942:... In early February signs and flyers appeared in Baghdad that threatened persons by name unless they cut their hair, stopped wearing nonconformist clothing, and gave up their "alternative" lifestyles. This intimidation campaign precipitated attacks. Attacks ranged from intimidation and verbal harassment to reports of kidnappings, beatings (some of which resulted in deaths), sexual assault, and killings. Reports varied on the number of victims killed in the attacks, some of which reportedly were carried out by extremist groups, including the Mahdi Army and League of the Righteous (Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq). UNAMI independently verified the deaths of at least 12 individuals; a Reuters report put the number of victims in Baghdad at 14. Local human rights NGOs reported much higher numbers.
454:
954:... sexual orientation or gender identity. Societal discrimination in employment, occupation, and housing based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and unconventional appearance was common. Information was not available regarding discrimination in access to education or health care due to sexual orientation or gender identity, although media reported that students were harassed at school for not adopting conventional clothing or hairstyles. There were minimal government efforts to address this discrimination. At year's end authorities had not announced any other arrests or prosecutions of any persons for violence against LGBT individuals, including cases reported in 2011.
802:, a Kurdish LGBT rights activist and former media and communications officer at Rasan, the organization works to raise awareness of LGBT issues and advocate for legal protections and equality for the community. The organization has been active in the region since 2021, and has carried out various campaigns and initiatives to promote LGBT rights. According to their website, "Yeksani was created to combat the lengthy hate campaigns the LGBT+ community has been facing in Iraq, partly due to improper media representation."
450:
and even some politicians in Iraq, reporting how brutal many of the attacks were. It is around this time that many LGBT activist organizations, such as The
Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq and Iraqi LGBT, started to form in response to the growing violence. The largest amounts of murder and death would happen during this time period, and despite the formation of many LGBT activist organization, many would be forced to disband, go underground, or travel to different countries to continue work there.
963:
the allegations. Our training for Iraqi security forces includes instruction on the proper observance of human rights. Human rights training is also a very important part of our and other international donors' civilian capacity-building efforts in Iraq. And the US embassy in
Baghdad has raised, and will continue to raise, the issue with senior officials from the government of Iraq, and has urged them to respond appropriately to all credible reports of violence against gay and lesbian Iraqis.
757:, containing LGBT stories from people living in Iraq. They also upload videos to YouTube that talk about the different aspects of being an LGBT individual in Iraq. Finally, they host several workshops dedicated to teaching people about gender and sexuality, how to lobby and properly advocate, and to maintain safety and security in times of crisis. Iraqueer has submitted several reports to international bodies, including the United Nations, talking about the state of LGBT people in Iraq.
791:
30:
3269:
3279:
1198:
1184:
159:
LGBT, many activist organizations find themselves at a crossroads of whether to focus on building tolerance in Iraq, or instead focusing on ensuring safety or asylum for the LGBT communities. In 2024, there were plans to make homosexual relations in Iraq punishable by up to death but the law was revised before being quietly passed later that year to lower the punishment to 15 years in jail with fines and deportation.
880:
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782:) are a group of individuals who actively promote the rights of LGBTQ individuals in Iraq. The Islamic state prescribes death for the "practice" of homosexuality. Furthermore, evidence gathered for two briefings by IGLHRC, its partners, and MADRE demonstrate the direct effect of the collapse of the rule of law on LGBT persons, through unfettered violence by sectarian militias.
474:" by Iraqis against a gay family member are common and given some legal protection. The article also stated that the 2001 amendment to the criminal code stipulating the death penalty for homosexuality "has not been changed", even though Paul Bremer clearly ordered the criminal code to go back to its 1980s edition.
811:
began during this time, though the killings done in 2004 would not be discovered until later on due to the large amount of violence already occurring in the region. The people responsible for the killings would be linked to the Iran-backed Badr Corps, which form part of the
Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI).
825:
The Mahdi Army formed again in 2009, and using the LGBT community as proof that the militia is needed to cleanse Iraq of undesirable people. The method used most often to succeed in their goals was to kill LGBT people. This would go on to be known as the killing campaigns. The militia justified their
752:
formed in March 2015 with LGBT+ members all over Iraq as the second organization supporting LGBT+ followed by Rasan, with the express goal of raising the awareness level among and about LGBT+ identities in the Iraqi society, and to advocate for LGBT+ rights in Iraq. Iraqueer has three main methods of
150:
Following
British occupation of Iraq, very strict sodomy laws were put in place. These laws allowed discrimination, harassment, and murders of members within the Iraqi LGBT community. Once Iraqi independence was achieved, these laws still remained. In recent years, leaders within Iraq have spoken out
962:
In general, we absolutely condemn acts of violence and human rights violations committed against individuals in Iraq because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. This is an issue that we've been following very closely since we have been made aware of these allegations, and we are aware of
728:
the murals consisted of same-sex couples with "love is love" messages written under them. Although there are other organization that are working for the LGBT+ community, Rasan is the only local organization publicly supporting the community in Iraq as a whole, with a focus on the
Kurdish population.
