Lewis gun - Knowledge

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spring. When the gun fired, the bolt recoiled and the cog was turned, tightening the spring until the resistance of the spring had reached the recoil force of the bolt assembly. At that moment, as the gas pressure in the breech fell, the spring unwound, turning the cog, which, in turn, wound the operating rod forward for the next round. As with a clock spring, the Lewis gun recoil spring had an adjustment device to alter the recoil resistance for variations in temperature and wear. The Lewis design proved reliable and was even copied by the Japanese and used extensively by them during the Second World War.

1938: 2003: 1621: 1552: 2056: 1963: 1578: 1794: 1659: 1672: 1647: 1887: 2183: 1776: 1725: 1821: 1539: 1263: 2900: 1950: 1698: 2094: 1565: 1322: 1685: 1021: 2221: 1977: 2234: 1634: 871: 790: 1400:. After all the usable weapons had been reconditioned and issued, there remained a large number of incomplete Lewis guns and spare parts. These were assembled into guns similar to the Mk III**. There was a particular shortage of the fragile "clock" springs for the Lewis, so a simpler spring was manufactured and housed in a straight tube which extended into the skeleton stock. Many of these guns were fitted with a simple and light tripod which had been specially produced. 1990: 826: 633: 1924: 1526: 2082: 1738: 2209: 1839: 1608: 2247: 2114: 1711: 1902: 1873: 2016: 1595: 2196: 710: 2069: 2127: 1763: 44: 802:

required, and all could effect repairs in seconds'. Bullock provides several vivid descriptions of the gun's use in combat. For example, on 13 April 1918 he and his fellow soldiers intercepted a German advance along the Calonne/Robecq road, noting 'we fired the gun in turns until it was too hot to hold' and recording that 400 German casualties were caused, 'chiefly by my Lewis gun!'.

981: 1067:. He used the upward firing Lewis to attack solitary German two-seater aircraft from below and behind, where the observer could not see him or fire back. It was his use of the weapon in this way, in a Nieuport, that led to its later introduction on the S.E.5/S.E.5a: Ball had acted in a consultant capacity on the development of this aeroplane. The later 767:, record that the chief advantage of the gun was 'its invulnerability' and its chief disadvantages were 'its delicacy, the fact that it is useless for setting up a barrage, and also that the system of air cooling employed does not allow of more than 12 magazines being fired continuously'. He records its weight as 26 lbs unloaded and 1135:, airfield defence and anti-aircraft use. 58,983 Lewis guns were taken from stores, repaired, refitted and issued by the British during the course of the war. In addition to their reserve weapon role in the UK, they also saw front-line use with the Dutch, British, Australian, and New Zealand forces in the early years of the 604:

Savage did make Lewis guns in .303 British calibre, though. The Model 1916 and Model 1917 were exported to Canada and the United Kingdom, and a few were supplied to the US military, particularly the Navy. The Savage Model 1917 was generally produced in .30-06 calibre. A number of these guns were supplied to the UK under

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indicate that 5,982 Savage weapons were delivered to Russia by 31 March 1917. The Lewis guns supplied by Britain were dispatched to Russia in May 1917, but it is not known for certain whether these were the Savage-made weapons being trans-shipped through the UK, or a separate batch of UK-produced units.

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airships were very difficult to attack successfully at high altitude, although this also made accurate bombing impossible. Aeroplanes struggled to reach a typical altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m), and firing the solid bullets usually used by aircraft Lewis guns was ineffectual: they made small

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used in earlier tanks. The Lewis was chosen for its relatively compact magazines, but the ventilation system inside the tank caused the airflow to be reversed through the Lewis cooling jacket, resulting in hot air and fumes being blown into the gunner's face. As soon as an improved belt feed for the

692:, and was chosen in part because, being more portable than a heavy machine gun, it could be carried and used by one soldier. BSA even produced at least one model (the "B.S.A. Light Infantry Pattern Lewis Gun", which lacked the aluminium barrel shroud and had a wooden fore grip) designed as a form of 683:

An interesting point of the design was that it did not use a traditional helical coiled recoil spring, but used a spiral spring, much like a large clock spring, in a semicircular housing just in front of the trigger. The operating rod had a toothed underside, which engaged with a cog which wound the

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and to British airfields, and others were used on vehicle mounts in the Western Desert; all were found to function properly without it, which led to the suggestion that Lewis had insisted on the cooling arrangement largely to show that his design was different from Maclean's earlier prototypes. Only

652:'s similar gun barrel cooling design) from the "bottleneck" near the shroud's muzzle end and protruding externally behind the shroud's rear end. Some discussion occurred over whether the shroud was necessary: in the Second World War, many old aircraft guns that did not have the tubing were issued to 861:

Despite costing more than a Vickers gun to manufacture (the cost of a Lewis gun was £165 in 1915 and £175 in 1918; the Vickers cost about £100), Lewis machine guns were in high demand with the British military during the First World War. The Lewis also had the advantage of being about 80% faster to

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in front and by the operator's shoulder at the rear. About six months into his service, Bullock was sent on Lewis gun refresher course at La Lacque, and he recalled that the rigour of the training meant that 'everyone passed out 100 percent efficient, the meaning of which will be appreciated when I

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increased demand for the Lewis gun, and BSA began production, under the designation "Model 1914". The design was officially approved for service on 15 October 1915 under the designation "Gun, Lewis, .303-cal." No Lewis guns were produced in Belgium during the war; all manufacture was carried out by

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against the Japanese. The Lewis gun saw continued service as an anti-aircraft weapon during the war; in this role, it was credited by the British for bringing down more low-flying enemy aircraft than any other AA weapon. Peter White indicates that his battalion of the King's Own Scottish Borderers

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The gun's cyclic rate of fire was about 500–600 rounds per minute. A recoil enhancer was added to the 1918 aircraft gun variant (and refitted to many 1917 models) which increased the rate of fire to about 800 rounds per minute. The ground use versions weighed 28 lb (12.7 kg), only about

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purchased 10,000 Lewis guns in 1917 from the British government, and ordered another 10,000 weapons from Savage Arms in the US. The US government was unwilling to supply the Tsarist Russian government with the guns and some doubt exists as to whether they were actually delivered, although records

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The gun was operated by a team of seven. Bullock was the First Lewis Gunner who carried the gun and a revolver, while 'The Second Gunner carried a bag containing spare parts, and the remaining five members of the team carried loaded pans of ammunition'. Bullock noted, 'all could fire the gun if

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The major difference between the two designs was that the BSA weapons were chambered for .303 British ammunition, whereas the Savage guns were chambered for .30-06 cartridges, which necessitated some difference in the magazine, feed mechanism, bolt, barrel, extractors, and gas operation system.

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Lewis guns were used extensively on British and French aircraft during the First World War, as either an observer's or gunner's weapon or an additional weapon to the more common Vickers. The Lewis's popularity as an aircraft machine gun was partly due to its low weight, the fact that it was

1452:(0.5-inch Vickers) ammunition, intended for use against aircraft and tanks. At around the same time, BSA developed the Light Infantry Model which had a 22-round magazine and a wooden fore-stock in place of the radiator fins and shroud; it was intended to be used in a similar way to the 857:

As their enemies used the mobility of the gun to ambush German raiding parties, the Germans nicknamed the Lewis "the Belgian Rattlesnake". They used captured Lewis guns in both World Wars, and included instruction in its operation and care as part of their machine-gun crew training.

