Sumer - Knowledge

3115: 13893: 3933: 3188: 4318: 3204: 2173: 3978: 2612: 2313: 2974: 4478: 3995: 3099: 2866: 1360: 13330: 12470: 11102: 12065: 2710: 2847: 389: 15557: 11774: 2425: 15187: 3131: 3147: 977: 311: 373: 13723: 3949: 11737: 11162: 5801:"Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians" in 12316: 4714: 4035: 3884: 15909: 383: 2065: 2051: 3307: 13950: 4460: 367: 320: 12644: 3415: 4730: 11512: 966: 15899: 11137: 69: 12915: 2236: 11722: 4169: 655: 14771: 14662: 3679: 1983: 11345: 3907:, and precious metals like hammered gold, incorporated into the design. Since stone was rare it was reserved for sculpture. The most widespread material in Sumer was clay, as a result many Sumerian objects are made of clay. Metals such as gold, silver, copper, and bronze, along with shells and gemstones, were used for the finest sculptures and inlays. Small stones of all kinds, including more precious stones such as lapis lazuli, alabaster, and serpentine, were used for 2985: 2410: 3704:-drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" 10912: 12984: 761: 86: 10922: 13978: 9230: 4342: 4426:) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. 5095:. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. 9792: 3027:, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Full libraries of clay tablets have been found. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects, like statues or bricks, are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. 15004: 2725:"Pottery was very plentiful, and the forms of the vases, bowls and dishes were manifold; there were special jars for honey, butter, oil and wine, which was probably made from dates. Some of the vases had pointed feet, and stood on stands with crossed legs; others were flat-bottomed, and were set on square or rectangular frames of wood. The oil-jars, and probably others also, were sealed with clay, precisely as in early 11996: 10932: 75: 13092: 10942: 11909: 11732: 13087: 12639: 12311: 11904: 11717: 3621: 13204: 12166: 11149: 2553:, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three-fifths. This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. Henceforth, Sumerian remained only a 2689:, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment. 2201:—who reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2900 BC, when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia, even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas, and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own. 835:, where three separate cultures may have fused: that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians. 3114: 3932: 5291:"The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." in 3574:, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. 4448: 4083:

also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones—or rather bricks—of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."

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The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. These early names may be fictional, and include some legendary and mythological figures, such as

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formed the main pantheon, and in addition to this there were hundreds of other minor gods. Sumerian gods were often associated with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for

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in the south at the temple in Eridu. Enki was the god of beneficence and of wisdom, ruler of the freshwater depths beneath the earth, a healer and friend to humanity who in Sumerian myth was thought to have given humans the arts and sciences, the industries and manners of civilization; the first law

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Mirroring the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposits its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly resulted in the creation of Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" (or axle), and the "earth pivot", parents

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The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" (a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess, or a female figure when headed by a male god) towards a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great)

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The Indus Valley Civilization only flourished in its most developed form between 2400 and 1800 BC, but at the time of these exchanges, it was a much larger entity than the Mesopotamian civilization, covering an area of 1.2 million square kilometers with thousands of settlements, compared to an area

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of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house

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Marriages were usually arranged by the parents of the bride and groom; engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets. These marriages became legal as soon as the groom delivered a bridal gift to his bride's father. One Sumerian proverb describes the

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Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the

4398:, generally thought to be the Indus Valley area. Various inscriptions also mention the presence of Meluhha traders and interpreters in Mesopotamia. About twenty seals have been found from the Akkadian and Ur III sites, that have connections with Harappa and often use Harappan symbols or writing. 2807:

In early Sumer women played an important public rule as priestesses. They could also own property, transact business and had their rights protected by the courts. Sons and daughters inherited property on equal terms. The status of women deteriorated in the centuries after 2300 BC. Their right to

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Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form. There was no common set of gods; each city-state had its own patrons, temples, and priest-kings. Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. Sumerian

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has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a "Semitic vs. Sumerian" conflict. It is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were

2378:–2279 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the Ur III period that followed it. 4429:

Periodically, rulers signed "clean slate" decrees that cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily, rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military

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was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.

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of Lagash in 2400–2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force, which could happen if peasants lost their subsistence land or became bondservants due to inability to repay their debt.

4067:. Mud-brick buildings eventually deteriorate, so they were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities, which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain. The resultant hills, known as 4153:

number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.

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Some archaeologists have speculated that the original speakers of ancient Sumerian may have been farmers, who moved down from the north of Mesopotamia after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid period pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via

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Uruk, one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000–80,000 at its height. Given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. The

6510:. Kim Ryholt, Gojko Barjamovic, Københavns universitet, Denmark) Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (2010 : Copenhagen, Denmark) Literature and Identity Formation (2010 : Copenhagen. Copenhagen. pp. 1–18. 3091:

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC. Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Babylonia and Assyria until the 1st century AD.

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in Akkadian medical texts indicate the hymen, but it appears that the intactness of the hymen was much less relevant to assessing a woman's virginity than in later cultures of the Near East. Most assessments of virginity depended on the woman's own account.

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The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2450 BC on a stele called the

3004:. Sumerian writing is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature, both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. 2294:, the priest-king of Umma, overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area, then conquered Uruk, making it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before 2496:, has been erroneously called a "Sumerian renaissance" in the past. Already, the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the resurgence of the Akkadian-speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu ( 2001:, but, given that environmental conditions in southern Mesopotamia were favourable to human occupation well before the Ubaid period, it is likely that older sites exist but have not yet been found. It appears that this culture was derived from the 2537:

in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely.

4414:, often with a fixed rate between them. The obligations, loans and prices in general were usually denominated in one of them. Many transactions involved debt, for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer advanced by "ale women". 2523:

had already done in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was used.

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Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one

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Anu ziggurat and White Temple at Uruk. The original pyramidal structure, the "Anu Ziggurat", dates to around 4000 BC, and the White Temple was built on top of it c. 3500 BC. The design of the ziggurat was probably a precursor to that of the

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This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity.

3838:, before planting seed. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. 1386:

The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period,

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shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk.

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as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other

2087:, temple-centered cities, with populations of over 10,000 people, where centralized administrations employed specialized workers. It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of 5717:

Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics : [proceedings of an International Conference on Prehistoric Iberia : Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics, Held November 16–17, 1998, in Madrid,

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was the goddess of love, sexuality, and war; the deification of Venus, the morning (eastern) and evening (western) star, at the temple (shared with An) at Uruk. Deified kings may have re-enacted the marriage of Inanna and

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was written in the standard Sumerian cuneiform. It tells of a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or "Bilgamesh" in Sumerian. The story relates the fictional adventures of Gilgamesh and his companion,

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British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization"

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were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style.

3146: 2115:, had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote, long-distance colonies by military force. 2091:

captured from the hill country, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts. Artifacts, and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area—from the

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The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the

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Understanding Sumerian texts today can be problematic. Most difficult are the earliest texts, which in many cases do not give the full grammatical structure of the language and seem to have been used as an

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of northern Mesopotamia. The Ubaidians, though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves, are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer. They drained the marshes for

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Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, including personal and business letters, receipts,

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Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes.

4095:, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques, such as 3430:

the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.

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culture from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. The story of the passing of the gifts of civilization (

4369:, dating to 2600–2450. In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique of acid-etching developed by the 259:

rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus which enabled them to form urban settlements. The world's earliest known texts come from the Sumerian cities of

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to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on fast wheels. The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery being the main visible change.

8434:, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE. 16113: 16108: 3822:

or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with

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By the time of the Uruk period, c. 4100–2900 BC calibrated, the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large,

8514:. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL. 944:, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor ( 8511: 8347: 7370:

Whatever the assertions of cosmography here, when modern-day archaeologists carve out areas of exploration based on physical-remains and other data, there is an emphasis on three,

2738:"Tablets were used for writing purposes. Daggers with metal blades and wooden handles were worn, and copper was hammered into plates, while necklaces or collars were made of gold." 2681:) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at 4532:

functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports, though the crew carried battle-axes and

6560:(1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". 16138: 3808: 4349:

Evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur can be found from around 2350 BC. Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly

10174: 6189:"The stepped design of the Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, the oldest known pyramid along the Nile, suggests that it was borrowed from the Mesopotamian ziggurat concept." in 5645:""The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)" 2692:

Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians, from the indigenous hunter-fisherfolk traditions, associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral.

846:). The Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC ( 7955: 7933: 2638:

of unknown classification beneath Sumerian, because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. However, the

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Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016).

