Irish Civil War - Knowledge

1569:, near his home in County Cork, in August 1922. Collins' death increased the bitterness of the Free State leadership towards the Republicans and probably contributed to the subsequent descent of the conflict into a cycle of atrocities and reprisals. Arthur Griffith, the Free State president, had also died of a brain haemorrhage ten days before, leaving the government in the hands of W.T. Cosgrave and the Free State army under the command of General Richard Mulcahy. For a brief period, with rising casualties among its troops and its two principal leaders dead, it looked as if the Free State might collapse. However, as winter set in, the Republicans found it increasingly difficult to sustain their campaign, and casualty rates among National Army troops dropped rapidly. For instance, in County Sligo, 54 people died in the conflict, of whom all but eight had been killed by the end of September. 1232:

union leaders, while generally pro-Treaty, made little attempt to lead opinion during the Treaty conflict, casting themselves rather as attempted peacemakers." The election showed that a majority of the Irish electorate accepted the treaty and the foundation of the Irish Free State, but de Valera, his political followers and most of the IRA continued to oppose the treaty. De Valera is quoted as saying, "the majority have no right to do wrong". From the anti-treaty perspective the election was held under the British threat of a war of reconquest and therefore was not a free contest. In this view, the pro-treaty position expressed as republican leader Liam Mellows put it 'not the will of the people, but the fear of the people'.

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guns, small arms and ammunition were of much help to pro-Treaty forces. The British delivered for instance, over 27,000 rifles, 250 machine guns and eight 18-pounder artillery pieces to the pro-treaty forces between the outbreak of the Civil War and September 1922. The National Army amounted to 14,000 men by August 1922, was 38,000 strong by the end of 1922, and by the end of the war had grown to 55,000 men and 3,500 officers, far in excess of what the Irish state would need to maintain in peacetime. The Free State army was able to absorb experienced soldiers from the recently disbanded Irish regiments in the British army. These soldiers provided invaluable specialist skills for the new army.

1464: 2875:, recorded meeting Collins shortly after the assassination. He told Ernie O'Malley, 'Collins told me he had arranged the shooting of Wilson... he looked very pleased'. Frank Thornton, one of Collins' old Squad, recalled that the killing was carried out on the direct orders of GHQ. Mick Murphy, of Cork no 1 Brigade, said that when in London he had been asked to take part in the plot, explaining, 'they had instructions then from Michael Collins to shoot Wilson' ... statements from Collins' intelligence agents point to fresh instruction being given in June. It is clear also that Dunne and spent some time closeted with him." 1168:

Army" – not the Dáil. By accepting the treaty in January and abandoning the republic, the Dáil majority had effectively deserted the Army Executive. In his reply, Mulcahy rejected this interpretation. Then, in a debate on defence, MacEntee suggested that supporting the Army Executive "even if it meant the scrapping of the Treaty and terrible and immediate war with England, would be better than the civil war which we are beginning at present apparently". MacEntee's supporters added that the many robberies complained of by Mulcahy on 26 April were caused by the lack of payment and provision by the Dáil to the volunteers.

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Bill" or "Emergency Powers Act", the Army Resolution was not law, it was a resolution passed by parliament endorsing the measures the pro-treaty army was implementing in the war under martial law since July. Consequently, "Public Safety Act" or "Emergency Powers Act" is not recorded on the Irish Statute book. These pieces of "legislation" are alone the invention of Irish historians. The fictitious "Acts" nevertheless play an important role in the Irish state's foundation myth, dividing civil war violence into bogus legal and illegal categories.

1211: 48: 1310:, only) ultimatum to leave the building on 27 June, decided to end the stand-off by bombarding the Four Courts garrison into surrender. The government then appointed Collins as Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. This attack was not the opening shot of the war, as skirmishes had taken place between pro- and anti-treaty IRA factions throughout the country when the British were handing over the barracks. However, this represented the 'point of no return', when all-out war was effectively declared and the Civil War officially began. 2144: 1441:, had seen service as officers in World War I, Dalton and Murphy in the British Army and Prout in the US Army. The Republicans made much use of this fact in their propaganda – claiming that the Free State was only a proxy force for Britain itself. However, the majority of Free State soldiers were raw recruits without military experience, either in World War I or the Irish War of Independence. There were also a significant number of former members of the British Armed Forces on the Republican side, including such senior figures as 1337:– provoking a week's more street fighting and costing another 65 killed and 280 wounded. Among the dead was Republican leader Cathal Brugha, who made his last stand after exiting the Granville Hotel. In addition, the Free State took over 500 Republican prisoners. The civilian casualties are estimated to have numbered well over 250. When the fighting in Dublin died down, the Free State government was left firmly in control of the Irish capital and the anti-treaty forces dispersed around the country, mainly to the south and west. 2000:

were killed between January 1922 and April 1924. It has, however, been suggested that the anti-treaty forces' true death toll was higher. For total combatant and civilian deaths, figures of 1,426 in the Free State and 1,485 for the island of Ireland have been calculated by the 2023 project. A 2012 county-by-county study suggested a death toll of just under 2,000. In the decades following the Civil War, exaggerated casualty figures as high as 4,000 were suggested, though these numbers are generally accepted to be too high.

1056:, the delegation chairman, had made a similar comment about obeying orders to de Valera himself. Mutual suspicion and confusion pertained; the delegation was unclear about the cabinet's instructions and individually became burdened to the point of breakdown. Collins expected the blame for the compromise within the Treaty and wrote: "Early this morning I signed my death warrant." Notwithstanding this, he was frustrated and at times emotional when de Valera and others refused to support the Treaty and friendships died. 143: 1373: 1177: 1060: 7510: 2164:. Fortunately, this crisis was averted, and by the 1950s violence was no longer prominent in politics in the Republic of Ireland. However, the breakaway IRA continued (and continues in various forms) to exist. It was not until 1948 that the IRA renounced military attacks on the forces of the southern Irish state when it became the Republic of Ireland. After this point, the organisation dedicated itself primarily to the end of British rule in Northern Ireland. The 1603: 1768:, that the death of Lynch allowed the more pragmatic Frank Aiken, who took over as IRA Chief of Staff, to call a halt to what seemed a futile struggle. Aiken's accession to IRA leadership was followed on 30 April by the declaration of a suspension of military activities; on 24 May 1923, he issued a ceasefire order to IRA volunteers. They were to dump arms rather than surrender them or continue a fight that they were incapable of winning. 156: 124: 4245:, pp. 272–273b: "There are no means by which to arrive at even approximate figures for the dead and wounded. Mulcahy stated that around 540 pro-Treaty troops were killed between the Treaty's signing and the war's end; the government referred to 800 army deaths between January 1922 and April 1924. There was no record of overall Republican deaths, which appear to have been very much higher. No figure exists for total civilian deaths." 1322:(PRO), injuring many advancing Free State soldiers and destroying the records. Government supporters alleged that the building had been deliberately mined. Historians dispute whether the PRO was intentionally destroyed by mines laid by the Republicans on their evacuation, or whether the explosions occurred when their ammunition store was accidentally ignited by the bombardment. Coogan, however, asserts that two lorry-loads of 2043:

before his death in August 1922. Because of the Irish Civil War, Northern Ireland was able to consolidate its existence and the partition of Ireland was confirmed for the foreseeable future. The continuing war also confirmed the northern Unionists' existing stance against the ethos of all shades of nationalism. This might have led to open hostilities between North and South had the Irish Civil War not broken out. Indeed, the

4718:, near Glencree, where it was found in October 1923. The spot where his body was found is marked by a memorial. O'Higgins was the Minister for Economic Affairs in the Free State government and was hated by Republicans for having been in favour of the execution of prisoners during the Civil War. His elderly father was killed by republicans during the war. O'Higgins himself was assassinated on his way to 1959:(Comintern) which on 3 January 1923 passed a resolution stating it "sends fraternal greetings to the struggling Irish national revolutionaries and feels assured that they will soon tread the only path that leads to real freedom – the path of Communism. The CI will assist all efforts to organise the struggle to combat this terror and to help the Irish workers and peasants to victory." 2132:) were Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, the descendants respectively of the anti-treaty and pro-treaty forces of 1922. Until the 1970s, almost all of Ireland's prominent politicians were veterans of the Civil War, a fact which poisoned the relationship between Ireland's two biggest parties. Examples of Civil War veterans include: Republicans Éamon de Valera, Frank Aiken, Todd Andrews and 2059: 1412:. Up to the outbreak of Civil War, it had been agreed that only men with service in the IRA could be recruited into the National Army. However, once the war began, all such restrictions were lifted. A 'National Call to Arms' issued on 7 July for recruitment on a six-month basis brought in thousands of new recruits. Many of the new army's recruits were veterans of the 3010:, p. 179: The Republican garrison had converted this part of the Four Courts into a munitions factory with the cellars underneath being used to store explosives. The Free State bombardment caused a fire which reached the cellars and the consequent explosion destroyed priceless historical records and documents, some of them dating back to the twelfth century. 1354:

and were also known as "anti-treaty" forces or "Irregulars", a term preferred by the Free State side. This nomenclature, however, may be confusing. The civil war was fought by republicans on both sides who disagreed on how best to achieve the republic. For example, Collins and many of his closest comrades started the war committed to the goals of the

2007:(new police force) was not involved in the war, which meant that it was well placed to develop into an unarmed and politically neutral police service after the war. It had been disarmed by the Government in order to win public confidence in June–September 1922 and in December 1922, the IRA issued a General Order not to fire on the Civil Guard. The 1907:, but they continued after the truce and escalated during the Civil War. In July 1922, Con Moloney, the IRA Adjutant General, ordered that unionist property should be seized to accommodate their men. The "worst spell" of attacks on former unionist property came in the early months of 1923, 37 "big houses" being burnt in January and February alone. 1346: 1515:. Another seaborne expedition to Mayo in the west secured government control over that part of the country. While in some places the Republicans had put up determined resistance, nowhere were they able to defeat regular forces armed with artillery and armour. The only real conventional battle during the Free State offensive, the 2348: 1148:, stated in the Dáil on 28 April that conditions in Dublin had prevented a Convention from being held, but that delegates had been selected and voted by ballot to accept the Oath. The anti-Treaty IRA formed their own "Army Executive", which they declared to be the real government of the country, despite the result of the 2020:

economy of the Free State suffered a hard blow in the earliest days of its existence, as a result. The material damage caused by the war to property in the Free State has been estimated to be in the region of £50 million in 1922. This is equivalent to about £2.1 billion, or €2.4 billion worth of damage in 2022 values.

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then existed in Dublin. Delegates for this Convention were actually selected but the Convention was not held. Ballot papers were circulated to the delegates and a vote was taken as far as the question of the Oath was concerned. As far as this question was concerned, the amendment to the constitution was accepted.