1463:– what could be understood as the first use of the term "Assault Rifle", despite the weapon being, by today's designation, a battle rifle. Despite being three pounds lighter than it and loaded with very forward-thinking features for the time (such as an 1051:

arc. The Foster mount usually incorporated an arc-shaped I-beam rail as its rearmost structural member, that a Lewis gun could be slid backwards and downwards along the rail towards the cockpit, to allow the ammunition drum to be changed in flight – but

1456:. Another development was a twin Lewis for aircraft use in which the bodies of the two weapons were joined side-by-side and the drum magazines were mounted vertically, one on each side. None of these projects was accepted by any armed forces. 595:

The Lewis was produced by BSA and Savage Arms during the war, and although the two versions were largely similar, enough differences existed to stop them being completely interchangeable, although this had been rectified by the time of the

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used the weapon on armed merchant cruisers, small auxiliary ships, landing craft and submarines. The US Coast Guard also used the Lewis on their vessels. It was never officially adopted by the US Army for anything other than aircraft use.

1348:. This was the first purpose built aircraft version of the Lewis, earlier versions had been improvised from Mk I guns. The cooling fins were omitted to save weight, but a light protective shroud around the barrel was retained. The wooden 1130:

In the crisis following the Fall of France, where a large part of the British Army's equipment had been lost up to and at Dunkirk, stocks of Lewis guns in both .303 and .30-06 were hurriedly pressed back into service, primarily for

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track in the bolt, rotating it at the end of its travel nearest the breech. This allowed the three locking lugs at the rear of the bolt to engage in recesses in the gun's body to lock it into place. The post also carried a fixed

1370:. The British designation for the US .30-06 M1918 aircraft gun, some 46,000 of which were imported for the use of the Home Guard in 1940. These guns were modified for ground use by the replacement of the spade grip with a crude 1012:

which ripped open the envelopes, they proved very successful, and Lewis guns loaded with a mixture of Pomeroy, Brock and Buckingham ammunition were often employed for balloon-busting against German Zeppelins, other airships and

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Total production of the Lewis gun during the Second World War by BSA was over 145,000 units, a total of 3,550 guns were produced by the Savage Arms Co. for US service: 2,500 in .30-06 and 1,050 in .303 British calibre.

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platoon in 1941. The soldier on the right is carrying either a Lewis Mk III* or Mk III** with the improvised skeleton stock and fore-stock to make it usable as a ground weapon. The man next to him is carrying the drum

1312:. This Dutch modification of the older BSA redesign would have been extremely simple, as the Dutch/Romanian 6.5mm Mannlicher round has very nearly the same critical dimensions of the case head and rim as .303" British. 552:, the chief of the Ordnance Department. Lewis became frustrated with trying to persuade the U.S. Army to adopt his design, claiming that he was "slapped by rejections from ignorant hacks", and retired from the army. 862:

build than the Vickers, and was a lot more portable. Accordingly, the British government placed orders for 3,052 guns between August 1914 and June 1915. Lewis guns outnumbered the Vickers by a ratio of about 3:1.

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for an additional pair of forward-firing machine guns; in such a field-achieved configuration, however, neither gun-jam clearing, nor drum magazine replacement were possible on their Lewises during a mission.

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in 1917 (although it was September 1918 before any of the new guns reached the front). The US Navy and Marine Corps continued to use the .30-06 calibre Lewis until the early part of the Second World War.

620:. A portion of the expanding propellant gas was tapped off from the barrel, driving a piston to the rear against a spring. The piston was fitted with a vertical post at its rear which rode in a helical 3378: 548:

in 1911, based on initial work by Samuel Maclean. Despite its origins, the Lewis gun was not initially adopted by the U.S. military, most likely because of political differences between Lewis and

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was removed and replaced with a "spade" grip, which resembled the handle of a garden spade. A 97-round drum magazine was introduced which required a larger magazine spigot on the body of the gun.

676:, which hold the rounds parallel to the axis and are fed by spring tension, pan magazines are mechanically indexed. The Lewis magazine was driven by a cam on top of the bolt which operated a 2390:"Small Arms of the World: The Basic Manual of Military Small Arms, American, Soviet, British, Czech, German, French, Belgian, Italian, Swiss, Japanese, and All Other Important Nations" 1513:

uses a streamlined version of the Lewis gun's forced air cooling in a fixed heavy barrel. This enables the Pecheneg to fire more than 600 rounds through the barrel without warping.

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Lewis had also experimented with lighter, 30-06 calibre, box magazine-fed infantry rifle variants intended for shoulder or hip fire as a competition to the BAR. They were dubbed

528:, and was widely used as an aircraft machine gun during both World Wars, almost always with the cooling shroud removed, as air flow during flight offered sufficient cooling. 5912: 5902: 1971::The Wehrmacht captured a significant number of British and Dutch Lewis guns in 1940, and put these into service with second-line troops as the MG 137(e) and MG 100(h) 512:. Designed privately in the United States though not adopted there, the design was finalised and mass-produced in the United Kingdom, and widely used by troops of the 556: 5259: 809:

never officially adopted the weapon for infantry use and even went so far as to take Lewis guns away from US Marines arriving in France and replace them with the

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lbs loaded (though later he mentions that it weighed 35 lbs loaded), and that it had 47 cartridges in a fully loaded magazine; also that it was supported by a

1802::It is estimated that the Germans captured more than 10,000 Lewis guns in World War I. Those were converted to fire 8mm Mauser in a special factory in Belgium 786:

say that part of the final test was to strip down the gun completely and then, blindfolded, put those 104 parts together again correctly in just one minute.'

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Limited (BSA) in an effort to overcome some of the production difficulties of the weapon. The Belgians bought a small number of Lewis guns in 1913, using the

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calibre, using a 97-round magazine only. The infantry version was equipped with a carrying handle on a clamp around the rear of the cooling tube. After the

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within the shroud's barrel, and protruding behind the shroud's aft end, running lengthwise in contact with the gun barrel (somewhat like the later American

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dislike of Lewis and his gun. The divisions of the US II Corps attached to the British Army were equipped with the gun. The US Army eventually adopted the

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The gun's aluminium barrel-shroud caused the muzzle blast to draw air over the barrel and cool it, due to the muzzle-to-breech, radially finned aluminium

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in early 1916 as a replacement for the heavier and less mobile Vickers machine gun, which had been withdrawn from the infantry for use by the specialist

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magazines; however, it was decided by the British authorities to concentrate production on the Bren, which had the advantage of a changeable barrel.

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Canada. The rear end of its light-gray finned aluminum heat sink, which fits within the gun's brass-colored cylindrical cooling shroud, can be seen

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and the addition of a simple wooden fore-stock which would allow the gun to be fired while resting on a sandbag, or from the hip while advancing.

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The Lewis was officially withdrawn from British service in 1946, but continued to be used by forces operating against the United Nations in the

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and becoming very wealthy. Lewis and his factory moved to England before 1914, away from possible seizure in the event of a German invasion.

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carried two or three guns in the control car and some were fitted with an additional gun and a gunner's position at the top of the gasbag.