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were determined not by whether a sexual act was deemed immoral, but rather by whether or not it made a person ritually unclean. The Sumerians widely believed that

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The dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500–2270 BC), though omitted from the king list, is well attested through several important monuments and many archaeological finds.

12425: 2735:"Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known. While spears, bows, arrows, and daggers (but not swords) were employed in war." 780:

Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language; they think the Sumerian language may originally have been that of the

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described himself as "the king of the four quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people". The Akkadians also called the Sumerians "black-headed people", or

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of only about 65.000 square kilometers for the occupied area of Mesopotamia, while the largest cities were comparable in size at about 30–40,000 inhabitants.

4317: 2650:) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. The Sumerian people who settled here, farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the 1309:

as having "exercised kingship" in the Early Dynastic II period, and Nagar, an outpost, these cities are all in the Euphrates-Tigris alluvial plain, south of

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The Sumerians were great artists. Sumerian artefacts show great detail and ornamentation, with fine semi-precious stones imported from other lands, such as

9010: 10203: 7641: 2732:"A feathered head-dress was worn. Beds, stools and chairs were used, with carved legs resembling those of an ox. There were fire-places and fire-altars." 2033:

The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow

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and were responsible for the spread of farming in the Middle East. However, contrary evidence strongly suggests that the first farming originated in the

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system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between

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A cuneiform tablet about an administrative account, with entries concerning malt and barley groats, 3100–2900 BC. Clay, 6.8 x 4.5 x 1.6 cm, the

12847: 10087: 8283:, 560 pages. London: Penguin (earlier printings may have different pagination: 1966, 480 pages, Pelican; 1964, 431 pages, London: Allen and Urwin). 6617: 6435:

Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion"

3537:(Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central 15186: 12469: 5868: 12285: 6406:

Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11., 1939)

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is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the

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c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote

2150:, a dry period from c. 3200–2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter, warmer climate period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago, called the 870:

was the first scholar to publish the word Sumer in a lecture on 17 January 1869. The first major excavations of Sumerian cities were in 1877 at

6539: 3203: 2764:, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the 2470:

The previous Lagash dynasty, Gudea and his descendants also promoted artistic development and left a large number of archaeological artifacts.

8387:, perhaps the oldest Sumerian website on the web (it dates back to 1996), features compiled lexicon, detailed FAQ, extensive links, and so on. 3938:

Cylinder seal and impression in which appears a ritual scene before a temple façade; 3500–3100 BC; bituminous limestone; height: 4.5 cm;

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or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings, the gods.

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The trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus would have been significantly shorter due to lower sea levels in the 3rd millennium BC.

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The origin of the Sumerians is not known, but the people of Sumer referred to themselves as "Black-Headed Ones" or "Black-Headed People" (

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ideal, happy marriage, through the mouth of a husband, who boasts that his wife has borne him eight sons and is still eager to have sex.

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The Sumerians credited their divinities for all matters pertaining to them and exhibited humility in the face of cosmic forces, such as

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The general location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline. The coastline nearly reached Ur in ancient times.

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A tablet with pictographic pre-cuneiform writing. Late 4th millennium BC, limestone. Height: 4.5 cm, width: 4.3 cm, depth: 2.4 cm. The

2312: 2973: 2611: 16143: 12843: 12839: 12753: 12550: 11307: 10091: 5114: 1374:. The hairstyle of the prisoners (curly hair on top and short hair on the sides) is characteristic of Sumerians, as also seen on the 8158: 5618: 2696:

believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age.

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The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages." Ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press). Pages 19–59

3988:; 2600–2400 BC; shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli on wood; length: 49.5 cm; from the Royal Cemetery at Ur; British Museum 3373:

was the god of storm, wind, and rain. He was the chief god of the Sumerian pantheon and the patron god of Nippur. His consort was

9215: 5084:. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. 2287:

depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. His empire collapsed shortly after his death.

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in his country, prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written.

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Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title "King of Sumer and Akkad", such as

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Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid-4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (

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Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief".

1993:

The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the

16066: 16019: 15989: 9779: 8566: 8481: 8469: 8270: 8115: 8090: 8058: 8028: 8001: 7917: 7889: 7861: 7834: 7807: 7756: 7691: 7664: 7602: 7575: 7466: 7439: 7410: 7355: 7328: 7245: 7217: 7160: 7135: 7108: 7049: 7019: 6963: 6927: 6888: 6729: 6666: 6515: 6473: 6367: 6340: 6313: 6232: 6202: 6174: 6070: 6043: 6016: 5989: 5919: 5726: 5602: 5537: 5509: 5482: 5455: 5427: 5400: 5346: 5319: 5245: 5215: 4059:

The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with

3041:. It was laid out on several clay tablets and is thought to be the earliest known surviving example of fictional literature. 9757: 6852: 6332:

Upon this Foundation: The N̜baid Reconsidered : Proceedings from the U̜baid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th-June 1st 1988

10215: 10122: 8457: 4477: 3813: 7374:

Marcella Frangipane, "Different Trajectories in State Formation in Greater Mesopotamia: A View from Arslantepe (Turkey)",

3072:

where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a

14313: 11808: 11660: 11517: 10117: 9345: 8996: 8629: 2892:

in general to have been discouraged. Neither Sumerian nor Akkadian had a word exactly corresponding to the English word '

2163: 1593: 843: 824: 2865: 1359: 14983: 12662: 10468: 10384: 10107: 10072: 3711:

says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization, and that 89% of the population lived in the cities.

364:), "Black Headed Ones", the native designation for the Sumerians. The first is the pictographic character for "head" ( 16123: 10512: 9072: 8305: 8216: 7079: 6837: 6812: 6699: 6424: 3613:

under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of

13329: 6761: 6060: 6006: 4388:

Several Indus seals with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in Ur, Babylon and Kish.

3294:, in central Mesopotamia, replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city, whose priests exercised political 10600: 10585: 10181: 10169: 9736: 8559: 5979: 5683: 7592: 6952:

Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki

6033: 3914:

Some of the most famous masterpieces are the Lyres of Ur, which are considered to be the world's oldest surviving

3330:

speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later

14977: 10458: 10444: 10196: 9846: 7179: 5669: 5129: 5124: 6035:

Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China

3287:

or "Lady of the Mountains", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture.

68: 15050: 14597: 14521: 10062: 9649: 9633: 6766:(2nd revised ed.). London, Brighton, New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 98–100. 4521:, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have used professional soldiers. 4394:, the ruler of the Neo-Summerian Empire at Lagash, is recorded as having imported "translucent carnelian" from 3076:

or adstratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously

2126:), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian 240: 8765: 5037:) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept led to wheeled 3541:

with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the

3052:, because it belongs to no known language family. Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the 1305:

Apart from Mari, which lies full 330 kilometres (205 miles) north-west of Agade, but which is credited in the

15902: 15882: 15164: 15071: 15056: 14894: 14764: 14565: 14264: 13949: 11333: 9675: 6652: 5119: 5002: 6390: 5621:. Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Archived from 2204:

The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is

16128: 15703: 15512: 15488: 14888: 13868: 10208: 9685: 9420: 8963: 8522: 8391: 7343: 6457: 5087:

The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now

2709: 1401:

was the first state that successfully united larger parts of Mesopotamia in the 23rd century BC. After the

1338: 543: 15125: 14164: 13963: 13510: 13504: 11751: 11107: 10757: 10522: 10485: 10417: 10186: 9741: 9623: 9618: 9553: 9229: 8465: 8411: 4312: 6979:

Celibacy in the Ancient World: Its Ideal and Practice in Pre-Hellenistic Israel, Mesopotamia, and Greece

4222:

refers to trade with far lands for goods, such as wood, that were scarce in Mesopotamia. In particular,

2846: 15752: 15608: 15371: 15062: 14872: 14218: 13880: 13848: 13842: 12049: 10935: 10610: 10590: 10432: 10422: 10412: 10112: 10102: 9881: 9746: 9355: 8395: 6557: 5872: 3939: 3121: 2928:

enhanced sexual potency, both for men and for women, and they frequently engaged in it, both alone and

887: 641:(pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), a non-Semitic and non- 3707:

The Sumerians practiced similar irrigation techniques as those used in Egypt. American anthropologist

2940:

priestesses were forbidden from producing offspring and frequently engaged in anal sex as a method of