2082:, the British Parliament gave up its right to legislate for members of the British Commonwealth. When elected to power in 1932, Fianna Fáil under de Valera set about dismantling what they considered to be objectionable features of the treaty, abolishing the Oath of Allegiance, removing the power of the Office of 1823:. However, most of the women prisoners were released shortly thereafter and the hunger strike helped concentrate the Republican movement on the prisoners and their associated organisations. In July, de Valera had recognised the Republican political interests lay with the prisoners and went so far as to say: 3958: 2023:

Particularly damaging to the Free State's economy was the systematic destruction of railway infrastructure and roads by the Republicans. In addition, the cost to the Free State of waging the war came to another £17 million (£718m or €883m in 2022 values). By September 1923, Deputy Hogan estimated the

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The economic costs of the war were also high. As their forces abandoned their fixed positions in July–August 1922, the Republicans burned many of the administrative buildings and businesses that they had been occupying. In addition, their subsequent guerrilla campaign caused much destruction, and the

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The Civil War, though short, was bloody. It cost the lives of many public figures, including Michael Collins, Cathal Brugha, Arthur Griffith and Liam Lynch. Both sides carried out brutal acts—the anti-treaty forces killed a TD and several other pro-Treaty politicians and burned many homes of senators

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The final phase of the Civil War degenerated into a series of atrocities that left a lasting legacy of bitterness in Irish politics. The Free State began executing Republican prisoners on 17 November 1922, when five IRA men were shot by firing squad. They were followed on 24 November by the execution

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argued that the Army Executive had acted continuously on its own to create a republic since 1917, had an unaltered constitution, had never fallen under the control of the Dáil, and that "the only body competent to dissolve the Volunteer Executive was a duly convened convention of the Irish Republican

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Moreover, many of these men's sons and daughters also became politicians, meaning that the personal wounds of the civil war were felt over three generations. In the 1930s, after Fianna Fáil took power for the first time, it looked possible for a while that the Civil War might break out again between

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research project funded by the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media, has calculated that the pro-treaty forces suffered 637 fatalities from all causes. Both the project and the Republican roll of honour, compiled in the 1920s, calculate that 426 anti-Treaty IRA Volunteers

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However, in addition to their allegiance to the Free State, there were also other factors behind Republican animosity towards the old landed class. Many, but not all of these people, had supported the Crown forces during the War of Independence. This support was often largely moral, but sometimes it

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Soldiers of the Republic. Legion of the Rearguard: The Republic can no longer be defended successfully by your arms. Further sacrifice of life would now be in vain and the continuance of the struggle in arms unwise in the national interest and prejudicial to the future of our cause. Military victory

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The Army Resolution recognised the military courts and tribunals established in the army to impose life imprisonment, as well as the death penalty, for 'aiding or abetting attacks' on state forces, possession of arms and ammunition or explosive 'without the proper authority' and 'looting destruction

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The outbreak of the Civil War forced pro- and anti-treaty supporters to choose sides. Supporters of the treaty came to be known as "pro-treaty" or later Free State Army, legally after 1923 the National Army, and were often called "Staters" by their opponents. The latter called themselves Republicans

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The Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin party claimed the election with 239,193 votes to 133,864 for Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin. A further 247,226 people voted for other parties, most of whom supported the Treaty. Labour's 132,570 votes were ambiguous with regard to the Treaty. According to Hopkinson, "Irish labour and

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and several other buildings in central Dublin, resulting in a tense stand-off. These anti-treaty Republicans wanted to spark a new armed confrontation with the British, which they hoped would unite the two factions of the IRA against their common enemy. However, for those who were determined to make

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considers that about 41,000 who were not linked to the former British administration left Southern Ireland (which became the Irish Free State) between 1919 and 1923. He has found that a "high-water mark" of this 41,000 left between 1921 and 1923. In all, from 1911 to 1926, the Protestant population

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A major problem for the National Army was a shortage of experienced officers. At least 20% of its officers had previously served as officers in the British Army, while 50% of the rank-and-file of the National Army had served in the British Army in World War I. Former British Army officers were also

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Like the Anti-Treaty IRA, the Free State's National Army was initially rooted in the IRA that fought against the British. Collins' most ruthless officers and men were recruited from the Dublin Active Service Unit (the elite unit of the IRA's Dublin Brigade) and from Collins' Intelligence Department

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The Civil War split the IRA. When the Civil War broke out, the Anti-Treaty IRA (concentrated in the south and west) outnumbered pro-Free State forces by roughly 12,000 men to 8,000. Moreover, the anti-treaty ranks included many of the IRA's most experienced guerrilla fighters. The paper strength of

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MR. MULCAHY: "...(h) It was proposed to submit the proposed Constitution to a specially summoned Convention of the Irish Volunteers. That Convention was not held because no single member of the Volunteer Executive of the time would recommend the holding of that Convention in the circumstances that

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The fact that the Irish Civil War was fought between Irish Nationalist factions meant that the sporadic conflict in Northern Ireland ended. Collins and Sir James Craig signed an agreement to end it on 30 March 1922, but, despite this, Collins covertly supplied arms to the Northern IRA until a week

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were prepared to accept this compromise. However, the proposal for a republican constitution was vetoed by the British as being contrary to the terms of the treaty and they threatened military intervention in the Free State unless the treaty were fully implemented. Collins reluctantly agreed. This

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Arthur Griffith was in favour of using force against these men immediately, but Michael Collins, who wanted at all costs to avoid civil war, left the Four Courts garrison alone until late June 1922. By this point, the Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin party had secured a large majority in the general election,

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wrote of the occupation in late March: "The Freeman published, on 26 March, an account of the secret debate of the mutineers supplied by the Provisional Government, whereupon Rory O'Connor sallied from the Four Courts and smashed its machinery. He had been levying toll on the civil population for

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The cost of the war and the budget deficit it caused was a difficulty for the new Free State and affected the Boundary Commission negotiations of 1925, which were to determine the border with Northern Ireland. The Free State agreed to waive its claim to predominantly Nationalist areas in Northern

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in 1924–25, in which the Free State government acquiesced that border with Northern Ireland would remain unchanged in exchange for forgiveness of the Imperial debt. Further, the state undertook to pay for damage caused to property between the truce of July 1921 and the end of the Civil War; W. T.

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On 27 September 1922, three months after the outbreak of war, the Free State's Provisional Government put before the Dáil an Army (Emergency Powers) Resolution endorsing the establishment of military courts and tribunals by the Army Council. Sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "Public Safety

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In the event, it was only well after their defeat in the Civil War that anti-treaty Irish Republicans seriously considered whether to take armed action against British rule in Northern Ireland (the first serious suggestion to do this came in the late 1930s). The northern units of the IRA largely

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only in wartime, was now illegal. Without a formal peace, holding 13,000 prisoners and worried that fighting could break out again at any time, the government enacted two Public Safety (Emergency Powers) Acts on 1 and 3 August 1923, to permit continued internment and other measures. Thousands of

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By contrast, the Free State army funded by the British managed to expand its forces dramatically after the start of the war. Collins and his commanders were able to build up an army that could overwhelm their opponents in the field. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, armoured cars, machine

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I... do solemnly swear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State as by law established, and that I will be faithful to His Majesty King George V, his heirs and successors by law in virtue of the common citizenship of Ireland with Great Britain and her adherence to and

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allowed tenants to buy land from their landlords, some small farmers, particularly in Mayo and Galway, simply occupied land belonging to political opponents during this period when the RIC had ceased to function. In 1919, senior Sinn Féin officials were sufficiently concerned at this unilateral

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the IRA in early 1922 was over 72,000 men, but most of them were recruited during the truce with the British and fought in neither the War of Independence nor the Civil War. According to Richard Mulcahy's estimate, the Anti-Treaty IRA at the beginning of the war had 6,780 rifles and 12,900 men.

1239:– to replace the IRA – and a new police force. However, since it was envisaged that the new army would be built around the IRA, Anti-Treaty IRA units were allowed to take over British barracks and take their arms. In practice, this meant that by the summer of 1922, the Provisional Government of 1079:

was established. Its authority under the Treaty was to provide a "provisional arrangement for the administration of Southern Ireland during the interval" before the establishment of the Irish Free State. In accordance with the Treaty, the British Government transferred "the powers and machinery

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March and April 1923 saw this progressive dismemberment of the Republican forces continue with the capture and sometimes killing of guerrilla columns. A National Army report of 11 April stated, "Events of the last few days point to the beginning of the end as a far as the irregular campaign is

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In the autumn and winter of 1922, Free State forces broke up many of the larger Republican guerrilla units – in Sligo, Meath and Connemara in the west, for example, and in much of Dublin city. Elsewhere, anti-treaty units were forced by lack of supplies and safe-houses to disperse into smaller

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for use by the new army of the Free State, though General Macready gave just 200 shells of the 10,000 he had in store at Richmond barracks in Inchicore. The anti-treaty forces in the Four Courts, who possessed only small arms, surrendered after three days of bombardment and the storming of the

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system of murder and assassination of the National forces without any legitimate authority... the guerrilla warfare now being carried on the Irregulars is without moral sanction and therefore the killing of National soldiers is murder before God, the seizing of public and private property is

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assumed that the Anti-Treaty IRA were responsible for the shooting and warned Collins that he would use British troops to attack the Four Courts unless the Provisional Government took action. In fact, the British cabinet actually resolved to attack the Four Courts themselves on 25 June, in an

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A study of Dublin found 258 deaths, while a study of County Tipperary found 126 deaths. Taken together with counties Cork, Kerry, Sligo, Kildare and Offaly, this gives a confirmed death toll of 857 in seven of the Free State's 26 counties, but also in the most violent theatres of the Civil

2813:, p. 107: Winston Churchill told a concerned House of Commons ... that a Republic could not be tolerated. He warned that, 'in the event of such a Republic, it will be the intention of the Government to hold Dublin as one of the preliminary essential steps to military operations'. 2073:

party. Whereas Fianna Fáil was to become the dominant party in Irish politics, Sinn Féin became a small, isolated political party. The IRA, then much more numerous and influential than Sinn Féin, remained associated with Fianna Fáil (though not directly) until banned by de Valera in 1935.

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quayside. The building was occupied by anti-treaty forces during the Civil War, whom the National Army subsequently bombarded into surrender. The Irish national archives in the buildings were destroyed in the subsequent fire. The building was badly damaged but was fully restored after the

1487:. However, since the anti-treaty side were not equipped to wage conventional war, Lynch was unable to take advantage of the Republicans' initial advantage in numbers and territory held. He hoped simply to hold the Munster Republic long enough to force Britain to renegotiate the treaty. 1152:. On 26 April Mulcahy summarised alleged illegal activities by many IRA men over the previous three months, whom he described as 'seceding volunteers', including hundreds of robberies. Yet this fragmenting army was the only police force on the ground following the disintegration of the 4322:

Gemma Clark, Everyday violence in the Irish Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2014). Clark writes, 'The Irish Civil War was not as bloody as was once proclaimed. Figures for combined pro and anti-Treay losses of 4,000 have recently been replaced with more conservative estimates'.

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and failed to be re-elected by an even closer vote of 60–58. He challenged the right of the Dáil to approve the treaty, saying that its members were breaking their oath to the Irish Republic. Meanwhile, he continued to promote a compromise whereby the new Irish Free State would be in

2340: 1277:, who commanded the British garrison in Dublin, the plan was cancelled at the last minute. Macready's argument was that British involvement would have united Irish Nationalist opinion against the treaty, and instead Collins was given a last chance to clear the Four Courts himself. 2068:

In 1926, having failed to persuade the majority of the Anti-Treaty IRA or the anti-treaty party of Sinn Féin to accept the new status quo as a basis for an evolving Republic, a large faction led by de Valera and Aiken left to resume constitutional politics and to found the

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lasted another 10 months, before the IRA leadership issued a "dump arms" order to all units, effectively ending the conflict. The National Army benefited from substantial quantities of weapons provided by the British government, particularly artillery and armoured cars.

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was captured by Free State forces, he called on the republicans to end their campaign and reach an accommodation with the Free State. The State's executions of anti-treaty prisoners, 34 of whom were shot in January 1923, also took its toll on the Republicans' morale.

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cost at £50 million. The new State ended 1923 with a budget deficit of over £4 million (£168m or €196m in 2022 values). This weakened financial situation meant that the new state could not pay its share of Imperial debt under the treaty. This adversely affected the

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The Church's support for the Free State aroused bitter hostility among some republicans. Although the Catholic Church in independent Ireland has often been seen as a triumphalist Church, a recent study has found that it felt deeply insecure after these events.

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the head of state, did not mention any allegiance to the British monarch, and which included a territorial claim to Northern Ireland. The following year, Britain returned without conditions the seaports that it had kept under the terms of the treaty. When the

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The stated reason for such attacks was that some landowners had become Free State senators. In October 1922, a deputation of Southern Unionists met W. T. Cosgrave to offer their support to the Free State and some of them had received positions in the State's

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wrote "The proletarians of the IRA have the future of Ireland in their hands. If the Irish Labour Party would only dare! A mass movement of the Irish workers in alliance with the IRA could establish a Workers' Republic now". They were also supported by the

1365:, confirmed by the First Dáil and invalidly set aside by those who accepted the compromise of the Free State. Éamon de Valera stated that he would serve as an ordinary IRA volunteer and left the leadership of the anti-treaty Republicans to Liam Lynch, the 3173:: "summary executions and reprisal killings of republicans had been the norm in the county as early as August 1922, when the Squad cohort in the Dublin Guard returned and resorted to tried and tested methods in their war against the republicans". p. 320 1247:

where the IRA units supported the treaty. Fighting ultimately broke out when the Provisional Government tried to assert its authority over well-armed and intransigent Anti-Treaty IRA units around the country – particularly a hardliner group in Dublin.

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had then all refused to join the delegation to London. Collins wrote that his inclusion as a plenipotentiary was "a trap" of de Valera's which he was forewarned of, argued against, but walked into anyway, "as a soldier obeying his commanding officer."