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round and, in 1914, BSA purchased a licence to manufacture the Lewis machine gun in England, which resulted in Lewis receiving significant

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holding 47 or 97 rounds. Pan magazines hold the ammunition nose-inwards toward the center, in a radial fan. Unlike the more common

629:, which protruded through an aperture in the front of the bolt, firing the next round at the foremost part of the piston's travel. 5927: 730: 3098: 2322:

Iman, Khoerozadi Faizal; Triharjanto, Robertus Heru; Wibowo, Heri Budi; Asmoro, Novky; Wulandari, Tsaniyah (21 September 2023).

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in the summer of 1915, mounted on the port side and firing forwards and outwards at a 30° angle to avoid the propeller arc.

5471: 1364:. A further upgrade of the Mk II with an even faster rate of fire and the barrel shroud removed, introduced later in 1918. 4879: 1160: 1123: 2362: 894:

air-cooled and that it used self-contained 97-round drum magazines. Because of this, the Lewis was first mounted on the

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The Belgian Rattlesnake: The Lewis Automatic Machine Gun: A Social and Technical Biography of the Gun and Its Inventors

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on the fore-stock, so that the weapon could be fired free-standing from the shoulder, from any part of a ship's decks.

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holes causing inconsequential gas leaks. Britain developed new bullets, the Brock containing spontaneously igniting

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The Lewis gun has the distinction of being the first machine gun fired from an aeroplane; on 7 June 1912, Captain

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to facilitate commercial production of the gun. Lewis had been working closely with British arms manufacturer the

3481: 1284: 5651: 5161: 2326:[Analysis of Weapon Technology and Defense Resources Used in the Indonesian Guerrilla War 1945 – 1949]. 1250:. This was the designation given to .303 Lewis Mk I weapons manufactured for Canada in the United States by the 1206:, whilst the Japanese copied the Lewis design and employed it extensively during the war; it was designated the 4884: 4851: 4344:(in Romanian). Vol. I. Documente-Anexe. București: Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului. p. 56. 1491:

paratrooper's rifle used the Lewis gun's gas assembly and bolt design which were in turn incorporated into the

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on the top wing to elevate a Lewis gun above the propeller arc for unsynchronized firing, including production

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could readily use the Lewis as direct forward-firing armament early in the war. Some British single-engined

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followed in early 1917, adopting the M1917 Lewis gun (produced by the Savage Arms Co.), in .30-06 calibre.

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during the war. It had a distinctive barrel cooling shroud (containing a finned breech-to-muzzle aluminium

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and interwar period. Used in both infantry and anti-aircraft roles, ~8000 in stock by April 1936. Used by

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also understood that the Lewis gun in such a mount also retained its original trigger, and could thus be

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structure, between the top wing panels, as an anti-Zeppelin measure. A few of the Dolphins in use with

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A predecessor to the Lewis gun incorporating the principles upon which it was based was designed by

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used on earlier experimental versions. It was also fitted on two early production examples of the

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A commercial venture in 1921 by the Birmingham Small Arms Company was a version which fired the

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were still being fitted with twin Lewises as late as 1942. Lewis guns were also carried by the

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to fire directly forward through the propeller arc of such aircraft; only the unusual French

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retained the tube/heatsink cooling system on their deck-mounted AA-configuration Lewis guns.

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Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces

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Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi

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Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces

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Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi

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Notes made during his training in 1918 by Arthur Bullock, a private soldier in the 2/4th

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Allied Coastal Forces of World War II: Vol. 1, Fairmile designs and US submarine chasers

1039:, a Lewis gun was mounted above the top wing (in a similar way as fitted to the British 878:

Flyer after the first successful firing of a machine gun from an aeroplane in June 1912.

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calibre for land and aircraft use in October 1915. The weapon began to be issued to the

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Men of the 28th Battalion of the 2nd Australian Division practising Lewis gun drill at

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for most infantry use. As an airborne weapon, the Lewis was largely supplanted by the

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Lewis left the United States in 1913 and went to Belgium, where he established the

1380:. The designation for the .303 Mark III modified in the same way as the US M1918s. 1202:

The Germans used captured British Lewis guns during the war under the designation

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Air Raids on South-West Essex in the Great War: Looking for Zeppelins at Leyton

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American forces used the Lewis gun (in .30-06 calibre) throughout the war. The

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Mars Learning: The Marine Corps' Development Of Small Wars Doctrine, 1915–1940

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A short-barrelled light machine gun variant was developed at the start of the

1163:. It was often used in twin mountings and a quadruple mount was developed for 1107:

By the Second World War, the British Army had replaced the Lewis gun with the

1075:, could also use one or two Lewis guns mounted on the forward crossbar of its 854:

Hotchkiss was developed, the Lewis was replaced by them in later tank models.

5856: 5661: 5656: 5524: 5493: 5401: 5291: 5238: 5217: 5212: 5007: 4812: 3139: 2239: 1799: 1464: 1338:. The .303 Lewis Mk I was the basic ground pattern model used by British and 1020: 1008:. These had become available by September 1916. When combined with explosive 998: 940: 903: 895: 874:

Captain Charles Chandler (with prototype Lewis Gun) and Lt Roy Kirtland in a

789: 673: 113: 64: 1750:; also used in WW2 by air force and as anti-aircraft weapons. Designated as 929:"pulpit plane" which possessed a unique hinged gunner's nacelle immediately 411: 5801: 5767: 5535: 5499: 5447: 5204: 5138: 4964: 4959: 4767: 4643: 3402:. Vol. 1. Breda: Koninklijke Militaire Academie. 1937. pp. 36–49. 2175: 2035: 1968: 1864: 1417:

round and with a modified gas operation due to the greater power of the US

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American Rifleman article. October 31, 1917. Retrieved November 12, 2020.

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Lewis guns were also carried as defensive guns on British airships. The

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The problem in mounting a Lewis to fire forward in most single-engined

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Australian soldiers firing at enemy aircraft during the First World War

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The Devil's Chariots – The Birth and Secret Battles of the first Tanks

1358:. An improved Mk II with an increased rate of fire introduced in 1918. 1283:

infantry were modified to aircraft (or anti-aircraft) machine guns by

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in Northwest Russia received several hundred Lewis guns in 1918–1919.

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Springfield Armory photo of the M1918 Marlin gun with heatsink fitted

2108:'s army acquired 3,000 British Lewis Guns with 15 million cartridges. 2008: 1937: 1929: 1544: 1190:

A Royal Navy Motor Torpedo Boat with two twin Lewis gun mounts, 1940.

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half as much as a typical medium machine gun of the era, such as the

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aircraft gunners in WWII, was essentially a copy of the Lewis gun.

1390:(DEMS), it was similar to the Mk III** but with the addition of a 886:

of the US Army fired a prototype Lewis gun from the foot-bar of a

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Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad

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were also designated use of the weapon for their beach parties.

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in the summer of 1918, alternatively mounted their twin Lewises

5545: 3652:(2nd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. p. 195. 3010: 2800:

Machine Guns of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I

2515: 2213: 2208: 2074: 2021: 1955: 1907: 1878: 1768: 1664: 1467:

magazine release), the U.S. Army still chose to adopt the BAR.

