Liminality - Knowledge

2384:"Cogito, Ergo Sum", "The Trap", "Monkey Bath", "DreamCatcher", "Escape to Nowhere", "A Letter to My-Self", "No Man's Land", "Whither Am I?", and "Fe/Male", apart from their thematic relevance, directly and indirectly link the possibilities and potential of liminality in literature for developing characters, plots, and settings. The experiences and expressions of the in-between states of living ‘betwixt and between’ in a transitional world that intricately changes the constants and perpetuities of human life are eminent in the stories that are associated with the theoretical concepts such as permanent and temporary liminality, liminal space, liminal entity, liminoid, communitas, and anti-structure. The significance of liminality in the short stories is emphasised by conceptualising the existence of the characters as "living not here, not there – but somewhere in a space between here and there". 2591:(from the Greek word eidos, meaning "form or shape") to refer to experiences that have characteristics of liminal experiences but are optional and do not involve a resolution of a personal crisis. Unlike liminal events, liminoid experiences are conditional and do not result in a change of status, but merely serve as transitional moments in time. The liminal is part of society, an aspect of social or religious rites, while the liminoid is a break from society, part of "play" or "playing". With the rise in industrialization and the emergence of leisure as an acceptable form of play separate from work, liminoid experiences have become much more common than liminal rites. In these modern societies, rites are diminished and "forged the concept of 'liminoid' rituals for analogous but secular phenomena" such as attending rock concerts and other liminoid experiences. 36: 1237:.; and in 'the first phase (of separation) comprises symbolic behaviour signifying the detachment of the individual...from an earlier fixed point in the social structure. Their status thus becomes liminal. In such a liminal situation, "the initiands live outside their normal environment and are brought to question their self and the existing social order through a series of rituals that often involve acts of pain: the initiands come to feel nameless, spatio-temporally dislocated and socially unstructured". In this sense, liminal periods are "destructive" as well as "constructive", meaning that "the formative experiences during liminality will prepare the initiand (and his/her cohort) to occupy a new social role or status, made public during the reintegration rituals". 1297:

phase of ritual forms." The first, spontaneous communitas, is described as "a direct, immediate, and total confrontation of human identities" in which those involved share a feeling of synchronicity and a total immersion into one fluid event. The second form, ideological communitas, which aims at interrupting spontaneous communitas through some type of intervention which would result in the formation of a utopian society in which all actions would be carried out at the level of spontaneous communitas. The third, normative communitas, deals with a group of society attempting to grow relationships and support spontaneous communitas on a relatively permanent basis, subjecting it to laws of society and "denaturing the grace" of the accepted form of camaraderie.

1521:", which was "an in-between period between two structured world-views and between two rounds of empire building; it was an age of creativity where "man asked radical questions", and where the "unquestioned grasp on life is loosened". It was essentially a time of uncertainty which, most importantly, involved entire civilizations. Seeing as liminal periods are both destructive and constructive, the ideas and practices that emerge from these liminal historical periods are of extreme importance, as they will "tend to take on the quality of structure". Events such as political or social revolutions (along with other periods of crisis) can thus be considered liminal, as they result in the complete collapse of order and can lead to significant social change. 2599:"play" in separate boxes that rarely, if ever, intersected. In a famous essay regarding the shift from liminal to liminoid in industrial society, Turner offers a twofold explanation of this sect. First, society began to move away from activities concerning collective ritual obligations, placing more emphasis on the individual than the community; this led to more choice in activities, with many such as work and leisure becoming optional. Second, the work done to earn a living became entirely separate from his or her other activities so that it is "no longer natural, but arbitrary." In simpler terms, the industrial revolution brought about free time that had not existed in past societies and created space for liminoid experiences to exist. 1994:. One could also consider seals, crabs, shorebirds, frogs, bats, dolphins/whales and other "border animals" to be liminal: "the wild duck and swan are cases in point...intermediate creatures that combine underwater activity and the bird flight with an intermediate, terrestrial life". Shamans and spiritual guides also serve as liminal beings, acting as "mediators between this and the other world; his presence is betwixt and between the human and supernatural." Many believe that shamans and spiritual advisers were born into their fate, possessing a greater understanding of and connection to the natural world, and thus they often live in the margins of society, existing in a liminal state between worlds and outside of common society. 1525:

themselves aware of the liminal state: they know that they will leave it sooner or later, and have 'ceremony masters' to guide them through the rituals". However, in those liminal periods that affect society as a whole, the future (what comes after the liminal period) is completely unknown, and there is no "ceremony master" who has gone through the process before and that can lead people out of it. In such cases, liminal situations can become dangerous. They allow for the emergence of "self-proclaimed ceremony masters", that assume leadership positions and attempt to " liminality and by emptying the liminal moment of real creativity, it into a scene of mimetic rivalry".

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existing in a paracosmic realm. At Gateshead, Jane is noted to be set apart and on the outside of the family, putting her in a liminal space in which she neither belongs nor is completely cast away. Jane's existence emerges as paradoxical as she transcends commonly accepted beliefs about what it means to be a woman, orphan, child, victim, criminal, and pilgrim, and she creates her own narrative as she is torn from her past and denied a certain future. Faced with a series of crises, Jane's circumstances question social constructs and allow Jane to progress or to retract; this creates a narrative dynamic of structure and liminality (as coined by Turner).

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liminal rites: marriage and death. Psyche resides in the liminal space of no longer being a maiden yet not quite a wife, as well as living between worlds. Beyond this, her transition to immortality to live with Cupid serves as a liminal rite of passage in which she shifts from mortal to immortal, human to goddess; when Psyche drinks the ambrosia and seals her fate, the rite is completed and the tale ends with a joyous wedding and the birth of Cupid and Psyche's daughter. The characters themselves exist in liminal spaces while experiencing classic rites of passage that necessitate the crossing of thresholds into new realms of existence.

2470: 1160:): Two characteristics are essential to these rites. First, the rite "must follow a strictly prescribed sequence, where everybody knows what to do and how". Second, everything must be done "under the authority of a master of ceremonies". The destructive nature of this rite allows for considerable changes to be made to the identity of the initiate. This middle stage (when the transition takes place) "implies an actual passing through the threshold that marks the boundary between two phases, and the term 'liminality' was introduced in order to characterize this passage." 1301:

societies, preferring the neologism "liminoid" coined by him to analyse certain features of the modern world. However, Agnes Horvath (2013) argues that the term can and should be applied to concrete historical events as offering a vital means for historical and sociological understanding. Second, Turner attributed a rather univocally positive connotation to liminal situations as ways of renewal when liminal situations can be periods of uncertainty, anguish, even existential fear: a facing of the abyss in void.

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liminality (such as that of hallways, waiting areas or rest stops) but are instead defined by a forlorn atmosphere and sentiments of abandonment, decay and quietness. Additionally, it has been suggested that the liminal space phenomenon could represent a broader feeling of disorientation in modern society, explaining the usage of places that are common in childhood memories (such as playgrounds or schools) as reflective about the passage of time and the collective experience of growing older.

2449:(2004), is a US science fiction film by Shane Carruth where the main characters set up their time travelling machine in a storage facility to ensure it will not be accidentally disturbed. The hallways of the storage facility are eerily unchanging and impersonal, in a sense depicted as outside of time, and could be considered a liminal space. When the main characters are inside the time travel box, they are clearly in temporal liminality. Yet another example comes from Hayao Miyazaki's 2196:

A researcher, often unconsciously, selects what to observe, how to record observations and how to interpret observations based on personal reference points and experiences. For example, even in selecting what observations are interesting to record, the researcher must interpret and value the data available. To explore the liminal state of the researcher in relation to the culture, self-reflexivity and awareness are important tools to reveal researcher bias and interpretation.

5006: 4992: 4978: 2068:, which, as well as signifying liminality, some theologians deny actually existing, making them, in some cases, doubly liminal. "Between-ness" defines these spaces. For a hotel worker (an insider) or a person passing by with disinterest (a total outsider), the hotel would have a very different connotation. To a traveller staying there, the hotel would function as a liminal zone, just as "doors and windows and hallways and gates frame...the definitively liminal condition". 1696: 1588: 2595:

interwoven with the nature of work as symbolic gestures and rites in order to promote fertility, abundance, and the passage of certain liminal phases; thus, work and play are inseparable and often dependent on social rites. Examples of this include Cherokee and Mayan riddles, trickster tales, sacred ball games, and joking relationships which serve holy purposes of work in liminal situations while retaining the element of playfulness.

