221:Nergal-ushezib
16176:
16157:Black Pharaohs
16139:
16135:
16134:
16102:
16075:Ninurta-apla-X
16036:
16034:Ashur-nirari V
16028:Shalmaneser IV
16018:Shamshi-Adad V
16006:Adad-nirari II
15997:
15987:
15896:
15892:
15891:
15861:
15857:
15856:
15850:
15807:
15790:Shalmaneser II
15778:Ashur-bel-kala
15766:Mutakkil-Nusku
15722:Middle Assyria
15718:
15711:
15686:Kings of Sidon
15669:
15593:
15592:1155–1025 BCE
15589:
15588:
15575:Elamite Empire
15571:
15538:
15537:
15529:Hittite Empire
15525:
15493:
15492:
15477:
15476:
15450:
15439:Meli-Shipak II
15409:Nazi-Maruttash
15373:Burnaburiash I
15352:
15324:
15323:1531–1155 BCE
15320:
15319:
15300:
15255:
15215:
15214:
15161:
15097:
15082:Enlil-Nasir II
15061:Ashur-nirari I
15055:Ishme-Dagan II
15046:Sharma-Adad II
14998:Ashur-apla-idi
14989:1735–1701 BCE)
14968:Ashur-apla-idi
14950:Shamshi-Adad I
14945:1808–1736 BCE)
14930:
14925:Yamhad dynasty
14915:
14913:Kings of Sidon
14892:
14879:
14878:1800–1595 BCE
14875:
14874:
14841:
14840:
14828:
14692:
14682:Puzur-Ashur II
14649:
14592:
14559:
14558:
14553:Mentuhotep III
14522:
14521:
14504:
14499:
14491:
14490:2025-1763 BCE
14487:
14486:
14458:Ur III dynasty
14454:
14435:
14432:
14428:
14427:
14415:
14404:Neferkare VIII
14392:
14388:
14387:
14380:
14379:
14351:
14337:
14335:
14322:
14308:Gutian dynasty
14304:
14280:
14279:
14271:
14266:Nebkaure Khety
14260:Meryibre Khety
14251:
14247:
14246:
14229:
14196:
14194:
14178:
14151:
14150:
14144:
14115:
14105:
14091:Neferkamin Anu
14064:Neferkare Neby
14037:
14033:
14032:
14028:Lugal-ushumgal
14025:
14010:
14006:
14005:
13984:
13965:
13964:
13956:
13954:
13950:
13949:
13935:
13922:
13920:
13916:
13915:
13910:
13901:
13896:
13888:
13875:
13870:
13866:
13865:
13861:Lugalannemundu
13851:
13816:
13812:
13811:
13806:
13792:
13775:
13756:
13747:
13738:
13733:
13717:
13704:
13700:
13699:
13682:
13677:
13673:
13672:
13661:
13652:
13651:
13642:
13633:
13628:Djedkare Isesi
13625:Menkauhor Kaiu
13597:
13593:
13592:
13569:
13552:
13528:
13526:Pabilgagaltuku
13515:
13510:
13496:
13485:Akshak dynasty
13481:
13472:
13424:
13418:
13414:
13413:
13400:
13351:
13347:
13346:
13344:
13325:
13310:Enun-dara-anna
13305:
13304:
13265:
13248:
13233:
13215:
13213:
13191:
13190:
13184:
13137:
13133:
13132:
13118:
13103:
13087:
13086:
13079:
13078:
13067:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13042:
13036:
13032:
13031:
13018:
13017:
13003:
12966:
12959:
12958:
12934:Kullassina-bel
12919:
12911:
12900:
12899:
12893:
12815:
12811:
12810:
12789:
12780:
12775:
12726:Narmer Palette
12708:
12707:3100–2900 BCE
12704:
12703:
12636:
12566:
12565:
12550:
12549:3200–3100 BCE
12546:
12545:
12532:
12500:
12499:
12494:
12488:
12483:
12464:
12463:4000–3200 BCE
12460:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12418:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12375:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12365:Rulers of the
12362:
12361:
12354:
12347:
12339:
12330:
12329:
12327:
12326:
12316:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12298:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12274:
12272:
12268:
12267:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12260:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12222:
12220:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12210:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12144:
12130:
12125:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12036:
12030:
12020:
12014:
12008:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11955:
11950:
11944:
11942:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11934:
11929:
11919:
11914:
11904:
11898:
11896:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11886:
11885:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11839:
11828:
11826:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11777:
11775:
11766:
11756:
11755:
11743:
11742:
11739:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11710:
11708:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11669:
11667:
11659:
11658:
11656:
11655:
11650:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11625:
11615:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11558:
11547:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11535:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11390:
11385:
11379:
11377:
11369:
11368:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11345:
11344:
11342:Supreme Leader
11339:
11334:
11329:
11323:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11311:
11306:
11304:Local councils
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11204:
11199:
11190:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11181:Women's rights
11178:
11173:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11143:
11138:
11128:
11122:
11120:
11112:
11111:
11099:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11032:Climate change
11024:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11002:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10980:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10916:Jiroft culture
10913:
10912:
10911:
10904:Iranic peoples
10901:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10892:
10880:Persianization
10877:
10872:
10866:
10864:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10816:
10815:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10754:
10749:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10708:
10706:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10692:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10650:
10648:
10641:
10637:
10636:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10596:
10588:
10580:
10572:
10564:
10556:
10548:
10539:
10537:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10529:
10521:
10513:
10505:
10498:
10490:
10487:(1135/36-1225)
10482:
10474:
10466:
10458:
10449:
10447:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10439:
10431:
10423:
10415:
10407:
10399:
10391:
10383:
10375:
10366:
10364:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10316:
10308:
10300:
10297:(c.295–220 BC)
10292:
10284:
10276:
10268:
10260:
10251:
10249:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10241:
10233:
10225:
10217:
10209:
10201:
10193:
10185:
10177:
10169:
10161:
10156:Proto-Elamite
10153:
10144:
10142:
10135:
10131:
10130:
10118:
10117:
10105:
10104:
10096:
10095:
10088:
10081:
10073:
10064:
10063:
9966:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9954:
9953:
9946:
9939:
9931:
9922:
9921:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9864:Neoptolemus II
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9825:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9779:
9770:
9761:
9759:Mithridates II
9756:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9725:Paerisades III
9722:
9717:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9658:
9656:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9622:Ariobarzanes I
9619:
9614:
9609:
9607:Ariarathes VII
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9582:Ariarathes III
9579:
9574:
9569:
9563:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9529:Mithridates II
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9505:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9432:Mithridates II
9429:
9424:
9418:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9339:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9295:Apollodotus II
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9146:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9068:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9020:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8923:Cleopatra Thea
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
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8845:
8839:
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8831:
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8828:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8796:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8667:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8655:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
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8529:
8528:
8520:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8299:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8257:
8252:
8251:
8250:
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8233:
8228:
8223:
8213:
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8174:
8169:
8159:
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8157:
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8115:
8110:
8105:
8095:
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8073:
8072:
8071:
8066:
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8055:
8054:
8049:
8039:
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8032:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7985:
7980:
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7978:
7973:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
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7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7870:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
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7625:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
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7559:
7554:
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7512:
7507:
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7490:
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7470:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7339:Post-classical
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7319:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7248:
7243:
7238:
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7236:
7231:
7226:
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7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7138:Middle Kingdom
7135:
7125:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7094:Neo-Babylonian
7091:
7086:
7084:Old Babylonian
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7034:
7033:
7026:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6903:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6845:Assyriologists
6842:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6752:List of rulers
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6641:Proto-Armenian
6638:
6633:
6628:
6626:Middle Persian
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6567:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:Neo-Babylonian
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6494:Old Babylonian
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6464:Early Dynastic
6460:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6070:
6069:63 BCE–224 CE
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6032:Ancient Greeks
6024:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5954:
5949:
5942:
5933:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:Middle Assyria
5881:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5804:
5799:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5655:
5650:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:External links
5594:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5573:
5562:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5517:
5500:
5494:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5464:
5447:
5441:
5421:
5415:
5400:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5371:(2): 520–522.
5348:
5341:
5308:
5302:978-8862276412
5301:
5270:
5236:
5213:
5206:
5169:
5107:
5100:
5053:
5026:(2): 222–241.