1414: 323: 3602:

Armaments year-book : general and statistical information

3236:

With The Jocks: : A Soldier's Struggle For Europe 1944–45

2768: 2634: 2632: 5555: 5066: 4792: 4544:

The Machine-Gun (Purnell's History of the World Wars Special)

2201: 1488: 1266:

Czech Vz 28/L, chambered for the 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition.

782: 4597:(10th Rev. ed.). Harrisburg PA (USA): Stackpole Books. 4523:

The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Firearm

2527: 2307:

Canfield, Bruce (October 2016). "1916: Guns On The Border".

1308:, the weapon was also used by Germany under the designation 43: 5717: 5593: 4635: 4464:

The World's Great Machine Guns from 1860 to the Present Day

4318:

China's Small Arms of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

4058:

Thomas, Nigel; Caballero Jurado, Carlos (25 January 2002).

3482:"The Ingenious Devices of Colonel Lewis – The Firearm Blog" 3184: 2780: 2629: 2321: 1826: 1730: 1475: 4634:(repr. ed.). London (UK), Dural (NSW): Rick Landers: 4133: 4131: 1085:

atop the lower wings just inboard of the inner wing struts

980: 3413:

Pawlas, Karl R, ed. (2000). "Das Lewis-Maschinengewehr".

3196: 2388:

Smith, Walter Harold Black; Smith, Joseph Edward (1960).

921:

firing cycle of the Lewis, which prevented it from being

4616:(facs. ed.). Harrisburg PA (USA): Stackpole Books. 3172: 2839: 1746:: Small number captured from Russia and used during the 1474:. It came with a hand guard and was fed from a 30-round 1151:

At the start of the Second World War, the Lewis was the

984:

1918 Sopwith Dolphin with twin Lewis guns aimed upwards.

4128: 2671: 2644: 2605: 2288:

List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation

1258:

and in an aircraft configuration, for France and Italy.

1221:. It was also used against French and US forces in the 736:

The United Kingdom officially adopted the Lewis gun in

4752: 4062:. Men-at-Arms 363. Osprey Publishing. pp. 46–47. 4057: 4047:] (PhD thesis). University of Latvia. p. 225. 4018: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3900: 3577: 3575: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3433: 3421: 3350: 3348: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2661: 2659: 2617: 1214:

that was interchangeable with the .303 British round.

4093:] (PhD thesis). University of Latvia. p. 73. 3146:. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton Ltd. p. 78. 3091:"Leefe Robinson: The man who shot down a Baby Killer" 2539: 2369: 4381:

The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces

4268: 3314: 3302: 2829: 2827: 2411: 1047:, which allowed firing directly forward outside the 5913:

World War II infantry weapons of the United Kingdom

4170:

The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War II

3912: 3897: 3746: 3572: 3504: 3462: 3445: 3345: 3290: 2912: 2887:, New Vanguard 133, Osprey Publishing, p. 10, 2656: 2556: 2554: 2363:"Mr. Kellaway's Statement. (Hansard, 24 June 1919)" 1896:: infantry variant, modified to be used on aircraft 793:Lewis Gun Manual used by Sgt. Don L. Palmer of the 4590: 4520: 4383:. Men-at-Arms 498. Osprey Publishing. p. 38. 4199:(1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 188. 4172:. Men-at-Arms 486. Osprey Publishing. p. 44. 4157:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 15 July 2013. 3160: 2986:The Birth of Military Aviation: Britain, 1903–1914 2461:[The Lewis light machine gun (1st part)]. 2438: 2328:Santhet: Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan, dan Humaniora 1024:A closer view of the Lewis aircraft gun and mount. 933:of the propeller (and the pilot), and the British 5903:World War I infantry weapons of the United States 4366: 4354: 4262: 4250: 4168:Stack, Wayne; O’Sullivan, Barry (20 March 2013). 4103: 4060:Germany's Eastern Front Allies (2): Baltic Forces 3935: 3873: 3764: 3740: 3703: 3633: 3593: 2824: 2428: 2426: 5854: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2551: 1439:. A purpose built aircraft version of the M1917. 1279:. 731 7.92×57mm Lewis guns formerly used by the 5569:SMLE No. 1 Mk III* & Lee-Enfield No. 4 Mk.I 4167: 3373:[Czech aircraft machine gun vz. L/28]. 3259:Combined Operations Pamphlet No. 17, April 1943 2763:The Story of the 2/5th Gloucestershire Regiment 2423: 765:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 5479: 5039: 4738: 4717:Lewis light machine gun (USA – Great Britain) 4541: 3975:"The Bryson Incident and the Provisional IRA" 3835:"The military situation in the Baltic States" 3016: 2931: 2786: 2774: 2638: 1502:, the standard hand-held machine gun used by 1481: 3595:"British Empire/ Colonies and Protectorates" 3417:(in German). Karl R. Pawlas. pp. 33–36. 1310:6,5 mm leichtes Maschinengewehr 100 (h) 969:fighters and field-modified examples of the 4555:. Margate QLD (Australia): Ian Skennerton. 3972: 3720:. Elite 75. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. 3276:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 196–200. 3269: 3088: 5918:World War II firearms of the United States 5486: 5472: 5046: 5032: 4745: 4731: 4569: 4550: 4425:Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir 4378: 4228:. Vol. 18, no. 4. Archived from 4001:"Weapons of the IRA 3rd West Cork Brigade" 3681:. Vol. 17, no. 3. Archived from 3339: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3190: 3178: 2845: 2677: 2650: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2492: 2480: 2465:(in French). No. 273. pp. 23–26. 2459:"Le fusil mitrailleur Lewis (1ère partie)" 2405: 2387: 849:used the Lewis, replacing the Vickers and 5898:World War I infantry weapons of Australia 4480: 4379:de Quesada, Alejandro (20 January 2015). 3832: 2906: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2693:British Fighting Methods in the Great War 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2339: 813:LMG—a practice believed to be related to 520:to cool the gun barrel), and top-mounted 4685: 4650: 4614:1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms 4082: 4036: 3952:. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. p. 26. 3522: 3365: 3363: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3089:Leatherdale, Duncan (3 September 2016). 3034:British Military Small Arms Ammo – Brock 2882: 2857: 2689: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2450: 2375: 2306: 1443: 1320: 1261: 1185: 1117: 1019: 979: 869: 824: 788: 708: 631: 524:. The Lewis served until the end of the 5226:Nos. 3, 20, 24, 35 Hales rifle grenades 5085:Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE) rifle 4658:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 4651:Townsend, Reginald T. (December 1916). 4422: 4403: 3887:"LIGHT MACHINEGUNS PART 2: Other Light" 3549: 3208: 3111: 2860:The Russian Civil War (2): White Armies 2401: 2399: 1883: 1342:forces from 1915 with few improvements. 725:had put in service 20 prototypes (5 in 14: 5855: 5579:Lee–Enfield No.5 Mk.I "jungle carbine" 4542:Hogg, Ian V.; Batchelor, John (1976). 4286: 4213: 4192: 3715: 3412: 3138: 3101:from the original on 3 September 2016. 3070:from the original on 18 September 2016 3040:from the original on 18 September 2016 2982: 2805: 2584: 2498: 721:During the first days of the war, the 5738:Projector, 2½-inch Mk. II "Northover" 5728:29 mm spigot mortar "Blacker Bombard" 5541:Smith & Wesson "Victory" revolver 5467: 5147:Pattern 1897 infantry officer's sword 5027: 4726: 4611: 4588: 4499: 4442: 4415: 4342:România în războiul mondial 1916–1919 4274: 4219: 4137: 4115: 4024: 3947: 3923: 3906: 3752: 3666: 3645: 3581: 3510: 3468: 3456: 3439: 3427: 3360: 3354: 3326: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3233: 3221: 3166: 2942: 2925: 2833: 2665: 2623: 2611: 2560: 2469: 5893:World War I British infantry weapons 4518: 4461: 4404:Chapman, Frederick Spencer (1998) . 4287:Jowett, Philip (10 September 2010). 4193:Bickel, Keith B. (12 January 2001). 3998: 3776: 3672: 3492:from the original on 11 January 2018 3144:The British Airship at War 1914–1918 2818: 2599: 2545: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2417: 2396: 650:M1917/18 Marlin-Rockwell machine gun 4686:McCleave Easterly, William (1998). 3608:. 1924. p. 123. Archived from 3060:".303-inch Incendiary – Buckingham" 1388:Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships 1161:defensively equipped merchant ships 1102: 24: 5873:Machine guns of the United Kingdom 5520:Webley Mk IV & Mk VI Revolvers 4753:US infantry weapons of World War I 4679: 2989:. The Boydell Press. p. 126. 2858:Khvostov, Mikhail (15 July 1997). 704: 25: 5949: 5878:Machine guns of the United States 4712:Scans of Lewis gun manual of 1917 4705: 4653:""Tanks" and "The Hose Of Death"" 4553:British Small Arms of World War 2 3523:Popenker, Max (27 October 2010). 1425:emplacements on an airframe. The 1316: 1270: 997:, and the Buckingham filled with 611: 429:long stroke gas piston, rotating 5753:3-inch Mk. I OSB gun "Smith gun" 5080:Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) rifle 4447:. London (UK): Brown Partworks. 4397: 4372: 4334: 4315: 4309: 4289:Chinese Warlord Armies 1911–1930 4280: 4220:Segel, Robert G. (August 2014). 4186: 4161: 4143: 4118:"Guns of the Mexican Revolution" 4109: 4076: 3779:"Arms of the Dominican Republic" 3525:"Pecheneg Universal Machine Gun" 3270:Lambert, John; Ross, Al (1990). 3064:British Military Small Arms Ammo 2765:, Crypt House Press, Gloucester. 2696:. London: Routledge. p. 8. 2283:Johnston Model D1918 machine gun 2245: 2232: 2219: 2207: 2194: 2181: 2168: 2155: 2138: 2125: 2112: 2092: 2080: 2067: 2054: 2041: 2028: 2014: 2001: 1988: 1975: 1961: 1948: 1936: 1922: 1900: 1885: 1871: 1837: 1819: 1806: 1792: 1774: 1761: 1736: 1723: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1670: 1657: 1645: 1632: 1619: 1606: 1593: 1576: 1563: 1550: 1537: 1524: 1404: 1004:, to set fire to the Zeppelin's 540:. The Lewis gun was invented by 457:Effective firing range 42: 5933:.30-06 Springfield machine guns 5776:British grenades of WWI and WW2 5531:Browning P-35 "Hi-Power" pistol 5114:Webley .455" Revolver Mk. IV–VI 4116:Truby, J. David (August 2011). 