2090:) through the liminoid framework highlights the "presence or absence of opportunities for social subversion, escape from social structures, and exercising choice". This allows "insights into what may be effectively improved in hedonic spaces. Enhancing the consumer experience of these liminoid aspects may heighten experiential feelings of escapism and play, thus encouraging the consumer to more freely consume". 1132:, a work that explores and develops the concept of liminality in the context of rites in small-scale societies. Van Gennep began his book by identifying the various categories of rites. He distinguished between those that result in a change of status for an individual or social group, and those that signify transitions in the passage of time. In doing so, he placed a particular emphasis on 1293:'According to Turner, all liminality must eventually dissolve, for it is a state of great intensity that cannot exist very long without some sort of structure to stabilize it...either the individual returns to the surrounding social structure...or else liminal communities develop their own internal social structure, a condition Turner calls "normative communitas"'. 2192:

researcher that engages in fieldwork as a "participant" or "participant-observer" occupies a liminal state where he/she is a part of the culture, but also separated from the culture as a researcher. This liminal state of being betwixt and between is emotional and uncomfortable as the researcher uses self-reflexivity to interpret field observations and interviews.

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movement of the person through the life process of individuation". Individuation can be seen as a "movement through liminal space and time, from disorientation to integration What takes place in the dark phase of liminality is a process of breaking down in the interest of "making whole" one's meaning, purpose and sense of relatedness once more" As an

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reconstruction, gender, and communities in conflict, extreme adventure, initiation, process of transition, ritual, complex liminalities, spiritual practices, black experience, education abroad, genocide, therapeutic practices, ecological collapse, and the arts are explored by a variety of thinkers and practitioners in light of their liminal nature.

2285:(1961), Milo enters "The Lands Beyond", a liminal place (which explains its topsy-turvy nature), through a magical tollbooth. When he finishes his quest, he returns, but changed, seeing the world differently. The giver of the tollbooth is never seen and name never known, and hence, also remains liminal. Liminality is a major theme in 2099: 2613:

among fans and reinforces the collective spirit of those who take part. Homecoming football games, gymnastics meets, modern baseball games, and swim meets all qualify as liminoid and follow a seasonal schedule; therefore, the flow of sports becomes cyclical and predictable, reinforcing the liminal qualities.

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proposal is initiated there is a liminal stage between the question and the answer during which the social arrangements of both parties involved are subject to transformation and inversion; a sort of "life stage limbo" so to speak in that the affirmation or denial can result in multiple and diverse outcomes.

2497:, an empty wasteland of corridors with nothing but "the stink of old moist carpet, the madness of mono-yellow, the endless background noise of fluorescent lights at maximum hum-buzz, and approximately six hundred million square miles of randomly segmented empty rooms to be trapped in". Since then, a popular 2437:(2004), is a US film in which the main character (Viktor Navorski) is trapped in a liminal space; since he can neither legally return to his home country Krakozhia nor enter the United States, he must remain in the airport terminal indefinitely until he finds a way out at the end of the film. In the film 2217:, where local communities and the student body maintain different traditions and codes of behaviour. This means that many university students are no longer seen as school children, but have not yet achieved the status of independent adults. This creates an environment where risk-taking is balanced with 2621:

One scholar, Alexandra Murphy, has argued that airplane travel is inherently liminoid—suspended in the sky, neither here nor there and crossing thresholds of time and space, it is difficult to make sense of the experience of flying. Murphy posits that flights shift our existence into a limbo space in

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Some scholars argue that ethnographers are present in their research, occupying a liminal state, regardless of their participant status. Justification for this position is that the researcher as a "human instrument" engages with his/her observations in the process of recording and analyzing the data.

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serves as an example of the liminal in myth, exhibited through Psyche's character and the events she experiences. She is always regarded as too beautiful to be human yet not quite a goddess, establishing her liminal existence. Her marriage to Death in Apuleius' version occupies two classic Van Gennep

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Jungians however have perhaps been most explicit about the "need to accord space, time and place for liminal feeling"—as well about the associated dangers, "two mistakes: we provide no ritual space at all in our lives or we stay in it too long". Indeed, Jung's psychology has itself been described as

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Jungian-based analytical psychology is also deeply rooted in the ideas of liminality. The idea of a 'container' or 'vessel' as a key player in the ritual process of psychotherapy has been noted by many and Carl Jung's objective was to provide a space he called "a temenos, a magic circle, a vessel, in

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Liminality has both spatial and temporal dimensions, and can be applied to a variety of subjects: individuals, larger groups (cohorts or villages), whole societies, and possibly even entire civilizations. The following chart summarizes the different dimensions and subjects of liminal experiences, and

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may become uncertain, and future outcomes once taken for granted may be thrown into doubt. The dissolution of order during liminality creates a fluid, malleable situation that enables new institutions and customs to become established. The term has also passed into popular usage and has been expanded

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Ritual and myth were, in the past, exclusively connected to collective work that served holy and often symbolic purposes; liminal rites were held in the form of coming-of-age ceremonies, celebrations of seasons, and more. Industrialization cut the cord between work and the sacred, putting "work" and

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is a collection of ten short stories and poems that exclusively focus on liminal expressions of various themes like memory disorder, pandemic uncertainty, authoritarianism, virtual reality, border disputes, old-age anxiety, environmental issues, and gender trouble. The stories, such as "In-Between",

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are able to stay in "shit creek" (an undesirable setting or situation) and "diver... flows" of these "creeks", thus claiming their rough settings' "liminality" (being in a border situation or transitional setting) and their own "abjection" (having "abject bodies" with health problems, disease, etc.)

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It can include the period between when a couple get engaged and their marriage or between death and burial, for which cultures may have set ritual observances. Even sexually liberal cultures may strongly disapprove of an engaged spouse having sex with another person during this time. When a marriage

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makes reference to this, describing it as "the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition" in one variant of the original series' opening. The name is from an actual zone observable from space in the place where daylight or shadow advances or retreats about the Earth.

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Another significant variable is "scale," or the "degree" to which an individual or group experiences liminality. In other words, "there are degrees of liminality, and…the degree depends on the extent to which the liminal experience can be weighed against persisting structures." When the spatial and

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Turner also worked on the idea of communitas, the feeling of camaraderie associated among a group experiencing the same liminal experience or rite. Turner defined three distinct and not always sequential forms of communitas, which he describes as "that 'antistructural' state at stake in the liminal

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dissolves to some extent, bringing about disorientation, but also the possibility of new perspectives. Turner posits that, if liminality is regarded as a time and place of withdrawal from normal modes of social action, it potentially can be seen as a period of scrutiny for central values and axioms

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Sporting events such as the Olympics, NFL football games, and hockey matches are forms of liminoid experiences. They are optional activities of leisure that place both the spectator and the competitor in in-between places outside of society's norms. Sporting events also create a sense of community

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for the entire length of the play, two men walk around restlessly on an empty stage. They alternate between hope and hopelessness. At times one forgets what they are even waiting for, and the other reminds him: "We are waiting for Godot". The identity of 'Godot' is never revealed, and perhaps the

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More conventionally, springs, caves, shores, rivers, volcanic calderas—"a huge crater of an extinct volcano... another symbol of transcendence"—fords, passes, crossroads, bridges, and marshes are all liminal: "'edges', borders or faultlines between the legitimate and the illegitimate". Oedipus met

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context". He became aware that liminality "...served not only to identify the importance of in-between periods, but also to understand the human reactions to liminal experiences: the way liminality shaped personality, the sudden foregrounding of agency, and the sometimes dramatic tying together of

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to be the most typical rite. To gain a better understanding of "tripartite structure" of liminal situations, one can look at a specific rite of initiation: the initiation of youngsters into adulthood, which Turner considered the most typical rite. In such rites of passage, the experience is highly