2424: 911: 15889: 15497: 15383: 15365: 15215: 14877: 14741: 14442: 14257: 13154: 10562: 10407: 9977: 9772: 9430: 9245: 4783: 4241:

The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a major part of the economy. Slave women worked as

4201: 3030:

A prime example of cuneiform writing is a lengthy poem that was discovered in the ruins of Uruk. The

2151: 1432: 721: 691: 427:. In their inscriptions, the Sumerians called their land "Kengir", the "Country of the noble lords" ( 228: 7709:"The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley" 7625:

Diplomacy by design: Luxury arts and an "international style" in the ancient Near East, 1400–1200 BC

2222:—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the 388: 15875: 15520: 15517: 15440: 15410: 15353: 15339: 14745: 13729: 13467: 12884: 12668: 11511: 10649: 10620: 10264: 9385: 9027: 7209: 5684:""Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006" 3073: 935: 24: 13722: 6950: 5524:"I am the king of the four quarters, I am a shepherd, the pastor of the "black-headed people"" in 4701:

wooden-oared ships, sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks

2420:, the Sumerian ruler who was famous for his numerous portrait sculptures that have been recovered. 15535: 15463: 15437: 15413: 15407: 15392: 15304: 15240: 15205: 15149: 15098: 14671: 13148: 12929: 12674: 11982: 11440: 10877: 10625: 10289: 10022: 9695: 9628: 9522: 9375: 9293: 9288: 8714: 7551: 5442:"The origin of the Sumerians is unknown; they described themselves as the 'black-headed people'" 4901: 4826: 2808:

dispose of their property was limited, and the female deities also lost their former importance.

2456: 2396: 642: 236: 8145: 7536: 7526:

By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world, Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975

4149:, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their 3959:; 2600–2400 BC; gold, copper, shell, lapis lazuli and limestone; height: 45.7 cm; from the 3597:–4500 BC. The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized 15698: 15688: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15428: 15419: 15362: 15342: 15336: 15330: 15327: 15318: 15246: 15243: 15234: 15134: 15113: 14727: 14501: 14433: 14343: 14087: 14081: 13562: 13017: 12876: 12441: 12222: 11762: 11736: 11696: 11339: 11112: 10580: 10439: 10309: 10284: 10154: 9906: 9726: 9578: 9337: 7708: 6115: 4770: 4322: 4138: 4120: 3708: 3331: 3061: 2992:. Egyptian hieroglyphics and Sumerian cuneiform are both considered to derive from pictographs. 2347: 1793: 976: 645: 220: 20: 16009: 12315: 11344: 8263:

Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.

8018: 7907: 7879: 7797: 7746: 7458: 7452: 7318: 6919: 6913: 6330: 6222: 6164: 5527: 5309: 5235: 4373:. Lapis lazuli was imported in great quantity by Egypt, and already used in many tombs of the 4361:, have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia dating from around 2500–2000 BC. 4215:

came from many parts of the world. In particular, the metals of all types had to be imported.

3675:

was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."

3480:, ancient Semitic-speaking peoples living as pastoral nomads tending herds of sheep and goats. 2360:, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from 16058:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

15979: 15942: 15864: 15741: 15401: 15377: 15333: 15321: 15315: 15312: 15267: 15261: 15237: 15202: 15158: 15146: 15143: 15140: 15128: 15122: 15110: 15104: 14923: 14833: 14830: 14821: 14384: 12461: 10945: 10684: 10552: 10164: 10037: 10016: 9936: 9896: 9787: 9395: 8881: 8366: 8048: 7991: 7851: 7824: 7125: 7039: 6721: 6646: 6357: 6303: 6192: 6163:

Crüsemann, Nicola; Ess, Margarete van; Hilgert, Markus; Salje, Beate; Potts, Timothy (2019).

5715: 5592: 5499: 5472: 5390: 5336: 5205: 5064:

They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a

5050: 4495: 4471: 4357: 4100: 4034: 4015: 3883: 3874: 3451: 3244:

This pattern continued to influence regional Mesopotamian myths. Thus, in the later Akkadian

3153: 3053: 2639: 2284: 2244: 2140: 2111:

The Uruk period civilization, exported by Sumerian traders and colonists, like that found at

2084: 1945: 858:

at approximately 2100–2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use for some time.

699: 372: 310: 16056: 15908: 11721: 7201: 5417: 15309: 15258: 15167: 15161: 15131: 14733: 14686: 14674: 14498: 14439: 14063: 13957: 13780: 13307: 12455: 11976: 11393: 10779: 10661: 10595: 10557: 10453: 10379: 10374: 10299: 10147: 9765: 9613: 9573: 9052: 8431: 5816: 5758: 5042: 5041:

and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform script is the oldest (or second oldest after the

4486: 4366: 4326: 4130: 4040: 3960: 3923: 3888: 3878: 3519: 3385: 3260:

and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of

2888:

at the time of marriage, but did not expect the same of men, although one author considers

2714: 2616: 2088: 2064: 2050: 1761: 1334: 244: 14770: 8035:

Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.

7974: 5556:

K. van der Toorn, P.W. van der Horst (January 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible".

4145:

also date back to this period. The period c. 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the

2713:

A reconstruction in the British Museum of headgear and necklaces worn by the women at the

8: 15814: 15669: 15374: 15324: 15249: 15199: 15152: 15137: 15116: 14815: 14801: 14689: 14622: 14445: 14336: 14278: 14042: 13715: 13555: 13274: 13079: 12896: 12709: 12025: 11236: 10721: 10679: 10605: 10480: 10402: 9931: 9901: 9886: 9700: 9608: 9583: 9390: 9365: 8917: 8862: 8776: 8683: 8661: 8490: 8399: 8162: 8140:

Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV 16. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32.

7202: 7100: 5953: 5887: 5622: 4796: 4540:

device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. The cart was composed of a

4330: 4142: 4049: 4045: 3964: 3915: 3776: 3772: 3310:

Akkadian cylinder seal from sometime around 2300 BC or thereabouts depicting the deities

2948: 2929: 2520: 2479: 2181: 2167: 1849: 1807: 1700: 1577: 1406: 1326: 1314: 883: 855: 809: 548: 517: 454: 6670: 5820: 5762: 5157: 2768:("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The " 720:

A prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians have been termed the "

382: 16040: 15854: 15731: 15292: 15231: 15225: 14753: 14717: 14630: 14611: 14507: 14504: 14457: 14423: 14420: 14375: 14066: 14051: 14036: 13712: 13709: 13700: 13459: 12634: 12362: 11635: 11488: 11405: 11208: 10852: 10847: 10832: 10794: 10769: 10706: 10567: 10502: 10137: 9946: 9861: 9690: 9659: 9558: 9405: 9322: 8625: 8477: 7778: 7285: 7277: 7008: 6533: 6284: 6276: 5845: 5804: 5779: 5746: 5573: 4841: 4608: 4576: 4068: 3614: 3610: 3104:

An early writing tablet for recording the allocation of beer, 3100–3000 BC, from Iraq.

3069: 2989: 2960: 2682: 2678: 2647: 2635: 2580:). The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the " 2019:, god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu, may reflect the transition from Eridu to Uruk. 1998: 1544: 1528: 1318: 1306: 997: 820: 690:. Although not specifically discussing Sumerians, Lazaridis et al. 2016 have suggested 667: 14510: 10694: 8020:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

6085:

Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (

3298:

on the other city-states. Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period.