4051: 4030: 3992: 3966: 3941: 3879: 3826: 3796: 3770: 3709: 3639: 3587: 3543: 3516: 3474: 3406: 3392: 3379:Vojenský historický ústav Praha 3263: 3252: 3238:. The History Press. p. . 3227: 3132: 3105: 3082: 3052: 3022: 2976: 2967: 2876: 2851: 2792: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2683: 2566: 2486: 1126:training with a Lewis gun, 1941 865: 5928:Weapons of the Philippine Army 5723:Rifle, anti-tank, .55 in, Boys 5129:Smith & Wesson Triple Lock 4439:Pages 62–64, 66, 69-70, 85-86. 4320:(2021 ed.). p. 177. 3716:Sumner, Ian (25 August 2001). 3371:"Čs. letecký kulomet vz. L/28" 2862:. Men-at-Arms 305. p. 7. 2381: 2355: 2315: 2300: 1291: 744:'s infantry battalions on the 465:Maximum firing range 452:2,440 ft/s (744 m/s) 311: 281:Birmingham Small Arms Co. Ltd. 258:Birmingham Small Arms Co. Ltd. 189:Indonesian National Revolution 13: 1: 5758:No. 2 "Lifebuoy" flamethrower 3673:Huon, Jean (September 2013). 2690:Griffith, Paddy, ed. (1998). 2311:. National Rifle Association. 1588:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps 1531:Armée de Libération Nationale 1431:Lewis Mark VI and Mk VI Mod 1 1140:was still using the Lewis on 608:during the Second World War. 590: 565:Birmingham Small Arms Company 335: 4124:. Vol. 14, no. 11. 3999:Cork, Garry (3 March 2011). 3973:Moloney, Ed; Mitchell, Bob. 3848:(6): 113–153. Archived from 3777:Dale, Ashley (7 July 2011). 2943:Bruce, Robert (March 2000). 2294: 1212:7.7 mm rimmed cartridge 1095:carried one gun. The larger 949:Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 468:3,500 yd (3,200 m) 359:50.5 in (1,283 mm) 149:Estonian War of Independence 7: 4783:Colt M1892 series revolvers 4632:Textbook of Small Arms 1929 4443:Chant, Christopher (2001). 4406:"Tibetan Lewis Gun section" 3554:. Men-at Arms 312. London: 3017:Hogg & Batchelor (1976) 2787:Hogg & Batchelor (1976) 2775:Hogg & Batchelor (1976) 2639:Hogg & Batchelor (1976) 2457:Huon, Jean (January 1997). 2261: 1912:Latvian War of Independence 1863:during the early period of 1306:German invasion of May 1940 1236: 499:Lewis automatic machine gun 154:Latvian War of Independence 10: 5954: 5157:Pattern 1908 cavalry sword 4445:Small Arms Of World War II 3833:Andersons, Edgars (2001). 2716:Bullock, 2009, pp. 63, 64. 2341:10.36526/santhet.v7i2.2994 2278:FM 24/29 light machine gun 1784:: Locally produced as the 1482:Influence on later designs 1285:Česká zbrojovka Strakonice 1169:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon 699: 531: 370:26.5 in (673 mm) 5938:.303 British machine guns 5923:World War II machine guns 5888:World War I aircraft guns 5789: 5766: 5670: 5637: 5589:De Lisle Commando carbine 5554: 5510: 5438: 5410: 5377: 5203: 5170: 5137: 5119:Webley .455" Pistol Mk. I 5104: 5065: 4983: 4940: 4907: 4870: 4837: 4826: 4791: 4758: 4612:Smith, W. H. B. (1979) . 4589:Smith, Joseph E. (1973). 4151:"Lewis light machine gun" 4083:Dambītis, Kārlis (2016). 4037:Dambītis, Kārlis (2016). 3718:The Indian Army 1914–1947 3646:Truby, J. David (1988) . 3552:The Algerian War, 1954–62 3400:Handboek voor den soldaat 2024:: manufactured before WWI 1916:Latvian Police Battalions 1241: 1124:Singapore Volunteer Force 483: 472: 464: 456: 446: 436: 420: 387: 382: 378:4.5 in (114 mm) 374: 363: 355: 347: 342: 329: 310: 302: 294: 274: 266: 242: 237: 134:Irish War of Independence 101: 88: 80: 75: 61:Place of origin 60: 50: 41: 34: 5908:World War I machine guns 5693:Charlton Automatic Rifle 5387:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar 4570:Skennerton, Ian (2001). 4551:Skennerton, Ian (1988). 4481:Glanfield, John (2001). 4423:Bullock, Arthur (2009). 4367:League of Nations (1924) 4355:League of Nations (1924) 4263:League of Nations (1924) 4251:League of Nations (1924) 4104:League of Nations (1924) 3936:League of Nations (1924) 3874:League of Nations (1924) 3765:League of Nations (1924) 3741:League of Nations (1924) 3704:League of Nations (1924) 3634:League of Nations (1924) 3550:Windrow, Martin (1997). 2883:Fletcher, David (2007), 2578:20 December 2016 at the 1932:: in the interwar period 1719:Kept in reserve in 1940. 1517: 1511:PKP Pecheneg machine gun 1454:Browning Automatic Rifle 917:fighters was due to the 819:Browning Automatic Rifle 729:and 15 in .303) for the 460:880 yd (805 m) 179:Second Sino-Japanese War 5629:M1921/M1928/M1 Thompson 4638:for War Office. 1999 . 4593:Small Arms of the World 4504:. Oxford (UK): Osprey. 4466:. London: Amber Books. 2104:Between 1928 and 1930, 1788:and adopted by the navy 1181:air-sea rescue launches 583:BSA in England and the 557:Armes Automatique Lewis 550:General William Crozier 351:28 lb (13 kg) 119:Pancho Villa Expedition 4572:.303 Lewis Machine Gun 3948:Lyman, Robert (2006). 3810:. 2018. Archived from 3112:Simpson, Alan (2015). 2973:Bullock, 2009, page 63 2761:Barnes, A. F. (1930). 2150:Somaliland Camel Corps 1910:: standard LMG during 1504:Imperial Japanese Navy 1331: 1267: 1191: 1127: 1025: 985: 879: 830: 798: 718: 641: 487:Blade and tangent leaf 438:Rate of fire 5494:British Commonwealth 5420:Leach trench catapult 5397:Garland trench mortar 4922:Winchester Model 1912 4917:Winchester Model 1897 4519:Hogg, Ian V. (1978). 4427:. The History Press. 3842:Baltic Defence Review 3531:. Modern Firearms.net 3234:Peter, White (2002). 3030:".303-inch Explosive" 2983:Driver, Hugh (1997). 2752:Bullock, 2009, p. 69. 2743:Bullock, 2009, p. 66. 2734:Bullock, 2009, p. 64. 2725:Bullock, 2009, p. 70. 2524:, pp. 15, 41–46. 1849:Irish Republican Army 1829:: by the time of the 1461:"Assault Phase Rifle" 1444:Experimental projects 1324: 1265: 1189: 1146:Royal Naval Commandos 1121: 1023: 988:Until September 1916 983: 915:tractor configuration 873: 828: 792: 712: 668:The Lewis gun used a 638:Elgin Military Museum 635: 503:Lewis automatic rifle 199:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5708:Vickers–Berthier LMG 5676:other larger weapons 5652:Pattern 1913 bayonet 5647:Pattern 1907 bayonet 5574:Pattern 1914 Enfield 5536:M1911/M1911A1 pistol 5402:3-inch Stokes mortar 5392:2-inch medium mortar 5348:No. 32 "Spherical E" 5162:Pattern 1913 bayonet 5152:Pattern 1907 bayonet 5090:Pattern 1914 Enfield 4500:Grant, Neil (2014). 4462:Ford, Roger (2005). 3488:. 18 November 2014. 2885:British Mark IV Tank 2463:La Gazette des Armes 1210:and chambered for a 538:Ferdinand Mannlicher 448:Muzzle velocity 322:50,000 chambered in 5343:No. 32 Night Signal 5185:Vickers machine gun 4880:M1895 Colt–Browning 4690:. Collector Grade. 4291:. Men-at-Arms 463. 3743:, pp. 185 187. 1500:Type 92 machine gun 1252:Savage Arms Company 1225:and the subsequent 1223:First Indochina War 1165:motor torpedo boats 1081:No. 87 Squadron RAF 1043:) – sometimes on a 900:Vickers machine gun 690:Vickers machine gun 636:A Lewis gun at the 585:Savage Arms Company 507:First World War–era 219:Dominican Civil War 5868:Light machine guns 5748:ML 4.2-inch mortar 5733:SBML 2-inch mortar 5302:No. 21 "Spherical" 5057:small arms of the 5013:.30-06 Springfield 4932:Remington Model 10 4890:Colt–Vickers M1915 4872:Heavy machine guns 4857:M1909 Benét–Mercié 4839:Light machine guns 4719:at Modern Firearms 4546:. London: Phoebus. 4485:. Stroud: Sutton. 4416:General references 3855:on 24 January 2019 3486:thefirearmblog.com 3019:, pp. 27, 33. 2614:, pp. 28, 32. 2536:, pp. 41, 47. 