4989:
4983:978-0906014257
4982:
4943:
4934:
4918:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4852:
4837:
4809:
4802:
4784:
4771:
4759:
4700:
4693:
4673:
4666:
4647:
4640:
4620:
4616:Debevoise 1938
4608:
4604:Debevoise 1938
4596:
4592:Debevoise 1938
4584:
4572:
4551:
4533:
4517:
4505:
4498:
4488:(in Finnish).
4476:
4469:
4446:
4439:
4414:
4392:
4378:
4358:
4337:
4316:10.2307/626263
4292:
4279:
4264:
4251:
4238:10.1086/360246
4232:(4): 297–313.
4216:
4192:
4179:
4150:
4148:, p. 112.
4138:
4131:
4111:
4099:
4089:
4071:
4060:
4034:
4004:
3993:
3975:
3957:
3947:
3929:
3918:
3898:
3887:
3867:
3843:
3836:
3820:Grant, Michael
3811:
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3725:
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3477:
3474:
3462:
3459:
3322:Main article:
3319:
3316:
3210:
3207:
3203:Roman province
3175:Antiochus XIII
3145:Mithridates VI
3118:
3113:
3112:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2664:
2661:
2547:
2544:
2512:Roman Republic
2457:
2454:
2338:
2335:
2248:The rulers of
2197:Ariarathes III
2140:Drachm of the
2107:
2104:
2030:
2027:
1851:) founded the
1838:Main article:
1835:
1832:
1808:Babylonian War
1806:Main article:
1803:
1800:
1737:
1734:
1714:Persian Empire
1703:Main article:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
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1648:Durrani Empire
1644:
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1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1604:
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1600:
1598:Safavid Empire
1594:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:Timurid Empire
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:Ottoman Empire
1524:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1462:pre-879 – 1215
1460:
1458:Ghurid dynasty
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:Samanid Empire
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
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1237:
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1233:
1227:
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1217:
1216:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1185:8th century CE
1181:
1175:
1174:
1173:248 BCE–224 CE
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
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1134:
1131:
1125:
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1111:
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1095:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
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1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1059:Avestan period
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:Jiroft culture
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
967:
966:
965:3400 – c. 2000
960:
954:
953:
951:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
921:
920:
907:
904:
902:
899:
855:
852:
800:Roman Republic
655:Roman Republic
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
544:
538:
537:
530:
524:
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495:
488:
479:
476:
475:
470:
458:
457:
452:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
432:• 301 BC
431:
428:
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423:
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418:
415:
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410:
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294:
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290:
287:
281:
278:
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268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
254:Historical era
251:
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221:
220:
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216:
213:
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206:
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182:
177:
175:Zoroastrianism
172:
167:
162:
152:
150:
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145:
143:
142:
137:
132:
125:
123:
119:
118:
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93:
84:
82:
78:
77:
71:
63:
62:
55:
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17584:
17573:
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17563:
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17510:
17508:
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17483:
17480:
17479:
17477:
17448:
17442:
17438:
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17432:
17426:
17420:
17414:
17412:
17410:
17401:
17395:
17391:
17390:
17385:
17384:Roux, Georges
17379:
17371:
17365:
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17360:
17355:
17348:
17340:
17334:
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17318:
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17299:
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17248:
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17244:
17239:
17234:
17230:
17225:
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17218:
17215:
17212:
17211:Yazdegerd III
17209:
17206:
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17185:
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17177:
17176:
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17147:
17144:
17143:Sahralanyozan
17141:
17137:
17132:
17125:
17124:
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17111:
17107:
17102:
17098:
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17043:
17039:
17038:
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16988:
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16958:
16955:
16952:
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16927:
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16919:
16918:
16915:
16912:
16909:
16906:
16903:
16900:
16899:Mithridates V
16897:
16896:Sinatruces II
16892:
16887:
16881:
16880:
16877:
16872:
16868:
16861:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16835:
16834:
16826:
16823:
16820:
16819:Artabanus III
16817:
16814:
16811:
16808:
16805:
16802:
16799:
16796:
16793:
16790:
16789:Tiridates III
16787:
16784:
16781:
16778:
16775:
16772:
16769:
16766:
16763:
16760:
16757:
16754:
16751:
16748:
16745:
16742:
16739:
16736:
16733:
16732:Mithridates I
16729:
16728:
16722:
16719:
16716:
16713:
16710:
16707:
16704:
16701:
16698:
16695:
16692:
16689:
16684:
16681:
16678:
16675:
16672:
16669:
16668:Aristobulus I
16666:
16665:John Hyrcanus
16663:
16659:
16658:
16651:
16650:
16647:
16644:
16641:
16638:
16635:
16634:Alexander III
16632:
16629:
16626:
16623:
16620:
16619:Antiochus III
16617:
16614:
16611:
16608:
16605:
16601:
16600:
16595:
16591:
16590:
16585:
16582:
16579:
16578:Alexander III
16575:
16574:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16553:
16550:
16547:
16544:
16541:
16538:
16535:
16532:
16529:
16526:
16523:
16520:
16517:
16514:
16513:Cleopatra III
16511:
16508:
16505:
16502:
16499:
16496:
16493:
16490:
16487:
16484:
16481:
16478:
16475:
16472:
16468:
16467:
16463:
16456:
16455:
16452:
16451:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16437:
16436:
16431:
16430:
16425:
16422:
16419:
16418:Artaxerxes IV
16416:
16413:
16412:Artaxerxes II
16410:
16407:
16404:
16401:
16398:
16395:
16391:
16390:
16383:
16377:
16373:
16372:Kings of Tyre
16369:
16363:
16358:
16357:
16349:
16346:
16343:
16340:
16337:
16334:
16330:
16329:
16328:Median Empire
16323:
16320:
16317:
16314:
16311:
16308:
16304:
16303:
16297:
16294:
16291:
16288:
16285:
16282:
16279:
16275:
16274:
16269:
16268:
16261:
16260:
16257:
16252:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16237:
16236:Sinsharishkun
16234:
16231:
16228:
16225:
16222:
16219:
16216:
16213:
16210:
16207:
16204:
16201:
16198:
16195:
16191:
16189:
16182:
16181:
16175:
16172:
16169:
16166:
16163:
16158:
16150:
16145:
16144:
16136:
16133:
16129:
16125:
16121:
16117:
16113:
16108:
16107:
16100:
16097:
16094:
16091:
16088:
16085:
16082:
16079:
16076:
16073:(five kings)
16072:
16069:
16066:
16063:
16060:
16057:
16054:
16051:
16047:
16041:
16035:
16032:
16031:Ashur-Dan III
16029:
16026:
16022:
16019:
16016:
16013:
16010:
16007:
16003:
16002:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15985:
15982:
15978:
15977:
15971:
15968:
15965:
15962:
15959:
15956:
15953:
15950:
15946:
15945:
15938:
15935:
15934:
15930:
15927:
15924:
15921:
15918:
15915:
15912:
15909:
15906:
15902:
15901:
15894:
15893:
15890:
15887:
15884:
15881:
15878:
15875:
15872:
15871:Ea-mukin-zeri
15869:
15868:Simbar-shipak
15865:
15860:1025–934 BCE
15859:
15858:
15854:
15849:
15846:
15843:
15840:
15837:
15834:
15831:
15828:
15825:
15822:
15819:
15815:
15813:
15806:
15803:
15800:
15797:
15796:Ashur-rabi II
15794:
15791:
15788:
15785:
15782:
15781:Eriba-Adad II
15779:
15776:
15773:
15770:
15767:
15764:
15761:
15758:
15755:
15752:
15749:
15746:
15743:
15742:Shalmaneser I
15740:
15739:Adad-nirari I
15737:
15734:
15731:
15728:
15724:
15723:
15717:
15716:
15710:
15706:
15702:
15698:
15694:
15693:
15687:
15683:
15682:Kings of Tyre
15679:
15675:
15674:
15668:
15667:
15664:
15661:
15658:
15655:
15652:
15649:
15645:
15644:
15638:
15637:
15631:
15628:
15625:
15622:
15621:Ramesses VIII
15619:
15616:
15613:
15610:
15607:
15604:
15599:
15598:
15591:
15590:
15587:
15583:
15582:
15577:
15576:
15570:
15567:
15564:
15561:
15558:
15555:
15552:
15549:
15545:
15544:
15539:
15536:
15531:
15530:
15524:
15521:
15518:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15507:
15504:
15503:Amenhotep III
15501:
15498:
15494:
15491:
15488:
15485:
15482:
15478:
15475:
15472:
15468:
15467:
15462:
15461:
15454:
15449:
15446:
15443:
15440:
15437:
15434:
15431:
15428:
15425:
15422:
15419:
15416:
15413:
15410:
15407:
15404:
15401:
15398:
15395:
15392:
15389:
15386:
15383:
15380:
15377:
15374:
15371:
15367:
15365:
15357:
15351:
15348:
15344:
15343:
15338:
15337:
15329:
15321:
15318:
15315:
15312:
15306:
15305:
15299:
15296:
15293:
15290:
15287:
15286:
15282:
15281:
15272:
15266:
15261:
15260:
15254:
15253:
15249:
15248:
15243:
15239:
15238:
15233:
15229:
15228:
15223:
15222:
15216:
15213:
15210:
15209:Melamkurkurra
15207:
15203:
15202:Ayadaragalama
15200:
15197:
15193:
15190:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15179:Itti-ili-nibi
15177:
15173:
15171:
15160:
15155:
15152:
15149:
15146:
15143:
15140:
15137:
15134:
15131:
15128:
15125:
15122:
15118:
15116:
15109:
15102:
15096:
15095:
15092:
15089:
15086:
15083:
15080:
15077:
15074:
15073:Ashur-shaduni
15071:
15068:
15067:Enlil-nasir I
15065:
15062:
15059:
15056:
15053:
15050:
15047:
15044:
15041:
15038:
15035:
15032:
15031:Sharma-Adad I
15029:
15026:
15022:1700–722 BCE)
15020:
15014:
15011:
15008:
15005:
15002:
14999:
14996:
14993:
14984:
14981:
14978:
14975:
14972:
14969:
14966:
14963:
14960:
14957:
14954:
14953:Ishme-Dagan I
14951:
14942:
14936:
14935:
14926:
14921:
14920:
14914:
14910:
14909:Kings of Tyre
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14890:
14885:
14884:
14876:
14873:
14870:
14867:
14866:Amenemhat III
14864:
14861:
14858:
14855:
14852:
14848:
14847:
14842:
14839:
14834:
14833:
14826:
14822:
14818:
14814:
14810:
14807:
14804:
14801:
14798:
14795:
14792:
14789:
14786:
14783:
14780:
14777:
14774:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14760:
14757:
14754:
14751:
14748:
14745:
14742:
14739:
14736:
14733:
14730:
14727:
14724:
14721:
14717:
14716:
14709:
14703:
14698:
14697:
14691:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14675:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14658:Puzur-Ashur I
14655:
14654:
14647:
14643:
14640:
14637:
14634:
14629:
14624:
14623:
14617:
14609:
14605:
14600:
14597:
14591:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14565:
14564:Third Eblaite
14560:
14557:
14556:Mentuhotep IV
14554:
14551:
14550:Mentuhotep II
14548:
14545:
14542:
14539:
14535:
14534:
14529:
14528:
14523:
14519:
14515:
14511:
14509:
14503:
14498:
14496:
14488:
14485:
14482:
14479:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14460:
14459:
14451:
14447:
14443:
14439:
14430:
14429:
14426:
14422:
14420:
14414:
14411:
14408:
14407:Wahkare Khety
14405:
14402:
14398:
14397:
14390:
14389:
14386:
14381:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14363:
14359:
14355:
14348:
14344:
14342:
14334:
14330:
14326:
14321:
14317:
14310:
14309:
14303:
14299:
14294:
14289:
14285:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14275:Ur III period
14270:
14267:
14264:
14263:Neferkare VII
14261:
14257:
14256:
14248:
14245:
14241:
14237:
14233:
14227:
14223:
14219:
14215:
14211:
14210:Ur-Ningirsu I
14207:
14203:
14201:
14193:
14189:
14185:
14183:
14177:
14173:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14152:
14149:
14141:
14137:
14133:
14126:
14121:
14120:
14114:
14111:
14104:
14101:
14098:
14095:
14092:
14089:
14086:
14083:
14080:
14077:
14074:
14071:
14068:
14065:
14062:
14059:
14055:
14054:
14049:
14048:
14043:
14042:
14034:
14029:
14023:
14018:
14014:
14008:
14007:
14004:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13983:
13980:
13977:
13972:
13971:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13955:
13951:
13946:
13942:
13940:
13934:
13930:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13917:
13914:
13909:
13905:
13900:
13893:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13874:
13868:
13867:
13862:
13858:
13856:
13849:
13844:
13841:
13838:
13835:
13832:
13829:
13826:
13822:
13821:
13814:
13813:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13799:
13797:
13793:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13776:
13773:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13745:Lugal-kisalsi
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13728:
13724:
13722:
13718:
13716:
13712:
13708:
13705:
13702:
13701:
13695:
13690:
13686:
13681:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13671:
13667:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13650:
13646:
13641:
13637:
13632:
13629:
13626:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13603:
13602:
13594:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13575:
13574:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13556:
13551:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13533:
13527:
13522:
13520:
13514:
13509:
13503:
13501:
13495:
13491:
13487:
13486:
13480:
13476:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13444:
13439:
13435:
13430:
13429:
13422:
13416:
13415:
13410:
13406:
13405:
13399:
13398:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13387:
13383:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13367:
13363:
13362:
13357:
13356:
13349:
13348:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13330:
13324:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13306:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13270:
13264:
13258:
13254:
13253:
13247:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13220:
13212:
13208:
13204:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13183:
13180:
13179:
13175:
13172:
13171:
13167:
13164:
13159:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13142:
13134:
13131:
13124:
13123:
13116:
13111:
13107:
13101:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13080:
13077:
13076:
13072:
13066:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13044:
13040:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13024:
13019:
13016:
13015:
13010:
13008:
13002:
13001:
12998:
12994:
12991:
12987:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12974:
12971:
12965:
12960:
12957:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12944:
12939:
12938:Nangishlishma
12935:
12931:
12926:
12924:
12917:
12916:
12909:
12906:
12905:First Eblaite
12901:
12897:
12891:
12886:
12883:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12873:
12872:
12868:
12865:
12864:Seth-Peribsen
12862:
12861:
12857:
12856:
12852:
12851:
12847:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12837:
12836:
12832:
12829:
12826:
12825:Hotepsekhemwy
12821:
12820:
12812:
12806:
12801:
12800:
12795:
12794:
12793:Proto-Elamite
12786:
12785:
12779:
12774:
12773:
12769:
12768:
12764:
12761:
12758:
12755:
12751:
12748:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12732:
12724:
12720:
12719:
12714:
12713:
12705:
12701:
12700:
12696:
12695:Double Falcon
12693:
12692:
12688:
12687:
12683:
12682:
12678:
12677:
12673:
12672:
12668:
12667:
12663:
12662:
12658:
12657:
12653:
12652:
12648:
12647:
12642:
12641:
12635:
12631:
12628:
12627:
12623:
12620:
12617:
12616:
12612:
12611:
12607:
12606:
12602:
12601:
12597:
12596:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12584:
12583:
12579:
12578:
12573:
12572:
12567:
12561:
12556:
12555:
12547:
12541:
12536:
12528:
12522:
12516:
12508:
12507:
12501:
12498:
12492:
12487:
12481:
12476:
12475:
12470:
12469:
12461:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12383:
12382:
12379:
12378:
12372:
12368:
12360:
12355:
12353:
12348:
12346:
12341:
12340:
12337:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12315:
12307:
12306:
12303:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12269:
12259:
12258:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12215:
12208:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12168:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12148:
12145:
12142:
12138:
12137:news agencies
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12123:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12093:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12025:
12022:
12021:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12009:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11939:
11933:
11930:
11927:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11912:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11891:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11843:
11840:
11837:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11778:
11776:
11774:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11748:
11744:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11711:
11709:
11705:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11660:
11654:
11651:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11629:
11626:
11623:
11619:
11616:
11613:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11593:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11559:
11556:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11540:
11533:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11498:Privatization
11496:
11493:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11361:
11357:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11316:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11258:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11151:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11136:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11104:
11100:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11007:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10994:
10990:
10985:
10981:
10967:
10966:Years in Iran
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10902:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10890:Turco-Persian
10888:
10887:
10886:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10865:
10861:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10814:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10759:War (1980–88)
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10691:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10642:
10638:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10597:
10595:
10589:
10587:
10581:
10579:
10573:
10571:
10565:
10563:
10557:
10555:
10551:Qara Qoyunlu
10549:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10514:
10512:
10506:
10504:
10499:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10483:
10481:
10475:
10473:
10467:
10465:
10459:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10424:
10422:
10416:
10414:
10408:
10406:
10400:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10384:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10361:
10358:
10352:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10317:
10315:
10309:
10307:
10301:
10299:
10293:
10291:
10285:
10283:
10277:
10275:
10269:
10267:
10261:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10248:550 BC–AD 224
10246:
10240:
10234:
10232:
10226:
10224:
10218:
10216:
10210:
10208:
10204:Neo-Assyrian
10202:
10200:
10194:
10192:
10186:
10184:
10178:
10176:
10170:
10168:
10162:
10160:
10154:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10139:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10110:
10106:
10101:
10094:
10089:
10087:
10082:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10071:
9963:
9959:
9952:
9947:
9945:
9940:
9938:
9933:
9932:
9929:
9918:
9912:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9844:Neoptolemus I
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9818:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9740:Mithridates I
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9730:Paerisades IV
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9693:Paerisades II
9691:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9682:Spartokos III
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9617:Ariarathes IX
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9602:Ariarathes VI
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9587:Ariarathes IV
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9572:Ariarathes II
9570:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9556:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9544:Antiochus III
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9519:Mithridates I
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9394:Nicomedes III
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9225:Demetrius III
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9180:Antimachus II
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:Apollodotus I
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9127:Eucratides II
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9092:Euthydemus II
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8820:Ptolemy Apion
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8727:Cleopatra III
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8518:
8513:
8511:
8506:
8504:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8481:
8480:Soviet empire
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:Miscellaneous
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8294:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8064:German Empire
8062:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7804:Turco-Persian
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7017:
7012:
7010:
7005:
7004:
7001:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6896:
6894:
6889:
6887:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6181:Syrian Desert
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6095:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6049:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5589:
5587:9783447119054
5583:
5579:
5574:
5571:
5570:Pen and Sword
5567:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5518:9780198786924
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5497:
5495:9780197680223
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:Kuhrt, Amelie
5448:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5304:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5207:9781782977582
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4938:
4931:
4928:'s 1976 work
4927:
4926:Martin Hengel
4921:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4618:, p. 21.