2920:

From the earliest records, the Sumerians had very relaxed attitudes toward sex. Their

2515:

The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the

16062: 16015: 15985: 15278: 15252: 15228: 15210: 15010: 14931: 14839: 14708: 14680: 14495: 14463: 14454: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14378: 14366: 14281: 14202: 14054: 14048: 14015: 14009: 13580: 13453: 13317: 13139: 12865: 12464: 12458: 12266: 12234: 11779: 10988: 10921: 10872: 10837: 10674: 10615: 10517: 10427: 10397: 10392: 10259: 10254: 10238: 10127: 10067: 9987: 9982: 9891: 9680: 9537: 9532: 9517: 9452: 9370: 9327: 9047: 9042: 8908: 8898: 8461: 8301: 8266: 8212: 8141: 8111: 8086: 8054: 8024: 7997: 7913: 7885: 7857: 7830: 7803: 7752: 7687: 7660: 7598: 7571: 7462: 7435: 7406: 7351: 7324: 7289: 7241: 7213: 7156: 7131: 7104: 7075: 7045: 7015: 6959: 6923: 6884: 6877: 6833: 6808: 6725: 6714: 6695: 6587: 6579: 6562: 6553: 6521: 6511: 6469: 6420: 6363: 6336: 6309: 6288: 6228: 6198: 6170: 6066: 6039: 6012: 5985: 5915: 5909: 5850: 5832: 5784: 5722: 5598: 5577: 5533: 5505: 5478: 5451: 5423: 5396: 5342: 5315: 5241: 5211: 4989: 4871: 4680: 4518: 4250: 3172: 3032: 2964: 2592: 2577: 2554: 2516: 2383: 2350: 2339: 2218: 2147: 2101: 2034: 1987: 1904: 1409:

similarly united parts of northern and southern Mesopotamia. It ended in the face of

1330: 1322: 987: 638: 593: 494: 460: 428: 420: 399: 13442: 8316: 6778: 5888:"Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios" 5644: 3414: 3306: 15938: 15850: 15796: 15727: 15714: 15693: 15658: 15507: 15295: 15264: 15119: 15095: 14863: 14860: 14854: 14809: 14702: 14683: 14677: 14633: 14616: 14460: 14451: 14448: 14372: 14369: 14207: 14092: 13679: 12769: 12703: 12691: 12384: 11931: 11221: 10764: 10699: 10689: 10363: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10274: 10249: 9593: 9588: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9472: 9467: 9457: 9273: 9130: 9115: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9067: 8958: 8229: 8226:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7720: 7269: 6632: 6595: 6571: 6391:

The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization

6385: 6268: 6260: 5840: 5824: 5774: 5766: 5565: 5261: 5181: 5058: 4974: 4959: 4944: 4929: 4916: 4555:

warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes.

4351: 4163: 4060: 3955: 3683: 3570:

It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of

3140:, c. 2600 BC. Height: 8.5 cm, width: 8.5 cm, depth: 2 cm. The Louvre 3077: 3045: 3001: 2761: 2631: 2605: 2093: 1636: 1354: 875: 847: 742: 687: 648: 602: 232: 212: 172: 10956: 8339:

Ancient Sumer History – The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium

6575: 4459: 866:

The Sumerians were entirely unknown during the early period of modern archeology.

16133: 15859: 15845: 15820: 15773: 15736: 15722: 15546: 15395: 15348: 15255: 15220: 15092: 15087: 15015: 14989: 14845: 14720: 14714: 14699: 14692: 14646: 14636: 14469: 14414: 14408: 14405: 14351: 14299: 14135: 14069: 14057: 14045: 14033: 14018: 13997: 13916: 13820: 13817: 13791: 13706: 13685: 13673: 13640: 13634: 13604: 13526: 13336: 12688: 12643: 12597: 12591: 12581: 12371: 11471: 11449: 11216: 10862: 10827: 10716: 10711: 10630: 10541: 10279: 10132: 10044: 10032: 9956: 9951: 9941: 9876: 9851: 9836: 9823: 9811: 9527: 9502: 9497: 9477: 9425: 9415: 9410: 9400: 9380: 9350: 9302: 9298: 9268: 8975: 8944: 8939: 8929: 8639: 8323: 8311: 8297: 8209:

Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations; 1)

7565: 7543: 7386: 7183: 7093: 6757: 6224:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State

5501:

The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Ancient monarchies and empires

5445: 5104: 4811: 4382: 4075: 4053: 3919: 3842: 3575: 3487:, a trading state associated with the land of the dead and the place of creation. 3419: 3407: 3057: 2581: 2558: 2368: 2343: 2317: 2307: 2295: 2127: 1961: 1920: 1797: 1777: 1413:

incursions at the beginning of the second millennium BC. The Amorite "dynasty of

1398: 1364: 895: 851: 729: 663: 565:

The Akkadians, the East Semitic-speaking people who later conquered the Sumerian

416: 366: 319: 158: 15898: 11136: 6618:"Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation" 6462: 4729: 3085: 2056:

The king-priest and his acolyte feeding the sacred herd. Uruk period, c. 3200 BC

965: 622:

Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between

16103: 15757: 15301: 15194: 15083: 15036: 14997: 14940: 14842: 14778: 14696: 14655: 14649: 14639: 14627: 14411: 14399: 14387: 14307: 14196: 14150: 14060: 14030: 13994: 13858: 13703: 13682: 13676: 13667: 13619: 13589: 13571: 13546: 13534: 13446: 13303: 13174: 13025: 12887: 12881: 12784: 12776: 12712: 12685: 12649: 12482: 12249: 12246: 12147: 11555: 11320: 11226: 11203: 11095: 10842: 10817: 10097: 10027: 9507: 8913: 8415: 8403: 8338: 6492:

Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture

6328: 5109: 5045:) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the 5034: 4636: 4548: 4452: 4334: 4091:

of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the

3984: 3968: 3858: 3105: 2889: 2746: 2006: 1375: 1209: 801: 789: 773: 659: 8440: 8248:

The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest

7993:

Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East

7260:

Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised",

6507:

Problems of canonicity and identity formation in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

6444:

George, Andrew (Translator) (2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics)

5569: 3682:

An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in

2492:(c. 2112–2004 BC, middle chronology), whose power extended as far as southern 2235: 903: 16097: 16052: 15975: 15960: 15832: 15764: 15644: 15289: 15286: 15039: 15033: 14993: 14949: 14857: 14818: 14652: 14591: 14492: 14489: 14417: 14402: 14363: 14360: 14303: 14242: 14124: 13830: 13823: 13800: 13694: 13688: 13652: 13574: 13530: 13487: 13279: 13177: 13171: 13129: 13028: 12831: 12793: 12566: 12452: 12366: 12176: 12127: 11882: 11866: 11559: 11485: 11446: 11420: 11414: 11375: 11316: 11287: 11012: 10915: 10867: 10857: 10822: 10774: 10751: 10726: 10490: 10319: 10314: 10191: 9992: 9841: 9307: 9155: 9062: 8821: 8817: 8650: 8537: 8524: 7683:

The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)

7656:

The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)

6583: 6525: 5836: 5714:

Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Gómez-Casado, Eduardo (2000).

5046: 4856: 4746: 4656: 4223: 4212: 4168: 4000:

Bull's head ornament from a lyre; 2600–2350 BC; bronze inlaid with shell and

3908: 3850: 3827: 3743: 3024: 2996:

The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of

2941: 2921: 2534: 2433: 2291: 2074: 2070: 1865: 1823: 1402: 1379: 1199: 1023: 279: 224: 12914: 8352: 7724: 7379: 5057:

and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the

2259:

Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of

16005: 15802: 15680: 15614: 15532: 15523: 15454: 15380: 15283: 15027: 14928: 14851: 14705: 14661: 14541: 14466: 14426: 14357: 14354: 14348: 14287: 14239: 14227: 14141: 14118: 14111: 14027: 14021: 13991: 13803: 13775: 13757: 13748: 13697: 13490: 13484: 13478: 13383: 13353: 13159: 13071: 12968: 12905: 12853: 12682: 12407: 12342: 12332: 12243: 12194: 12079: 12059: 12055: 11840: 11704: 11564: 11544: 11497: 11456: 11243: 11198: 11047: 11032: 10741: 10507: 10304: 10012: 10007: 9997: 9831: 9312: 9125: 9057: 8954: 8183: 8106:

Van De Mieroop, Marc (1998). Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop (ed.).

7567:

The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer

7348:

Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

6591: 6194:

Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics

6144:

Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), "Mesopotamia, the Invention of the City" (Penguin)

5854: 5788: 5308:

Black, Jeremy A.; George, A. R.; Postgate, J. N.; Breckwoldt, Tina (2000).