543:
In addition to the national penal code, members of the Iraqi
Internal Security forces, along with current students and retirees, are bound the rules outlined in Decree Number 9 (2008). The degree bans police officers from associating with people of ill repute, and punishes police officers who engage
933:
Due to social conventions and retribution against both victim and perpetrator of non-consensual same-sex sexual conduct and violence against participants in consensual same-sex sexual conduct, this activity was generally unreported. In light of the law authorities relied on public indecency charges
449:
Despite this, starting in 2003, large waves of harassment and violence against LGBT people from family members and other Iraqis who felt the need to punish people for violating traditional
Islamic laws could be seen, with many people outside of the LGBT community, ranging from journalist, citizens,
366:
believed that the disease could be spread by casual contact, and thus ordered all Iraqis with the disease to be relocated to a special prison facility. Widespread ignorance about the disease meant that all Iraqis with hemophilia, along with homosexuals, were often suspected of carrying the disease.
350:
The Iraqi Law of
Personal Status was amended in the 1980s to specifically permit a wife to divorce her husband in cases where the husband was guilty of a homosexual relationship. The practice of "honor killing" was also made legal in the family law code, which meant that LGBT people could be killed
122:
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Iraq face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Openly LGBT individuals are subject to criminal penalties under the 2024 law making homosexual relations punishable by up to 15 years in prison with fines and deportation; the
727:
The work began by a campaign which consisted of painting murals around the city of
Sulaymaniyah, where the organization's base is located. Amongst the works done, a lot of the murals represented the LGBT+ community and had rainbows and other symbols that were associated with the community. Some of
610:
The Iraqi
Ministry of Human Rights has responded to allegations of increasing homophobic violence by stating that its responses are limited by the fact that LGBT people are not a listed minority in Iraq, but has also emphasized that a number of cases of discrimination and violence against the LGBT
158:
government has maintained an anti-LGBT stance since gaining independence in 1932 where homosexuality was officially banned. This would be expanded in the IRCC Resolution 234 of 2001 which would punish sodomy, or any homosexual act, with the death penalty. Due to harsh stigma against people who are
690:
Due to the intense social stigma surrounding LGBT people in Iraq, political parties are reluctant to publicly express support for LGBT rights, for fear of alienating large sectors of voters. Islamicist parties are openly, even violently, hostile, while the more secular parties prefer to avoid the
810:
Starting in 2003 with the rise of religious conservatism in the Iraq government, many media outlets began to publish articles and think pieces that condemned queer and LGBT people as practices of Satanism that contradict Islamic precepts and human nature. Major killings that targeted LGBT people
740:
started in 2003 and has a focus on ensuring pioneering work to rebuild Iraq with secular democracy and human rights for all. Following the battles for Mosul and other nearby cities against ISIS, over 3 million people have found themselves displaced, with 10 million needing humanitarian aid, OWFI
587:
Legally, the National Crime Code of Iraq prohibits public behavior that is "indecent", giving significant leeway to police officers to enforce traditional Islamic mores and attitudes about gender. While the National Constitution promises to respect the right to privacy as well as various other
765:
Iraqi LGBT is an LGBT rights organization, establish in September 2005, that was created in response to the rise in violence against LGBT people. Their main goal is the creation and maintenance of several different "safe houses" in Iraq, where people who are fleeing from prosecution can find
774:
Founded in 2008, International Railroad for Queer Refugees (IRQR) provides financial and resettlement assistance for LGBT asylum seekers who are fleeing their homes because of prosecution for their sexual orientation, or gender identity. They also provide assistance and workshops for local
950:... Due to stigma, intimidation, and potential harm, including violent attacks, LGBT organizations did not operate openly, nor were gay pride marches or gay rights advocacy events held. The law prohibits discrimination based on race, disability, or social status, but it does not address
419:, being involved with prostitution, and anyone who, "Commits the crime of sodomy with a male or female or who violates the honor of a male or female without his or her consent and under the threat of arm or by force in a way that the life of the victim (male or female) is threatened."
342:
From the enactment of this code in 1969 to 2001, Iraqi security forces had considerably leeway to harass, jail or even execute anyone deemed to be a threat to national security or public morality. LGBT people could be harassed, jailed or blackmailed into becoming spies for the regime.
339:, public acts, or cases involving fraud or someone unable to give consent due to age or mental defect. Homosexuality per se was not a crime, but could be justification for government discrimination and harassment under laws designed to protect national security and public morality.
611:
community has been passed onto the interior ministry. Ali al-Dabbagh, Prime Minister Maliki's spokesperson has denied organized persecution against the LGBT community but has suggested that members of the community keep their homosexuality private in order to avoid persecution.
446:, he issued a series of decrees that restored the Iraqi criminal code back to the Iraq penal code of 1969 (as revised in 1988), abolishing the death penalty (which the newly formed Iraqi government restored in 2005), and removing most restrictions on free speech and assembly.
523:'s end in 2008, saw a decrease in violence for people's daily lives, and this allowed a surge in nightlife, including gay nightlife, in Baghdad, Basra, Najaf, and other cities for people in the LGBT community. This, however, also allowed the Sadrist militiamen of the
818:, or a ruling on a point of Islamic law, was issued that declared the killing of homosexual men justified. It would be later taken down due to protests by advocate groups. Many international viewers saw this as one main causes in the rise of anti-LGBT violence, the
607:, with militias and the police in particular, despite the legal nature of homosexuality, now engaging more in anti-homosexual violence. This problem is made more complicated by the fact that members of the police are often also members of various militia groups.