4617:
4612:
4605:
4600:
4594:, p. 20.
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4470:9780674976931
4466:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4440:9781910589953
4436:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4354:1-59240-053-1
4351:
4347:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4260:Ancient India
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4212:81-206-1303-1
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4132:9781136788000
4128:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4109:, p. 40.
4108:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3857:. "Seleucid,
3852:
3847:
3839:
3837:0-297-82057-5
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3721:Grainger 2020
3717:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Seleucid army
3643:
3642:
3638:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3470:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3408:Antiochus III
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3324:Seleucid army
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:Hellenization
3268:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3088:
3077:
3068:
3057:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2828:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2789:John Hyrcanus
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2744:—held out in
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2518:(191 BC) and
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2484:Antiochus III
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:Greco-Bactria
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2130: 245 BC
2125:
2121:
2118:, the satrap
2117:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2056:and northern
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2005:gave them to
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:war elephants
1936:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:, modern day
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:Maurya Empire
1850:
1846:
1841:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:Afsharid Iran
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:Hotak dynasty
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:Mughal Empire
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:Seljuk Empire
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:Buyid dynasty
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:Sajid dynasty
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:Kushan Empire
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:Median Empire
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
972:
969:
968:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
931:
930:
927:
923:
922:
916:
912:
911:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:King of Syria
875:
872:
866:
861:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:were thwarted
793:
789:
786:attempted to
785:
780:
778:
774:
773:Maurya Empire
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
581:
559:
557:
554:
553:
545:
543:
540:
539:
531:
529:
526:
525:
517:
515:
512:
511:
503:
501:
500:Maurya Empire
498:
497:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
474:
471:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
361:
357:
354:
348:
344:
341:
337:
331:
327:
324:
318:
314:
311:
305:
301:
298:
292:
288:
285:
279:
275:
272:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
235:
231:
228:
222:
218:
214:
212:
208:
205:
202:
199:
195:
189:Local beliefs
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
153:
151:
147:
141:
138:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
124:
120:
111:
105:
102:
97:
94:
89:
86:
85:
83:
79:
75:
69:
64:
58:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
17435:
17425:
17389:Ancient Iraq
17388:
17378:
17358:
17347:
17333:
17324:
17311:
17302:
17266:
17259:
17252:
17181:Ardashir III
17173:
17150:
17091:
17059:Roman Empire
17057:
17035:
16993:Yazdegerd II
16923:
16914:Artabanus IV
16911:Vologases VI
16902:Vologases IV
16833:Roman Empire
16831:
16816:Vologases II
16792:Artabanus II
16786:Artabanus II
16771:Tiridates II
16759:Phraates III
16725:
16662:Simon Thassi
16655:
16637:Demetrius II
16625:Antiochus IV
16616:Seleucus III
16610:Antiochus II
16598:
16597:
16587:
16584:Alexander IV
16571:
16559:
16543:Ptolemy XIII
16525:Berenice III
16519:Cleopatra IV
16460:
16457:331–141 BCE
16448:
16439:
16433:
16427:
16406:Artaxerxes I
16387:
16354:
16351:539–331 BCE
16326:
16307:Nabopolassar
16300:
16271:
16265:
16262:626–539 BCE
16230:Ashurbanipal
16185:
16184:
16178:
16141:
16138:745–609 BCE
16104:
16084:Eriba-Marduk
16045:
15999:
15974:
15942:
15941:
15931:
15920:Shoshenq III
15898:
15895:911–745 BCE
15863:
15845:Marduk-zer-X
15809:
15805:Ashur-dan II
15736:Arik-den-ili
15733:Enlil-nirari
15727:Eriba-Adad I
15720:
15713:
15690:
15671:
15666:Psusennes II
15641:
15640:
15634:
15618:Ramesses VII
15606:Ramesses III
15595:
15579:
15573:
15541:
15527:
15508:
15497:Amenhotep II
15490:Thutmose III
15464:
15458:
15455:
15406:Kurigalzu II
15400:Kara-hardash
15370:Agum-Kakrime
15361:
15340:
15334:
15302:
15285:'Aper-'Anati
15283:
15278:
15257:
15251:
15245:
15241:
15235:
15231:
15225:
15219:
15218:
15182:Damqi-ilishu
15165:
15154:Samsu-Ditana
15136:Sin-muballit
15127:Sin-muballit
15106:
15076:Ashur-rabi I
14941:Shamshi-Adad
14938:
14932:
14917:
14887:
14881:
14869:Amenemhat IV
14863:Senusret III
14857:Amenemhat II
14844:
14830:
14816:
14765:
14762:Damiq-ilishu
14732:Lipit-Eshtar
14713:
14694:
14651:
14619:
14615:
14599:Shakkanakkus
14562:
14538:Mentuhotep I
14531:
14525:
14506:
14493:
14456:
14450:Puzur-Ishtar
14417:
14412:
14394:
14347:Lugalannatum
14339:
14306:
14273:
14253:
14232:Hishep-Ratep
14198:
14180:
14117:
14107:
14061:Neferkare II
14051:
14045:
14039:
13986:
13968:
13958:
13937:
13890:Invasion by
13853:
13818:
13794:
13786:Enannatum II
13750:E-iginimpa'e
13719:
13711:Igrish-Halam
13622:Nyuserre Ini
13599:
13573:Awan dynasty
13571:
13530:
13517:
13498:
13483:
13474:
13458:Ishtup-Ishar
13438:Iku-Shamagan
13434:Ikun-Shamash
13426:
13404:Ur I dynasty
13402:
13395:
13384:
13359:
13353:
13327:
13308:
13267:
13250:
13235:
13217:
13176:
13168:
13139:
13120:
13083:Enmebaragesi
13069:
13050:
13021:
13012:
13005:
12968:
12963:
12943:En-tarah-ana
12928:
12921:
12913:
12903:
12879:
12876:Neferkasokar
12874:
12869:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12817:
12797:
12791:
12782:
12770:
12765:
12716:
12710:
12697:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12638:
12624:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12577:Finger Snail
12575:
12569:
12552:
12521:Anu Ziggurat
12504:
12472:
12466:
12384:Territories/
12271:Other topics
12255:
12183:Persian name
12122:Islamization
12064:
12024:Architecture
11977:universities
11922:Zoroastrians
11917:Christianity
11907:Baháʼí Faith
11857:Azerbaijanis
11764:Demographics
11578:Construction
11566:Central Bank
11508:Space Agency
11403:Child labour
11238:Principlists
11218:Cyberwarfare
11166:Human rights
11131:Constitution
10926:Azerbaijanis
10895:Indo-Persian
10875:Greater Iran
10746:siege (1980)
10705:1979–present
10356:early modern
10354:Medieval and
10286:
10148:Kura-Araxes
9879:Alexander II
9735:Paerisades V
9698:Spartokos IV
9662:Paerisades I
9637:Ariarathes X
9592:Ariarathes V
9567:Ariarathes I
9549:Antiochus IV
9534:Antiochus II
9466:Pharnaces II
9427:Ariobarzanes
9399:Nicomedes IV
9389:Nicomedes II
9315:Apollophanes
9300:Hippostratos
9215:Heliokles II
9175:Demetrius II
9155:Antimachus I
9117:Eucratides I
9112:Demetrius II
9097:Antimachus I
9082:Euthydemus I
8834:
8767:Ptolemy XIII
8742:Berenice III
8589:Antipater II
8556:Alexander IV
8231:Contemporary
8081:Indo-Persian
8069:Nazi Germany
8013:Contemporary
7915:Vijayanagara
7814:Great Seljuk
7725:Thessalonica
7653:Golden Horde
7293:Carthaginian
7169:
7072:Neo-Assyrian
7057:Neo-Sumerian
6747:Royal titles
6672:Architecture
6528:
6509:Neo-Assyrian
6356:(Pre)history
6176:Persian Gulf
6080:
6073:Ancient Rome
6057:
6047:
6044:311–129 BCE
6030:
6023:336–301 BCE
6013:539–331 BCE
6003:
5996:626–539 BCE
5987:729–609 BCE
5977:911–729 BCE
5968:
5962:
5956:
5944:
5909:
5899:
5893:
5863:
5851:
5836:
5813:
5792:
5767:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5700:Timeline of
5616:Online books
5606:
5577:
5565:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5506:
5504:
5481:
5455:
5428:
5405:
5395:
5388:Bibliography
5368:
5364:
5331:
5327:
5291:
5256:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5188:
5163:
5091:
5023:
5019:
4972:
4937:
4929:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4819:
4812:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4762:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4683:
4676:
4656:
4650:
4630:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4559:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4525:
4520:
4508:
4485:
4479:
4459:
4449:
4429:
4407:
4381:
4361:
4345:
4340:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4182:
4163:
4141:
4121:
4114:
4102:
4094:
4080:
4074:
4065:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4016:
3998:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3952:
3938:
3932:
3923:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3823:
3814:
3792:(3/4): 121.