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The fading of liminal stages in exchange for liminoid experiences is marked by the shift in culture from tribal and agrarian to modern and industrial. In these societies, work and play are entirely separate whereas in more archaic societies, they are nearly indistinguishable. In the past play was

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follows the protagonist through different stages of life as she crosses the threshold from student to teacher to woman. Her existence throughout the novel takes a liminal character. She can first be seen when she hides herself behind a large red curtain to read, closing herself off physically and

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In many cases, greater participation in the group being studied can lead to increased access of cultural information and greater in-group understanding of experiences within the culture. However increased participation also blurs the role of the researcher in data collection and analysis. Often a

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describes "the 'out-of-this-world' quality that many therapists have remarked upon, a sort of trance-like feeling in the relationship that client and therapist emerge from at the end of the hour, as if from a deep well or tunnel. The French talk of how the psychoanalytic setting 'opens/forges the

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process of self-realization as taking place within a liminal space. "Individuation begins with a withdrawal from normal modes of socialisation, epitomized by the breakdown of the persona...liminality". Thus "what Turner's concept of social liminality does for status in society, Jung does for the

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park; since mobile homes can be relocated, she states that setting a story in a mobile home "...has the potential to disrupt a range of geo-physical and psycho-social boundaries". Brooks states that in Berridge's story "Bored Teenagers", the adolescents using a community drop-in centre decide to

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Getz provides commentary on the liminal/liminoid zone when discussing the planned event experience. He refers to a liminal zone at an event as the creation of "time out of time: a special place". He notes that this liminal zone is both spatial and temporal and integral when planning a successful

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Liminality in large-scale societies differs significantly from liminality found in ritual passages in small-scale societies. One primary characteristic of liminality (as defined van Gennep and Turner) is that there is a way in as well as a way out. In ritual passages, "members of the society are

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is effectively left behind. In the second stage, initiands (between childhood and adulthood) must pass a "test" to prove they are ready for adulthood. If they succeed, the third stage (incorporation) involves a celebration of the "new birth" of the adult and a welcoming of that being back into

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The work of Victor Turner has vital significance in turning attention to this concept introduced by Arnold van Gennep. However, Turner's approach to liminality has two major shortcomings. First, Turner was keen to limit the meaning of the concept to the concrete settings of small-scale tribal

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Beyond this structural template, Van Gennep also suggested four categories of rites that emerge as universal across cultures and societies. He suggested that there are four types of social rites of passage that are replicable and recognizable among many ethnographic populations. They include:

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In the late 2010s, a trend of images depicting so-called "liminal spaces" surged in online art and photography communities, with the intent to convey "a sense of nostalgia, lostness, and uncertainty". The subjects of these photos may not necessarily fit within the usual definition of spatial

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human body can be explored. Brooks states that Berridge's short stories provide "...a variety of violent, disaffected and often abject young people", characters who "...blur and often overturn" the boundaries between suburban and urban space. Brooks states that the marginalized characters in

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Dr. Timothy Carson, curator of the Liminality Project, co-founder of the Guild for Engaged Liminality with Lisa Withrow and Jonathan Best, and co-founder The Liminality Press with Lisa Withrow, explores the outer and inner aspects of liminality, addressing the history of the discipline with

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topics such as poetic interpretations, Central American notions of the in-between, pilgrimage, spiritual transformation, crisis passages, war, natural disaster, cross-cultural adoption, climate change and spirituality, religious shifts, cyborgs, critical illness, prison, social collapse and

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By constructing this three-part sequence, van Gennep identified a pattern he believed was inherent in all ritual passages. By suggesting that such a sequence is universal (meaning that all societies use rites to demarcate transitions), van Gennep made an important claim (one that not many

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represents the limbo associated with liminality. The stress of accomplishing tasks for college has been lifted, yet the individual has not moved on to a new stage in life (psychologically or physically). The result is a unique perspective on what has come before, and what may come next.

1785:, whatever its connection or lack of one to the astrological sky, is a liminal time. Customs such as fortune-telling take advantage of this liminal state. In a number of cultures, actions and events on the first day of the year can determine the year, leading to such beliefs as 1939:

Various minority groups can be considered liminal. In reality illegal immigrants (present but not "official"), and stateless people, for example, are regarded as liminal because they are "betwixt and between home and host, part of society, but sometimes never fully integrated".

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For many students, the process of starting university can be seen as a liminal space. Whilst many students move away from home for the first time, they often do not break their links with home, seeing the place of origin as home rather than the town where they are studying.

1956:, and those accused but not yet judged guilty or not guilty can also be considered to be liminal. Teenagers, being neither children nor adults, are liminal people: indeed, "for young people, liminality of this kind has become a permanent phenomenon...Postmodern liminality". 1903:

Carson serves as co-author with Rosy Fairhurst, Nigel Rooms, and Lisa Withrow, as they define the aspects of liminality vis-à-vis its practical applications in religious life. The book includes a conceptual description of liminality as well as applications for hermeneutics,

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destroy its equipment and defile the space by urinating in it, thus "altering the dynamics of the place and the way" their bodies are perceived, with their destructive activities being deemed by Brooks to indicate the community centre's "loss of authority" over the teens.

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nor by bare hands, in a building nor outside it, by man nor beast. Narasimha kills Hiranyakashipu at dusk, across his lap, with his sharp claws, on the threshold of the palace, and as Narasimha is a god himself, the demon is killed by neither man nor beast. In the

245: 2579:'s song "A Day Out of Time", the idea of liminality is indirectly explored by describing a transitional moment before the returning of "the common worries". This liminal moment is referred as timeless and, therefore, absent of aims and/or regrets. 1931:. It includes reflections on the role of the liminal guide, as well as contributions by seven other authors who address a variety of therapeutic models, healing the wounds of war, spiritual direction, and guiding through the end passages of life. 2351:"...explor the psychosocial and psychosexual limitations of young sub/urban characters in relation to the imaginary and socially constructed boundaries defining...self and other" and "opening up" new "liminal spaces" where the concept of an 2130:

could not be killed during the day or night, nor indoors or outdoors, nor riding or walking, nor clothed or naked (and is attacked at dusk, while wrapped in a net with one foot on a cauldron and one on a goat). Likewise, in

1265:. Within the works of Turner, liminality began to wander away from its narrow application to ritual passages in small-scale societies. In the various works he completed while conducting his fieldwork amongst the Ndembu in 1136:, and claimed that "such rituals marking, helping, or celebrating individual or collective passages through the cycle of life or of nature exist in every culture, and share a specific three-fold sequential structure". 1194:

Passage of people from one status to another, initiation ceremonies in which an outsider is brought into the group. This includes marriage and initiation ceremonies that move one from the status of an outsider to an

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ceremony, the liminal phase can actually be extended to include the period of time between when the last assignment was finished (and graduation was assured) all the way through reception of the diploma. That

1777:, when the increase of day or night shifts over to its decrease. This "qualitative bounding of quantitatively unbounded phenomena" marks the cyclical changes of seasons throughout the year. Where the 1656:

In the context of rites, liminality is being artificially produced, as opposed to those situations (such as natural disasters) in which it can occur spontaneously. In the simple example of a college

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In ethnographic research, "the researcher is...in a liminal state, separated from his own culture yet not incorporated into the host culture"—when he or she is both participating in the culture

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Harald Hoerwick, the creator of the MMORPG "The World", attempted to bring the real world into the online world, creating a hazy barrier between the two worlds; a concept called "Liminality".

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of the culture where it occurs.—one where normal limits to thought, self-understanding, and behavior are undone. In such situations, "the very structure of society temporarily suspended"

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The temporal dimension of liminality can relate to moments (sudden events), periods (weeks, months, or possibly years), and epochs (decades, generations, maybe even centuries).

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Rutherford, Vanessa; Pickup, Ian (2015). "Negotiating Liminality in Higher Education: Formal and Informal Dimensions of the Student Experience as Facilitators of Quality".

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serves as a liminal time, between day and night—where one is "in the twilight zone, in a liminal nether region of the night". The title of the television fiction series

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which movement becomes an accepted set of cultural performances aimed at convincing us that air travel is a reflection of reality rather than a separation from it.