4616: 4600: 4498:. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of 4208: 4207:

suggest a remarkably wide-ranging network of ancient trade centered on the

4204: 4001: 3896: 3723: 3629: 3602: 3515: 3507: 3473:, who were periodically raided for slaves, timber, and other raw materials. 3357: 3283:

Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as

3277: 3237: 3225: 3008: 2925: 2693: 2643: 2280: 2213: 2209: 1994: 1977: 1705: 1657: 1448: 1289: 1154: 1064: 867: 839: 805: 797: 746: 725: 679: 675: 208: 196: 148: 8741: 8551: 7421:

Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City' (Penguin)

7071:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

6637: 6599: 6505: 5911:

The Diversity of the Chechen culture: from historical roots to the present

5338:

An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List

4447: 3678: 1982: 831:, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been one of the 531: 528: 525: 502: 499: 439: 436: 433: 359: 352: 15817: 15808: 15663: 15617: 15602: 15593: 15587: 15529: 15431: 15389: 15359: 15356: 15298: 15155: 15107: 15018: 14937: 14934: 14917: 14827: 14642: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14554: 14544: 14532: 14381: 14322: 14275: 14251: 14245: 14236: 14230: 14175: 14138: 14121: 14105: 14039: 14024: 14012: 14000: 13971: 13938: 13935: 13797: 13772: 13769: 13763: 13670: 13631: 13628: 13616: 13601: 13598: 13586: 13493: 13481: 13472: 13421: 13415: 13365: 13362: 13350: 13347: 13283: 13260: 13243: 13229: 13220: 12990: 12919: 12909: 12761: 12746: 12740: 12724: 12721: 12624: 12603: 12513: 12476: 12399: 12240: 12030: 11955: 11950: 11943: 11913: 11899: 11862: 11712: 11621: 11536: 11506: 11492: 11261: 11247: 11192: 11127: 11057: 11027: 10925: 10887: 10736: 10572: 10497: 10294: 9856: 9731: 9721: 9512: 9444: 9317: 9205: 9019: 8783: 8671: 8621: 8583: 5389:

Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (1999).

5069: 5065: 4668: 4604: 4423: 4378: 4193: 4150: 4134: 4088: 3831: 3636:

In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that

3245: 3049: 2997: 2984: 2754: 2642:

shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early

2576:(c. 2028–2004 BC), Sumer came under Amorite rule (taken to introduce the 2566: 2429: 2177: 2028: 1643: 1482: 1269: 1139: 1129: 919: 816: 769: 734: 683: 654: 424: 376:), the second the character for "night", and for "black" when pronounced 264: 248: 200: 107: 99: 12983: 7782: 6504:

Cooper, Jerrold S. (2016). "Sumerian literature and Sumerian identity".

6272: 5828: 5770: 5690: 5240:(Second Revised ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 117. 2409: 15826: 15823: 15805: 15782: 15767: 15761: 15641: 15638: 15596: 15584: 15578: 15563: 15434: 15425: 15422: 15416: 15398: 15368: 15176: 15101: 15042: 14908: 14848: 14711: 14605: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14558: 14550: 14538: 14526: 14272: 14248: 14233: 14169: 14131: 14108: 14102: 14006: 13745: 13577: 13475: 13434: 13424: 13418: 13380: 13377: 13374: 13368: 13356: 13344: 13341: 13311: 13257: 13254: 13067: 13046: 13022: 12998: 12827: 12718: 12715: 12706: 12697: 12616: 12507: 12393: 12348: 12336: 12180: 12018: 12014: 11963: 11784: 11692: 11618: 11614: 11358: 11231: 11181: 11175: 10002: 9263: 9258: 8484:(UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities. 7281: 7003: 6280: 5713: 4620: 4572: 4564: 4235: 4189: 4004:; height: 13.3 cm, width: 10.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art 3784: 3758: 3598: 3571: 3248:, creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water, between male 2663: 2463:

of Lagash, rose to local prominence and continued the practices of the

2263:

of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk,

2194: 2119: 1466: 1014: 941: 940:

In the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into many independent

760: 566: 459:''country" + "lords" + "noble''), and their language "Emegir" ( 121: 13977: 8988: 8081:

Hudson, Michael (1998). Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop (ed.).

7176: 5805:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" 5747:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East" 5740: 5738: 4563:

Examples of Sumerian technology include: the wheel, cuneiform script,

4381:, as no other sources are known, and had to be transported across the 3795:, meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of 2804:) and she could then remarry another man who was from the same tribe. 2500:), who founded several competing local powers in the south, including 610:, all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of 85: 15835: 15778: 15635: 15605: 15599: 15590: 15575: 15569: 15551: 15526: 15404: 15386: 15173: 15170: 15030: 14957: 14943: 14914: 14902: 14824: 14795: 14535: 14529: 14294: 14224: 14181: 14178: 14127: 13910: 13827: 13813: 13810: 13766: 13760: 13742: 13664: 13655: 13625: 13622: 13613: 13595: 13592: 13430: 13427: 13291: 13287: 13263: 13211: 13198: 13168: 13063: 13059: 12937: 12797: 12534: 12529: 12525: 12494: 12411: 12388: 12352: 12237: 12160: 12083: 12075: 12042: 11939: 11923: 11895: 11858: 11727: 11685: 11502: 11381: 11267: 10812: 10784: 10731: 10269: 9961: 9921: 9568: 9253: 9140: 9077: 8833: 8803: 8343: 7775:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

7405:(London: Stacey International, 1996; reprinted London: Knopf, 2013). 6308:. Elizabeth Williams-Forte. New York: Harper & Row. p. 174. 4652: 4435: 4374: 4362: 4300: 4276: 4264: 4257: 4173: 4126: 4108: 4079: 4029: 3862: 3854: 3792: 3687: 3558: 3550: 3455: 3447: 3339: 3284: 3232: 3137: 2968: 2893: 2823: 2812: 2729:. Vases and dishes of stone were made in imitation of those of clay." 2655: 2620: 2585: 2584:" in the Sumerian king list, ending with the rise of Babylonia under 2212:. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is 2198: 2112: 1679: 1425: 1038: 891: 710: 695: 634: 570: 340: 256: 117: 103: 8222:

Bottéro, Jean, André Finet, Bertrand Lafont, and George Roux. 2001.

7681: 7654: 7302:

Hallo, William W. (1996), "Review: Enki and the Theology of Eridu",

7273: 6264: 5555: 5237:

The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India

4341: 3800: 3590:

The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as

3056:. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other 2912:, 'never having known a penis'. It is unclear whether terms such as 2721:

In the early Sumerian period, the primitive pictograms suggest that

2275:, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of 552:"head" + "black" + relative marker). For example, the Sumerian king 15785: 15611: 15572: 15566: 15443: 15024: 15021: 14966: 14963: 14905: 14836: 14786: 14749: 14602: 14144: 14003: 13985: 13968: 13906: 13833: 13807: 13754: 13736: 13646: 13521: 13412: 13403: 13391: 13359: 13323: 13299: 13249: 13217: 13193: 13165: 13135: 13123: 13116: 13102: 13096: 13031: 12941: 12923: 12835: 12813: 12809: 12694: 12620: 12449: 12403: 12380: 12375: 12306: 12301: 12270: 12087: 12011: 12007: 12000: 11878: 11799: 11644: 11476: 11466: 11461: 11452: 11388: 11371: 11142: 11089: 10329: 10159: 10142: 9916: 9911: 9705: 9360: 9283: 9278: 9185: 9170: 9165: 9120: 8827: 8812: 8808: 8792: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8709: 7594:

Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history

6305:

Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer

6087:

Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy

5735: 5268:. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology 5182:"The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: saĝgiga [humankind]" 5073: 4672: 4644: 4568: 4499: 4467: 4431: 4185: 4181: 4096: 4019: 3715: 3546: 3534: 3491: 3439: 3335: 3295: 3065: 3016: 3012: 2933: 2573: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2260: 2240: 1650: 1410: 1279: 1249: 793: 714: 706: 16014:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 15003: 7876:

For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see

7238:

The Dictionary of Mythology: An A–Z of Themes, Legends, and Heroes

5355: 4377:

period (c. 3200 BC). Lapis lazuli probably originated in northern

15838: 15666: 15647: 15632: 15626: 15620: 14954: 14899: 14792: 14789: 14737: 14588: 14330: 14269: 14190: 14184: 13925: 13919: 13691: 13661: 13516: 13406: 13371: 13162: 13105: 13006: 12975: 12679: 12228: 12171: 12100: 11995: 11987: 11852: 11787: 11594: 11591: 11576: 11572: 11384: 11378: 11362: 11240: 10789: 10746: 9926: 9871: 9462: 9190: 9180: 9145: 9135: 8886: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8729: 8697: 8676: 8512:

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology

8443:; Dahl, Jacob L.; Lafont, Bertrand; Pagé-Perron, Émilie (2022) . 8407: 8265:(Rev. ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7773:

MacKay, Ernest (1925). "Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India".