511:
contained a provision that asserted that none of the rights or liberties protected in the Constitution would apply to "deviants". Later revisions of the Iraqi Constitution removed the deviants clause. Several clauses throughout the revised document assert that
741:
spearheaded an organized effort to change Iraq's Anti-Shelter Policy, which only allowed government run shelters to exist. OWFI led over 40 different local organization to change these policies, and expand the basic civil liberties of people in the region.
647:"Biological sex changes based on personal desires and inclination", up to three years in prison for both the transgender person and the doctor (excludes court-ordered medical procedures to "treat" intersex people's "birth defects" to "affirm" their sex)
404:(religious police), and often staged public torture and executions of LGBT people as women who had sex outside of marriage. Approximately 3,000 people were tortured from 1991 to 2003 by Saddam Hussein's security forces for expressing their sexuality.
346:
No LGBT-rights organization was allowed to exist in Iraq, and laws designed to specifically discriminate against LGBT people began to appear in the 1980s. Sodomy was re-criminalized by a 1988 resolution, but only when it involved prostitution. .
378:, a large campaign to reshape Saddam Hussein's image from that of a secularist, to that of champion of traditional Islamic morality. One of the ways that the government achieved this was through strong, and public, opposition to LGBT people.
775:
organizations, so they can be better prepared in dealing with legal and social ramifications, as well as maintaining a network with different organizations so information can be spread easily, and not be intercepted by government officials.
534:
story in April 2009, Shiʿa clerics in Baghdad "devoted a portion of Friday Prayer services to inveighing against homosexuality." This emboldened many a people, and saw that the increase of LGBT activity, slowed down significantly.
411:
being involved in a homosexual relationship with Satan. While the film would not have been approved by the Iraqi censorship board, western film makers did not attempt to exhibit films in Iraq because of the economic sanctions.
938:... LGBT persons often faced abuse and violence from family and nongovernmental actors. From February to April, a wave of violent attacks in Baghdad, Basrah, Samarra, Wasit, and Tikrit targeted individuals perceived to be LGBT.
388:
In the summer of 1993 compulsory religious education was introduced into Iraqi schools. Nightclubs accused of harboring prostitutes were closed and the constitution was amended to include the death penalty for homosexuality.
657:
629:
In 2023, Raad al-Maliki sought penalties of life imprisonment and death for gay people. The bill, which amends a 1988 anti-prostitution law, eventually passed, though with lesser penalties. On April 27, 2024 Iraq's
766:
protection and safety. Though they have done activist work promoting tolerance in Iraq, Iraqi LGBT focuses on relocating LGBT people to safer countries, and providing legal help for the LGBT people seeking asylum.
720:. The organization was initially a feminist women's rights organization when it was established in 2004, but then started working for LGBT+ people in 2012 and implemented larger projects in 2016 as partners of
569:
Article 40 Section 2 – A legal separation may be granted if either spouse is unfaithful, with the act of homosexuality included as an example of being unfaithful. This provision was added to the law in 1981.
841:
was murdered in Baghdad. Alsaffar, age 23, identified as a male "cross-dresser" and said: "I'm not transgender and I'm not gay." Alsaffar worked as a model and makeup artist known on TikTok as "Noor BM".
596:
is the official government religion and it also allows for considerable regulation of personal liberty in the name of protecting public morals. Yet, oftentimes the violent attacks on LGBT Iraqis are
753:
achieving its goal, by providing education, advocacy, and direct services. In terms of education, Iraqueer has published several guides ranging from security to health safety along with the novel
504:
stating that homosexuality and lesbianism are both "forbidden" and that they should be "Punished, in fact, killed. The people involved should be killed in the worst, most severe way of killing".
826:
actions by citing that the killings were done for a moral cause that was meant to protect masculinity and traditional values. During the height of these killings, magazines and newspapers like
381:
As part of this, in the early 1990s, at the United Nations, the Iraqi delegation cited religion at the time as their reasoning for opposing efforts to have the international body support for
854:(ICCPR) treaty, which placed a mandate on Iraqi officials to act against actions done to antagonize or oppress protected and minority groups, among these civil and political rights include;
622:. These killings were done by Shi'a death squads of the Mahdi Army, and were largely condemned by human rights groups outside of Iraq. Many Shi'a clerics, as well as the chairperson of the
1711:, With: Micheal R. Pease; Mark E. Stout; Williamson Murray; James G. Lacey, Norfolk, Virginia (US): United States Joint Forces Command, Joint Center for Operational Analysis, p. 55,
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in the 7th century. However, despite the prohibitory nature of Islamic doctrine against homosexuality, the presence of homosexuals in the region continued up to the present.
400:("Saddam's Men of Sacrifice") to punish Iraqis whose behavior or life-style was deemed to be in violation traditional Islamic mores. This group operated similar to an armed
560:
These are laws used in special courts designed to handle certain disputes among Iraqi Muslims, especially as it applies to marriage, divorce, alimony, and inheritance.
664:. The KRG and other supporters of gender equality, stated the legislation does not deal with LGBT rights issues, but deals with social justice issues impacting women.