1804:, the pro-Free State party, won with about 40% of the first-preference vote. The Republicans, represented by Sinn Féin, won about 27% of the vote. Many of their candidates and supporters were still imprisoned before, during and after the election. 1564:

August and September 1922 saw widespread attacks on Free State forces in the territories that they had occupied in the July–August offensive, inflicting heavy casualties on them. Collins was killed in an ambush by anti-treaty Republicans at

1123:, saying at one point, "If the Treaty were accepted, the fight for freedom would still go on, and the Irish people, instead of fighting foreign soldiers, will have to fight the Irish soldiers of an Irish government set up by Irishmen." At 1576:

By late 1922 and early 1923, the anti-treaty guerrilla campaign had been reduced largely to acts of sabotage and destruction of public infrastructure such as roads and railways. It was also in this period that the Anti-Treaty IRA began

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and form a coalition government afterwards. He also tried to reach a compromise with anti-treaty IRA leaders by agreeing to a republican-type constitution (with no mention of the British monarchy) for the new state. IRA leaders such as

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The number of "unauthorised" executions of Republican prisoners during the war has been put as high as 153. Among the Republican reprisals were the assassination of Kevin O'Higgins's father and W. T. Cosgrave's uncle in February 1923.

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several days later he repeated this imagery, and added that the IRA "would have to wade through the blood of the soldiers of the Irish Government, and perhaps through that of some members of the Irish Government to get their freedom."

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in County Tipperary on 10 April. The National Army had extracted information from Republican prisoners in Dublin that the IRA Executive was in the area and as well as killing Lynch, they also captured senior anti-treaty IRA officers

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Dáil Éireann (the parliament of the Irish Republic) narrowly passed the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64 votes to 57 on 7 January 1922. Following the Treaty's ratification, in accordance with article 17 of the Treaty, the British-recognised

1369:. De Valera, though the Republican President as of October 1922, had little control over military operations. The campaign was directed by Liam Lynch until he was killed on 10 April 1923, and then by Frank Aiken from 20 April 1923. 1046:

from 14 to 21 July in London. Collins, also part of the delegation, supposed (with others) that these discussions confirmed the earlier correspondence, i.e. no British acceptance of a Republic. De Valera, Stack and Defence minister

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Irish Times, 16 October 2009, p. 15. The number of 41,000 emigrants lies within the fall of 106,000 southern Protestants between the 1911 and 1926 censuses, that include war dead, economic migrants and employees of the former

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Although the cause of the Civil War was the Treaty, as the war developed the anti-treaty forces sought to identify their actions with the traditional Republican cause of the "men of no property" and the result was that large

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As with most civil wars, the internecine conflict left a bitter legacy, which continues to influence Irish politics to this day. The two largest political parties in the republic through most of its history (except for the

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completely undermined the electoral pact between the pro- and anti-treaty factions, who went into the Irish general election on 16 June 1922 as hostile parties in some constituencies, both calling themselves Sinn Féin.

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In 1927, Fianna Fáil members took the Oath of Allegiance and entered the Dáil, effectively recognising the legitimacy of the Free State. The Free State was already moving towards independence by this point. Under the

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that the treaty gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire and develop, but the freedom to achieve freedom". However, those against the treaty believed that it would never deliver full Irish independence.

1588:(TDs) set up their own "Republican government" in opposition to the Free State. However, by then the anti-treaty side held no significant territory and de Valera's government had no authority over the population. 1424:

of the British Army. Many others were raw recruits without any military experience. The fact that at least 50% of the other ranks had no military experience in turn led to ill-discipline becoming a major problem.

2801:, p. 63, "Collins was summoned to London ... and informed that the draft constitution would have to be altered to acknowledge the authority of the Crown, to include an Oath and to recognise Northern Ireland" 1029:

The split over the Treaty was deeply personal. Many on both sides had been close friends and comrades during the War of Independence. This made their disagreement all the more bitter. On 6 January 1922, at the

2011:, or CID, a 350-strong, armed, plain-clothed Police Corps that had been established during the conflict for the purposes of counter-insurgency, was disbanded in October 1923, shortly after the conflict's end. 4542: 1970:. However anti-treaty republicans had control of what was left of Clann na Gael and the American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic so they supported the anti-treaty side during the war. 1494:

planned a nationwide Free State offensive, dispatching columns overland to take Limerick in the west and Waterford in the south-east and seaborne forces to take counties Cork and Kerry in the south and

1737:

to discuss the war's future. Tom Barry proposed a motion to end the war, but it was defeated by 6 votes to 5. Éamon de Valera was allowed to attend, after some debate, but was given no voting rights.

1794:

Anti-Treaty IRA members (including de Valera on 15 August) were arrested by the Free State forces in the weeks and months after the end of the war, when they had dumped their arms and returned home.

980:, was effectively confirmed in the Anglo-Irish treaty. The most contentious areas of the Treaty for the IRA were the disestablishment of the Irish Republic declared in 1919, the abandonment of the 2033:

Every Deputy in this House is aware of the complaint which has been made that the measure of compensation for post-Truce damage compares unfavourably with the awards for damage suffered pre-Truce.

2653:(h) Was this amended Constitution to be submitted to a specially summoned Convention of the Irish Volunteers for acceptance or rejection by that Organisation? As a fact was that Convention held?" 1384:

However, the IRA lacked an effective command structure, a clear strategy and sufficient arms. As well as rifles they had a handful of machine guns and many of their fighters were armed only with

1218:

Collins established an "army re-unification committee" to re-unite the IRA and organised an election pact with de Valera's anti-treaty political followers to campaign jointly in the Free State's

3290:, de Valera meets the killer of Collins prior to the ambush that leads to his death. However, although de Valera was in the area at the time, he is not thought to have ordered the assassination. 3828: 1693:

robbery, the breaking of roads, bridges and railways is criminal. All who in contravention of this teaching, participate in such crimes are guilty of grievous sins and may not be absolved in

1827:

The whole future of our cause and of the nation depends in my opinion upon the spirit of the prisoners in the camps and in the jails. You are the repositories of the NATIONAL FAITH AND WILL.

1807:

In October 1923, around 8,000 of the 12,000 Republican prisoners in Free State gaols went on a hunger strike. The strike lasted for 41 days and met little success (among those who died were

2103:

throughout the war, although Dublin did to some extent tacitly support the Allies. Finally, in 1948, a coalition government, containing elements of both sides in the Civil War (pro-treaty

5546: 1144:(IRA) officers were also against the treaty, and in March 1922 an ad hoc Army Convention repudiated the authority of the Dáil to accept the treaty. In contrast, the Minister of Defence, 1080:

requisite for the discharge of its duties". Before the British Government transferred such powers, the members of the Provisional Government each "signified in writing acceptance of ".

4296: 3406: 2224: 3443: 5570: 1919:

to adjudicate disputes. Sometimes these attacks had sectarian overtones, although most IRA men made no distinction between Catholic and Protestant supporters of the Irish government.

4714:

Seán Lemass's brother Noel, a captain in the Anti-Treaty IRA, was abducted and shot by Free State forces in July 1923, two months after the war had ended. His body was dumped in the

842:

are direct descendants of the opposing sides of the war; Fine Gael from the supporters of the pro-Treaty side, Fianna Fáil the party formed from the bulk of the anti-Treaty side by

4722:

in 1927 by Anti-Treaty IRA members. His killing precipitated a government clampdown on the IRA and forced Fianna Fáil to take the Oath of Allegiance in order to contest elections.

1392:

from British troops as they were evacuating the country. Finally, they had no artillery of any kind. As a result, they were forced to adopt a defensive stance throughout the war.

2785:, p. 111: "The British (after the election) drew what appeared to them to be the obvious conclusion that it was time for the Provisional Government to assert its authority." 1837: 1578: 7539: 4332:[A total of 2 Garda were killed by anti-treaty insurgents during the Irish Civil War and a total of 7 Garda were killed post Civil War by anti-treaty insurgents 1926–1940 see 4258: 1573:

groups, typically of nine to ten men. Despite these successes for the National Army, it took eight more months of intermittent warfare before the war was brought to an end.

1235:

Meanwhile, under the leadership of Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, the pro-treaty Provisional Government set about establishing the Irish Free State, and organised the

4273: 7477: 2279: 1657:— were executed in revenge for the killing of Hales. In addition, Free State troops, particularly in County Kerry, where the guerrilla campaign was most bitter, began the 1933:

Controversy continues to this day about the extent of intimidation of Protestants at this time. Many left Ireland during and after the Civil War. Dr Andy Bielenberg of

1318:

building by Provisional Government troops (28–30 June 1922). Shortly before the surrender, a massive explosion destroyed the western wing of the complex, including the

4534: 3726: 513: 6328: 1202:

along with other parties that supported the Treaty. Collins was also coming under continuing pressure from London to assert his government's authority in Dublin.

7425: 6348: 1042:, part of the returning Irish delegation, handed him an envelope confirming it, he pushed it aside. De Valera had held secret discussions with UK Prime Minister 1421: 2086:(British representative in Ireland) and abolishing the Senate, which was dominated by former Unionists and pro-treaty Nationalists. In 1937, they passed a new 6445: 5166: 1558: 421: 2911:, p. 114: "A letter was sent to Collins stating that the Four Courts occupation and the 'ambiguous position' of the IRA could no longer be tolerated." 1733:

victory for the pro-treaty side, de Valera asked the IRA leadership to call a ceasefire, but they refused. The Anti-Treaty IRA executive met on 26 March in

1137:

on 23 March, de Valera accepted the accuracy of their report of his comment about "wading" through blood, but deplored that the newspaper had published it.

4348:, p. 116, "The recommendation that the force be disarmed ... ensured that it would not be deployed against the anti-treatyites in the impending civil war." 3428: 1306:, a general in the National Army, in retaliation for the arrest of Leo Henderson. Collins, after giving the Four Courts garrison a final (and according to 823: 4221: 1264:, was shot dead by IRA men on his own doorstep in London on 22 June 1922, with no responsibility for the act being publicly claimed by any IRA authority. 5554: 1855:

were attacked. A total of 192 "stately homes" of the old landed class and of Free State politicians were destroyed by anti-treaty forces during the war.

7430: 1198:

the Free State into a viable, self-governing Irish state, this was an act of rebellion that would have to be put down by them rather than the British.

5114: 6441: 4576: 4474: 4432: 4049: 3820: 3683: 2168:

still makes claim to be the legitimate Provisional Government of the Irish Republic declared in 1916 and annulled by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921.

5254: 2462: 916: 792: 598: 1754: 7287: 4816:"Debate on the Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, signed in London on the 6th December 1921: Sessions 14 December 1921 to 10 January 1922" 3751: 2047:(the "B-Specials") that had been established in 1920 (on the foundation of Northern Ireland) was expanded in 1922 rather than being demobilised. 2668: 1688:

to anti-treaty fighters. On 10 October 1922, the Catholic Bishops of Ireland issued a formal statement, describing the anti-treaty campaign as:

1038:, Home Affairs minister, showed president de Valera the evening news announcing the signing of the Treaty: de Valera merely glanced at it; when 5294: 2982: 2381: 1076: 2212: 2051:

supported the Free State side in the Civil War because of Collins's policies, and over 500 of them joined the new Free State's National Army.

6507: 3312: 2728: 2698: 2632: 4410: 3798: 3775: 2504: 2318: 7459: 5633: 1946:

The Civil War attracted international attention which led to various groups expressing support and opposition to the anti-treaty side. The

506: 4333: 6626: 6050: 5962: 5396: 4753: 4186: 4027: 2887:, p. 229: "Evidence has since come to light proving it was Collins, enraged by Wilson's role in the north, who ordered the killing". 2008: 1103:('Republican Association') party while remaining a member of Sinn Féin, and commenced a speaking tour of the more republican province of 872: 290: 1926:

housing Protestant boys near Clifden, County Galway in June 1922, on the ground that it was "pro-British". The 60 orphans were taken to

7473: 4681: 2407: 1722:

In addition, the National Army's operations in the field were slowly but steadily breaking up the remaining Republican concentrations.