6830:

The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States

5802: 5092: 5081: 5077: 5038: 4692: 4684: 4584: 4529: 4463: 4395: 4370: 4365:

beads from the Indus were found in the Sumerian tombs of Ur, the

4280: 4272: 4268: 4242: 4227: 4197: 3904: 3835: 3823: 3751: 3735: 3578:

was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen

3554: 3511: 3477: 3470: 2667: 2493: 2283:. He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy. Eannatum's 2190: 2002: 1629: 1310: 1219: 785: 781: 754: 750: 738: 13091: 8402:. Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; 6552: 3494:, a rival people with whom the Sumerians were frequently at war. 3068:("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike 2753:

and flutes were played, among the best-known examples being the

2572:

Following an Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of

945: 15629: 15623: 15581: 15492: 14960: 14911: 14486:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

14284: 14187: 14172: 14156: 13901: 13886: 13751: 13658: 13649: 13583: 13540: 13409: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13295: 13267: 13208: 13099: 12994: 12821: 12700: 12612: 12600: 12231: 12188: 12153: 12134: 12106: 12003: 11935: 11873: 11816: 11768: 11677: 11648: 11604: 11601: 11551: 11481: 11399: 11352: 11302: 11277: 11272: 11251: 11068: 11042: 11017: 10669: 10324: 9210: 9160: 9082: 8494: 6949:

Cooper, Jerrold S. (2001). "Virginity in Ancient Mesopotamia".

5981:

Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life

5935:

Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Hurrian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).

5054: 4886: 4691:

clinker-built sailboats stitched together with hair, featuring

4664: 4648: 4596: 4592: 4580: 4541: 4525: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4419: 4411: 4296: 4246: 4146: 4104: 4064: 4023: 3900: 3861:

and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain. They then

3846: 3788: 3763: 3731: 3719: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3645: 3606: 3542: 3484: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3323: 3311: 3291: 3253: 3231:

Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate

3209:

Naked priest offering libations to a Sumerian temple (detail),

3157:, c. 2450 BC, limestone, Found in 1881 by Édouard de Sarzec in 3038: 2978: 2896:', and the concept was expressed descriptively, for example as 2885: 2651: 2550: 2542: 2489: 2441: 2417: 2251: 2136: 2097: 2012: 1622: 1239: 1149: 1124: 1094: 1084: 1028: 879: 694:

for some pre-Semitic cultures of the Middle East, particularly

587: 553: 252: 74: 31: 13086: 12638: 12310: 11908: 11903: 11731: 11716: 8288:

Ancient Mesopotamia: The Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians

7317:

Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2006),

3857:

wagons, driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the

2455:

Following the downfall of the Akkadian Empire at the hands of

187: 15829: 15811: 14326: 13932: 13913: 12979: 12890: 12861: 12788: 12520: 12184: 12071: 11990: 11918: 11795: 11791: 11673: 11611: 11607: 11568: 11355: 11297: 11292: 11282: 11255: 11037: 10882: 9563: 9195: 9175: 8692: 6770: 5307: 5088: 4660: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4503: 4391: 4284: 4260: 4231: 3818: 3768: 3727: 3637: 3579: 3459: 3426: 3396: 3370: 3265: 3221: 3158: 2750: 2726: 2686: 2562: 2546: 2505: 2460: 2413: 2268: 2205: 1259: 1229: 1169: 1104: 1004: 949: 871: 854:. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the 828: 329: 181: 16119:

States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC

13203: 12165: 8384: 6329:

Elizabeth F. Henrickson; Ingolf Thuesen; I. Thuesen (1989).

5204:

Diakonoff, I. M.; D'I︠A︡konov, Igor' Mik︠h︡aílovich (1991).

4430:

conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by

4267:

to produce the fire needed for baking the pottery. Sumerian

3620: 3352:

as the full-time god equivalent to heaven; indeed, the word

3193:

Wall plaque showing libations to a seated god and a temple.

2884:

The Sumerians considered it desirable for women to still be

2634:. A number of linguists have claimed to be able to detect a 215:

Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. Like nearby

16114:

States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC

16109:

States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC

14783: 14547: 14474: 14318: 14074: 13185: 13040: 12962: 12803: 12731: 12560: 12446: 12277: 12252: 12140: 12121: 11890: 11848: 11803: 11743: 11681: 11628: 11597: 11526: 11426: 11368: 11365: 11312: 11156: 11148: 11118: 11078: 11062: 11052: 11022: 10077: 10054: 9797: 9791: 9150: 8688: 7177:"Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian" 4761: 4676: 4482: 4292: 4288: 4092: 3796: 3780: 3747: 3739: 3701: 3641: 3538: 3523: 3443: 3363: 3319: 3290:

At an early stage, following the dawn of recorded history,

3261: 3257: 3249: 3235:

myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of

2624: 2501: 2316:

Sumerian prisoners on a victory stele of the Akkadian king

2276: 2272: 2216:

of Kish (Early Dynastic I), whose name is mentioned in the

2105: 2016: 1414: 1342: 1159: 1114: 1054: 260: 216: 204: 8408:"ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature" 8016: 6008:

The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization"

12780: 8444: 8439: 8390: 7199: 6381: 6379: 5939:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–104. 4624: 4612: 4588: 3649: 3392: 3349: 3315: 3273: 2367:. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of 952:) who was intimately tied to the city's religious rites. 737:, developed trade, and established industries, including 15949:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 7570:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 11. 6162: 6140: 6138: 6136: 5234:

Feuerstein, Georg; Kak, Subhash; Frawley, David (2005).

5203: 4517:. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the 2760:

Sumerian culture was male-dominated and stratified. The

12417: 11073: 7904:

For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals:

6958:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5744: 4687:

and beer. The Sumerians had three main types of boats:

3653: 3625: 3210: 3194: 2353:

is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish

2264: 1074: 765: 15928:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

8510:(PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the 7802:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. 7799:

Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan

7627:, (Chicago: University Press, 2006), pp. 120–121 7231: 7229: 6854:

Gender and the Journal: Diaries and Academic Discourse

6711: 6376: 5378:(3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 80–82. 4230:

was prized. The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen

1363:

Portrait of a Sumerian prisoner on a victory stele of

898:

in 1902–1903. Major publications of these finds were "

596: 537: 510: 482: 471: 447: 410: 344: 16:

Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 5500 to 1800 BC

16139:

Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC

13449:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

7397: 7395: 7316: 6355: 6133: 5721:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22. 5447:

The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations

4410:

Large institutions kept their accounts in barley and

2118:

Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably

178: 12517:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

8489: 6879:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character

6216: 6214: 5297:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 29. 5233: 5068:

system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This

3803:, although the rich were able to exempt themselves. 2073:

of the Uruk period and its impression, c. 3100 BC –

585: 10986: 8294:

Sumer: Cities of Eden (Timelife Lost Civilizations)

7226: 7155:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 56–57. 6295: 6259:. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. 5529:

The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy

5165:. University of California at Berkeley. p. 52. 4234:at Ur, indicates it was traded from as far away as 2189:and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as 717:as their homeland. This is not generally accepted. 184: 175: 12320:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 8108:Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East 8083:Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East 7909:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 7392: 7092: 7007: 6876: 6832:. Springer International Publishing. p. 344. 6713: 6641:. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. 6461: 6191:Held, Colbert C. (University of Nebraska) (2018). 5292: 4698:skin boats constructed from animal skins and reeds 4333:, are thought to have come from the Indus Valley. 3080:or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. 2545:phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of 7153:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics 6211: 5388: 3834:the ground three times, and pulverized it with a 3529: 3044:The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a 666:characters and illustrations of early Sumerians, 16095: 8456:Images presented online by the research project 7826:The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History 7090: 5977: 5745:Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). 3761:. The irrigation was accomplished by the use of 1997:. The oldest evidence for occupation comes from 996:The five "first" cities, said to have exercised 800:believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of 674:Others have suggested that the Sumerians were a 7635: 7633: 7235: 6705: 6301: 5978:Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R (2010). 4544:and the wheels had a solid three-piece design. 4536:. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two- 4172:Bill of sale of a male slave and a building in 2608:at this time has been estimated at 27 million. 705:Some scholars associate the Sumerians with the 569:, gave Sumer its main historical name, but the 199:, located in the historical region of southern 8257:. London and Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 8130:Roux, Georges (1992), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin) 8105: 7590: 6802: 6394:, Second Edition, University of Chicago Press. 6302:Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). 6101:"Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?" 4524:The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to 4306: 4071:, are found throughout the ancient Near East. 2800:), then if she outlived her husband, a widow ( 2561:language, similar to the position occupied by 2146:The end of the Uruk period coincided with the 2122:and were most likely headed by a priest-king ( 728:", and are theorized to have evolved from the 574: 557: 523: 477: 357: 350: 328:Left: Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler 19:"Sumeria" redirects here. For other uses, see 10972: 9773: 9004: 8567: 8428:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature 7956:"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228" 7945:"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208" 7091:Barraclough, Geoffrey; Stone, Norman (1989). 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6805:The Myth of the Goddess Evolution of an Image 6779:"Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia" 6763:The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions 5948: 5946: 5869:"Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus" 5392:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 5022:Sumer and contemporary polities and cultures 4325:with white designs in this necklace from the 3853:, and a sheaf handler. The farmers would use 3601:, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, 3465:The universe was divided into four quarters: 2947:Prostitution existed, but it is not clear if 2822:) say that he abolished the former custom of 925: 605: 15963:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 15937: 13441:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 12034:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 8445:"CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative" 8211:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7630: 7430:Mark M. Jarzombek and Vikramaditya Prakash, 7130:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 77. 7041:Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature 7033: 7031: 6359:The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer 6246: 6244: 5597:. Wayne State University Press. p. 44. 4125:The Sumerians developed a complex system of 3686:on a clay tablet, written in year 4 of King 3609:agriculture, and the use of an agricultural 3136:A bill of sale of a field and a house, from 2811:Inscriptions describing the reforms of king 990:, the earliest of which dates to c. 2600 BC. 808:region, before it was flooded at the end of 698:, after testing the genomes of Natufian and 580: 15973: 15190:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 9599:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 8581: 8495:"PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary" 8085:. Bethesda, Maryland: CDL. pp. 23–35. 8023:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246. 7591:Anderson, Marlow; Wilson, Robin J. (2004). 6908: 6452: 6450: 6402: 6400: 6227:. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. 6058: 5498:Finer, Samuel Edward; Finer, S. E. (1997). 5477:. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. 5373: 5335:Miller, Douglas B.; Shipp, R. Mark (1996). 5334: 5210:. University of Chicago Press. p. 72. 2271:, and reduced to tribute the city-state of 900:Decouvertes en Chaldée par Ernest de Sarzec 788:peoples who lived in the marshland and the 10979: 10965: 9780: 9766: 9011: 8997: 8618:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 8574: 8560: 8176: 7856:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 7748:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 7706: 7342: 7200:Campbell, Lyle; Mauricio J. Mixco (2007). 6984: 6897: 6861: 6827: 6538:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5943: 5497: 5395:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 32. 5061:that are easily visible to the naked eye. 3700:The Sumerians were one of the first known 3585: 3582:was accompanied in death by her servants. 2745:There is considerable evidence concerning 2015:, goddess of Uruk and of love and war, by 1301:(an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia) 1189:(an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia) 861: 419:name for the "Sumerians", the ancient non- 15890:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 12486:"King of the four quarters of the world" 10088:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 8161:. Members.optusnet.com.au. Archived from 8159:"History of Constellation and Star Names" 8156: 8150: 8046: 7976:Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur 7853:Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World 7829:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–72. 7511: 7481: 7380:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2 7028: 7004:"Chapter 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations" 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6636: 6241: 5844: 5778: 5619:"Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials" 5551: 5549: 5470: 5314:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 384. 5115:Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement 3757:Sumerian agriculture depended heavily on 2852:A Sumerian princess of the time of Gudea 2704: 2666:transitional ware, to the pottery of the 819:(4th millennium BC), continuing into the 16061:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 9912:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 8508:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project 8493:; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2022) . 8474:Institute of Museum and Library Services 8353:A brief introduction to Sumerian history 8236:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 7934:"Indus stamp-seal found in Ur BM 122187" 7849: 7744: 7304:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7236:Coleman, J.A.; Davidson, George (2015), 7064: 7062: 7060: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6447: 6397: 6335:. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 353. 5525: 4476: 4458: 4446: 4340: 4316: 4200:), and several seals inscribed with the 4167: 4052:(c. 2100 BC), dedicated to the moon god 4033: 3882: 3812:", after the flood season and after the 3746:. Sumerians caught many fish and hunted 3677: 3619: 3413: 3305: 2983: 2972: 2708: 2610: 2527: 2423: 2408: 2404: 2311: 2234: 2230: 2171: 2157: 2104:in the west, and as far east as western 2043:Uruk King-priest feeding the sacred herd 1981: 1358: 759: 653: 16035: 16033: 16031: 15906: 9018: 8364: 8110:. Bethesda, Maryland: CDL. p. 63. 7996:. Oxford University Press. p. 49. 7905: 7240:, London: Arcturus Publishing Limited, 6690:Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978, 6487: 6485: 6098: 6031: 6004: 5934: 5885: 5594:In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography 5504:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. 5443: 5287: 5285: 5283: 4466:battle formations led by Sumerian king 3887:Gold dagger from Sumerian tomb PG 580, 3442:consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a 2954: 2772:" or free person, and the slave (male, 932:List of cities of the ancient Near East 838:Reliable historical records begin with 815:Sumerian civilization took form in the 16096: 15771: 15001: 14799: 12579: 12570:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 12474: 11398: 8406:; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). 8260: 8099: 8080: 7989: 7822: 7795: 7772: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7642:Photograph of the necklace in question 7450: 7259: 7208:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7188:Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture 7123: 7068:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), 7001: 6948: 6935: 6874: 6807:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 159. 6803:Baring, Anne; Cashford, Jules (1993). 6720:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6667:"The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Home" 6503: 6417:Climate, History, and the Modern World 5590: 5546: 5415: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5155: 5135:History of institutions in Mesopotamia 4987: 3845:in three-person teams consisting of a 3656:as their primary beasts of burden and 3356:in Sumerian means sky and his consort 3007:Although the writing system was first 16051: 15896: 15863: 15858: 15849: 15801: 15740: 15735: 15726: 15721: 15712: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15678: 15544: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15496: 15487: 15477: 15472: 15461: 15452: 15346: 15081: 14988: 14886: 14876: 14762: 14610: 14519: 14341: 14334: 14292: 14216: 14194: 14162: 14148: 14117: 14101: 13975: 13947: 13923: 13878: 13839: 13784: 13720: 13553: 13538: 13515: 13502: 13465: 13315: 13272: 13146: 13122: 13114: 13077: 13015: 13004: 12974: 12958: 12927: 12894: 12874: 12852: 12819: 12728: 12660: 12648: 12607: 12519: 12511: 12439: 12220: 11974: 11967: 11929: 11856: 11838: 11807: 11760: 11726: 11711: 11703: 11690: 11671: 11659: 11642: 11626: 11589: 11542: 11516: 11438: 11403: 11331: 11155: 11124: 11117: 11106: 11087: 10960: 10647: 10539: 10361: 10236: 9809: 9761: 8992: 8974: 8953: 8943: 8861: 8832: 8764: 8740: 8555: 8482:University of California, Los Angeles 8470:National Endowment for the Humanities 8067: 8053:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 42. 8017:Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003). 