1840:
1987:
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about reducing sodomy laws within the country. Regardless of the reduced laws, discrimination, harassment, and murders of LGBT community members still persist.
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In 1999, an urban legend began to circulate that the Iraqi government banned the South Park television series, and feature film, because it depicted
2198:
1274:
2227:
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Academics and activism : a comparative study of contemporary historical writings on same-sex sexuality and LGBT activists in the Middle East
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did not do so publicly. The Workers Communist Party of Iraq was a rare exception. No openly LGBT Iraqis have run for elected office in Iraq.
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259:
If a seignior lay with his neighbor , when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him , they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a
2529:
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In June 2009, the U.S. State Department raised concerns regarding equality and human rights in a statement from spokesperson Ian Kelly:
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are illegal. LGBT people do not have any legal protections against discrimination and are frequently victims of vigilante justice and
1703:
3183:
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2003:
311:. The assumption of control over the three vilayets of the province by the British (as a League of Nations mandate known as the
2111:
946:... The government did not acknowledge a pattern of attacks nor take measures to ensure safety for individuals publicly named.
3203:
1461:
863:
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felt the need to increase his support among Iraqis with more traditionalist Islamic social values, a movement known as the
2873:
1368:
2343:
1850:
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Article 7 - The couple seeking to marry must produce medical documents that prove that they are not infected with AIDS.
2773:
1894:
Kadhum, Oula (December 12, 2018). "Ethno-sectarianism in Iraq, diaspora positionality and political transnationalism".
1425:
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2832:
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1984:
1716:
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1378:
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Rohde, Achim (November 1, 2016). "Gays, Cross-Dressers, and Emos: Nonnormative Masculinities in Militarized Iraq".
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42:
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or confessions of monetary exchange (i.e., prostitution, which is illegal), to prosecute same-sex sexual activity.
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1937:
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470:) issued a report titled "Iraq: Male homosexuality still a taboo". The article stated, among other things, that "
435:
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would publish pieces that supported the killings, and called for more action to stop the "feminization of men".
3198:
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1311:
1221:
494:
312:
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682:, first offenders of homosexuality are sentenced to death, torture, floggings, beatings, and other violence.
2798:
1305:"State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults"
3208:
1746:
1226:
798:
Yeksani is an initiative focused on advocating for LGBT rights in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Founded by
626:
committee of the Iraqi parliament, denounced these killings, but were also against emo culture as a whole.
123:
2024 law also criminalizes and makes punishable by prison time promoting homosexuality, doctors performing
516:
will be the foundation of the law and that various civil liberties shall be limited by "public morality".
319:, defined in the penal code as sodomy on the province which would remain well after independence in 1932.
3153:
3118:
3073:
1310:. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). p. 23. Archived from
1282:
656:
In 2010, efforts by the Kurdish government to promote gender equality, were attacked by Kamil Haji Ali,
237:
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were not involved. Nevertheless, a man taking the submissive role was perceived negatively in ancient
3163:
3138:
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2983:
2953:
2943:
1159:
2823:
Christian, Tomuschat (October 2010), "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)",
1959:
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has condemned Iraq for violating the treaty, it has not faced any major consequences because of it.
603:
It has been suggested that physical and sexual violence against homosexuals has increased since the
205:
If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers.
3249:
3128:
3123:
3003:
2925:
2901:
1553:
926:
618:" teenagers accused of homosexuality on the basis of their clothing, and would later be called the
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Article 1 - Marriage is defined as a voluntary union between a man and a woman to create a family.
124:
101:
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1798:
3193:
3143:
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3068:
2968:
86:
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3168:
3083:
3063:
2948:
2938:
1658:
Fisher, Ian (October 2003). "Iraqi AIDS Patients Faced Confinement as Well as Pain and Death".
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The Right to Life and Security, Protection Against Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment,
3213:
3148:
3113:
3048:
3028:
3018:
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2958:
1705:
Iraqi perspectives project: A view of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's senior leadership
1637:
1523:
897:
638:
443:
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era (1501–1723), when the Safavid empire ruled Mesopotamia from 1508 to 1533, male houses of
1607:
415:
In 2001, the IRCC Resolution 234 of 2001 was enacted that established the death penalty for
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3108:
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3023:
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1509:
What Can the Gilgamesh Myth Tell Us about Religion and the View of Humanity in Mesopotamia?
1231:
709:
619:
467:
247:, dating from 1,075 BC, condemns homosexual rape or forced sex. It speaks of a "seignior" (
1722:
552:
The Military Penal Law No. 19 of 2007 prohibits its men from engaging in homosexual acts.
8:
3223:
3093:
3058:
3008:
2917:
2894:
2766:"They want us exterminated" : murder, torture, sexual orientation and gender in Iraq
1845:
1684:
1216:
692:
566:
Article 3 – Marriage is defined as a union between a man and a woman to create children.
221:
of love between heterosexual and gay male couples. A man had the rights to visit any gay
2139:
2738:
2697:
2065:
1919:
1144:
819:
508:
132:
2419:
Davis, Lisa (2017). "Countering Iraq's Anti-Shelter Policy in the Islamic State Era".