5135: 7554: 6394: 6272: 5381: 5126: 3402: 1511:, in Kerry. Limerick fell on 20 July, Waterford on the same day and Cork city on 10 August after a Free State force landed by sea at 414: 5102: 4266: 7292: 5928: 2083: 1093: 764: 5158: 3980: 2959:, p. 22: In clashes between pro- and anti-treaty fighters prior to 28 June, eight men had been killed and forty-nine wounded. 1684:

also supported the Free State, deeming it the lawful government of the country, denouncing the IRA and refusing to administer the

7544: 7464: 6488: 6277: 5386: 4281: 499: 3928: 2271: 1541:

as they had when fighting the British. They held out in areas such as the western part of counties Cork and Kerry in the south,

6638: 6522: 6182: 5366: 5226: 3951:"#OTD in 1923 – Anti-Treaty forces burn the home of Free State Senator John Philip Bagwell at Marlfield, Clonmel, Co Tipperary" 1714:

By early 1923, the offensive capability of the IRA had been seriously eroded and when, in February 1923, the Republican leader

1528: 1401: 815: 467: 3715: 7559: 7440: 6471: 5268: 5231: 5212: 5054: 5031: 4992: 4971: 4950: 4929: 4908: 4885: 4675: 4180: 4021: 3346: 3037: 2992: 2438: 2312: 2157: 1816: 1789:

ruled on 31 July 1923 that a state of war no longer existed, and consequently the internment of Republicans, permitted under

1597: 1475:

With Dublin in pro-treaty hands, conflict spread throughout the country. The war started with the anti-treaty forces holding

1141: 846:, and Sinn Féin, descended from the rump anti-Treaty and irredentist republican party left behind by De Valera's supporters. 788: 768: 472: 4512: 4086: 7342: 6725: 6611: 5143: 4116: 3388: 1490:

The large towns in Ireland were all relatively easily taken by the Free State in August 1922. Collins, Richard Mulcahy and

907:

religion) to opt out of the new state and return to the United Kingdom – which it did immediately. With the

407: 4858: 3717: 1864: 1634:. In all, out of around 12,000 Republican prisoners taken in the conflict, 81 were officially executed by the Free State. 6680: 6593: 6550: 3561: 2600:, p. 71: de Valera stated in a speech in Killarney in March 1922, that if the Treaty was accepted by the electorate, 1642: 1261: 1190: 775:. The Provisional Government (which became the Free State in December 1922) supported the terms of the treaty, while the 311: 5761: 5498: 4823: 4371: 7445: 7209: 7112: 6606: 6517: 6292: 6095: 6055: 6043: 6038: 6026: 5954: 5766: 5661: 1650: 981: 956: 3636: 6302: 6021: 5890: 5075: 4638: 3716:

Hederman, Anthony J.; Committee to Review the Offences Against the State Acts, 1939–1998 and Related Matters (2002).

2602:"IRA men will have to march over the dead bodies of their own brothers. They will have to wade through Irish blood." 1852: 7468: 6492: 6124: 6067: 6007: 5853: 5482: 5434: 5244: 3080:, p. 127: Both are National Army estimates but there were not precises figures for either force at that point. 2112: 1947: 1911: 1786: 5175: 5163: 1408:. Towards the end of the war, they were implicated in some notorious atrocities against anti-treaty guerrillas in 7564: 7105: 6732: 6178: 5514: 5264: 5203: 1303: 1286: 1084: 480: 462: 5836: 875:. The treaty provided for a self-governing Irish state, having its own army and police. The Treaty also allowed 6737: 6633: 6307: 6287: 6242: 5940: 5895: 5538: 4209: 1240: 1024: 1003: 977: 604: 180: 1841: 6715: 6424: 6338: 5746: 5691: 5404: 2025: 1984:

and Free State supporters; while the government executed anti-treaty prisoners, officially and unofficially.

1257: 237: 947:. The British suggested dominion status in secret correspondence even before treaty negotiations began, but 7372: 6690: 6616: 6466: 6399: 6323: 6197: 6154: 5921: 5751: 5458: 5111: 1355: 1326:

was exploded in the PRO, leaving priceless manuscripts floating over the city for several hours afterward.

1007: 960: 660: 4584: 4482: 4440: 4057: 3691: 6710: 6083: 5815: 5284: 2148: 2129: 2125: 2079: 2044: 1903:

took the form of actively assisting the British in the conflict. Such attacks should have ended with the

1797: 1366: 1219: 710: 581: 2454: 1680:

The IRA were unable to maintain an effective guerrilla campaign, given the gradual loss of support. The

7415: 7054: 6720: 6414: 4577:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 13 - 07 December, 1925 - Treaty (Confirmation of Amending Agreement) Bill, 1925" 4475:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 13 - 07 December, 1925 - Treaty (Confirmation of Amending Agreement) Bill, 1925" 1458: 1319: 807: 523: 450: 294: 39: 4159:

Communist International Resolution on the Terror in Saorsát Éireann, Workers' Republic, 6 January 1923

7569: 7122: 6978: 6698: 6512: 6434: 6419: 6404: 6252: 6187: 6149: 6139: 6129: 5989: 5651: 2676: 1820: 1765: 1631: 1446: 1112: 864: 741: 665: 628: 587: 7140: 5731: 5696: 5600: 5279: 4801:, and made compulsory for newspapers by Béaslaí as the Director of Communications of the Free State. 4050:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 2 - 31 January, 1923 - Adjournment of the Dail. – Proclamation re Kidnapping" 2373: 776: 7579: 7574: 7534: 7367: 6497: 6111: 5152: 3684:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 3 - 10 May, 1923 - Finance Bill, 1923. – Adjournment Motion—Peace Proposals" 1967: 1641:

on 7 December 1922. The next day four prominent Republicans held since the first week of the war —

1157: 705: 4433:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 5 - 19 September, 1923 - The Adjournment.—Position of Anti-Treaty Deputies" 3316: 2736: 2706: 2640: 7549: 7435: 7384: 7100: 6852: 6601: 6461: 6267: 6212: 6202: 6169: 6002: 5914: 5711: 5299: 5136:

The final siege of Limerick City from 7 July until 21 July 1922, on the Limerick Leader web site.

4402: 4217: 4082:

Evidence on conditions in Ireland: comprising the complete testimony, affidavits and exhibits ...

3790: 3765: 2899:, p. 29: "It is probable that the execution of the ... field marshal was ordered by Collins" 2496: 2302: 2185: 2184:

is a tragicomedy that criticises the civil war and the foolishness that led to it. Irish writer

2100: 2087: 1996: 1956: 1934: 1876: 1741: 1561:

were based, and Dublin, where small-scale but regular attacks were mounted on Free State troops.

1500: 1361:

The Anti-Treaty IRA claimed that it was defending the Irish Republic declared in 1916 during the

1236: 1153: 1063: 989: 822:

The conflict left Irish society divided and embittered for generations. Today, the three largest

799: 593: 343: 300: 285: 213: 52: 2055:

Ireland and in return its agreed share of the Imperial debt under the 1921 Treaty was not paid.

1463: 7455: 7332: 6958: 6478: 6333: 6222: 6173: 5820: 3286: 2968: 2757: 1429:

recruited for their technical expertise. A number of the senior Free State commanders, such as

1389: 993: 4776:

History in Literature: A Reader's Guide to 20th Century History and the Literature It Inspired

4745: 4170: 4011: 3029: 7117: 7088: 6621: 1987: 1904: 1785:

The Free State government had started peace negotiations in early May, which broke down. The

1694: 1516: 1468: 1031: 695: 680: 5844: 4665: 2403: 1895:, with its extensive library of historical documents. Bagwell was kidnapped and held in the 1776:Éamon de Valera supported the order, issuing a statement to Anti-Treaty fighters on 24 May: 1329:

Pitched battles continued in Dublin until 5 July. IRA units from the Dublin Brigade, led by

7487: 7254: 7025: 7002: 6787: 6673: 6527: 6502: 6371: 6192: 6164: 5859: 5849: 5361: 5340: 5335: 5236: 5123: 2177: 2091: 1224: 1149: 1089: 973: 908: 610: 455: 5864: 3725:. Official publications. Vol. Pn.12224. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 47, §4.2. 2115:. By the 1950s, the issues over which the Civil War had been fought were largely settled. 8: 7362: 7264: 7160: 7048: 6893: 6583: 6573: 6483: 6159: 6016: 5997: 5951: 5880: 5756: 5686: 5196: 5099: 4798: 3861: 2004: 1927: 1892: 1801: 1758: 1442: 1334: 1100: 1070:

during the War of Independence. Most of the IRA units in Munster were against the treaty.

996:

on Ireland's south western and north western coasts which were to remain occupied by the

827: 7189: 491: 7389: 7322: 7317: 7244: 7227: 7145: 6832: 6827: 6760: 6389: 6257: 6207: 6144: 6119: 6115: 6033: 5977: 5721: 5250: 4504: 3988: 3770: 3745: 2137: 2108: 1585: 1566: 1043: 892: 860: 772: 685: 616: 338: 223: 2619:, Irish Book Bureau, Dublin; pp. 66–68. "Sceilg" was a supporter of de Valera in 1922. 2181: 1867:. Among the prominent senators whose homes were attacked were: Palmerstown House near 1210: 952: 843: 267: 7420: 7350: 7070: 6932: 6797: 6703: 6653: 6568: 6429: 6343: 5671: 5081: 5071: 5050: 5043: 5027: 4988: 4967: 4946: 4925: 4904: 4897: 4881: 4715: 4671: 4634: 4176: 4017: 3920: 3422: 3033: 3022: 2988: 2434: 2308: 2253: 1658: 1534: 1307: 1265: 1133: 1011: 924: 912: 700: 633: 569: 563: 255: 6926: 6663: 5797: 5776: 5181: 4013:

Lady Gregory's Journals: Book one to twenty-nine, 10 October 1916 – 24 February 1925

2143: 333: 7279: 7259: 7080: 7035: 6409: 6090: 6072: 5959: 5466: 5356: 5330: 5274: 5240: 2699:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 2 - 28 April, 1922 - Mr. McEntee's 10 questions of 28 April" 2633:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 2 - 28 April, 1922 - Mr. McEntee's 10 questions of 28 April" 2165: 2096: 1896: 1734: 1484: 1297: 985: 932: 880: 876: 811: 803: 745: 675: 557: 551: 445: 241: 184: 129: 104: 82: 5450: 3338: 1781:

must be allowed to rest for the moment with those who have destroyed the Republic.

1164: 1000:. All these issues were the cause of a split in the IRA and ultimately civil war. 791:

during the War of Independence, and had divided after that conflict ended and the

47: 7379: 7307: 7302: 7132: 7010: 6937: 6578: 6237: 5656: 5620: 5592: 5170: 5147: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5065: 5021: 4982: 4961: 4940: 4919: 4875: 4839: 4080: 2404:"Official Correspondence relating to the Peace Negotiations June–September, 1921" 1880: 1681: 1661:

of captured anti-treaty fighters. The most notorious example of this occurred at

1491: 1438: 1244: 1145: 1108: 1053: 210: 198: 193: 160: 5474: 5140: 4108: 1092:" with the British Commonwealth rather than be a member of it (the inclusion of 955:

rejected the dominion. The treaty also stipulated that members of the new Irish

7514: 7410: 7249: 7237: 7015: 6078: 6062: 6012: 5792: 5530: 5371: 5189: 4850: 4719: 3380: 2872: 2062: 1884: 1698: 1670: 1542: 1345: 1274: 972:

This oath was highly objectionable to many Irish Republicans. Furthermore, the

968:

membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of nations.

928: 868: 787:

of 1916. Many of the combatants had fought together against the British in the

780: 753: 749: 733: 690: 328: 218: 148: 5584: 5506: 4815: 4535:"Why 'The Big Fellow' has little to teach political parties in modern Ireland" 3553: 3451:(PhD thesis). National University of Ireland Maynooth. pp. 70–72, 302–4. 2188:

says the play's theme is an "orchestrated hymn against all poverty and hate."