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claimed that "a temporal spatial frame also marks off the special kind of reality of a psycho-analytic session...the different kind of reality that is within it".

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Taheri, Babak; Gori, Keith; O’Gorman, Kevin; Hogg, Gillian; Farrington, Thomas (2 January 2016). "Experiential liminoid consumption: the case of nightclubbing".

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structured. The first phase (the rite of separation) requires the child to go through a separation from his family; this involves his/her "death" as a child, as

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The spatial dimension of liminality can include specific places, larger zones or areas, or entire countries and larger regions. Liminal places can range from

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Sudden events affecting one's life (death, divorce, illness) or individualized ritual passage (baptism, ritual passage to adulthood, as for example among the

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Carson utilizes a model informed by liminality – The Rites of Passage process – as a pan-theoretical resource for counselors, therapists, religious leaders,

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Turner, who is considered to have "re-discovered the importance of liminality", first came across van Gennep's work in 1963. In 1967 he published his book

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is in several ways an essay in sustained liminality ... only via a condition of complete liminality can Hamlet finally see the way forward". In the play

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Brooks states that the story "Caravan Park" in Berridge's short story collection is an example of a story with a "liminal" setting, as it is set in a

2489:'s /x/ board in 2019 went viral. The creepypasta showed an image of a hallway with yellow carpets and wallpaper, with a caption purporting that by " 1150:): This stage involves a metaphorical "death", as the initiate is forced to leave something behind by breaking with previous practices and routines. 2505:

account called @SpaceLiminalBot posts many liminal space photos and it has accrued over 1.2 million followers. Liminal spaces can also be found in

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Prolonged wars, enduring political instability, prolonged intellectual confusion; Incorporation and reproduction of liminality into "structures";

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Groups that live at the edge of "normal structures", may be perceived as dangerous (e.g., punks) and/or "holy" (e.g, monks living by strict vows).

1102:. More recently, usage of the term has broadened to describe political and cultural change as well as rites. During liminal periods of all kinds, 5053: 1513:

The concept of a liminal situation can also be applied to entire societies that are going through a crisis or a "collapse of order". Philosopher

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titled "liminal space", cataloguing photographs that give a "sense that something is not quite right", has accrued over 500,000 followers. A

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Murphy, Alexandra G. (October 2002). "Organizational Politics of Place and Space: The Perpetual Liminoid Performance of Commercial Flight".

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observing the culture. The researcher must consider the self in relation to others and his or her positioning in the culture being studied.

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Horvath, Agnes; Thomassen, Bjorn (May 2008). "Mimetic Errors in Liminal Schismogenesis: On the Political Anthropology of the Trickster".

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Peters, Jesse (2014). "Intra Limen: An Examination of Liminality in Apuleius' Metamorphoses and Giulio Romano's Sala di Amore e Psiche".

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argues that all "romantic travel enacts the three stages that characterize liminality: separation, marginalization, and reaggregation".

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to destroy the demon Hiranyakashipu who has obtained the power never to be killed in day nor night, in the ground nor in the air, with

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figure, "the trickster is a symbol of the liminal state itself, and of its permanent accessibility as a source of recreative power".

5033: 2832:"Liminality and Communitas", in "The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure" (New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction Press, 2008). 558: 5058: 4299: 1043: 5078: 4834: 4769: 4564:

Girard, René. "To Double Business Bound": Essays on Literature, Mimesis, and Anthropology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1988.

4094: 3899: 3668: 3446: 3234: 3201: 3074: 3011: 2817: 2393: 1487:

temporal are both affected, the intensity of the liminal experience increases and so-called "pure liminality" is approached.

4582:

Horvath, Agnes (November 2009). "Liminality and the Unreal Class of the Image-making Craft: An Essay on Political Alchemy".

2305:, suspended between civilian life and the armed forces" at "the onset of the dangling days". In her short story collection, 1174:

Turner confirmed his nomenclature for "the three phases of passage from one culturally defined state or status to another...

4942:

Wels, Harry; van der Waal, Kees; Spiegel, Andrew; Kamsteeg, Frans (2011). "Victor Turner and liminality: An introduction".

1201:

Passage from one situation to another: beginning university, starting a new job, and graduating high school or university.

2712: 1875:

acts. The congregation is transformed in the liminal space and as they exit, are sent out back into the world to serve.

1369:

A whole society facing a sudden event (sudden invasion, natural disaster, a plague) where social distinctions and normal

35: 2309:(2021 Deuxmers), S. K. Kruse explores the potential transformative power of liminal times, places, and states of being. 4144: 2418:

men do not know Godot's identity. The men are trying to keep up their spirits as they wander the empty stage, waiting.

2013:

A hotel room is a liminal place, being an area that is only slept in for transient purposes and for a limited duration.

1753: 803: 377: 2431:(1959–2003) is a US television anthology series that explores unusual situations between reality and the paranormal. 5028: 4861: 4781: 2562: 1735: 1627: 1036: 5043: 4844:

John, Graham St (2015). "Liminal Being: Electronic Dance Music Cultures, Ritualization and the Case of Psytrance".

4225: 4119: 2556:

mention liminality throughout their works, most explicitly with the title of their song "Batwings (A Limnal Hymn)"

1501: 4743:

St John, Graham (April 2001). "Alternative Cultural Heterotopia and the Liminoid Body: Beyond Turner at ConFest".

4251:"Will the mall survive COVID? Whatever happens, these artists want to capture them before they're gone | CBC Arts" 5048: 2965:

Szakolczai, A. (2009). "Liminality and Experience: Structuring transitory situations and transformative events".

2773:

Turner, Victor (July 1974). "Liminal to Liminoid, in Play, Flow, and Ritual: An Essay in Comparative Symbology".

2650: 90: 5073: 4482:

Inspiring Creativity: an Anthology of Powerful Insights and Practical Ideas to Guide You to Successful Creating

1717: 1609: 467: 2221:

that allow students to try out new identities and new ways of being within a structure that provides meaning.

5068: 4021:

Gilead, Sarah (1987). "Liminality and Antiliminality in Charlotte Brontë's Novels: Shirley Reads Jane Eyre".

695: 240: 4644: 2735:. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. OED Online Oxford 23, 2007; 1859:) enter into liminal space corporately. Religious symbols and music may aid in this process described as a 1273:

and non-tribal societies, "sensing that what he argued for the Ndembu had relevance far beyond the specific

4877: 4788:

St John, Graham (June 2013). "Aliens Are Us: Cosmic Liminality, Remixticism, and Alienation in Psytrance".

2253:"Literary theory. Feminism...write about liminality. Thresholds. Bastions. Fortresses". Each book title in 1766:

can be considered liminal, the first transitioning between morning and afternoon, the latter between days.

175: 4324: 2691: 1713: 1605: 1170:): During this stage, the initiate is re-incorporated into society with a new identity, as a "new" being. 1446:

In some tribal societies, individuals remain "dangerous" or excluded because of a failed ritual passage;

1253:. The ritual marks the passage from child to adult male, a liminal stage in the context of their lives. 5083: 4655:

The Transcendent Function: Jung's Model of Psychological Growth through Dialogue with the Unconscious

3633: 2464: 2073: 2003: 1286: 916: 773: 3950: 3817: 3795: 2168:

with anything wet or dry, nor in the day or in the night, but instead kills them at dusk with foam.

1495: 4896: 3094: 2532:

Many videogames exist which are based on the aesthetic concept of liminal spaces. Examples include

2245: 665: 517: 130: 27: 4204: 2935:

Horvath, A.; Thomassen, B.; Wydra, H. (2009). "Introduction: Liminality and Cultures of Change".

2255: 2213:, making the start of university as a significant period. This can be reinforced by the split of 2009: 1706: 1598: 1139:

This three-fold structure, as established by van Gennep, is made up of the following components:

1112: 848: 798: 579: 412: 200: 4171:"'The Backrooms Game' Brings a Modern Creepypasta to Life [What We Play in the Shadows]" 3790: 3295: 2261: 1533: 793: 625: 620: 215: 4195:"We will find where the Original Backrooms Photo was taken. But, we need your help. - YouTube" 3125:

Thomassen, Bjørn (2006). "Liminality". In Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.; Müller, H.-P. (eds.).