3789:
3785:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3716:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3556:
3533:
3524:
3518:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:Monetization
3464:
3452:
3428:
3398:, the upper
3370:
3338:
3280:
3269:
3261:
3218:
3168:
3157:
3132:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
2987:
2965:
2944:
2943:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2890:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2805:
2793:
2780:Nisean horse
2761:
2750:
2738:Antiochus VI
2728:and eastern
2699:
2641:
2618:
2596:
2585:
2565:
2496:Carthaginian
2489:
2471:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2403:Sophagasenus
2368:
2292:
2290:originated.
2270:
2247:
2221:
2175:invasion of
2159:
2089:
2062:
2043:
2012:
2007:Sandrocottus
1996:
1928:
1913:
1898:province of
1885:
1861:Nanda Empire
1849:Sandrokottos
1843:
1827:
1811:
1747:
1708:
1638:Zand dynasty
1518:Kart dynasty
1200:
1191:Roman Empire
1138:
946:
937:
926:Greater Iran
897:as a ruler.
883:Lord of Asia
876:
857:
810:in southern
781:
769:Chandragupta
737:
733:Turkmenistan
678:Near Eastern
666:Mesopotamian
663:
579:
577:
455:Succeeded by
454:
449:
276:312 BC
91:(305–240 BC)
29:
17321:Simpson, W.
17249:639–651 CE
17196:Azarmidokht
17187:Khosrow III
17170:628–641 CE
17126:618–628 CE
17088:395–618 CE
17054:273–395 CE
17042:Vaballathus
17032:270–273 CE
16996:Hormizd III
16981:Yazdegerd I
16972:Ardashir II
16966:Adur Narseh
16920:224–270 CE
16908:Vologases V
16882:117–224 CE
16863:116–117 CE
16810:Vardanes II
16807:Vologases I
16798:Gotarzes II
16768:Phraates IV
16738:Hyspaosines
16677:Hyrcanus II
16652:141–30 BCE
16631:Demetrius I
16628:Antiochus V
16622:Seleucus IV
16613:Seleucus II
16607:Antiochus I
16594:Antigonus I
16546:Ptolemy XIV
16534:Cleopatra V
16316:Neriglissar
16313:Amel-Marduk
16296:Psamtik III
16267:Late Period
16206:Sennacherib
16197:Shalmaneser
16124:Tammaritu I
16021:Shammuramat
15964:Takelot III
15961:Osorkon III
15958:Shoshenq VI
15933:Pedubast II
15923:Shoshenq IV
15911:Shoshenq II
15760:Ashur-dan I
15701:Ish-bosheth
15654:Psusennes I
15630:Ramesses XI
15624:Ramesses IX
15615:Ramesses VI
15609:Ramesses IV
15554:Ramesses II
15517:Tutankhamun
15500:Thutmose IV
15484:Thutmose II
15418:Kudur-Enlil
15403:Nazi-Bugash
15391:Kurigalzu I
15379:Ulamburiash
15350:Amenhotep I
15331:Tutankhamun
15317:Parshatatar
15314:Shuttarna I
15247:Seventeenth
15176:Ilum-ma-ili
15151:Ammi-saduqa
15148:Ammi-ditana
15142:Samsu-iluna
15049:Erishum III
15010:Adad-salulu
15007:Ipqi-Ishtar
14995:Ashur-dugul
14980:Adad-salulu
14977:Ipqi-Ishtar
14965:Ashur-dugul
14934:Old Assyria
14929:(Amorites)
14872:Sobekneferu
14860:Senusret II
14851:Amenemhat I
14823:Sîn-iribam
14800:Sin-Iqisham
14794:Sin-Iddinam
14744:Erra-imitti
14741:Lipit-Enlil
14729:Ishme-Dagan
14726:Iddin-Dagan
14662:Shalim-ahum
14653:Old Assyria
14639:Yasmah-Adad
14616:Lim Dynasty
14608:Hanun-Dagan
14604:Hitial-Erra
14369:Ur-Ningirsu
14325:Kuda (Uruk)
14298:Ishgum-Addu
14288:Ishtup-Ilum
14140:Ishma-Dagan
14125:Shakkanakku
14103:Neferirkare
14100:Neferkauhor
14003:Ili-ishmani
13982:Manishtushu
13945:Lugalzagesi
13941:III dynasty
13925:Puzur-Nirah
13640:Ishar-Malik
13619:Shepseskare
13409:Mesannepada
13334:Nin-kisalsi
13322:Lugal-kitun
13292:Meskalamdug
13278:Ur-Pabilsag
13091:Aga of Kish
13000:Barsal-nuna
12885:Khasekhemwy
12871:Neferkara I
12850:Weneg-Nebty
12828:Nebra/Raneb
12640:Lower Egypt
12626:Scorpion II
12571:Upper Egypt
12523:, 4000 BCE)
12506:Uruk period
12288:Tehrangeles
12251:Traditional
11988:Nationality
11926:persecution
11911:persecution
11862:Circassians
11811:Neo-Aramaic
11791:Azerbaijani
11663:State-owned
11588:Health care
11551:Agriculture
11388:Brain drain
11327:Ambassadors
11022:Earthquakes
10559:Aq Qoyunlu
10508:Muzaffarid
10485:Eldiguzids
10477:Anushtegin
10303:Kingdom of
10279:Kingdom of
10271:Kingdom of
10263:Atropatene
10255:Achaemenid
10196:Kingdom of
10141:3400–539 BC
9900:Pyrrhus III
9884:Olympias II
9854:Alexander I
9711: [
9708:Spartokos V
9577:Ariamnes II
9524:Antiochus I
9486:Pythodorida
9442:Pharnaces I
9363:Zipoetes II
9358:Nicomedes I
9275:Artemidoros
9270:Menander II
9210:Antialcidas
9195:Agathokleia
9150:Demetrius I
9142:Indo-Greeks
9132:Heliocles I
9087:Demetrius I
9077:Diodotus II
9054:Eumenes III
9049:Attalus III
9024:Philetaerus
8993:Lysimachids
8805:Berenice II
8772:Ptolemy XIV
8654:(pretender)
8584:Alexander V
8566:Antipatrids
8524:Hellenistic
7819:Khwarezmian
7752:Carolingian
7557:Rashtrakuta
7261:Shaishunaga
7160:Hellenistic
7143:New Kingdom
7133:Old Kingdom
6850:Hittitology
6840:Assyriology
6761:Archaeology
6631:Old Persian
6441:Jemdet Nasr
6090:224–mid 7C
6054:129–63 BCE
6036:Macedonians
5931:city-states
5927:Neo-Hittite
5902:Sea Peoples
5818:city-states
5797:city-states
5740:Uruk period
5702:Mesopotamia
5568:(Barnsley:
5539:D. Engels,
4767:Kosmin 2014
4513:Kosmin 2014
4369:, Chap. 21
4146:Kosmin 2014
3493:Agriculture
3448:Syria-Coele
3440:Babylonians
3394:, northern
3333:Bagadates I
3296:High Priest
3225:Afghanistan
2797:Phraates II
2772:Mesopotamia
2768:Coele-Syria
2659:in 164 BC.