2133: 2070: 1916: 835: 7528: 7065: 6898: 6772: 6247: 6232: 5726: 5706: 5701: 5681: 5641: 5304: 5289: 5085: 4379: 2276:

Claregalway Historical Society Sharing our historical & cultural heritage

1963: 1812: 1538: 1434: 1362: 1330: 1048: 1039: 936: 896: 888: 884: 784: 575: 5716: 2257: 2213:"The Irish Civil War Fatalities Project: death and killing in the Civil War" 1638: 1176: 1067: 7219: 7155: 7150: 7060: 7043: 6868: 6807: 6297: 6282: 5810: 5646: 5522: 5490: 5412: 5314: 4172:

British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence and Ireland, 1916–1945

3632: 2794: 1872: 1750: 1654: 1646: 1611: 1546: 1512: 1430: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1181: 1035: 810:

against the anti-Treaty strongholds of the south and west, especially the '

20: 5828: 5802: 4746:"Events: Text of Irish Republican Army (IRA) 'Green Book' (Book I and II)" 1883:(who had helped to establish the rural co-operative schemes), and Senator 1764:

It is often suggested by historians including Professor Michael Laffan of

1313:

Collins ordered Mulcahy to accept a British offer of two 18-pounder field

1260:, a prominent security adviser to the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, 1059: 948: 839: 670: 7356: 7269: 6968: 6912: 6873: 6134: 5771: 5676: 5666: 5442: 5426: 5309: 4301: 2111:) left the British Commonwealth and described the state as a republic in 2099:

broke out in 1939, the state was able to demonstrate its independence by

1962:

The majority of Irish-Americans supported the treaty, including those in

1938:

of the 26 counties fell from some 10.4% of the total population to 7.4%.

1860: 1848: 1808: 1615: 1554: 1496: 1476: 1417: 1194: 903: – where collectively the majority population was of the 900: 250: 1372: 7450: 6973: 6883: 6847: 6837: 6643: 5885: 5741: 5736: 5562: 3445:

The Government's Executions Policy During the Irish Civil War 1922–1923

2555: 2374:"Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Series: Anglo-Irish Treaty: Text of" 2161: 1790: 1715: 1662: 1607: 1537:. After the fall of Cork, Lynch ordered IRA units to disperse and form 997: 904: 315: 7094: 1602: 976:, which had already been decided by the Westminster parliament in the 364:

National Army: c. 55,000 soldiers and 3,500 officers by end of the war

7482: 7203: 6987: 6842: 6817: 6792: 6217: 4109:"SAOIRSE32 - Images of orphans burned out during Civil War uncovered" 2104: 1923: 1746: 1685: 1666: 1606:

Memorial to the Republican soldiers executed by Free State forces at

1323: 1314: 1120: 1116: 944: 831: 760: 56: 7168: 6888: 2987:. ESSENTIAL HISTORIES. Vol. 70. Osprey Publishing. p. 40. 1581:

of Free State Senators and of many of the Anglo-Irish landed class.

1107:

on 17 March 1922. During the tour he made controversial speeches at

7394: 7327: 6992: 6878: 6822: 6227: 4667:

Propaganda, Censorship and Irish Neutrality in the Second World War

1480: 1270: 923:

for which nationalists had fought, the Irish Free State would be a

920: 2729:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 2 - 28 April, 1922 - Department of Defence" 2497:"Dáil Éireann debate -Tuesday, 10 Jan 1922: Election of President" 1519:, was fought when Free State troops advanced south from Limerick. 1302:

On 26 June anti-treaty forces occupying the Four Courts kidnapped

399: 7312: 7297: 7196: 6983: 6963: 5937: 5906: 4851:"The Irish Civil War 1922–23 – A Study of the Conventional Phase" 1888: 1550: 1385: 1124: 1104: 4921:

Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923–2000

3651: 3255: 3253: 2531: 2136:; and Free State supporters W. T. Cosgrave, Richard Mulcahy and 1533:

Government victories in the major towns inaugurated a period of

814:', successfully capturing all urban centres by late August. The 7182: 7175: 7020: 6953: 6812: 5376: 2871:, p. 112: "Joe Sweeney, the pro-treaty military leader in 2669:"Dáil Éireann - Volume 2 - 26 April, 1922 - Appendix to Report" 2612: 2579: 2477: 1838:

Destruction of country houses in the Irish revolutionary period

1549:

and Mayo in the west. Sporadic fighting also took place around

1508: 940: 740:; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the 4236: 2220: 2058: 1740:

Lynch, the Republican leader, was killed in a skirmish in the

7232: 6802: 5151:

From the Official Report of the Parliamentary Debates of the

3821:"PUBLIC SAFETY (EMERGENCY POWERS) BILL, 1923. – SECOND STAGE" 3250: 2455:"Dáil Éireann debate - Monday, 19 Dec 1921: Debate on Treaty" 1887:(which was unsuccessful). Also burned was Marlfield House in 1504: 3576: 3238: 2914: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3214: 3189: 2926: 2567: 1868: 1669:, which was detonated, killing eight and only leaving one, 4085:

Washington: American Commission on Conditions in Ireland.

3139: 3137: 3135: 2938: 2764: 1991:

Red Cross ambulance passing the G.P.O. on Sackville Street

915:

took place within the newly formed Northern Ireland. See:

6920: 4455: 3226: 3184:

From Pogrom to Civil War, Tom Glennon and the Belfast IRA

3096: 2519: 521: 5004:

The Big Fellow: Michael Collins and the Irish Revolution

4942:

Kerry Landing, August, 1922: An Episode of the Civil War

4725: 3894: 3870: 3843: 3613: 3536:

McMahon, Deirdre (Winter 1998). Noel Barber S.J. (ed.).

3504: 3479: 3361: 3120: 3108: 3071: 3059: 3054:

The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence 1918–1923

3001: 2950: 2902: 2890: 2862: 2804: 2776: 1251: 6349:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

4696: 4611: 4599: 4557: 3132: 3083: 2825: 2773:, pp. 258–259: Younger gives the date as 14 April. 2591: 2252:. National Graves Association. 1985. pp. 130–154. 1376:

National Army soldiers escorting an IRA prisoner of war

4841:

A record of some mansions and houses destroyed 1922–23

3882: 2878: 2837: 1189:

On 14 April 1922, 200 Anti-Treaty IRA militants, with

1083:

Upon the Treaty's ratification, de Valera resigned as

7540:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

5211: 3601: 3476:

Murphy, Government Policy of Executions, pp. 299–300.

2543: 1899:, but later released when reprisals were threatened. 1559:

Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army

6079:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3791:"Public Safety (Emergency Powers) (No. 2) Act, 1923" 1018: 1404:. In the new National Army, they were known as the 5042: 4896: 4844:. The Irish Claims Compensation Association. 1924. 4372:"Sorry this website is moved to PoliceHistory.com" 3021: 2433:(6th ed.). London: Fontana. pp. 233–35. 1273:and aeroplanes. However, on the advice of General 854: 6442:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 1665:, where nine Republican prisoners were tied to a 1243:controlled only Dublin and some other areas like 1163:By putting ten questions to Mulcahy on 28 April, 879:(the six north-eastern counties – 7526: 3427:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2627: 2625: 1637:The Anti-Treaty IRA in reprisal assassinated TD 1499:in the west. In the south, landings occurred at 1205: 1171: 7288:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 5159:List of National Army soldiers killed in action 1995:The 2023 Irish Civil War Fatalities Project, a 1673:, who was blown clear by the blast, to escape. 1584:In October 1922, de Valera and the anti-treaty 1452: 959:(parliament) would have to take the following " 5112:The Irish Story archive on the Irish Civil War 4403:"100 years since beginning of Irish Civil War" 3409:. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024 3158:The Republic, The Fight For Irish Independence 2341:"Belfast County Borough Religious Census 1926" 1842:Irish Unionist Party § Southern Unionists 1831: 1388:or handguns. They also took a small number of 1077:Provisional Government of the Irish Free State 73:(10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) 16:1922–1923 conflict between factions of the IRA 5922: 5197: 5100:Historical artefacts from the Irish Civil War 4259:"Casualties of the Irish Civil War in Dublin" 3711: 3709: 2622: 2368: 2366: 1771: 507: 415: 59:aboard a troop transport during the Civil War 5019: 5001: 4797:The term The Irregulars was first coined by 4078: 3766:"Public Safety (Emergency Powers) Act, 1923" 3657: 2944: 2932: 2585: 2573: 2537: 2489: 2483: 2447: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1591: 1094:republics within the Commonwealth of Nations 917:The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) 6051:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4657: 3750:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2799:The Irish Civil War, an Illustrated History 1214:National Army soldiers during the Civil War 992:and the British retention of the strategic 873:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 7474:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 5929: 5915: 5204: 5190: 4938: 4400: 4274:"Civil War casualties in County Tipperary" 3706: 3542:. Studies. Vol. 87. p. 346. 348. 3301:The Aftermath of Revolution: Sligo 1921–23 3259: 3232: 3220: 3195: 3126: 2956: 2896: 2363: 2244: 2242: 1630:of acclaimed author and treaty negotiator 1269:operation that would have involved tanks, 1096:was not formally implemented until 1949). 514: 500: 422: 408: 4959: 4670:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 9. 4461: 4334:List of Gardaí killed in the line of duty 4242: 3907: 3876: 3849: 3619: 3607: 3582: 3510: 3485: 3367: 3244: 3114: 3102: 3077: 3065: 3007: 2920: 2908: 2868: 2831: 2810: 2782: 2597: 2197: 744:and accompanied the establishment of the 7293:Association football in Northern Ireland 4963:Green Against Green: The Irish Civil War 4210:"The Irish Civil War Fatalities Project" 2980: 2142: 2057: 1986: 1601: 1462: 1371: 1344: 1209: 1175: 1058: 798:The Civil War was won by the pro-treaty 6489:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 5178:during Irish Civil War at omniatlas.com 5063: 4873: 4731: 4702: 4617: 4605: 4563: 4168: 4009: 3888: 3671:The Irish Experience: A Concise History 3535: 2884: 2843: 2770: 2428: 2300: 2239: 1483:and Waterford as part of a self-styled 1349:Dan Breen's appeal to Free State troops 919:. Rather than creating the independent 7527: 5010: 4980: 4894: 4294: 4271: 4256: 4207: 3732:from the original on 11 September 2008 3441: 3401: 3019: 2561: 2549: 2525: 2176:According to Edward Quinn, the play " 1529:Guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War 1340: 816:guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War 6758: 6548: 6369: 5975: 5910: 5185: 4917: 4861:from the original on 18 December 2014 4848: 4708: 4684:from the original on 28 December 2019 4569: 4189:from the original on 25 December 2019 4089:from the original on 26 December 2019 4030:from the original on 28 December 2019 3458:from the original on 12 February 2019 2321:from the original on 30 December 2019 2282:from the original on 31 December 2019 2171: 1701:if they persist in such evil courses. 1598:Executions during the Irish Civil War 1291: 1252:Assassination of Field Marshal Wilson 1099:In early March, de Valera formed the 863:was agreed upon to end the 1919–1921 495: 403: 5040: 4663: 4545:from the original on 2 November 2011 3955:Stair na hÉireann/History of Ireland 3391:from the original on 18 August 2024. 3349:from the original on 5 February 2012 3278: 2118: 2037: 1280: 783:that had been proclaimed during the 4899:De Valera: long fellow, long shadow 4743: 4652:Politics in the Republic of Ireland 4631:Politics in the Republic of Ireland 3961:from the original on 24 August 2019 3564:from the original on 5 October 2012 2857:The politics of the Irish civil war 2507:from the original on 31 August 2019 2465:from the original on 24 August 2020 2351:from the original on 11 August 2014 2304:The Politics of the Irish Civil War 1729:As the conflict petered out into a 429: 13: 6518:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 6293:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 6091:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 5936: 5767:Patrick McGrath (Irish republican) 5124:North Kerry in the Irish Civil War 4880:. Educational Company of Ireland. 4826:from the original on 3 August 2020 4401:McElhatton, Shane (28 June 2022). 4224:from the original on 29 April 2024 4119:from the original on 28 April 2019 3931:from the original on 26 March 2009 3690:. 22 November 2005. Archived from 3211:, London: Osprey, 2008, pp. 23–24. 2410:from the original on 30 March 2017 2227:from the original on 29 April 2024 1941: 1851:landowners and some less well-off 1800:was held on 27 August 1923, which 14: 7591: 6303:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 5891:Provisional Irish Republican Army 5232:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) 5213:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) 5093: 4756:from the original on 4 March 2016 4629:John Coakley, Michael Gallagher, 4515:from the original on 16 July 2012 4413:from the original on 29 June 2022 3831:from the original on 8 March 2016 3801:from the original on 2 March 2016 3778:from the original on 2 March 2016 3639:from the original on 24 July 2023 2735:. 23 October 2007. Archived from 2705:. 24 October 2007. Archived from 2639:. 24 October 2007. Archived from 2564:, pp. 116–117, 147, 158–159. 2211:Bielenberg, Andy (6 March 2024). 2014: 2009:Criminal Investigation Department 1930:on board a Royal Navy destroyer. 1709: 1193:as their spokesman, occupied the 1019:Split in the Nationalist movement 1006:, the Irish finance minister and 789:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) 769:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) 765:Provisional Government of Ireland 748:, an entity independent from the 648: 7555:Monarchy in the Irish Free State 7508: 6472:Tallest buildings and structures 5854:Communist Party of Great Britain 5141:The Dáil Treaty Debates 1921–22. 4874:Collins, Mary Elizabeth (1993). 4768: 4737: 4644: 4623: 4581:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 4527: 4497: 4479:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 4467: 4437:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 4425: 4394: 4364: 4351: 4338: 4326: 4316: 4295:Dillon, Eoin (15 October 1988). 4288: 4248: 4201: 4162: 4153: 4141: 4131: 4101: 4072: 4054:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 3688:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 2673:historical-debates.oireachtas.ie 2113:The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 1948:Communist Party of Great Britain 1912:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 1787:High Court of Justice in Ireland 1522: 599:The Troubles in Northern Ireland 154: 141: 122: 46: 4808: 4042: 4003: 3973: 3943: 3913: 3855: 3813: 3758: 3676: 3663: 3625: 3588: 3546: 3539:The Politician – A Reassessment 3529: 3516: 3491: 3470: 3435: 3395: 3373: 3331: 3313:"Duleek Hunger Strike Monument" 3305: 3293: 3265: 3201: 3176: 3163: 3150: 3046: 3013: 2974: 2962: 2849: 2816: 2788: 2751: 2721: 2691: 2661: 2605: 2384:from the original on 3 May 2021 2210: 1973: 1287:Timeline of the Irish Civil War 1010:(IRB) president, argued in the 855:The treaty and its consequences 7545:Civil wars of the 20th century 6308:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 5896:Official Irish Republican Army 5367:Anti-Treaty Guerrilla Campaign 5164:War Memorials of the Civil War 4924:. Cambridge University Press. 4791: 4481:. p. 1313. Archived from 4346:Eoin O'Duffy: A Self Made Hero 4175:. Boydell Press. p. 115. 3987:. January 1923. Archived from 3442:Murphy, Breen Timothy (2010). 3147:, London: Osprey, 2008, p. 23. 3093:, London: Osprey, 2008, p. 22. 2422: 2396: 2333: 2294: 2264: 1025:IRA and the Anglo-Irish Treaty 978:Government of Ireland Act 1920 386:637 Irish National Army killed 1: 6370: 5295:Collaboration with the Abwehr 4939:Harrington, Niall C. (1992). 4583:. 7 June 2011. Archived from 4439:. 7 June 2011. Archived from 4056:. 7 June 2011. Archived from 3921:"Ireland Newspaper Abstracts" 3381:"Acts of the Oireachtas 1922" 2675:. 7 June 2011. Archived from 1978: 1206:Delay until the June election 1172:Occupation of the Four Courts 849: 7373:Northern Ireland flags issue 6549: 6324:List of conflicts in Ireland 6068:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 5837:Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann 5315:Officials-Provisionals split 4784: 4359:The Birth of Irish Democracy 3827:. Oireachtas. 26 June 1923. 3209:The Irish Civil War, 1922–23 3145:The Irish Civil War, 1922–23 3091:The Irish Civil War, 1922–23 3024:Michael Collins: A Biography 1915:action that they instituted 1471:in Passage West, August 1922 1453:Free State takes major towns 1356:Irish Republican Brotherhood 1008:Irish Republican Brotherhood 779:saw it as a betrayal of the 738:Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann 661:Irish Republican Brotherhood 605:Creation of Northern Ireland 7: 6759: 6344:Gaelic clothing and fashion 5976: 5816:National Graves Association 5285:Irish republican legitimism 4960:Hopkinson, Michael (1988). 4509:sarasmichaelcollinssite.com 4016:. Oxford University Press. 2984:The Irish Civil War 1922–23 2971:memoirs (1928), chapter 46. 2080:Statute of Westminster 1931 2045:Ulster Special Constabulary 1832:Attacks on former Unionists 1420:, where they had served in 711:Ulster Special Constabulary 10: 7596: 5045:Liam Lynch: the real chief 4079:Albert Coyle, ed. (1921). 3981:"DCU chronology of Events" 2307:. OUP Oxford. p. 11. 1835: 1772:Aftermath of the ceasefire 1595: 1526: 1459:Irish Free State offensive 1456: 1320:Irish Public Record Office 1295: 1284: 1180:The Four Courts along the 1156:and the disbanding of the 1066:Flying Column No. 2 under 1022: 539: 71:28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923 40:Irish revolutionary period 18: 7504: 7403: 7341: 7278: 7218: 7131: 7079: 7034: 7001: 6946: 6911: 6861: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6754: 6689: 6592: 6561: 6557: 6544: 6454: 6382: 6378: 6365: 6316: 6104: 5988: 5984: 5971: 5947: 5873: 5785: 5632: 5395: 5349: 5323: 5219: 5002:O'Connor, Frank (1969) . 4505:"Craig-Collins Agreement" 2733:oireachtas-debates.gov.ie 2703:oireachtas-debates.gov.ie 2637:oireachtas-debates.gov.ie 1821:1923 Irish Hunger Strikes 1766:University College Dublin 1592:Atrocities and executions 1545:in the east and counties 1422:disbanded Irish regiments 1085:President of the Republic 865:Irish War of Independence 793:treaty negotiations began 742:Irish War of Independence 666:Irish Parliamentary Party 656: 647: 629:1923 Irish hunger strikes 547: 538: 534: 441: 393: 380: 355: 276: 168: 114: 93:Pro-Treaty forces victory 63: 45: 37: 32: 7560:Revolutions of 1917–1923 5153:Houses of the Oireachtas 5129:25 February 2011 at the 5064:Younger, Calton (1968). 5020:O'Malley, Ernie (1978). 4895:Coogan, Tim Pat (1993). 4113:saoirse32.dreamwidth.org 3020:Coogan, Tim Pat (1991). 2981:Cottrell, Peter (2008). 2429:Younger, Calton (1988). 2191: 2029:Cosgrave told the Dáil: 1968:Friends of Irish Freedom 1871:, which belonged to the 1400:and assassination unit, 1158:Royal Irish Constabulary 939:, in the same manner as 706:Royal Irish Constabulary 19:Not to be confused with 7465:Prostitution (Republic) 5806:(1922–26 & 1938–69) 5169:15 October 2013 at the 4218:University College Cork 2822:Hopkinson, 1988, p. 110 2160:and the pro-Free State 2147:Alfred Hitchock's 1930 1997:University College Cork 1957:Communist International 1742:Knockmealdown Mountains 1154:Irish Republican Police 1064:Third Tipperary Brigade 594:1920 Cork hunger strike 344:Irish Republican Police 314:(officially termed the 295:Citizens' Defence Force 7565:Wars involving Ireland 6334:List of Irish kingdoms 5821:Comhairle na Poblachta 5280:Comhairle na dTeachtaí 5255:in relation to the IRA 5105:4 October 2011 at the 4984:The Civil War, 1922–23 4966:. Gill and Macmillan. 4849:Walsh, Paul V (1998). 4169:McMahon, Paul (2008). 3633:"The Irish Revolution" 3596:The Civil War in Kerry 3407:"RTE The History Show" 3339:"Civil War Executions" 3171:The Civil War in Kerry 2301:Kissane, Bill (2005). 2152: 2130:2020 general elections 2065: 2035: 1992: 1891:, the home of Senator 1829: 1783: 1703: 1618: 1472: 1377: 1350: 1220:first election in 1922 1215: 1186: 1071: 970: 777:anti-Treaty opposition 763:was waged between the 737: 701:Ulster Volunteer Force 367:Air Service: 10 planes 169:Commanders and leaders 7441:Mass media (Republic) 7385:National coat of arms 6273:IRA Northern Campaign 5146:29 March 2017 at the 5117:27 March 2013 at the 4981:Neeson, Eoin (1989). 4664:Cole, Robert (2006). 4272:Dorney, John (2017). 4257:Dorney, John (2012). 4010:Gregory, IAP (1978). 