2473:

A white hallway lit by fluorescent lighting with an exit sign, an example of a “liminal space”

2295:, in which the characters live between sea and land on docked boats, becoming liminal people. 1549:

which the transformation inherent in the patient's condition would be allowed to take place."

482: 4713:"On Power's Doorstep: Gays, Jews, and Liminal Complicity in Reproducing Masculine Domination" 3978:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2017-11-28. 3804: 3436: 2520:

Research indicates that liminal spaces may appear eerie or strange because they fall into an

2281: 2269: 1893: 1026: 808: 645: 537: 532: 487: 457: 3552:

Takiguchi, Naoko (1990). "Liminal Experiences of Miyako Shamans: Reading a Shaman's Diary".

1569:"a form of 'permanent liminality' in which there is no need to return to social structure". 4637:

The Knowledge Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia

3398: 2644: 2026: 2022: 1094:

The concept of liminality was first developed in the early twentieth century by folklorist

955: 680: 565: 527: 125: 75: 3983: 2860: 2843: 8: 2539: 2433: 2292: 2206: 2065: 1924: 1640: 1362:

Ritual passage to adulthood (almost always in cohort groups); graduation ceremonies, etc.

1022: 862: 640: 572: 462: 3402: 2312: 4871: 4805: 4756: 4446: 4395: 4030: 3905: 3864: 3741: 3569: 3414: 3066: 2790: 2576: 1542: 1223: 1103: 828: 719: 477: 252: 115: 4996: 4848:. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications. pp. 243–260. 4675: 4508:

Carson, Timothy L. "Chapter Seven: Betwixt and Between, Worship and Liminal Reality."

2740: 1245: 4857: 4830: 4826: 4809: 4777: 4450: 4399: 4090: 3909: 3895: 3868: 3745: 3664: 3442: 3418: 3230: 3197: 3070: 3017: 3007: 2813: 2455:

in which the Forest Spirit can only be killed while switching between its two forms.

2451: 2427: 2413: 1815: 1782: 1557:"intermediate space," "excluded middle," or "between" that figures so importantly in 1404:

Ritual passage to adulthood, which may extend into weeks or months in some societies;

1095: 714: 586: 447: 366: 284: 2794: 2568: 1888:

mythological and psychological underpinnings, and an application of the concepts to

1198:

Passage from one place to another, such as moving houses, moving to a new city, etc.

437: 4955: 4951: 4849: 4822: 4797: 4752: 4724: 4438: 4385: 3979: 3887: 3856: 3733: 3701: 3693: 3656: 3561: 3406: 3222: 3062: 2855: 2782: 2685: 2287: 2265: 2172: 2136: 2127: 1987: 1896:, symbolism, and practical applications for those engaged in religious leadership. 1662: 980: 739: 724: 675: 507: 5010: 4764: 3860: 3737: 3684:

Huang, Wei-Jue; Xiao, Honggen; Wang, Sha (May 2018). "Airports as liminal space".

5088: 5038: 4773: 4609:

Consuming the Romantic Utopia: Love and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism

4060:"Shit Creek: Suburbia, Abjection and Subjectivity in Australian 'Grunge' Fiction" 3891: 3697: 3089:

Victor Turner, "Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage", in

2674: 2240: 2210: 2123: 1972: 1834:

28:12–19) where he encounters God between heaven and earth and the instance when

1831: 1230: 1133: 1088: 1004: 975: 965: 788: 609: 472: 427: 382: 372: 170: 160: 85: 4982: 4918:

Liminal to liminoid in play, flow, and ritual: An essay in comparative symbology

4390: 4373: 3997:

Clark, Megan (2017). "The Space In-Between: Exploring Liminality in Jane Eyre".

2521: 2469: 2347: 2342: 1839: 1084: 1072: 985: 960: 833: 392: 387: 4853: 4728: 4442: 3410: 2665: – Being that cannot be easily placed into a single category of existence 1842:

6:1–6). In such a liminal space, the individual experiences the revelation of

452: 5093: 5022: 4526:: Bob Dylan with the Poets and Professors. London: Chatto & Windus, 2002. 3660: 3021: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2514: 2494: 2444: 2275: 2214: 1913: 1794: 1562: 1537: 1234: 1099: 838: 655: 613: 522: 512: 497: 492: 442: 336: 4348: 2534: 2398: 2331: 2301: 2235: 2080: 1991: 1909: 1778: 1645: 1514: 1064: 823: 756: 502: 432: 195: 190: 100: 4891:

Turner, "Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage", in

4801: 3842:"Lonergan's insight and threshold concepts: students in the liminal space" 3226: 1327:

also provides the main characteristics and key examples of each category.

941: 4496:

Engaging with Irigaray: Feminist Philosophy and Modern European Thought.

4274: 3841: 2553: 2490: 2482: 2439: 2373: 2296: 2218: 2157: 2076:

met the devil at the crossroads, where he is said to have sold his soul.

1975: 1949: 1553: 1517:

made a significant contribution to this idea through his concept of the "

1506: 1436:

Individuals standing "outside society", by choice or designated (as with

1274: 936: 882: 813: 768: 417: 331: 314: 210: 180: 140: 5005: 4991: 4977: 4034: 3389:

Olwig, Kenneth R (April 2005). "Liminality, Seasonality and Landscape".

2682: – Literary topos involving an idealized place of safety or comfort 2401:, takes place both in a kind of no-man's-land and the actual setting of 1456:

Religious fraternities, ethnic minorities, sexual and gender minorities;

3706: 3573: 2703: – Abnormal state of wakefulness or altered state of consciousness 2653: – Temperature and pressure point where phase boundaries disappear 2326: 2250: 2086:

In contemporary culture viewing the nightclub experience (dancing in a

2042: 1872: 1860: 1810: 1786: 1720: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1657: 1612: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1379: 1209: 926: 422: 326: 155: 150: 135: 110: 105: 80: 70: 4929:

Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture Anthropological Perspectives

3470: 2786: 2709: – Something that exists in some identified universe of discourse 1849:

Worship can be understood in this context as the church community (or

1789:. Many cultures regard it as a time especially prone to hauntings by 660: 2688: – Physical process of transition between basic states of matter 2632: 2549: 2498: 2352: 2317: 2148: 2087: 2061: 2049: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1781:

are held to mark the change in seasons, they also are liminal times.

1518: 1475: 1370: 1214: 1107: 1080: 999: 901: 887: 818: 783: 763: 744: 729: 274: 185: 95: 55: 3565: 1695: 1587: 299: 3481: 2694: – Changing gender presentation to accord with gender identity 2506: 2119: 2111: 2053: 2038: 1945: 1941: 1928: 1889: 1855: 1774: 1763: 1748: 1558: 1411: 970: 921: 911: 877: 872: 867: 855: 778: 709: 702: 690: 309: 269: 264: 4374:"Structural deviations drive an uncanny valley of physical places" 3059:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

1128:

Van Gennep, who coined the term liminality, published in 1909 his

4325:"The Exhibition Spotlighting One Of Australia's Greatest Artists" 4199: 3759: 3492: 2510: 2502: 2098: 2030: 1979: 1905: 1770: 1011: 992: 948: 843: 734: 60: 4686:. Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa, 2009. Foreword by Lynne Cooke. 2916:

Thomassen, Bjørn (2009). "The Uses and Meanings of Liminality".

2002:"Liminal space" redirects here. For the internet aesthetic, see 1921:

Leaning into the Liminal: A Guide for Counselors and Companions,

1285:("threshold people") are necessarily ambiguous'. One's sense of 4941: 4911:

Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society

2706: 2700: 2403: 2165: 2152: 2140: 2103: 2057: 2018: 1983: 1864: 1835: 1352: 1266: 1250: 931: 685: 670: 650: 304: 165: 145: 65: 4662:

The Trickster Revisited: Deception as a Motif in the Pentatech

4630:

Shakespeare's Festive Tragedy: the Ritual Foundations of Genre

2808:

Guribye, Eugene; Lie, Birgit; Overland, Gwynyth, eds. (2014).