2516:Thermopylae
2446:Coele-Syria
2411:Subhagasena
2235:Hellenistic
2161:Antiochus I
2023:Indus River
1967:Bihar state
1959:Pataliputra
1953:to his son
1947:Megasthenes
1896:Balochistan
1892:Afghanistan
1873:Indus River
1865:Pataliputra
1768:in 320 BC.
1348:Shirvanshah
1275:880s – 1045
934:Pre-Islamic
924:History of
729:Afghanistan
721:Mesopotamia
690:Afghanistan
668:regions of
645:founded by
625:during the
450:Preceded by
436:30,000,000+
368: 63 BC
201:Hellenistic
156:Olympianism
99:(240–63 BC)
57:Tetradrachm
17476:Categories
17205:Khosrow IV
17202:Hormizd VI
17184:Shahrbaraz
17161:Khosrow II
17146:Shahrbaraz
17140:Shahrbaraz
17020:Khosrow II
17017:Hormizd IV
16975:Shapur III
16963:Hormizd II
16957:Bahram III
16942:Ardashir I
16813:Pacorus II
16804:Vonones II
16801:Meherdates
16795:Vardanes I
16780:Orodes III
16777:Phraates V
16756:Sinatruces
16604:Seleucus I
16581:Philip III
16555:Arsinoe IV
16480:Arsinoe II
16421:Darius III
16287:Psamtik II
16227:Esarhaddon
16120:Ummanigash
16090:Nabonassar
15984:Bakenranef
15955:Pedubast I
15952:Takelot II
15949:Harsiese A
15937:Osorkon IV
15929:Shoshenq V
15917:Osorkon II
15905:Shoshenq I
15651:Amenemnisu
15627:Ramesses X
15612:Ramesses V
15560:Amenmesses
15548:Ramesses I
15510:Smenkhkare
15487:Hatshepsut
15481:Thutmose I
15385:Karaindash
15124:Sumu-la-El
14956:Mut-Ashkur
14947:(Amorites)
14854:Senusret I
14813:Rim-Sin II
14803:Silli-Adad
14797:Sin-Eribam
14759:Suen-magir
14756:Ur-du-kuga
14753:Iter-pisha
14747:Enlil-bani
14735:Ur-Ninurta
14723:Shu-Ilishu
14720:Ishbi-Erra
14690:Erishum II
14636:Yahdun-Lim
14633:Yaggid-Lim
14446:Tura-Dagan
14425:Utu-hengal
14401:Meryhathor
14377:Nam-mahani
14343:II dynasty
14312:(21 kings)
14206:Puzer-Mama
14202:II dynasty
14184:IV dynasty
14097:Neferkaure
14094:Qakare Ibi
14085:Neferkahor
14076:Neferkamin
13995:Ilshu-rabi
13886:Ishqi-Mari
13882:Ikun-Ishar
13878:Enna-Dagan
13798:II dynasty
13772:Bara-irnun
13727:Puzur-Suen
13723:IV dynasty
13715:Irkab-Damu
13660:(3 kings)
13586:Ukkutahesh
13559:Meskiagnun
13555:A'annepada
13502:II dynasty
13397:Thamphthis
13393:Shepseskaf
13342:Lugal-dalu
13241:Udulkalama
13221:II dynasty
13163:Sekhemkhet
13071:Lugalbanda
12997:Melem-Kish
12993:En-me-nuna
12778:Canaanites
12772:Horus Bird
12737:Neithhotep
12610:Scorpion I
12560:Naqada III
12188:Philosophy
12147:newspapers
12128:Literature
12033:architects
12028:Achaemenid
11948:Corruption
11408:Corruption
11248:Reformists
11243:Propaganda
11141:Corruption
11126:Censorship
11069:Lake Urmia
10757:Iran–Iraq
10453:Ghaznavid
10331:AD 224–651
10295:Frataraka
10127:Prehistory
9890:Pyrrhus II
9869:Alcetas II
9834:Tharrhypas
9801:Gepaepyris
9773:Scribonius
9667:Satyros II
9597:Orophernes
9509:Ptolemaeus
9491:Polemon II
9384:Prusias II
9353:Zipoetes I
9325:Strato III
9250:Theophilos
9230:Philoxenus
9185:Menander I
9165:Agathocles
9107:Agathocles
9072:Diodotus I
9044:Attalus II
9039:Eumenes II
9001:Lysimachus
8609:Antigonids
8389:Portuguese
8270:Revival Le
8260:Vietnamese
7903:Later Tran
7873:Vietnamese
7769:Singhasari
7757:Holy Roman
7381:Bulgarian
7317:Satavahana
7288:Phoenician
7224:Achaemenid
7185:Indo-Greek
7165:Macedonian
7079:Babylonian
6814:Divination
6524:Achaemenid
6489:Isin-Larsa
6382:Trialetian
6377:Mousterian
6364:Prehistory
5814:and other
5793:and other
5559:De Gruyter
5484:. Oxford:
4919:0521323525
4524:Polybius,
4000:Seleucids.
3686:References
3366:Macedonian
3221:Aegean Sea
3162:, king of
3031:Sarmatians
2653:Artaxias I
2607:Alexandria
2592:Heliodorus
2576:Attalus II
2508:Hellespont
2430:Ptolemy IV
2422:Hindu Kush
2323:Cappadocia
2273:Andragoras
2254:Fratarakas
2205:Andragoras
2193:Cappadocia
2177:Asia Minor
2169:Ptolemy II
2073:Corupedion
2046:Lysimachus
1935:Macedonian
1931:Seleucus's
1894:, and the
1888:Hindu Kush
1718:Darius III
1658:Qajar Iran
1498:Salghurids
1412:889/90–929
948:Prehistory
850:in 63 BC.
836:rump state
661:in 63 BC.
631:Macedonian
422:Population
328:167–160 BC
302:192–188 BC
230:Seleucus I
197:Government
131:(official)
113:, 190s BC)
104:Lysimachia
17317:Hallo, W.