2146: 2061: 2031: 2026:boundary negotiations 1990: 1905:Truce of 11 July 1921 1825: 1778: 1690: 1605: 1517:Battle of Killmallock 1469:Peerless armoured car 1466: 1445:, David Robinson and 1375: 1348: 1304:JJ "Ginger" O'Connell 1213: 1179: 1150:1921 general election 1142:Irish Republican Army 1140:More seriously, many 1062: 1032:Mansion House, Dublin 988:as a dominion in the 965: 911:a two-year period of 808:went on the offensive 696:Ulster Unionist Party 681:Irish Republican Army 394:Civilians: 336 killed 381:Casualties and losses 103:Consolidation of the 7363:County coats of arms 7255:List of Irish people 6329:List of Irish tribes 6179:Cromwellian conquest 6165:Plantation of Ulster 6096:Ireland (since 1922) 5860:Wolfe Tone Societies 5850:Connolly Association 5362:Battle of Kilmallock 5341:IRA Southern Command 5336:IRA Northern Command 5015:. Four Square Books. 5011:Taylor, Rex (1958). 4918:Dolan, Anne (2006). 4778:(2004), pp. 184–185. 4744:Melaugh, Dr Martin. 4650:Coakley, Gallagher, 4382:on 18 September 2009 4269:on 7 September 2013. 4147:"Up the Rebels!" in 3825:Dáil Éireann debates 3660:, pp. 222, 229. 3554:"Phoenix Publishing" 2617:A Trinity of Martyrs 2540:, pp. 158, 163. 2178:Juno and the Paycock 1697:nor admitted to the 1090:external association 990:British Commonwealth 984:, the status of the 974:partition of Ireland 909:Partition of Ireland 806:by early July, then 767:and the anti-Treaty 611:Partition of Ireland 451:Free State offensive 232:Military commanders: 175:Military commanders: 164:(anti-Treaty forces) 133:(pro-Treaty forces) 55:soldiers armed with 7478:in Northern Ireland 7469:in Northern Ireland 7210:Legendary creatures 7123:Traditional singing 6959:Saint Patrick's Day 6594:Republic of Ireland 6523:Tourist attractions 6508:ROI–UK border 6493:of Northern Ireland 6446:in Northern Ireland 6278:IRA Border Campaign 6253:War of Independence 6223:Second Great Famine 6208:Act of Union (1800) 6160:Flight of the Earls 6017:Lordship of Ireland 5952:Republic of Ireland 5881:Republican Congress 5310:Haughey arms crisis 5067:Ireland's Civil War 5041:Ryan, Meda (1986). 4297:"Now for the Split" 3865:The Gates Flew Open 3694:on 22 November 2005 3585:, pp. 235–236. 3405:(4 December 2022). 3273:The Battle for Cork 3262:, pp. 130–131. 3247:, pp. 160–161. 3156:Charles Townshend, 3056:(2014), pp. 439–441 3052:Charles Townshend, 2923:, pp. 115–116. 2588:, pp. 170–174. 2528:, pp. 114–115. 2486:, pp. 174–184. 2431:Ireland's Civil War 1893:John Philip Bagwell 1802:Cumann na nGaedheal 1341:The opposing forces 1258:Henry Hughes Wilson 1131:In a letter to the 1101:Cumann na Poblachta 828:Republic of Ireland 588:War of Independence 582:Conscription Crisis 524:Irish revolutionary 7515:Ireland portal 6833:Skirts and kidneys 6339:List of High Kings 6258:Anglo-Irish Treaty 6198:First Great Famine 6183:Settlement of 1652 6155:Tyrone's Rebellion 6145:Desmond Rebellions 6034:Kingdom of Ireland 5845:Córas na Poblachta 5712:Tomás Ó Dubhghaill 5614:Ruairí Ó Brádaigh 5251:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4357:Tom Garvin, 1922, 4344:Fearghal McGarry, 4208:Bielenberg, Andy. 3957:. 9 January 2018. 3925:irelandoldnews.com 3867:(1932), ch. 34–38. 3795:Irish Statute Book 3771:Irish Statute Book 3669:Thomas E. Hachey, 3385:Irish Statute Book 2739:on 23 October 2007 2709:on 24 October 2007 2643:on 24 October 2007 2172:Fictional accounts 2153: 2109:Clann na Poblachta 2066: 1993: 1917:Arbitration Courts 1853:Southern Unionists 1798:A general election 1761:in the operation. 1619: 1473: 1378: 1367:IRA Chief of Staff 1351: 1292:Fighting in Dublin 1216: 1187: 1072: 1044:David Lloyd George 961:Oath of Allegiance 861:Anglo-Irish Treaty 773:Anglo-Irish Treaty 686:Irish Citizen Army 617:Anglo-Irish Treaty 339:Irish Citizen Army 262:Political leaders: 205:Political leaders: 57:Lewis machine guns 7522: 7521: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7495: 6907: 6906: 6798:Bacon and cabbage 6750: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6617:Foreign relations 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6467:Notable buildings 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 5904: 5903: 5865:Clann na hÉireann 5841: 5833: 5825: 5807: 5732:Seán Mac Stíofáin 5697:Máirtín Ó Cadhain 5625: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5601:Ruairí Ó Brádaigh 5597: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5555:Willie McGuinness 5551: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5382:Northern Campaign 5377:Sabotage Campaign 5237:British Partition 5155: 5056:978-0-85342-764-3 5049:. Mercier Press. 5033:978-0-900068-40-9 5023:The Singing Flame 4994:978-1-85371-013-1 4973:978-0-7171-1202-9 4952:978-0-947962-70-8 4931:978-0-521-02698-7 4910:978-0-09-175030-5 4887:978-0-86167-305-6 4877:Ireland 1868–1966 4716:Wicklow Mountains 4677:978-0-7486-2277-1 4284:on 29 April 2017. 4182:978-1-84383-376-5 4023:978-0-19-519886-7 3991:on 27 August 2007 3862:O'Donnell, Peadar 3797:. 3 August 1923. 3774:. 1 August 1923. 3635:. 13 March 2016. 3284:In the 1996 film 3223:, pp. 37–38. 3198:, pp. 67–68. 3039:978-0-09-968580-7 3028:. Arrow. p. 2994:978-1-84603-270-7 2501:www.oireachtas.ie 2459:www.oireachtas.ie 2440:978-0-00-686098-3 2378:National archives 2314:978-0-19-927355-3 2151:of O'Casey's play 2119:Legacy and memory 2101:remaining neutral 2038:Political results 1922:The IRA burnt an 1659:summary execution 1579:burning the homes 1535:guerrilla warfare 1281:Course of the war 1266:Winston Churchill 1134:Irish Independent 913:communal conflict 824:political parties 723: 722: 719: 718: 643: 642: 634:Irish Army Mutiny 570:Larne gun-running 564:Howth gun-running 489: 488: 398: 397: 137:Military support: 110: 109: 7587: 7570:Irish Free State 7513: 7512: 7511: 7190:Tuatha Dé Danann 6778: 6777: 6769: 6768: 6756: 6755: 6691:Northern Ireland 6669: 6659: 6649: 6559: 6558: 6546: 6545: 6380: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6243:Home Rule crisis 6073:Northern Ireland 5986: 5985: 5973: 5972: 5960:Northern Ireland 5931: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5805: 5762:Éamonn O'Doherty 5757:Peadar O'Donnell 5687:Seamus O'Donovan 5652:Erskine Childers 5623: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5469: 5467:Mick Fitzpatrick 5461: 5453: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5407: 5357:Battle of Dublin 5331:IRA Army Council 5275:Munster Republic 5245:Southern Ireland 5241:Northern Ireland 5206: 5199: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5150: 5089: 5060: 5048: 5037: 5016: 5007: 4998: 4977: 4956: 4935: 4914: 4902: 4891: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4378:. Archived from 4368: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4280:. Archived from 4270: 4265:. 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Archived from 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3271:John Borgonovo, 3269: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3207:Cottrell, Peter 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3182:Kieran Glennon, 3180: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3143:Cottrell, Peter 3141: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3089:Cottrell, Peter 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3027: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2629: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2208: 2166:IRA Army Council 2107:and anti-treaty 2097:Second World War 2084:Governor General 1897:Dublin Mountains 1735:County Waterford 1632:Erskine Childers 1485:Munster Republic 1467:A National Army 1447:Erskine Childers 1335:O'Connell Street 1298:Battle of Dublin 1241:Southern Ireland 986:Irish Free State 877:Northern Ireland 812:Munster Republic 746:Irish Free State 676:Irish Volunteers 645: 644: 552:Home Rule Crisis 536: 535: 529: 516: 509: 502: 493: 492: 436: 434: 424: 417: 410: 401: 400: 246: 189: 159: 158: 157: 147: 145: 144: 130:Irish Free State 128: 126: 125: 105:Irish Free State 83:Irish Free State 65: 64: 50: 30: 29: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7580:1923 in Ireland 7575:1922 in Ireland 7535:Irish Civil War 7525: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7509: 7507: 7492: 7460:outside Ireland 7431:Historic houses 7399: 7380:Irish Wolfhound 7351:Brighid's Cross 7337: 7308:Gaelic handball 7303:Gaelic football 7274: 7245:Hiberno-Normans 7214: 7127: 7075: 7030: 7011:Hiberno-English 6997: 6942: 6903: 6857: 6763: 6742: 6685: 6667: 6657: 6647: 6588: 6579:Ulster loyalism 6553: 6532: 6450: 6374: 6353: 6312: 6238:Dublin lock-out 6174:Confederate War 6125:Norman invasion 6112:Battles of Tara 6100: 6056:1801–1923 6044:1691–1800 6039:1536–1691 6027:1169–1536 5980: 5967: 5943: 5935: 5905: 5900: 5869: 5781: 5722:Fergal O'Hanlon 5662:Richard Barrett 5657:Michael Carolan 5628: 5621:Cathal Goulding 5593:John Joe McGirl 5547:Patrick Fleming 5499:Seán Harrington 5397:Chiefs of Staff 5391: 5387:Border Campaign 5345: 5319: 5261:Irish Civil War 5215: 5210: 5171:Wayback Machine 5148:Wayback Machine 5131:Wayback Machine 5119:Wayback Machine 5107:Wayback Machine 5096: 5078: 5057: 5034: 5026:. Anvil Books. 5013:Michael Collins 4995: 4974: 4953: 4945:. Anvil Books. 4932: 4911: 4888: 4864: 4862: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4738: 4734:, p. 333b. 4730: 4726: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4645: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4278:The Irish Story 4263:The Irish Story 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138:administration. 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4024: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3985:webpages.dcu.ie 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3789: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3400: 3396: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3299:Michael Farry, 3298: 3294: 3287:Michael Collins 3283: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3260:Harrington 1992 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3233:Harrington 1992 3231: 3227: 3221:Harrington 1992 3219: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3196:Harrington 1992 3194: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3127:Harrington 1992 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3105:, p. 127b. 3101: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2957:Harrington 1992 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2897:Harrington 1992 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2867: 2863: 2859:| 2005 | p. 183 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2646: 2644: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2209: 2198: 2194: 2174: 2138:Kevin O'Higgins 2121: 2090:, which made a 2040: 2017: 1981: 1976: 1950:in its journal 1944: 1942:Foreign support 1881:Horace Plunkett 1844: 1834: 1817:Andy O'Sullivan 1774: 1712: 1682:Catholic Church 1651:Richard Barrett 1600: 1594: 1531: 1525: 1461: 1455: 1439:W. R. E. Murphy 1343: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1254: 1245:County Longford 1208: 1174: 1146:Richard Mulcahy 1109:Carrick on Suir 1054:Arthur Griffith 1027: 1021: 1004:Michael Collins 953:Éamon de Valera 933:British monarch 857: 852: 844:Éamon de Valera 771:(IRA) over the 752:but within the 730:Irish Civil War 726: 725: 724: 715: 652: 639: 623:Irish Civil War 543: 530: 525: 522: 520: 490: 485: 477: 468:Guerrilla Phase 437: 433:Irish Civil War 432: 430: 428: 373: 351: 348: 322:Partly involved 312:Anti-Treaty IRA 305: 293:(including the 272: 268:Éamon de Valera 260: 242: 228: 224:Kevin O'Higgins 211:Arthur Griffith 203: 194:Richard Mulcahy 185: 181:Michael Collins 163: 161:Anti-Treaty IRA 155: 153: 142: 140: 139: 135: 132: 123: 121: 99: 85: 72: 51: 33:Irish Civil War 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7593: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7550:Guerrilla wars 7547: 7542: 7537: 7520: 7519: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7426:Heritage Sites 7423: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7250:Irish diaspora 7247: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7238:Gaelic Ireland 7230: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7137: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7098: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6981: 6979:Rose of Tralee 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6788:List of dishes 6784: 6782: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6704:D'Hondt method 6695: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6665:Seanad Éireann 6661: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6555: 6554: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6405:Extreme points 6402: 6397: 6395:Climate change 6392: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6375: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:1803 Rebellion 6210: 6205: 6203:1798 Rebellion 6200: 6195: 6190: 6188:Williamite War 6185: 6176: 6170:1641 Rebellion 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Spanish Armada 6147: 6142: 6140:Tudor conquest 6137: 6132: 6130:Bruce campaign 6127: 6122: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6076: 6075:(1921–present) 6070: 6065: 6063:Irish Republic 6060: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6022:800–1169 6013:Gaelic Ireland 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5982: 5981: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5800: 5798:Fianna Éireann 5795: 5793:Cumann na mBan 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5777:Tarlach Ó hUid 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Ernie O'Malley 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5531:Charlie Kerins 5528: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5372:Christmas Raid 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5258: 5248: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5161: 5156: 5138: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5095: 5094:External links 5092: 5091: 5090: 5076: 5061: 5055: 5038: 5032: 5017: 5008: 5006:. Corgi Books. 4999: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4936: 4930: 4915: 4909: 4903:. Hutchinson. 4892: 4886: 4871: 4846: 4836: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4799:Piaras Béaslaí 4789: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4774:Edward Quinn, 4767: 4736: 4724: 4707: 4705:, p. 391. 4695: 4676: 4656: 4643: 4622: 4620:, p. 338. 4610: 4608:, p. 333. 4598: 4587:on 7 June 2011 4568: 4566:, p. 516. 4556: 4539:Independent.ie 4526: 4496: 4485:on 7 June 2011 4466: 4464:, p. 273. 4462:Hopkinson 1988 4454: 4443:on 7 June 2011 4424: 4393: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4325: 4315: 4287: 4247: 4243:Hopkinson 1988 4235: 4200: 4181: 4161: 4152: 4140: 4130: 4100: 4071: 4060:on 7 June 2011 4041: 4022: 4002: 3972: 3942: 3912: 3910:, p. 195. 3908:Hopkinson 1988 3893: 3891:, p. 431. 3881: 3879:, p. 268. 3877:Hopkinson 1988 3869: 3854: 3852:, p. 262. 3850:Hopkinson 1988 3842: 3812: 3757: 3705: 3675: 3662: 3650: 3624: 3622:, p. 237. 3620:Hopkinson 1988 3612: 3608:Hopkinson 1988 3600: 3587: 3583:Hopkinson 1988 3575: 3545: 3528: 3515: 3513:, p. 191. 3511:Hopkinson 1988 3503: 3499:Dublin Made Me 3497:Todd Andrews, 3490: 3488:, p. 241. 3486:Hopkinson 1988 3478: 3469: 3434: 3394: 3372: 3370:, p. 199. 