4552:

Event studies: theory, research and policy for planned events

2656: 2647: – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions 2638: 2486: 2161: 2132: 2107: 2034: 1790: 1437: 1270: 1233:, involves some change to the participants, especially their 906: 894: 630: 289: 279: 205: 2481:

The phenomenon gained media attention in 2019, when a short

1222:

anthropologists make, as they generally tend to demonstrate

1204:

Passage of time such as New Year celebrations and birthdays.

16:

Quality of ambiguity, disorientation, or state of transition

4484:. Playa Del Rey, CA: Creativity Coaching Association, 2005. 4145:"How liminal spaces became the internet's latest obsession" 3963: 2144: 1868: 1759: 1315:

The Liminal Loop: Astonishing Stories of Discovery and Hope

1263:

Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites of Passage

635: 294: 2072:

his father at the crossroads and killed him; the bluesman

1111:

to include liminoid experiences that are more relevant to

4936:

Net.seXXX: Readings on Sex, Pornography, and the Internet

4705:

On Becoming a Person; a Therapist's View of Psychotherapy

4671: 4576:

Jung in Context: Modernity and the Making of a Psychology

2844:"Measuring Liberalism, Confronting Evil: A Retrospective" 2736: 2443:, about dreams, Aklilu Gebrewold talks about liminality. 2122:

of those who could only be killed in a liminal space: In

1963:

as the mythic projection of the magician—standing in the

1552:

But other depth psychologies speak of a similar process.

749: 4712: 3651:

Matthews, Hugh (2003). "The street as a liminal space".

2810:

Nordic Work with Traumatised Refugees: Do We Really Care

1901:

Crossing Thresholds: A Practical Theology of Liminality,

1106:

may be reversed or temporarily dissolved, continuity of

2696:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1952:

people in some contemporary societies, people of mixed

3723: 1967:

between the sacred realm and the profane" and related

1311:

Neither Here nor There: The Many Voices of Liminality,

2934: 1830:. Examples in the Bible include the dream of Jacob ( 4494:

Burke, Carolyn, Naomi Schor, and Margaret Whitford.

4766:

Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance

4226:"Liminal Spaces may be the most 2020 of all trends" 4120:"Architecture: The Cult Following Of Liminal Space" 3194:

Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance

3057:Andrews, Hazel; Roberts, Les (2015). "Liminality". 2635: – Having both male and female characteristics 2602: 2458: 2243:makes use of liminality in explaining time travel. 4058: 2807: 4698:Ethnographic Fieldwork: An Anthropological Reader 4372:Diel, Alexander; Lewis, Michael (1 August 2022). 2775:Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies 1674:event (e.g. ceremony, concert, conference etc.). 5020: 4966:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge UP, 1997. 4904:The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure 4684:An Art of Limina: Gary Hill's Works and Writings 4594: 3881: 3430: 3428: 3120: 3118: 3116: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 1978:. The category could also hypothetically and in 1822:Liminal existence can be located in a separated 1449:Twins are permanently liminal in some societies. 1414:between secondary school and college/university. 3839: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2369:as "sites of symbolic empowerment and agency". 2114:tradition, existing in a liminal state of being 1846:where God imparts his knowledge on the person. 4531:The Pale Criminal: Psychoanalytic Perspectives 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3719: 3717: 3056: 2812:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 194. 4962:Young-Eisendrath, Polly, and Terence Dawson. 4737:An Image Darkly Forming: Women and Initiation 4657:. Albany: State University of New York, 2004. 3683: 3425: 3113: 2947: 1912:, leadership, learning, faith formation, and 1044: 40:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru 3830:Norris Johnson, in Robben and Sluka 2007, 76 2868: 2299:'s "varied uses of liminality...include his 1572: 1281:'The attributes of liminality or of liminal 4790:The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 4041: 4009: 3714: 3632:Asuncion, Isabel Berenguer (13 June 2020). 2493:out of bounds in real life", one may enter 2229: 2179: 1971:embody many such contradictions as do many 1885:Liminal Reality and Transformational Power, 1878: 1490: 4817:St. John, Graham (2014). "Victor Turner". 4545:Ritual Passages and Narrative Structures. 3999:Criterion: A Journal of Literary Criticism 3840:Heading, David; Loughlin, Eleanor (2018). 3766:. Macmillan Reference USA/Gale Group. 2006 3276:Hall, quoted in Miller and Jung 2004, 104. 3006:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 21. 3001: 2964: 2841: 1838:meets the Lord in the temple of holiness ( 1805: 1773:when day and night have equal length, and 1304: 1051: 1037: 4561:. (Chicago: University of Chicago), 1960. 4389: 4371: 4349:"Jeffrey Smart - 155 artworks - painting" 4080: 4078: 3794: 3705: 3551: 3316:E. Hirsh, in Burke et al. eds. 1994, 309n 3124: 2915: 2859: 2835: 2671: – Gods of boundaries or transitions 1736:Learn how and when to remove this message 1628:Learn how and when to remove this message 1410:Going to university, college or taking a 4816: 4538:Implicit Meanings Essays in Anthropology 4505:. New York: Vintage International, 1990. 4023:Texas Studies in Literature and Language 3650: 3631: 3461:2nd Edition, The Lutterworth Press, 2016 2983: 2527: 2468: 2209:often includes activities that act as a 2097: 2008: 1809: 1769:Within the years, liminal times include 1639: 1494: 1244: 559:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion 4787: 4742: 4710: 4581: 4578:. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979. 4554:. Burlington, MA:Butterworth-Heinemann. 3249:Carson, ed; The Lutterworth Press, 2019 3216: 3127:Routledge Encyclopedia of Social Theory 2587:In 1974, Victor Turner coined the term 2582: 2540:video game adaptations of the Backrooms 2236:Rant: An Oral Biography of Buster Casey 1269:, he made numerous connections between 1079: 'a threshold') is the quality of 5054:Concepts in philosophical anthropology 5021: 4745:The Australian Journal of Anthropology 4642: 4428: 4322: 4084: 4075: 4056: 4020: 3788: 3434: 3129:. London: Routledge. pp. 322–323. 2772: 2199: 2060:liminality can include such realms as 1229:An anthropological rite, especially a 1226:while shying away from universality). 4927:Turner, Victor W., and Edith Turner. 4819:Oxford Bibliographies in Anthropology 4424: 4422: 4300:"The Eerie Comfort of Liminal Spaces" 4297: 3996: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3547: 3545: 3388: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2997: 2995: 2861:10.1146/annurev-polisci-042219-030219 2524:of architecture and physical places. 2421: 2394:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead 2224: 2102:Harihara—the fused representation of 1459:Immigrant groups betwixt and between; 1087:that occurs in the middle stage of a 4843: 4682:Quasha, George & Charles Stein. 4653:Miller, Jeffrey C., and C. G. Jung. 4597:International Political Anthropology 4584:International Political Anthropology 3604:Joseph Henderson, in Jung 1978, 152. 3595:Richard Brown in Corcoran 2002, 211. 3191: 2967:International Political Anthropology 2937:International Political Anthropology 2918:International Political Anthropology 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2616: 2325:Karen Brooks states that Australian 2021:and frontiers to no man's lands and 1718:adding citations to reliable sources 1689: 1644:Liminal phase of a rite of passage: 1610:adding citations to reliable sources 1581: 1309:In contemporary anthologies such as 1123: 248:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants 4378:Journal of Environmental Psychology 4168: 3984:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.3523 3951:"Deuxmers - Tales from the Liminal" 3613:Richard Brown in Corcoran 2002, 196 3539:Joseph Henderson in Jung 1978, 153. 3471:http://www.theliminalityproject.org 2713:Intermediate state (disambiguation) 1528: 1261:, which included an essay entitled 1118: 13: 5064:Concepts in the philosophy of mind 4846:The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music 4757:10.1111/j.1835-9310.2001.tb00062.x 4696:Robben, A. and Sluka, J. Editors, 4460: 4419: 3884:The European Higher Education Area 3777: 3542: 3172: 3067:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12102-6 3041: 2992: 2848:Annual Review of Political Science 2575:In the lyrics of French rock band 378:Archaeology of religion and ritual 14: 5105: 4970: 4821:. Oxford University Press (OUP). 4707:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961. 4517:Further Learning from the Patient 3221:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2747: 2563:Musick to Play in the Dark Vol. 2 2118:There are a number of stories in 5004: 4990: 4976: 4169:S, Michael L.; al (2020-04-30). 4057:Brooks, Karen (1 October 1998). 3482:http://www.engagedliminality.org 2603:Examples of liminoid experiences 2459:Photography and Internet culture 2164:promises not to slay Namuci and 1694: 1586: 1240: 34: 5034:Buddhist philosophical concepts 4964:The Cambridge Companion to Jung 4693:. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979. 4623:The Origins of Postmodern Youth 4512:. St. Louis, MO: Chalice, 2003. 4406: 4365: 4341: 4316: 4291: 4267: 4243: 4218: 4187: 4162: 4137: 4112: 4103: 3990: 3968: 3957: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3875: 3833: 3824: 3752: 3726:Journal of Marketing Management 3677: 3655:. Routledge. pp. 119–135. 3644: 3634:"Living through liminal spaces" 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3486: 3475: 3464: 3455: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3210: 3196:. Berghahn Books. p. 127. 3159: 3146: 3133: 3100: 3083: 3028: 2842:Katznelson, Ira (11 May 2021). 2651:Critical point (thermodynamics) 1705:needs additional citations for 1597:needs additional citations for 1208:Van Gennep considered rites of 91:Evolutionary origin of religion 4956:10.1080/23323256.2011.11500002 4931:. New York: Columbia UP, 1978. 4886:Reflexive Historical Sociology 4827:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0074 4468:The Dictionary of Anthropology 4431:Text and Performance Quarterly 3493:http://www.liminalitypress.com 2986:The Dictionary of Anthropology 2977: 2928: 2826: 2801: 2725: 2513:, for example in paintings by 2093: 1800: 1431:Epoch (or life-span duration) 246:Treatise on the Apparitions of 1: 5059:Concepts in social philosophy 5009:The dictionary definition of 4995:The dictionary definition of 4981:The dictionary definition of 4664:. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. 3976:Brontë, Charlotte (1816–1855) 3861:10.1080/13562517.2017.1414792 3738:10.1080/0267257X.2015.1089309 3441:. Chalice Press. p. 61. 3325:Quoted in Casement 1997, 158. 2329:books, such as Clare Mendes' 2249:by A. S. Byatt describes how 1249:Initiation ritual of boys in 696:Traditional African religions 241:Coral Gardens and Their Magic 5079:Hindu philosophical concepts 4944:Anthropology Southern Africa 4906:. Chicago: Aldine Pub., 1969 4763:St John, Graham (ed.) 2008. 4498:New York: Columbia UP, 1994. 4203:. 2020-10-30. Archived from 3892:10.1007/978-3-319-20877-0_44 3849:Teaching in Higher Education 3698:10.1016/j.annals.2018.02.003 2719: 2259:speaks of a liminal period ( 1997: 1934: 1652:("The Civil Marriage"), 1887 7: 4913:. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1974. 4711:Shapiro, Andrew J. (2022). 4646:In-Between: Liminal Stories 4540:. London : Routledge, 1984. 4391:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101844 4323:Kenyon, Nick (2022-03-02). 4087:In-Between: Liminal Stories 4065:Australian Literary Studies 3503:The Lutterworth Press, 2021 3258:The Lutterworth Press, 2022 3002:van Gennep, Arnold (1977). 2692:Transitioning (transgender) 2659: – Theological concept 2625: 2381:In-Between: Liminal Stories 2143:appears in a half-man half- 1685: 1577: 10: 5110: 4938:. New York: P. Lang, 2004. 4739:. London: Routledge, 1988. 4632:. London: Routledge, 1995. 4470:. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997. 4298:Pitre, Jake (2022-11-01). 3686:Annals of Tourism Research 3512:The Liminality Press, 2024 3435:Carson, Timothy L (2003). 2462: 2001: 1797:, neither alive nor dead. 1677: 1478:as "permanent liminality". 4854:10.4135/9781473910362.n14 4729:10.1177/1097184X221098365 4668:Oxford English Dictionary 4443:10.1080/10462930208616175 3411:10.1080/01426390500044473 3298:and Dawson eds. 1997, 244 2984:Barfield, Thomas (1997). 2733:Oxford English Dictionary 2607: 2465:Liminal space (aesthetic) 2004:Liminal space (aesthetic) 1573:Examples of general usage 1397:Puberty or teenage years. 1278:thought and experience". 774:Armenian Apostolic Church 5029:Anthropology of religion 4897:Cornell University Press 4876:: CS1 maint: location ( 4618:. London: Picador, 1978. 4571:. London: Athlone, 1988. 4547:New York: P. Lang, 1991. 3964:https://www.skkruse.com/ 3764:Encyclopedia of Religion 3661:10.4324/9780203167236-11 3192:John, Graham St (2008). 3095:Cornell University Press 2641: – Buddhist concept 2548:is an album by American 2387: 2230:Novels and short stories 2180:In ethnographic research 1879:Judeo-Christian ministry 1491:In large-scale societies 1321: 666:Native American religion 321:Revitalization movements 176:Sacred–profane dichotomy 28:Anthropology of religion 5044:Metaphysical properties 4922:Rice University Studies 4909:Turner, Victor Witter. 4902:Turner, Victor Witter. 4660:Nicholas, Dean Andrew. 4643:Mathew, Raisun (2022). 