1256:
3278:
2828:
2779:
2769:
2742:
2728:
2701:
2689:
2654:
2530:"Violence and Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Iraq"
2436:
2272:
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2069:
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2011:
1923:
1911:
1876:
1712:
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in a project called "Pride Program" (called Crossing Iraqi Rainbow locally in Iraq).
661:
482:
328:
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tablet, includes this code, where it regards male homosexuality in a positive light:
198:
173:
136:
111:
2799:"Prominent Iraqi TikToker fatally shot in Baghdad amid crackdown on LGBTQ community"
2651:
Homosexuality in the Middle East: an analysis of dominant and competitive discourses
1596:, edited by James Pritchard, 3rd edition, Princeton University Press, 1971, page 181
162:
127:, and men deliberately acting like women. Discrimination is also widespread. Openly
2720:
2681:
2428:
2049:
1903:
1401:
497:. New barbaric attacks, with 90 victims, are reported in the first months of 2012.
426:
considered making a video in which he would be seen having sex with a teenage boy.
573:
The Iraqi Kurdistan Personal Status Law (1992) also has some relevant provisions;
1991:
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717:
589:
397:
218:
66:
2157:
501:
500:
These reports seem to stem from a fatwa issued by Iraqi cleric Grand Ayatollah
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375:
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300:
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144:
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1915:
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The first pro LGBT+ organization to formally and legally operate in Iraq is
1609:
Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry
1203:
713:
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issue. For example, while the Global Green Movement backs LGBT rights, the
623:
422:
With the intention of discrediting Saddam Hussein with his supporters, the
336:
304:
284:
240:
2344:"In Kurdistan anche i muri parlano di amore e diritti | Il Grande Colibrì"
2199:"Iraq criminalises same-sex relationships with maximum 15 years in prison"
2179:"Iraq criminalises same-sex relationships with maximum 15 years in prison"
1674:, authored by Kanan Makiya, University of California Press, 2008, page 215
1634:"DYING TO COME OUT: THE WAR ON GAYS IN IRAQ: GQ Features on men.style.com"
1426:"Same-sex couples face up to 15 years in prison in Iraq's LGBTQ crackdown"
3282:
2432:
1492:
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn (1992). Wayne R. Dynes; Stephen Donaldson (eds.).
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248:
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1907:
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Ebrahim, Nadeen; Najim, Aqeel; Mando, Nechirvan (September 27, 2023).
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International Railroad for Queer Refugeesسازمان جهانی پناهجویان دگرباش
2583:
International Railroad for Queer Refugeesسازمان جهانی پناهجویان دگرباش
2454:
461: Anti-LGBT laws restricting freedom of expression and association
29:
2370:"'The world is changing': Iraqi LGBT group takes campaign to streets"
1777:"LGBT community struggles for recognition, rights in Iraqi Kurdistan"
1096:
Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the military
799:
731:
493:
Iraqi citizens, and that they are supported in these policies by the
351:
by a family member for bringing "shame" or "dishonor" to the family.
181:
2228:"Iraq makes same-sex relations punishable by up to 15 years in jail"
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1100:
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1960:"DIRELAND: SHIA DEATH SQUADS TARGET IRAQI GAYS -- U.S. Indifferent"
1581:, authored by Vern L. Bullough, New American Library, 1979, page 53
749:
660:, as well as the Kurdistan Islamic Movement for trying to legalize
416:
401:
280:
2091:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
634:
voted to establish crimes and implement punishments that include:
2603:
2317:
2267:. December 20, 2010. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015.
1477:
Held, George F. (183). Wayne R. Dynes; Stephen Donaldson (eds.).
563:
The Iraqi Personal Status Law (1959) has to relevant provisions;
210:
163:
LGBT history in Iraq and the legality of same-sex sexual activity
128:
2557:
2293:"Rasan Organisation leads the Kurdish fight to break LGBT taboo"
1754:
1024:
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
862:. Iraq has continuously violated these rights, and although the
779:
332:
331:
party, only criminalized sexual behavior in cases of adultery,
260:
185:
2628:
2261:"Homosexuality Fears Over Gender Equality in Iraqi Kurdistan"
1525:
Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective
815:
593:
513:
490:
244:
177:
2715:
Torcetti, Shelley (July 17, 2019), "Living in the shadows",
2504:
1450:
Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). "Introduction".
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in homosexual sodomy with up to fifteen years imprisonment.
1494:
A Note on an Overlooked Word-Play in the Akkadian Gilgamesh
822:
saw little correlation between the fatwa and the violence.
778:
The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (
355:
226:
225:
or sleep with another man, just as long as false rumors or
155:
34:
2158:"Iraqi official: 'Misbehaving gays' should respect morals"
2086:
1479:
Parallels between The Gilgamesh Epic and Plato's Symposium
272:
Islam became a major religion in the region following the
2874:"U.S. State Dept. Condemns Violence Against Gays in Iraq"
2672:"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development".
905:
615:
423:
359:
291:) were legally recognized and paid due government taxes.
2004:"Transgender News, Politics, Commentary & Community"
1983:
Iraq was already Hell for gays, now it's even worse, in
1873:
Gender on the frontiers: Confronting intersectionalities
1594:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
901:
814:
In 2005, on Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani's website, a
2318:"Kurdish Group Launches Pro-LGBT Human Rights Campaign"
1875:. Symposium volume. Columbia University School of Law.