17214:Peroz III
17048:Antiochus
17014:Khosrow I
16984:Shapur IV
16978:Bahram IV
16969:Shapur II
16954:Bahram II
16948:Hormizd I
16905:Osroes II
16783:Vonones I
16765:Orodes II
16741:Artabanus
16409:Darius II
16336:Phraortes
16322:Nabonidus
16293:Ahmose II
16281:Psamtik I
16174:Tanutamun
16023:(regent)
15914:Takelot I
15908:Osorkon I
15673:Phoenicia
15657:Amenemope
15603:Setnakhte
15557:Merneptah
15506:Akhenaten
15289:Sakir-Har
15227:Sixteenth
15206:Akurduana
15192:Gulkishar
15189:Shushushi
15145:Abi-eshuh
15139:Hammurabi
15121:Sumu-abum
15043:Shu-Ninua
15034:Iptar-Sin
15004:Sin-namir
15001:Nasir-Sin
14992:Puzur-Sin
14974:Sin-namir
14971:Nasir-Sin
14825:Sîn-gāmil
14821:Sîn-kāšid
14809:Rim-Sin I
14806:Warad-Sin
14686:Naram-Sin
14670:Erishum I
14666:Ilu-shuma
14642:Zimri-Lim
14590:Indilimma
14577:Ibbit-Lim
14547:Intef III
14510:invasions
14497:invasions
14442:Ili-Ishar
14438:Iddi-ilum
14431:2100 BCE
14421:V dynasty
14391:2125 BCE
14329:Puzur-ili
14316:La-erabum
14250:2150 BCE
14176:Shu-turul
14169:(3 years)
14136:Shu-Dagan
14036:2200 BCE
14013:Naram-Sin
14009:2250 BCE
13953:2340 BCE
13919:2350 BCE
13913:Luh-ishan
13908:Urukagina
13904:Lugalanda
13873:Isar-Damu
13869:2370 BCE
13815:2380 BCE
13790:Enentarzi
13778:Enannatum
13767:Gishakidu
13731:Ur-Zababa
13707:Adub-Damu
13703:2400 BCE
13676:2425 BCE
13670:Napilhush
13658:invasions
13636:Enar-Damu
13616:Neferefre
13596:2450 BCE
13539:Ur-Nanshe
13534:I dynasty
13521:I dynasty
13462:Ikun-Mari
13421:Phoenicia
13417:2500 BCE
13350:2575 BCE
13318:Melamanna
13302:Akalamdug
13274:A-Imdugud
13237:Ur-Nungal
13224:(5 kings)
13211:Baba-Damu
13207:Ibbi-Damu
13136:2600 BCE
13106:Gilgamesh
13064:Iltasadum
13035:2700 BCE
13009:I dynasty
12962:2800 BCE
12925:I dynasty
12881:Hudjefa I
12814:2900 BCE
12760:Semerkhet
12752:(regent)
12739:(regent)
12646:Hedju Hor
12474:Naqada II
12153:Mythology
12059:Calendars
12049:Astronomy
11958:Education
11867:Georgians
11852:Assyrians
11847:Armenians
11773:Languages
11665:companies
11628:Transport
11608:Petroleum
11393:Companies
11332:President
11319:Officials
11253:Terrorism
11202:Air Force
11146:Elections
11084:Provinces
11079:Mountains
10989:Geography
10909:languages
10647:1925–1979
10575:Afsharid
10536:1370–1925
10524:Chobanid
10418:Saffarid
10370:Rashidun
10338:Sasanian
10319:Kings of
10311:Parthian
10287:Seleucid
10228:Scythian
10188:Kassites
10172:Akkadian
9874:Pyrrhus I
9839:Alcetas I
9745:Pharnaces
9720:Kamasarye
9703:Leukon II
9687:Hygiainon
9642:Archelaus
9481:Polemon I
9379:Prusias I
9320:Strato II
9310:Zoilos II
9305:Dionysios
9285:Archebius
9255:Peukolaos
9220:Polyxenos
9160:Pantaleon
9102:Pantaleon
9034:Attalus I
9029:Eumenes I
8835:Seleucids
8663:Ptolemies
8652:Philip VI
8599:Sosthenes
8579:Philip IV
8574:Cassander
8541:Philip II
8382:Couronian
8020:Ethiopian
8008:Manchukuo
7963:Brazilian
7809:Ghaznavid
7779:Srivijaya
7730:Trebizond
7715:Byzantine
7697:North Sea
7692:Norwegian
7680:Almoravid
7663:Ilkhanate
7633:Majapahit
7606:Muromachi
7515:Solomonic
7500:Ethiopian
7414:Caliphate
7347:Aragonese
7175:Ptolemaic
6687:Cuneiform
6563:Languages
6372:Acheulean
6259:Babylonia
6196:Euphrates
6146:Geography
6005:Chaldeans
5922:Phoenicia
5860:Karduniaš
5048:162810470
4847:244761541
4823:. BRILL.
4736:2073-4425
4526:Histories
4332:163980490
4310:: 84–94.
4246:161613588
3602:partially
3598:partially
3432:auxiliary
3400:Euphrates
3283:Alexander
3245:Georgians
3241:Armenians
3237:Assyrians
3179:Philip II
3018:Dinglings
2785:Hasmonean
2753:Maccabees
2726:Babylonia
2695:Ptolemais
2629:Jerusalem
2611:Proconsul
2442:Ptolemy V
2252:, called
2154:Polyainos
2142:Frataraka
2081:Macedonia
2079:and even
2019:Arachosia
1991:Dionysius
1955:Bindusara
1881:conscript
1788:Babylonia
1784:chiliarch
1722:Perdiccas
1710:Alexander
1662:1794–1925
1652:1794–1826
1642:1750–1794
1632:1736–1750
1622:1722–1729
1612:1526–1857
1602:1501–1722
1592:1378–1508
1582:1407–1468
1572:1370–1507
1562:1339–1432
1552:1337–1357
1542:1314–1393
1532:1299–1923
1522:1231–1389
1512:1256–1353
1508:Ilkhanate
1502:1148–1282
1492:1077–1307
1482:1077–1231
1472:1037–1194
1295:1008–1490
1053:2200–1700
975:3200–2800
824:Babylonia
763:with the
670:Babylonia
623:West Asia
621:power in
340:Parthians
338:taken by
243:Philip II
160:Hellenism
149:Religion
18:Seleucids
17433:(2014).
17386:(1992).
17356:(2020).
17323:(1971).
17164:Kavad II
16990:Bahram V
16951:Bahram I
16945:Shapur I
16822:Osroes I
16753:Orodes I
16747:Gotarzes
16735:Phraates
16400:Darius I
16397:Cambyses
16345:Astyages
16342:Cyaxares
16284:Necho II
16215:Bel-ibni
16165:Shebitku
16128:Indabibi
15981:Tefnakht
15523:Horemheb
15382:Agum III
15364:Kassites
15347:Ahmose I
15212:Ea-gamil
15196:DIŠ+U-EN
15186:Ishkibal
15133:Apil-Sin
15115:Amorites
15025:Bel-bani
14900:Biblical
14791:Nur-Adad
14782:Gungunum
14770:Naplanum
14738:Bur-Suen
14702:Amorites
14678:Sargon I
14628:Amorites
14572:Amorites
14544:Intef II
14514:Kindattu
14502:Ibbi-Sin
14481:Amar-Sin
14475:Ur-Nammu
14410:Merykare
14302:Apil-kin
14214:Pirig-me
14192:Ur-gigir
14188:Ur-nigin
14128:dynasty)
14073:Merenhor
13999:Epirmupi
13828:Userkare
13782:Entemena
13759:Ur-Lumma
13754:Meskigal
13685:Eannatum
13680:Kun-Damu
13664:Shushun-
13649:Enakalle
13508:kushanna
13494:Undalulu
13466:Iblul-Il
13390:Menkaure
13386:Bikheris
13379:Djedefre
13338:Me-durba
13263:shaengur
13257:En-hegal
13245:Labashum
13203:Agur-lim
13199:Abur-lim
13178:Qahedjet
13023:Enmerkar
12855:Wadjenes
12845:Horus Sa
12840:Nubnefer
12831:Nynetjer
12805:Susa III
12767:Sneferka
12750:Merneith
12468:Naqada I
12314:Category
12207:football
12198:Scouting
12108:Iranians
12098:Folklore
11894:Religion
11806:Georgian
11786:Armenian
11647:shipping
11642:railways
11632:airlines
11598:Industry
11463:Taxation
11277:Councils
11193:Military
11108:Politics
11089:Wildlife
11054:Caucasus
10936:Persians
10863:See also
10687:Iranian
10654:Pahlavi
10567:Safavid
10543:Timurid
10446:977–1432
10426:Ziyarid
10402:Tahirid
10394:Samanid
10386:Abbasid
10378:Umayyad
10363:632–1090
10180:Lullubi
10164:Elamite
9905:Deidamia
9886:(regent)
9859:Aeacides
9796:Aspurgus
9689:(regent)
9672:Prytanis
9514:Sames II
9370:(regent)
9343:Boteiras
9290:Telephos
9280:Hermaeus
9235:Diomedes
9205:Strato I
9190:Zoilos I
9016:Attalids
8703:(regent)
8642:Philip V
8362:Japanese
8325:Scottish
8305:American
8297:Colonial
8226:Imperial
8194:Moroccan
8130:Japanese
8108:Afsharid
7967:Burmese
7953:Austrian
7908:Later Le
7883:Early Le
7868:Venetian
7794:Tiwanaku
7707:Hellenic
7670:Moroccan
7601:Kamakura
7591:Japanese
7574:Saffarid
7527:Georgian
7441:Chalukya
7419:Rashidun
7409:Calakmul
7377:Bruneian
7256:Haryanka
7234:Sasanian
7229:Parthian
7180:Bactrian
7170:Seleucid
7150:Goguryeo
7128:Egyptian
7062:Assyrian
7052:Akkadian
7043:Colonies
6833:Academia
6787:Religion
6656:Urartian
6651:Sumerian
6636:Parthian
6571:Akkadian
6544:Sasanian
6534:Parthian
6529:Seleucid
6479:Simurrum
6469:Akkadian
6402:Khiamian
6392:Natufian
6304:Simurrum
6289:Kassites
6284:Hittites
6239:Adiabene
5946:Arameans
5940:Damascus
5911:Arameans
5865:Kassites
5853:Hurrians
5661:Archived
5643:Archived
5572:, 2013).