1704:Dominican Republic 1332: 1268: 1192: 1142:Universal Carriers 1128: 1026: 995:potassium chlorate 986: 880: 831: 799: 795:25th Aero Squadron 719: 658:British Home Guard 642: 616:The Lewis gun was 546:Isaac Newton Lewis 442:500–600 rounds/min 402:.30-06 Springfield 253:Isaac Newton Lewis 238:Production history 224:Nigerian Civil War 5850: 5849: 5584:Ross Rifle Mk.III 5461: 5460: 5412:Grenade launchers 5338:No. 31 Day Signal 5021: 5020: 4903: 4902: 4801:M1903 Springfield 4697:978-0-88935-236-0 4623:978-0-8117-1699-4 4604:978-0-88365-155-1 4581:978-0-949749-42-0 4562:978-0-949749-09-3 4534:978-0-89479-031-7 4511:978-1-78200-791-3 4492:978-0-7509-4152-5 4473:978-1-84509-161-3 4454:978-1-84044-089-8 4434:978-0-7524-4793-3 4390:978-1-78200-785-2 4302:978-1-84908-402-4 4293:Osprey Publishing 4226:Small Arms Review 4206:978-0-429-96759-7 4179:978-1-78096-111-8 4155:nzhistory.govt.nz 4140:, pp. 63–64. 4122:Small Arms Review 4069:978-1-84176-193-0 4027:, pp. 16–18. 3891:jaegerplatoon.net 3685:on 19 August 2019 3679:Small Arms Review 3659:978-0-87364-032-9 3606:League of Nations 3565:978-1-85532-658-3 3556:Osprey Publishing 3442:, pp. 17–18. 3430:, pp. 14–15. 3340:Skennerton (2001) 3283:978-0-85177-519-7 3245:978-0-7509-3057-4 3203:Skennerton (2001) 3193:, pp. 46–47. 3191:Skennerton (2001) 3179:Skennerton (1988) 3153:978-0-86138-073-2 2996:978-0-86193-234-4 2894:978-1-84603-082-6 2869:978-1-85532-656-9 2846:Skennerton (2001) 2777:, pp. 30–31. 2678:Skennerton (2001) 2651:Skennerton (2001) 2626:, pp. 31–32. 2548:, pp. 68–70. 2534:Skennerton (2001) 2522:Skennerton (2001) 2510:Skennerton (2001) 2493:Skennerton (2001) 2481:Skennerton (2001) 2420:, pp. 67–68. 2406:Skennerton (2001) 2330:(in Indonesian). 2309:American Rifleman 2163:Southern Rhodesia 2098:Republic of China 2049:Northern Rhodesia 1748:Finnish Civil War 1627:British Hong Kong 1298:Mitrailleur M. 20 1017:barrage balloons. 815:General Crozier's 750:Machine Gun Corps 578:The onset of the 510:light machine gun 491: 490: 194:Malayan Emergency 174:Spanish Civil War 159:Polish–Soviet War 144:Russian Civil War 129:Finnish Civil War 55:Light machine gun 27:Light machine gun 16:(Redirected from 5945: 5743:ML 3-inch mortar 5683:Besa machine gun 5488: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5190:Hotchkiss Mark I 5124:Colt New Service 5048: 5041: 5034: 5025: 5024: 4975:VB rifle grenade 4835: 4834: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4701: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4647: 4627: 4608: 4596: 4585: 4566: 4547: 4538: 4526: 4515: 4496: 4477: 4458: 4438: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3910: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3814:on 11 April 2019 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3615:on 26 April 2016 3614: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955:on 7 August 2009 2951:. Archived from 2940: 2929: 2923: 2910: 2907:Glanfield (2001) 2904: 2898: 2897: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2582: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2467: 2466: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2189:Spanish Republic 2187: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1940: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1529: 1528: 1472:Second World War 1429:designation was 1423:non-synchronized 1137:Pacific campaign 1122:Recruits of the 1103:Second World War 961:fighters used a 884:Charles Chandler 780: 779: 775: 772: 731:defense of Namur 598:Second World War 573:royalty payments 476:47- or 97-round 473:Feed system 407:7.92×57mm Mauser 313: 184:Second World War 46: 37: 32: 31: 21: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5785: 5762: 5675: 5666: 5633: 5561:submachine guns 5559: 5550: 5506: 5492: 5462: 5457: 5434: 5425:West Spring Gun 5406: 5373: 5368:Steuart Pattern 5328:No. 28 Chemical 5231:Nos. 5, 23, 36 5199: 5166: 5133: 5100: 5061: 5059:First World War 5052: 5022: 5017: 4979: 4936: 4927:Browning Auto-5 4899: 4885:M1914 Hotchkiss 4866: 4829: 4822: 4806:Pedersen Device 4787: 4754: 4751: 4708: 4698: 4682: 4680:Further reading 4677: 4668: 4666: 4630: 4624: 4605: 4582: 4563: 4535: 4512: 4493: 4474: 4455: 4435: 4418: 4413: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4222:"The Lewis Gun" 4218: 4214: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4166: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4056: 4052: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3913: 3905: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3808:ukandestonia.ee 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3675:"The Chaco War" 3671: 3667: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3529:Modern Firearms 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3209: 3205:, pp. 7–9. 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3140:Abbott, Patrick 3137: 3133: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2945:"The Lewis Gun" 2941: 2932: 2924: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2806: 2798:Laemlein, Tom. 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2585: 2580:Wayback Machine 2571: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2397: 2386: 2382: 2376:Easterly (1998) 2374: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2320: 2316: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2264: 2258: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2231: 2220: 2218: 2206: 2195: 2193: 2182: 2180: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2154: 2139: 2137: 2126: 2124: 2113: 2111: 2081: 2079: 2068: 2066: 2055: 2053: 2042: 2040: 2029: 2027: 2015: 2013: 2002: 2000: 1989: 1987: 1976: 1974: 1962: 1960: 1949: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1921: 1901: 1899: 1886: 1884: 1872: 1870: 1861:Provisional IRA 1857:Irish Civil War 1853:Anglo-Irish War 1838: 1836: 1831:Anglo-Iraqi War 1820: 1818: 1807: 1805: 1793: 1791: 1782:Empire of Japan 1775: 1773: 1762: 1760: 1737: 1735: 1724: 1722: 1710: 1708: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1682: 1671: 1669: 1658: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1633: 1631: 1620: 1618: 1607: 1605: 1594: 1592: 1577: 1575: 1564: 1562: 1551: 1549: 1538: 1536: 1523: 1520: 1493:M60 machine gun 1484: 1446: 1407: 1386:. Intended for 1319: 1294: 1281:Czechoslovakian 1273: 1244: 1239: 1177:Royal Air Force 1105: 1097:NS class blimps 1093:SS class blimps 1069:Sopwith Dolphin 1010:Pomeroy bullets 963:Foster mounting 868: 777: 773: 770: 768: 707: 705:First World War 702: 694:automatic rifle 614: 593: 580:First World War 534: 416: 383: 321: 290: 262: 233: 139:Irish Civil War 109:First World War 81:In service 76:Service history 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5807:9mm Parabellum 5804: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5358: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5312: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5055:British Empire 5051: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4895:M1917 Browning 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4818:Berthier rifle 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4778:M1909 revolver 4775: 4773:M1917 Revolver 4770: 4764: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4706:External links 4704: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4648: 4628: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4539: 4533: 4516: 4510: 4497: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4459: 4453: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4396: 4389: 4371: 4369:, p. 173. 