1841:"SpyTalk - CIA unit's wacky idea: Depict Saddam as gay"
251:
in the community) and his "neighbor" (someone of equal
1281:, The University of Utah, May 21, 2009, archived from
644:"Promoting homosexuality", up to seven years in prison
1275:"Homosexuality and the Criminal Law in Iraq: UPDATED"
1257:"Iraq criminalises same-sex relationships in new law"
303:, which ruled the area of modern-day Iraq as part of
2849:
2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iraq
2578:
2112:"Promoting the Rule of Law - Rule of Law Initiative"
1179:
983:
Penalty: 15 years in prison, fines, and deportation
852:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
685:
614:
Early 2012 saw the saw a large wave of killings of "
176:, which was composed in the Mesopotamian kingdom of
2825:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
2717:
Living in the Shadows of China's HIV/AIDS Epidemics
1685:"Amnesty International, 2001 Annual Report on Iraq"
1367:Majumder, Ajay; Tarafder, Rabin (August 21, 2019).
2854:(Report). U.S. Department of State. pp. 49–50
1279:Global Justice Project: Iraq » Archive »
794:Kurdistan Pride flag designed by Yeksani's founder
732:The Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq (OWFI)
479:Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq
188:has been seen by some to be homosexual in nature.
2796:
1424:Mando, Nechirvan; Kourdi, Eyad (April 27, 2024).
527:to reposition themselves to killing LGBT people.
3295:
1366:
180:, the relationship between the main protagonist
1250:
1248:
1246:
2648:
1449:
429:
2902:
2847:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
1672:Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq
1506:
900:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
477:Since 2005, there have been reports that the
61:15 years imprisonment, fines, and deportation
2763:
1589:
1587:
1547:
1545:
1243:
1036:Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas
1012:Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
658:Minister of Endowments and Religious Affairs
582:
1423:
1419:
1417:
674:Persecution of bisexual and gay men by ISIL
466:On February 5, 2005, IRIN News agency (now
294:
267:
81:Same-sex military service banned since 2007
2909:
2895:
2558:"Iraqi LGBT – Everything You Need To Know"
1605:
1362:
1360:
1334:
1332:
1132:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
327:The Criminal Code of 1969, enacted by the
28:
2822:
2421:Columbia Journal of International Affairs
2395:"Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq"
1584:
1551:
1542:
1405:
1254:
869:
770:International Railroad for Queer Refugees
2714:
2234:. Agence France-Presse. April 27, 2024.
1751:International Humanist and Ethical Union
1521:
1414:
1393:
1302:
1296:
789:
698:
452:
2916:
1938:"AU welcomes progress in peace process"
1552:Greenberg, David F. (August 15, 1990).
1511:. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. 452.
1496:. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. 264.
1456:. Garland Publishing. pp. vii–xv.
1400:(MA thesis). University of Louisville.
1357:
1329:
1072:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
3296:
2042:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
1893:
1606:Mazzalonga, Mike (February 25, 1996).
1491:
555:
167:
2890:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2552:
2550:
2418:
2081:
2079:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
1747:"Fighting for Women's Rights in Iraq"
1701:
1522:Nissinen, Martti (February 1, 2004).
1255:Armstrong, Kathryn (April 28, 2024).
873:
845:
805:
680:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
396:created a new military unit called,
1985:MOI Musulmani Omosessuali in Italia
1476:
1370:A Scientific Aspect of Transgenders
1267:
1084:Joint adoption by same-sex couples
929:'s 2012 human rights report found,
860:The Guarantee of Non-Discrimination
712:. The organization is operating in
592:, the Constitution stipulates that
442:took control of Iraq following the
322:
13:
2748:
2547:
2076:
2026:
1453:Homosexuality in the Ancient World
1212:Human rights in post-invasion Iraq
651:
538:
131:are not permitted to serve in the
14:
3315:
1555:The Construction of Homosexuality
686:Statements from political parties
667:
274:first Arab conquest of the region
106:No recognition of same-sex unions
3277:
3268:
3267:
1340:"LGBT Rights in Iraq | Equaldex"
1196:
1182:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1060:Recognition of same-sex couples
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
978:
967:
878:
2866:
2840:
2816:
2790:
2708:
2665:
2642:
2621:
2596:
2571:
2522:
2497:
2472:
2447:
2412:
2387:
2362:
2336:
2310:
2285:
2265:www.violenceisnotourculture.org
2253:
2220:
2168:
2150:
2132:
2104:
1996:
1977:
1952:
1930:
1887:
1865:
1833:
1809:
1799:"Banned films around the world"
1791:
1769:
1739:
1695:
1677:
1665:
1652:
1626:
1599:
1572:
1558:. University of Chicago Press.
1515:
1500:
1485:
975:Same-sex sexual activity legal
678:In the areas controlled by the
507:Early drafts in English of the
436:Coalition Provisional Authority
362:pandemic reached Iraq in 1986,
3235:British Indian Ocean Territory
2350:(in Italian). January 10, 2017
1470:
1443:
1387:
1222:LGBT rights in the Middle East
495:Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani
313:British Mandate of Mesopotamia
217:featured prayers praising the
1:
1507:Thorbjørnsrud, Berit (1992).