5454:(1993).
5427:(2014).
5377:20482569
5265:42619061
5040:43297500
4932:, p. 77.
4908:(1989).
4754:37510249
4745:10379071
4580:Chanukah
4564:Archived
4457:(2018).
4371:Archived
4290:. p. 223
4277:. p. 167
4262:, p. 196
4202:(1972).
4171:Archived
4162:Appian,
3822:(1990).
3702:, p. 13.
3623:See also
3387:katoikoi
3318:Military
3300:Menelaus
3249:Persians
3229:Pakistan
3171:Lucullus
3064:PARTHIAN
2923:Tesinsky
2787:prince,
2757:Parthian
2734:Damascus
2677:Coin of
2621:Josephus
2580:Pergamon
2572:Seleucid
2538:and the
2528:Anatolia
2520:Magnesia
2500:Hannibal
2498:general
2476:Pergamum
2407:Sanskrit
2383:anabasis
2359:Anatolia
2327:Pergamum
2315:Bithynia
2301:against
2227:Bactrian
2223:Diodotus
2189:Diodotus
2185:Sogdiana
2120:Diodotus
2054:Anatolia
2037:Coin of
2015:Gedrosia
1973:. Later
1961:(modern
1951:Deimakos
1908:Kandahar
1900:Pakistan
1857:conquest
1779:hetairoi
1770:Seleucus
1752:diadochi
1705:Diadochi
1452:975–1187
1442:941–1062
1432:934–1055
1422:928–1043
1392:861–1003
1352:799–1607
1342:750–1258
1040:Corduene
985:2800–550
939:BCE / BC
871:basileia
812:Anatolia
761:conflict
709:Anatolia
639:division
633:general
617:) was a
336:Seleucia
211:Basileus
204:monarchy
185:Buddhism
180:Hinduism
110:de facto
88:Seleucia
17217:Narsieh
17045:Zenobia
17026:Vistahm
17011:Kavad I
17005:Kavad I
16999:Peroz I
16987:Khosrow
16333:Deioces
16290:Wahibre
16278:Necho I
16171:Taharqa
16168:Shabaka
16152:Taharqa
16116:Teumman
15967:Rudamun
15709:Solomon
15648:Smendes
15569:Twosret
15563:Seti II
15304:Mitanni
15298:Khamudi
15252:Dynasty
15242:Dynasty
15232:Dynasty
15070:Nur-ili
15040:Lullaya
14943:dynasty
14895:Abraham
14785:Abisare
14750:Zambiya
14644:(Queen
14596:Amorite
14567:Kingdom
14541:Intef I
14508:Elamite
14495:Amorite
14484:Shu-Sin
14385:Tirigan
14354:Ur-Baba
14284:Nûr-Mêr
14222:Lu-gula
14218:Lu-Baba
14132:Ididish
14113:Kingdom
14110:Eblaite
14108:Second
14058:Menkare
13933:Shu-Sin
13929:Ishu-Il
13857:dynasty
13837:Pepi II
13770:(Queen
13656:Elamite
13607:Userkaf
13550:Akurgal
13479:Ku-Baba
13295:(Queen
13231:Mesilim
13166:Sanakht
13156:(First
12973:Zuqaqip
12970:Kalumum
12955:Kalibum
12951:Puannum
12908:Kingdom
12757:Anedjib
12741:Hor-Aha
12686:Nat-Hor
12619:Iry-Hor
12615:Shendjw
12587:Pen-Abu
12535:Susa II
12257:Ey Iran
12205: (
12165: (
12141:student
12139: (
12135: (
12120: (
12088:Cuisine
12073:Fashion
12061: (
12041: (
12026: (
12012:Culture
11960: (
11924: (
11909: (
11882:Turkmen
11834: (
11825:Peoples
11796:Kurdish
11752:Society
11653:Tourism
11630: (
11620: (
11610: (
11590: (
11583:Defense
11553: (
11543:Sectors
11530: (
11490: (
11395: (
11376:General
11365:Economy
11255: (
11225: (
11195: (
11148: (
11133: (
11119:General
11074:Islands
11010:largest
11000:Borders
10469:Seljuk
10461:Ghurid
10410:Alavid
10220:Median
10212:Urartu
10134:Ancient
10114:History
9895:Ptolemy
9849:Arybbas
9829:Admetus
9811:Cotys I
9791:Polemon
9786:Polemon
9782:Dynamis
9777:Dynamis
9768:Dynamis
9764:Asander
9754:Dynamis
9750:Asander
9677:Eumelos
9476:Arsaces
9451:Laodice
9374:Ziaelas
9368:Etazeta
9245:Epander
9240:Amyntas
8647:Perseus
8533:Argeads
8429:largest
8424:Empires
8404:Swedish
8399:Spanish
8394:Russian
8357:Italian
8332:Chinese
8320:English
8315:British
8310:Belgian
8285:Vietnam
8275:Tay son
8221:Tsarist
8216:Russian
8211:Ottoman
8177:Dzungar
8172:Khoshut
8145:Mexican
8140:Maratha
8123:Pahlavi
8103:Safavid
8098:Iranian
8025:Haitian
7988:Chinese
7948:Ashanti
7920:Wagadou
7846:Eastern
7841:Western
7824:Timurid
7784:Tibetan
7774:Songhai
7764:Serbian
7685:Almohad
7675:Idrisid
7579:Samanid
7569:Tahirid
7564:Iranian
7542:Kannauj
7522:Genoese
7458:Chinese
7451:Eastern
7446:Western
7434:Fatimid
7429:Abbasid
7424:Umayyad
7397:Burmese
7357:Ayyubid
7352:Angevin
7322:Xianbei
7310:Eastern
7305:Western
7251:Magadha
7214:Iranian
7207:Xiongnu
7192:Hittite
7101:Chinese
7089:Kassite
7038:Ancient
7030:Empires
6819:Prayers
6804:Deities
6768:Looting
6611:Kassite
6606:Hurrian
6601:Hittite
6591:Elamite
6586:Eblaite
6581:Aramaic
6576:Amorite
6499:Kassite
6474:Gutians
6456:History
6421:Samarra
6417:Hassuna
6387:Zarzian
6309:Subartu
6299:Mitanni
6264:Chaldea
6254:Assyria
6227:Ancient
5848:Mitanni
5816:Amorite
5795:Amorite
5769:Gutians
5257:Biblica
4186:Pliny,
3925:victor.
3806:1170959
3579:anyway.
3461:Economy
3444:Antioch
3424:Antioch
3420:Aetolia
3351:sarissa
3345:phalanx
3291:Judaism
3276:Antioch
3209:Culture
3201:into a
3191:Armenia
3164:Armenia
3135:Antioch
3106:XIONGNU
3097:DYNASTY
3084:SATAVA-
2968:culture
2880:SABEANS
2746:Antioch
2657:Isfahan
2633:Ptolemy
2627:, took
2311:Galatia
2277:Arsaces
2258:Vahbarz
2213:Arsaces
2201:Parthia
2181:Bactria
2146:Vahbarz
2116:Bactria
1877:satraps
1869:Magadha
1859:of the
1792:Babylon
1728:at the
1726:satraps
1402:819–999
1382:864–928
1372:840–897
1362:821–873
1332:661–750
1322:637–651
1309:Islamic
1265:642–760
1255:565–879
1245:425–557
1235:305–995
1225:224–651
1202:CE / AD
1163:250–125
1143:330–150
1123:550–330
1113:652–625
1103:728–550
1093:860–590
1083:911–609
1031:Cyrtian
1022:Gutians
1009:Lullubi
1000:Mannaea
901:History
844:Armenia
820:Assyria
798:by the
777:cession
771:of the
702:Persian
698:Lebanon
674:Assyria
641:of the
556:Osroene
351:•
334:•
321:•
308:•
295:•
282:•
269:•
232:(first)
140:Aramaic
135:Persian
96:Antioch
81:Capital
17527:312 BC
17443:
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16960:Narseh
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