4359: 4357:, p. 172. 4347: 4333: 4327:979-8473557848 4326: 4308: 4301: 4295:. p. 23. 4279: 4267: 4265:, p. 156. 4255: 4253:, p. 177. 4243: 4232:on 11 May 2021 4212: 4205: 4185: 4178: 4160: 4142: 4127: 4108: 4106:, p. 193. 4096: 4075: 4068: 4050: 4029: 4017: 3991: 3965: 3958: 3940: 3938:, p. 128. 3928: 3911: 3896: 3893:. 13 May 2018. 3878: 3876:, p. 196. 3866: 3825: 3795: 3769: 3767:, p. 179. 3757: 3745: 3733: 3726: 3708: 3706:, p. 181. 3696: 3665: 3658: 3638: 3636:, p. 126. 3626: 3586: 3571: 3564: 3542: 3515: 3503: 3473: 3461: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3405: 3391: 3359: 3344: 3325: 3323:, p. 131. 3313: 3311:, p. 512. 3301: 3289: 3282: 3262: 3251: 3244: 3226: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3152: 3131: 3125:978-1473834125 3124: 3104: 3081: 3051: 3021: 3009: 2995: 2975: 2966: 2930: 2911: 2899: 2893: 2875: 2868: 2850: 2838: 2823: 2804: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2703:978-0714634951 2702: 2682: 2670: 2655: 2643: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2583: 2565: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2497: 2485: 2468: 2449: 2447:, p. 218. 2437: 2422: 2410: 2395: 2380: 2368: 2354: 2334:(2): 669–675. 2314: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2268:DP machine gun 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2227:United Kingdom 2216: 2204: 2191: 2178: 2165: 2152: 2135: 2133:Russian Empire 2122: 2109: 2102:warlord armies 2090: 2077: 2064: 2051: 2038: 2025: 2011: 1998: 1985: 1972: 1958: 1945: 1933: 1919: 1897: 1881: 1868: 1834: 1816: 1803: 1789: 1771: 1758: 1733: 1720: 1706: 1693: 1691:Czechoslovakia 1680: 1667: 1654: 1652:British Malaya 1642: 1629: 1616: 1603: 1590: 1573: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1496: 1483: 1480: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1381: 1375: 1372:skeleton stock 1365: 1359: 1353: 1343: 1340:British Empire 1318: 1317:United Kingdom 1315: 1314: 1313: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1272: 1271:Czechoslovakia 1269: 1260: 1259: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1157:armed trawlers 1104: 1101: 1028:On the French 906:C aircraft by 888:Wright Model B 876:Wright Model B 867: 864: 835:Russian Empire 706: 703: 701: 698: 678:pawl mechanism 674:drum magazines 613: 612:Design details 610: 592: 589: 533: 530: 514:British Empire 489: 488: 485: 481: 480: 474: 470: 469: 466: 462: 461: 458: 454: 453: 450: 444: 443: 440: 434: 433: 424: 418: 417: 415: 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 391: 385: 384: 380: 379: 376: 372: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 343:Specifications 340: 339: 331: 327: 326: 315: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 296: 295:Unit cost 292: 291: 289: 288: 282: 278: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 250: 249:Samuel McClean 246: 244: 240: 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 73: 72: 70:United Kingdom 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5950: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5863:Aircraft guns 5861: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5842:15×104mm Brno 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Vickers K gun 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5662:No. 5 bayonet 5660: 5658: 5657:No. 4 bayonet 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527:Mk I Revolver 5526: 5525:Enfield No. 2 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5309:Newton-Pippin 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5220:Hales Pattern 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5205:Hand grenades 5202: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5139:Edged weapons 5136: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008:.38 Long Colt 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:M1917 Enfield 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4502:The Lewis Gun 4498: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4277:, p. 76. 4276: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4079: 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The 700:Service 532:History 505:) is a 164:Emu War 5624:Welgun 5614:Kokoda 5609:Austen 5558:& 5556:Rifles 5546:Welrod 5361:No. 37 5323:No. 27 5297:No. 19 5292:No. 18 5254:Battye 5218:No. 2 5067:Rifles 4793:Rifles 4694: 4663:XXXIII 4642: 4620: 4601: 4578: 4559: 4531: 4508: 4489: 4470: 4451: 4431: 4387: 4324: 4299: 4203: 4176: 4066: 3979:Magill 3956: 3724: 3656: 3562: 3535:7 July 3375:vhu.cz 3280: 3242: 3150: 3122: 2993: 2891: 2866: 2700: 2250: 2237: 2224: 2199: 2186: 2173: 2160: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2085: 2075:Poland 2072: 2059: 2046: 2033: 2022:Norway 2019: 2006: 1993: 1980: 1966: 1956:Mexico 1953: 1927: 1908:Latvia 1905: 1890: 1879:Israel 1876: 1855:& 1842: 1824: 1814:Guiana 1811: 1797: 1779: 1769:France 1766: 1741: 1728: 1714: 1701: 1688: 1678:Ceylon 1675: 1665:Canada 1662: 1637: 1624: 1611: 1601:Biafra 1598: 1581: 1568: 1555: 1542: 1415:.30-06 1336:Mark I 1242:Canada 1171:, new 1077:cabane 1041:S.E.5a 1015:Drache 936:pusher 484:Sights 422:Action 365:Barrel 356:Length 324:.30-06 5674:& 5504:Korea 5239:No. 6 5233:Mills 5213:No. 1 5092:rifle 4089:[ 4043:[ 3853:(PDF) 3838:(PDF) 3613:(PDF) 3598:(PDF) 3386:] 2202:Tibet 1893:Italy 1518:Users 1489:FG 42 1350:stock 953:F.E.8 931:ahead 783:bipod 561:Liège 375:Width 95:Users 5718:PIAT 5594:Sten 5502:and 5278:Oval 5270:Ball 4970:Mk 3 4965:Mk 2 4960:Mk 1 4830:guns 4692:ISBN 4671:2009 4640:OCLC 4636:HMSO 4618:ISBN 4599:ISBN 4576:ISBN 4557:ISBN 4529:ISBN 4506:ISBN 4487:ISBN 4468:ISBN 4449:ISBN 4429:ISBN 4385:ISBN 4322:ISBN 4297:ISBN 4238:2018 4201:ISBN 4174:ISBN 4064:ISBN 4012:2022 3986:2022 3954:ISBN 3861:2019 3846:2001 3820:2018 3790:2022 3722:ISBN 3691:2018 3654:ISBN 3621:2018 3560:ISBN 3537:2020 3498:2018 3278:ISBN 3240:ISBN 3148:ISBN 3120:ISBN 3076:2016 3046:2016 3004:2014 2991:ISBN 2961:2009 2889:ISBN 2864:ISBN 2698:ISBN 2349:2024 1827:Iraq 1754:and 1731:Fiji 1498:The 1476:Bren 1159:and 951:and 833:The 805:The 756:and 661:the 497:(or 493:The 348:Mass 333:See 270:1911 102:Wars 92:See 51:Type 5498:of 5355:Egg 2336:doi 1179:'s 1054:RFC 622:cam 501:or 312:No. 287:Co. 5859:: 4950:F1 4661:. 4655:. 4224:. 4153:. 4130:^ 4120:. 4003:. 3977:. 3914:^ 3899:^ 3889:. 3844:. 3840:. 3806:. 3781:. 3677:. 3600:. 3574:^ 3527:. 3484:. 3447:^ 3384:cs 3362:^ 3347:^ 3328:^ 3210:^ 3097:. 3093:. 3066:. 3062:. 3036:. 3032:. 2947:. 2933:^ 2914:^ 2826:^ 2807:^ 2658:^ 2631:^ 2586:^ 2553:^ 2500:^ 2471:^ 2425:^ 2398:^ 2148:: 1586:: 1229:. 1183:. 1061:VC 947:, 943:, 769:30 733:. 696:. 600:. 5487:e 5480:t 5473:v 5047:e 5040:t 5033:v 4746:e 4739:t 4732:v 4700:. 4673:. 4646:. 4626:. 4607:. 4584:. 4565:. 4537:. 4514:. 4495:. 4476:. 4457:. 4437:. 4408:. 4393:. 4330:. 4305:. 4240:. 4209:. 4182:. 4072:. 4014:. 3988:. 3962:. 3863:. 3822:. 3792:. 3730:. 3693:. 3662:. 3623:. 3568:. 3539:. 3500:. 3388:. 3286:. 3248:. 3156:. 3128:. 3078:. 3048:. 3006:. 2963:. 2872:. 2706:. 2392:. 2365:. 2351:. 2338:: 2332:7 1867:. 1495:. 1433:. 1287:. 797:. 778:2 774:1 771:+ 717:. 20:)

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