1303:Ottosson, Daniel (May 2009).
1237:
1108:Right to change legal gender
760:
50:Explicitly illegal since 2024
2719:, Routledge, pp. 1–43,
1227:Violence against LGBT people
102:Recognition of relationships
7:
2827:, Oxford University Press,
1175:
1120:Access to IVF for lesbians
850:In 1971, Iraq ratified the
744:
547:
430:American occupation of Iraq
10:
3320:
2674:International Organization
2653:. Università Ca' Foscari.
785:
671:
641:, up to 15 years in prison
87:Discrimination protections
3263:
3222:
3182:
2924:
2686:10.1017/s0020818300010869
2427:(2). CUNY School of Law.
2277:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2185:. Reuters. April 27, 2024
1622:– via Google Books.
1568:– via Google Books.
1538:– via Google Books.
1394:Copeland, Lauren (2014).
891:overly lengthy quotations
864:UN Human Rights Committee
605:U.S. withdrawal from Iraq
583:Post-2011 U.S. withdrawal
370:After the war with Iran,
110:
100:
95:
85:
75:
65:
57:
41:
27:
20:
2984:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2054:10.1215/15525864-3637642
1702:Woods, Kevin M. (2006),
1579:Homosexuality, a History
1162:allowed to donate blood
927:U.S. Department of State
898:summarize the quotations
703:
309:its existing sodomy laws
295:Ottoman and British rule
268:Islamic and medieval era
125:gender-affirming surgery
3245:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2725:10.4324/9780429265488-1
2649:Tolino, Serena (2014).
2604:"Programs and Projects"
509:2005 Iraqi constitution
215:Almanac of Incantations
2768:. Human Rights Watch.
1000:Freedom of expression
965:
956:
870:International concerns
795:
639:Same-sex relationships
463:
265:
207:
2764:Long, Scott. (2009).
2164:. September 12, 2012.
2146:. September 12, 2012.
988:Equal age of consent
960:
931:
793:
755:Living in The Margins
699:LGBT activism in Iraq
485:has been involved in
456:
444:U.S. invasion in 2003
257:
203:
3304:LGBTQ rights in Iraq
3159:United Arab Emirates
2918:LGBT rights in Asia
2680:(1): 218–223. 1962.
2433:10.2139/ssrn.3185731
2140:"Witch-hunt in Iraq"
1964:direland.typepad.com
1940:. September 30, 2004
1805:. September 8, 2011.
1757:on February 22, 2012
1285:on December 21, 2019
1232:Murder of Doski Azad
468:The New Humanitarian
317:ban on homosexuality
307:province, abolished
22:LGBTQ rights in Iraq
3186:limited recognition
1853:on October 27, 2011
1846:The Washington Post
1481:. pp. 199–207.
1317:on October 29, 2009
1217:LGBT rights in Asia
1048:Same-sex marriages
693:Green Party of Iraq
556:Personal status law
168:Ancient Mesopotamia
2324:. January 10, 2017
2183:Reuters World News
1990:2012-04-23 at the
1908:10.1111/glob.12222
1528:. Fortress Press.
1145:Conversion therapy
820:Human Rights Watch
796:
489:campaigns against
464:
249:high social figure
184:and the character
3291:
3290:
3228:other territories
2629:"About – Yeksani"
2297:SBS Your Language
2014:on April 15, 2009
1728:on March 26, 2009
1612:. College Press.
1463:978-0-8153-0546-0
1173:
1172:
923:
922:
846:International law
806:National backlash
662:same-sex marriage
483:Badr Organization
174:Epic of Gilgamesh
137:same-sex marriage
120:
119:
3311:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3240:Christmas Island
2926:Sovereign states
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:. June 12, 2009.
2870:
2864:
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2210:
2205:. April 28, 2024
2194:
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2101:
2099:
2097:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2010:. Archived from
2008:www.advocate.com
2000:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1956:
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1949:
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1945:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:. Archived from
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1817:"Resolution 234"
1813:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1721:, archived from
1710:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1636:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
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1409:
1407:10.18297/etd/276
1391:
1385:
1384:
1373:. Notion Press.
1364:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1344:www.equaldex.com
1336:
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953:
949:
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918:
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882:
881:
874:
460:
438:Chief executive
323:Republic of Iraq
32:
18:
17:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3294:
3293:
3292:
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3259:
3227:
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3199:Northern Cyprus
3185:
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2920:
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2393:
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2374:Middle East Eye
2368:
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2363:
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2348:ilgrandecolibri
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2110:
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2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2038:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1992:Wayback Machine
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1936:
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1896:Global Networks
1892:
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1803:www.cbsnews.com
1797:
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1779:. June 16, 2017
1775:
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1640:on May 13, 2007
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951:
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943:
939:
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910:
904:or excerpts to
895:
883:
879:
872:
848:
808:
788:
772:
763:
747:
734:
718:Iraqi Kurdistan
706:
701:
688:
676:
670:
654:
652:Iraqi Kurdistan
590:civil liberties
585:
558:
550:
541:
539:Police officers
530:According to a
521:Iraqi civil war
462:
458:
432:
398:Fedayeen Saddam
325:
297:
270:
238:Middle Assyrian
209:In the ancient
170:
165:
67:Gender identity
53:
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2899:
2891:
2884:
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2839:
2833:
2815:
2789:
2775:978-1564325242
2774:
2747:
2733:
2707:
2664:
2641:
2620:
2595:
2570:
2546:
2521:
2496:
2480:"Publications"
2471:
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2309:
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2252:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2174:
2167:
2149:
2131:
2119:www.abanet.org
2103:
2075:
2048:(3): 433–449.