3368:Hopkinson 1988 3360: 3330: 3304: 3292: 3277: 3264: 3249: 3245:Hopkinson 1988 3237: 3235:, p. 193. 3225: 3213: 3200: 3188: 3175: 3162: 3149: 3131: 3119: 3117:, p. 136. 3115:Hopkinson 1988 3107: 3103:Hopkinson 1988 3095: 3082: 3078:Hopkinson 1988 3070: 3068:, p. 256. 3066:Hopkinson 1988 3058: 3045: 3038: 3012: 3008:Hopkinson 1988 3000: 2993: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2935:, p. 117. 2925: 2921:Hopkinson 1988 2913: 2909:Hopkinson 1988 2901: 2889: 2877: 2869:Hopkinson 1988 2861: 2855:Bill Kissane, 2848: 2846:, p. 297. 2836: 2832:Hopkinson 1988 2824: 2815: 2811:Hopkinson 1988 2803: 2787: 2783:Hopkinson 1988 2775: 2763: 2750: 2720: 2690: 2679:on 7 June 2011 2660: 2621: 2611:J.J. O'Kelly ( 2604: 2598:Hopkinson 1988 2590: 2578: 2576:, p. 170. 2566: 2554: 2552:, p. 116. 2542: 2530: 2518: 2488: 2476: 2446: 2439: 2421: 2395: 2362: 2332: 2313: 2293: 2272:"The Troubles" 2263: 2238: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2186:James Stephens 2173: 2170: 2120: 2117: 2063:W. T. Cosgrave 2039: 2036: 2016: 2015:Economic costs 2013: 2005:Garda Síochána 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1943: 1940: 1885:Henry Guinness 1833: 1830: 1773: 1770: 1711: 1710:End of the war 1708: 1699:Holy Communion 1671:Stephen Fuller 1614:, designed by 1596:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1543:county Wexford 1539:flying columns 1527:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1507:, the port of 1457:Main article: 1454: 1451: 1342: 1339: 1308:Ernie O'Malley 1296:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1275:Nevil Macready 1256:Field Marshal 1253: 1250: 1207: 1204: 1173: 1170: 1020: 1017: 929:British Empire 869:Irish Republic 856: 853: 851: 848: 804:secured Dublin 781:Irish Republic 754:British Empire 750:United Kingdom 721: 720: 717: 716: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 691:Black and Tans 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 657: 654: 653: 641: 640: 638: 637: 631: 626: 620: 614: 608: 602: 596: 591: 585: 579: 573: 567: 561: 558:Curragh mutiny 555: 548: 545: 544: 532: 531: 519: 518: 511: 504: 496: 487: 486: 484: 483: 476: 475: 470: 465: 460: 459: 458: 448: 442: 439: 438: 427: 426: 419: 412: 404: 396: 395: 391: 390: 387: 383: 382: 378: 377: 374: 372: 371: 368: 365: 361: 358: 357: 353: 352: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 336: 334:Fianna Éireann 331: 329:Cumann na mBan 325: 319: 308: 306: 304: 303: 298: 288: 282: 279: 278: 277:Units involved 274: 273: 271: 270: 264: 259: 258: 256:Ernie O'Malley 253: 248: 234: 229: 227: 226: 221: 219:W. T. Cosgrave 216: 207: 202: 201: 196: 191: 177: 171: 170: 166: 165: 151: 149:United Kingdom 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 101: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 81: 79: 75: 74: 69: 61: 60: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7592: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7517: 7516: 7503: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Public houses 7481: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 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6783: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6739: 6738:Peace process 6736: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6668:(upper house) 6666: 6662: 6660: 6658:(lower house) 6656: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:Republicanism 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Peace process 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268:The Emergency 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248:Easter Rising 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233:Fenian Rising 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:Early history 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5827: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Manus Canning 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Dominic Behan 5705: 5703: 5702:Brendan Behan 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5682:Paddy McLogan 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642:Cathal Brugha 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5634:Personalities 5631: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5602: 5599: 5594: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5571:Richard Burke 5569: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5500: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5483:Stephen Hayes 5481: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5465: 5460: 5457: 5452: 5451:Seán MacBride 5449: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5435:Andrew Cooney 5433: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305:Plan Kathleen 5303: 5301: 5300:The Emergency 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Abstentionism 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5177: 5176:Map of Europe 5174: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5077:9787460002652 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4777: 4771: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4639:0-415-22194-3 4636: 4632: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4319: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4149:The Communist 4144: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4075: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3728: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3710: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3658:O'Malley 1978 3654: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3408: 3404: 3403:Dungan, Myles 3398: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3275:, pp. 108–109 3274: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3129:, p. 36. 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2947:, p. 95. 2946: 2945:O'Malley 1978 2941: 2934: 2933:O'Malley 1978 2929: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2834:, p. 46. 2833: 2828: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2657: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2586:O'Connor 1969 2582: 2575: 2574:O'Connor 1969 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2538:O'Connor 1969 2534: 2527: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2484:O'Connor 1969 2480: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:The Last Post 2245: 2243: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964:Clann na Gael 1960: 1958: 1953: 1952:The Communist 1949: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Joseph Whitty 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1759:Frank Barrett 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:Rory O'Connor 1640: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1586:Teachtaí Dála 1582: 1580: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1567:Béal na Bláth 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1523:Guerrilla war 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:John T. Prout 1432: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1390:armoured cars 1387: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1363:Easter Rising 1359: 1357: 1347: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1331:Oscar Traynor 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:National Army 1233: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191:Rory O'Connor 1183: 1178: 1169: 1166: 1165:Seán MacEntee 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1049:Cathal Brugha 1045: 1041: 1040:Eamonn Duggan 1037: 1033: 1026: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:head of state 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:National Army 796: 794: 790: 786: 785:Easter Rising 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 655: 651: 650:Organisations 646: 635: 632: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 576:Easter Rising 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 549: 546: 542: 537: 533: 527: 517: 512: 510: 505: 503: 498: 497: 494: 482: 479: 478: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 457: 454: 453: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 435: 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 405: 402: 392: 388: 385: 384: 379: 375: 369: 366: 363: 362: 360: 359: 354: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 320: 317: 313: 310: 309: 307: 302: 299: 296: 292: 289: 287: 286:National Army 284: 283: 281: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 263: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 245: 239: 236: 235: 233: 230: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 209: 208: 206: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 188: 182: 179: 178: 176: 173: 172: 167: 162: 152: 150: 138: 134: 131: 119: 118: 113: 106: 102: 97: 96: 92: 89: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53:National Army 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 7506: 7476: / 7467: / 7458: / 7436:Homelessness 7355: 7323:Road bowling 7318:Martial arts 7265:Ulster Scots 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7146:Mythological 7093: 7053: 7026:Ulster Scots 6986: / 6925: 6853:Three-in-One 6664: 6655:Dáil Éireann 6654: 6644: 6602:Constitution 6491: / 6462:Architecture 6444: / 6317:Other topics 6298:Celtic Tiger 6283:The Troubles 6262: 6181: / 6172: / 6118: / 6114: / 6015: / 6003:Protohistory 5811:Clan na Gael 5647:Liam Mellows 5608:Seán Cronin 5523:Hugh McAteer 5515:Eoin McNamee 5491:Pearse Kelly 5475:Seán Russell 5413:Joe McKelvey 5324:Organisation 5260: 5066: 5044: 5022: 5012: 5003: 4983: 4962: 4941: 4920: 4898: 4876: 4863:. Retrieved 4854: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4819: 4809:Bibliography 4793: 4775: 4770: 4758:. Retrieved 4749: 4739: 4732:Collins 1993 4727: 4710: 4703:Collins 1993 4698: 4686:. Retrieved 4666: 4659: 4651: 4646: 4630: 4625: 4618:Collins 1993 4613: 4606:Collins 1993 4601: 4589:. Retrieved 4585:the original 4580: 4571: 4564:Younger 1968 4559: 4547:. Retrieved 4538: 4529: 4517:. Retrieved 4508: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4483:the original 4478: 4469: 4457: 4445:. Retrieved 4441:the original 4436: 4427: 4415:. Retrieved 4406: 4396: 4384:. Retrieved 4380:the original 4376:esatclear.ie 4375: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4340: 4328: 4318: 4306:. Retrieved 4300: 4290: 4282:the original 4277: 4267:the original 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4213: 4203: 4191:. Retrieved 4171: 4164: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4133: 4121:. Retrieved 4112: 4103: 4091:. Retrieved 4081: 4074: 4062:. Retrieved 4058:the original 4053: 4044: 4032:. Retrieved 4012: 4005: 3993:. Retrieved 3989:the original 3984: 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3954: 3945: 3935:25 September 3933:. Retrieved 3924: 3915: 3889:Collins 1993 3884: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3824: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3794: 3780:. Retrieved 3769: 3760: 3734:. Retrieved 3718: 3696:. Retrieved 3692:the original 3687: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3627: 3615: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3578: 3566:. Retrieved 3557: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3523: 3518: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3481: 3472: 3460:. Retrieved 3444: 3437: 3411:. Retrieved 3397: 3384: 3375: 3363: 3351:. Retrieved 3343:curragh.info 3342: 3333: 3321:. Retrieved 3317:the original 3307: 3300: 3295: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3267: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3023: 3015: 3003: 2983: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2885:Collins 1993 2880: 2864: 2856: 2851: 2844:Collins 1993 2839: 2827: 2818: 2806: 2798: 2795:Helen Litton 2790: 2778: 2771:Younger 1968 2766: 2753: 2741:. Retrieved 2737:the original 2732: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707:the original 2702: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2677:the original 2672: 2663: 2652: 2645:. Retrieved 2641:the original 2636: 2616: 2607: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2511:18 September 2509:. Retrieved 2500: 2491: 2479: 2469:18 September 2467:. Retrieved 2458: 2449: 2430: 2424: 2412:. Retrieved 2398: 2386:. Retrieved 2377: 2353:. Retrieved 2344: 2335: 2323:. Retrieved 2303: 2296: 2284:. Retrieved 2275: 2266: 2249: 2229:. Retrieved 2216: 2182:Seán O'Casey 2175: 2154: 2149:film version 2122: 2088:constitution 2076: 2067: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2002: 1994: 1982: 1974:Consequences 1961: 1951: 1945: 1932: 1921: 1909: 1901: 1873:Earl of Mayo 1857: 1845: 1826: 1806: 1796: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1763: 1751:Todd Andrews 1739: 1730: 1728: 1726:concerned". 1724: 1721: 1713: 1704: 1691: 1679: 1675: 1655:Joe McKelvey 1647:Liam Mellows 1636: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612:County Kerry 1583: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1532: 1513:Passage West 1503:in Cork and 1492:Eoin O'Duffy 1489: 1474: 1431:Emmet Dalton 1427: 1414:British Army 1410:County Kerry 1406:Dublin Guard 1398: 1394: 1383: 1379: 1360: 1352: 1328: 1312: 1301: 1255: 1234: 1230: 1217: 1200: 1188: 1182:River Liffey 1162: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1098: 1082: 1073: 1036:Austin Stack 1028: 1012:Dáil Éireann 1002: 994:Treaty Ports 971: 966: 867:between the 858: 821: 802:, who first 797: 758: 729: 727: 649: 622: 540: 431: 321: 301:Civic Guards 261: 243: 231: 204: 199:Eoin O'Duffy 186: 174: 136: 120: 115:Belligerents 38:Part of the 25: 21:The Troubles 7456:Place names 7333:Rugby union 7228:Anglo-Irish 7113:Instruments 6969:The Twelfth 6933:Set dancing 6733:LGBT rights 6639:LGBT rights 6569:Nationalism 6135:Black Death 5874:Derivatives 5772:Billy McKee 5677:Tom Maguire 5667:Hugh Corvin 5585:Seán Cronin 5578:Tony Magan 5539:Harry White 5507:Seán McCool 5443:Moss Twomey 5427:Frank Aiken 5420:Liam Lynch 4987:. Poolbeg. 4820:celt.ucc.ie 4302:Irish Press 3835:22 February 3805:22 February 3782:22 February 3736:22 February 3673:, pp. 170–1 3594:Tom Doyle, 3169:Tom Doyle, 2562:Taylor 1958 2550:Taylor 1958 2526:Taylor 1958 2414:26 November 2134:Seán Lemass 2071:Fianna Fáil 1910:Though the 1861:Upper house 1849:Anglo-Irish 1809:Denny Barry 1755:Seán Gaynor 1626:or arson'. 1616:Yann Goulet 1555:Frank Aiken 1418:World War I 1333:, occupied 1262:James Craig 1195:Four Courts 893:Londonderry 836:Fianna Fáil 528:(1912–1923) 389:426+ killed 251:Frank Aiken 98:Territorial 7529:Categories 7357:Cláirseach 7260:Travellers 7118:Rock music 7101:Folk music 7036:Literature 6838:Soda bread 6721:Government 6648:parliament 6645:Oireachtas 6622:Government 6562:Ideologies 6193:Penal Laws 6084:since 1922 5998:Prehistory 5886:Saor Uladh 5786:Associates 5747:Liam Kelly 5742:Joe McCann 5737:Joe Cahill 5717:Seán South 5692:Frank Ryan 5563:Tony Magan 5405:Liam Lynch 5269:Executions 5070:. 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