4621:Kahane Reuven, et al., 4569:Violence and the Sacred 4533:. London: Karnac, 2002. 4085:Mathew, Raisun (2022). 3217:Horvath, Agnes (2013). 2358:The Lives of the Saints 2338:The Lives of the Saints 1806:Judeo-Christian worship 1305:Liminality theory today 1113:post-industrial society 580:The Journal of Religion 201:Theories about religion 5049:Science fiction themes 4884:Szakolczai, A. (2000) 4776:. New York: Berghahn. 4700:Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. 4639:. London: Aurum, 2009. 3812:Cite journal requires 3554:Asian Folklore Studies 3219:Modernism and Charisma 3038:(Penguin 1969) p. 155. 2474: 2407:. "Shakespeare's play 2307:Tales From the Liminal 2115: 2014: 1819: 1653: 1510: 1424:Revolutionary periods. 1254: 1168:rites of incorporation 1098:and later taken up by 626:Alaska Native religion 621:Afro-American religion 216:Veneration of the dead 5074:Cultural anthropology 4893:The Forest of Symbols 4802:10.3138/jrpc.25.2.186 4717:Men and Masculinities 4628:Liebler, Naomi Conn. 4529:Costello, Stephen J. 4503:Possession; a Romance 4230:Earnest Pettie Online 3285:Shorter 1988, 73, 79. 3227:10.1057/9781137277862 3091:The Forest of Symbols 2528:Music and other media 2485:originally posted to 2472: 2282:The Phantom Tollbooth 2101: 2012: 1990:between two species, 1894:Biblical hermeneutics 1814:A painting depicting 1813: 1643: 1498: 1462:Old and new cultures; 1394:Critical life-stages; 1259:The Forest of Symbols 1248: 1027:cultural anthropology 646:Chinese folk religion 538:Anthony F. C. Wallace 533:Daniel Martin Varisco 458:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 360:of the Religious Life 5069:Crossroads mythology 4888:, London: Routledge. 4559:The Rites of Passage 4557:Gennep, Arnold Van. 4510:Transforming Worship 4466:Barfield, Thomas J. 4149:TwoPointOne Magazine 3886:. pp. 703–723. 3653:Children in the City 3622:El Khoury, 2015, 217 3438:Transforming Worship 3169:(London 1979) p. 207 3061:. pp. 131–137. 3004:The rites of passage 2645:Cognitive dissonance 2583:Liminoid experiences 2335:, Edward Berridge's 2171:The classic tale of 2023:disputed territories 1714:improve this article 1606:improve this article 1536:have often seen the 1502:The Course of Empire 681:Shamanism in Siberia 528:Edward Burnett Tylor 358:The Elementary Forms 126:Magic (supernatural) 76:Comparative religion 4616:Man and His Symbols 4515:Casement, Patrick. 4109:Liebler, pp. 182–84 3922:Byatt 1990, 505–06. 3403:2005LandR..30..259O 3379:Costello 2002, 158. 2552:artist Xanopticon. 2542:among many others. 2293:Penelope Fitzgerald 2207:Student orientation 2200:In higher education 1925:spiritual directors 1826:, which occupies a 1148:rites of separation 863:Hindu denominations 804:Ethiopian Orthodoxy 573:The Hibbert Journal 483:Claude Lévi-Strauss 468:Fustel de Coulanges 22:Part of a series on 4934:Waskul, Dennis D. 4772:2010-05-07 at the 4543:Elsbree, Langdon. 4175:Bloody Disgusting! 3530:Nicholas 2009, 25. 3391:Landscape Research 3352:Homans 1979, 208. 3036:The Ritual Process 3034:Victor W. Turner, 2475: 2422:Films and TV shows 2225:In popular culture 2116: 2015: 1820: 1654: 1511: 1499:Destruction, from 1255: 1224:cultural diversity 1104:social hierarchies 917:Non-denominational 829:Oriental Orthodoxy 383:Poles in mythology 116:Laying on of hands 4836:978-0-19-976656-7 4689:Ramanujan, A. K. 4524:Do You, Mr Jones? 4126:. 2 November 2020 4096:978-93-91314-04-0 3931:Elsbree 1991, 66. 3901:978-3-319-18767-9 3670:978-0-203-16723-6 3586:Illouz 1997, 143. 3448:978-0-8272-3692-9 3334:Shorter 1988, 79. 3307:Rogers 1961, 202. 3294:Robert Pelton in 3267:Homans 1979, 207. 3236:978-1-349-44741-1 3203:978-0-85745-037-1 3076:978-0-08-097087-5 3013:978-0-7100-8744-7 2819:978-1-4438-6777-1 2617:Commercial flight 2569:.hack//Liminality 2560:from their album 2452:Princess Mononoke 2428:The Twilight Zone 2414:Waiting for Godot 2256:The Twilight Saga 1762:and, more often, 1754:The Twilight Zone 1746: 1745: 1738: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1484: 1483: 1164:postliminal rites 1124:Arnold van Gennep 1096:Arnold van Gennep 1061: 1060: 849:Russian Orthodoxy 799:Eastern Orthodoxy 448:Arnold van Gennep 367:Purity and Danger 5101: 5084:Rites of passage 5008: 4994: 4980: 4959: 4916:Turner, Victor. 4881: 4875: 4867: 4840: 4813: 4760: 4732: 4703:Rogers, Carl R. 4691:Speaking of Śiva 4650: 4625:(New York: 1997) 4604: 4591: 4522:Corcoran, Neil. 4455: 4454: 4426: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4089:. Authorspress. 4082: 4073: 4072: 4062: 4054: 4039: 4038: 4018: 4007: 4006: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3940:Bellow 1977, 84. 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3798: 3786: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3549: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3521:Kahane 1997, 31. 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296:Young-Eisendrath 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3189: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3111: 3104: 3098: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3054: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3025: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2962: 2945: 2944: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2913: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2770: 2745: 2729: 2697: 2686:Phase transition 2313:Charlotte Brontë 2173:Cupid and Psyche 2137:Bhagavata Purana 2110:(Hara) from the 1844:sacred knowledge 1741: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1698: 1690: 1650:Die Ziviltrauung 1633: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1590: 1582: 1529:Depth psychology 1330: 1329: 1158:transition rites 1144:preliminal rites 1134:rites of passage 1130:Rites de Passage 1119:Rites of passage 1053: 1046: 1039: 794:Coptic Orthodoxy 508:Marshall Sahlins 350:Related articles 38: 19: 18: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5019: 5018: 4973: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4837: 4774:Wayback Machine 4735:Shorter, Bani. 4649:. Authorspress. 4574:Homans, Peter. 4550:Getz, D. 2007. 4536:Douglas, Mary. 4477:(Penguin 1977). 4463: 4461:General sources 4458: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4353:www.wikiart.org 4347: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4083: 4076: 4055: 4042: 4019: 4010: 3995: 3991: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3902: 3880: 3876: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3796:10.1.1.840.7301 3787: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3722: 3715: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3649: 3645: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3566:10.2307/1177947 3550: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3433: 3426: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370:Getz 2007, 442. 3369: 3365: 3361:Getz 2007, 179. 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343:Bly, 1991, 194. 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3190: 3173: 3167:Jung in Context 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3134: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3101: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3055: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3014: 3000: 2993: 2982: 2978: 2963: 2948: 2933: 2929: 2914: 2869: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2806: 2802: 2771: 2748: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2695: 2675:Limit situation 2628: 2619: 2610: 2605: 2585: 2530: 2467: 2461: 2424: 2390: 2241:Chuck Palahniuk 2232: 2227: 2211:rite of passage 2202: 2182: 2124:Welsh mythology 2096: 2007: 2000: 1973:popular culture 1937: 1881: 1808: 1803: 1742: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1711: 1699: 1688: 1680: 1634: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1603: 1591: 1580: 1575: 1531: 1493: 1324: 1307: 1243: 1231:rite of passage 1126: 1121: 1089:rite of passage 1057: 1017: 1016: 809:Greek Orthodoxy 789:Catholic Church 605: 604: 593: 592: 553: 552: 543: 542: 518:Stanley Tambiah 473:Clifford Geertz 428:Joseph Campbell 413:Augustin Calmet 408: 407: 406:Major theorists 398: 397: 373:Myth and ritual 359: 352: 351: 342: 341: 247: 231: 230: 221: 220: 171:Sacred language 161:Rite of passage 86:Divine language 51: 50: 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5107: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5017: 5016: 5002: 4988: 4972: 4971:External links 4969: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4889: 4882: 4862: 4841: 4835: 4814: 4796:(2): 186–204. 4785: 4761: 4740: 4733: 4723:(5): 743–764. 4708: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4592: 4579: 4572: 4567:Girard, René. 4565: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4519:(London 1997). 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4491:(Dorset 1991). 4485: 4480:Benzel, Rick. 4478: 4473:Bellow, Saul. 4471: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4437:(4): 297–316. 4418: 4405: 4364: 4340: 4315: 4290: 4275:"LiminalSpace" 4266: 4242: 4217: 4186: 4161: 4151:. 18 June 2021 4136: 4124:Musée Magazine 4111: 4102: 4095: 4074: 4040: 4029:(3): 302–322. 4008: 3989: 3967: 3956: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3900: 3874: 3855:(6): 657–667. 3832: 3823: 3814:|journal= 3776: 3751: 3732:(1–2): 19–43. 3713: 3676: 3669: 3643: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3485: 3474: 3463: 3454: 3447: 3424: 3397:(2): 259–271. 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3209: 3202: 3171: 3158: 3145: 3132: 3112: 3099: 3082: 3075: 3040: 3027: 3012: 2991: 2988:. p. 477. 2976: 2946: 2927: 2867: 2834: 2825: 2818: 2800: 2746: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2584: 2581: 2529: 2526: 2522:uncanny valley 2463:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2423: 2420: 2389: 2386: 2343:Andrew McGahan 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2201: 2198: 2181: 2178: 2095: 2092: 2074:Robert Johnson 2041:. Sociologist 1999: 1996: 1936: 1933: 1880: 1877: 1816:Jacob's Ladder 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1795:liminal beings 1783:New Year's Day 1744: 1743: 1726:September 2010 1702: 1700: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1636: 1635: 1618:September 2010 1594: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1530: 1527: 1492: 1489: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1407:Group travels; 1405: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1323: 1320: 1306: 1303: 1242: 1239: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1172: 1171: 1161: 1151: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1085:disorientation 1059: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1002: 996: 995: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 952: 951: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 897: 891: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 859: 858: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834:Pentecostalism 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 760: 759: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 705: 699: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 617: 616: 614:folk religions 606: 600: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 554: 550: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 438:Émile Durkheim 435: 430: 425: 420: 418:Akbar S. 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