2025:
1995:
1976:
1951:
1929:
1902:(2): 158–178.
1886:
1864:
1832:
1808:
1790:
1768:
1738:
1717:
1694:
1676:
1664:
1660:New York Times
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839:Noor Alsaffar
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253:social status
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96:Family rights
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3224:Dependencies
3154:Turkmenistan
3119:Saudi Arabia
3013:
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2613:November 11,
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2537:. Retrieved
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1278:
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1204:LGBTQ portal
961:
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932:
924:
911:
896:Please help
888:
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624:human rights
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141:civil unions
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3283:Asia portal
3184:States with
3104:Philippines
3044:South Korea
3039:North Korea
2934:Afghanistan
2634:January 20,
1825:January 26,
1644:February 7,
1190:Iraq portal
487:death squad
440:Paul Bremer
383:LGBT rights
289:amrad khane
231:Mesopotamia
3164:Uzbekistan
3139:Tajikistan
3054:Kyrgyzstan
3034:Kazakhstan
2954:Bangladesh
2944:Azerbaijan
2659:1030047472
2505:"IraQueer"
2379:October 1,
2354:October 1,
2328:October 1,
2302:October 1,
2203:Al Jazeera
2087:"Homepage"
1349:August 30,
1238:References
906:Wikisource
828:Al-Esbuyia
761:Iraqi LGBT
632:parliament
525:Mahdi Army
223:prostitute
3250:Hong Kong
3204:Palestine
3129:Sri Lanka
3124:Singapore
3004:Indonesia
2878:Towleroad
2858:August 4,
2784:931791278
2743:200154808
2702:249413680
2694:0020-8183
2441:1556-5068
2245:April 28,
2240:0261-3077
2209:April 28,
2189:April 27,
2124:August 4,
2070:152166839
2062:1552-5864
2018:August 4,
1969:August 4,
1944:August 4,
1924:150329056
1916:1470-2266
1881:800741178
1783:August 4,
1435:April 28,
1289:August 4,
902:Wikiquote
889:contains
837:In 2023,
800:Zhiar Ali
392:In 1995,
354:When the
329:Ba'athist
194:Šumma ālu
182:Gilgamesh
3298:Category
3273:Category
3194:Abkhazia
3144:Thailand
3099:Pakistan
3079:Mongolia
3074:Maldives
3069:Malaysia
2969:Cambodia
2514:April 7,
2509:IraQueer
2484:IraQueer
2459:IraQueer
2273:cite web
2162:BBC News
2144:BBC News
1988:Archived
1261:BBC News
1176:See also
832:Al-Sabah
750:Iraqueer
745:Iraqueer
548:Military
417:adultery
402:Mutaween
335:, rape,
241:Law Code
219:equality
211:Assyrian
199:Akkadian
133:military
112:Adoption
77:Military
3169:Vietnam
3084:Myanmar
3064:Lebanon
2994:Georgia
2949:Bahrain
2939:Armenia
2455:"About"
1857:July 3,
1761:May 19,
1321:May 19,
1147:banned
786:Yeksani
281:Safavid
172:In the
129:gay men
58:Penalty
3214:Taiwan
3149:Turkey
3114:Russia
3049:Kuwait
3029:Jordan
3019:Israel
2979:Cyprus
2964:Brunei
2959:Bhutan
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2579:"IRQR"
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186:Enkidu
43:Status
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3134:Syria
3109:Qatar
3089:Nepal
3024:Japan
2999:India
2989:Egypt
2974:China
2852:(PDF)
2739:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2533:(PDF)
2399:MADRE
2115:(PDF)
2066:S2CID
1920:S2CID
1820:(PDF)
1726:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
816:fatwa
710:Rasan
704:Rasan
594:Islam
514:Islam
491:LGBTQ
434:When
245:Assur
243:from
197:, an
178:Sumer
3094:Oman
3059:Laos
3014:Iraq
3009:Iran
2860:2017
2829:ISBN
2810:2023
2780:OCLC
2770:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2690:ISSN
2655:OCLC
2636:2023
2615:2019
2590:2019
2565:2019
2541:2021
2516:2021
2491:2019
2466:2019
2437:ISSN
2406:2019
2381:2020
2356:2020
2330:2020
2304:2020
2279:link
2247:2024
2236:ISSN
2211:2024
2191:2024
2126:2017
2098:2021
2058:ISSN
2020:2017
1971:2017
1946:2017
1912:ISSN
1877:OCLC
1859:2019
1827:2021
1785:2017
1763:2012
1734:2009
1713:ISBN
1646:2007
1614:ISBN
1560:ISBN
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1375:ISBN
1351:2018
1323:2009
1291:2017
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