7877: 7679: 7652: 7563: 7496: 7301: 7169: 7150: 7057: 7037: 6756: 6745: 6606: 6250: 6220: 6166:Uruk: First City of the Ancient World 6153:Kramer (1963), The Sumerians, p.20-26 5670:""Ubaid Culture", The British Museum" 5199: 5197: 5195: 5151: 5149: 5000: 4972: 4957: 4942: 4927: 4914: 4899: 4884: 4869: 4854: 4839: 4781: 4768: 4717: 4256:Sumerian potters decorated pots with 4141:problems. The earliest traces of the 3926:was excavated between 1922 and 1934. 3787:. The frequent violent floods of the 3565: 2484:Later, the Third Dynasty of Ur under 16028: 16004: 10941: 10883:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 8458:Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative 8224:Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 7972: 7673: 7646: 7482:Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1927). 7454:Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol 7204:A glossary of historical linguistics 7044:, New York: Routledge, p. 219, 6776: 6482: 6456: 6190: 5280: 5266:The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 5229: 5227: 4824: 4809: 4759: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4157: 3469:To the north were the hill-dwelling 2741:"Time was reckoned in lunar months." 2401:c. 2193–2119 BC (middle chronology) 2208:, 13th king of the first dynasty of 1424:, when Mesopotamia was united under 1195:Minor cities (from south to north): 908:Les Inscriptions de Sumer et d'Akkad 562:, in the Semitic Akkadian language. 10931: 7843: 7731: 6169:. Getty Publications. p. 325. 6059:Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). 5937:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 5584: 5169: 4794: 4547:Sumerian cities were surrounded by 4405: 3476:To the west were the tent-dwelling 3161:, now Tell Telloh, Iraq. The Louvre 2164:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) 916:Grundzüge der sumerischen Grammatik 581: 13: 15984:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 15903:Chronology of the Neolithic period 15555: 15185: 15002: 14984:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 14769: 14660: 13976: 13948: 13891: 13721: 13328: 12982: 11343: 8241:Mesopotamia: Invention of the City 8200: 7401:Geoffrey Bibby and Carl Phillips, 7376:Journal of Archaeological Research 5871:. scientificrussia. Archived from 5192: 5146: 2301: 423:-speaking inhabitants of southern 251:. Living along the valleys of the 14: 16155: 15560:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 13896:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 11707:("made the land of Elam submit") 8332: 8255:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 6915:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 6716:Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia 6692:Atlas of World Population History 6625:Journal of World-Systems Research 5892:Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 5224: 3669:were sown in the fields, and the 3450:involved a descent into a gloomy 3367:book was considered his creation. 2459:, another native Sumerian ruler, 2387:previously conquered, by Sargon. 16144:6th-millennium BC establishments 16045: 15998: 15981:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 15967: 15953: 15931: 15922: 15907: 15897: 13202: 13090: 13085: 12913: 12642: 12637: 12468: 12314: 12309: 12164: 12063: 11994: 11907: 11902: 11772: 11735: 11730: 11720: 11715: 11510: 11160: 11147: 11135: 11100: 10940: 10930: 10920: 10911: 10910: 10216:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 9790: 9737:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 9228: 8184:"Sumerian Questions and Answers" 8133: 8124: 8040: 8010: 7983: 7966: 7926: 7912:. Rowman Altamira. p. 221. 7898: 7870: 7816: 7789: 7686:. Archaeopress. pp. 14–17. 7659:. Archaeopress. pp. 12–14. 7432:A Global History of Architecture 7099:. Hammond Incorporated. p. 7095:The Times Atlas of World History 5311:A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian 4728: 4712: 4385:to Mesopotamia, and then Egypt. 3993: 3976: 3947: 3931: 3498:Their known world extended from 3454:to spend eternity in a wretched 3377:, the goddess of the south wind. 3202: 3186: 3145: 3129: 3113: 3097: 2864: 2845: 2473: 2390: 2063: 2049: 975: 964: 387: 381: 371: 365: 318: 309: 171: 84: 73: 67: 14978:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 10695:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 10118:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 10108:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 9847:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 8253:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea. 1998. 8243:. London and New York: Penguin. 7884:. Routledge. pp. 148–152. 7771:For the etching technique, see 7765: 7700: 7617: 7584: 7557: 7529: 7520: 7505: 7490: 7475: 7444: 7424: 7415: 7364: 7336: 7320:The Literature of Ancient Sumer 7310: 7295: 7253: 7193: 7144: 7117: 7084: 6972: 6846: 6821: 6796: 6712:Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (1998). 6684: 6659: 6546: 6497: 6438: 6429: 6409: 6349: 6322: 6183: 6156: 6147: 6099:Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). 6092: 6079: 6052: 6032:Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). 6025: 6005:Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). 5998: 5971: 5928: 5902: 5879: 5861: 5795: 5707: 5676: 5662: 5651:from the original on 2021-07-07 5637: 5611: 5518: 5491: 5464: 5436: 5409: 5382: 5367: 5361:Piotr Michalowski, "Sumerian," 4133:on clay tablets and dealt with 4009: 3841:Sumerians harvested during the 3549:table for animal and vegetable 3502:or Mediterranean coastline, to 2988:Standard reconstruction of the 2932:. The Sumerians did not regard 1971: 850:), but Sumerian continued as a 670:, 3100–2700 BC. British Museum. 522:''head" + "black'', or 15913:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 15051:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 14598:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 14522:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 13084:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 9978:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 9294:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 9289:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 7751:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. 7501:. University of Chicago Press. 7434:(London: Wiley, 2011), 33–39. 6883:. The Univ. of Chicago Press. 6828:Glassman ·, Ronald M. (2017). 6356:Jean-Jacques Glassner (2003). 6089:Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 65–109) 5958:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 5954:"Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)" 5558:The Harvard Theological Review 5328: 5301: 5254: 4114: 3530:Temple and temple organisation 3526:), famed for its copper ores. 3256:. The products of that union, 2792:) went from being a daughter ( 2022: 890:between 1889 and 1900, and in 827:periods. The Sumerian city of 790:Eastern Arabia littoral region 692:a partial North African origin 1: 15883:Muslim conquest of the Levant 15129:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 15072:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 15057:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 14895:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 14765:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 14566:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 14265:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 10237: 9676:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 9073:Tigris–Euphrates river system 7850:Rowlands, Michael J. (1987). 7350:. University of Texas Press. 7074:, University of Texas Press, 6777:Goss, Clint (15 April 2017). 6616:Thompson, William R. (2004). 6576:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251 5293:W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). 5140: 5120:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 5023: 4558: 4176:, Sumerian tablet, c. 2600 BC 3826:. After drying, they plowed, 3691: 3652:were domesticated. They used 3591: 3483:To the south was the land of 3088:" for knowledgeable scribes. 2853: 2833: 2816: 2671: 2598: 2595:of Assyria after c. 1225 BC. 2452:–2110 BC (middle chronology) 2446: 2372: 2361: 2354: 2332: 2331:The Akkadian Empire dates to 2321: 1949: 1933: 1908: 1892: 1869: 1853: 1827: 1811: 1781: 1765: 1719: 1688: 1666: 1609: 1596: 1581: 1561: 1548: 1532: 1512: 1499: 1486: 1470: 1452: 1436: 1418: 1388: 1368: 1000:kingship "before the flood": 958:Anu ziggurat and White Temple 792:and were part of the Arabian 678:people who migrated from the 623: 333: 282: 268: 131: 51: 44: 14432:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 11166:(Uruk influence or control) 10474:in ISIL-controlled territory 10362: 8358: 8261:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1972). 8250:. London: Thames and Hudson. 7906:Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). 7548:Third Millennium Mathematics 7486:. Blackie & Son Limited. 6875:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). 5914:. UNESCO. 2009. p. 14. 5591:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). 5159:Elementary Sumerian Glossary 4196:, beads from Dilmun (modern 3438:Sumerians believed that the 3433: 2432:, son of Gudea, c. 2100 BC. 1718:Early Dynastic IIIb period: 1687:Early Dynastic IIIa period: 538: 511: 483: 472: 448: 411: 345: 235:of the Yellow River valley, 7: 15126:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 14165:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 13964:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 13511:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 13505:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 12765:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 11752:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 11153:(Anonymous "King-priests") 11108:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 10648: 10540: 10385:Council of Representatives 10123:Weapons of mass destruction 9810: 9742:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 9624:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 9619:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 8466:National Science Foundation 8412:Faculty of Oriental Studies 8378: 7537:Third Millennium Chronology 7535:Duncan J. Melville (2003). 7323:, Oxford University Press, 6981:by Dale Launderville, p. 28 6694:, Facts on File, New York, 6062:A dictionary of archaeology 5416:Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003). 5341:. Eisenbrauns. p. 68. 5262:"emeĝir [SUMERIAN]" 5130:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 5125:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 5098: 4551:. The Sumerians engaged in 4442: 4313:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 4307:Trade with the Indus valley 4184:from far-away locations in 3268:, the first Sumerian city. 3166: 2908:(Akk.) 'un-deflowered', or 2788:until he married. A woman ( 874:by the French archeologist 764:Enthroned Sumerian king of 586: 10: 16160: 15918: 15753:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 15180: 15063:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 14947: 14921: 14873:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 14219:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 13984:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 13881:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 13843:Second Intermediate Period 12653:(vassal of the Akkadians) 12041: 11186:Early or legendary kings: 10113:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 9747:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 8430:(ETCSL), a project of the 8327:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8047:Cotterell, Arthur (2011). 7990:Podany, Amanda H. (2012). 7707:Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). 7038:Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) , 6468:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 5532:. Routledge. p. 167. 5156:Foxvog, Daniel A. (2016). 4513:, and carried rectangular 4310: 4161: 4118: 4048:, Iraq), built during the 4027: 4013: 3940:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3918:. They were discovered by 3872: 3632:and shell, shows peacetime 3301: 3170: 3122:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2958: 2699: 2549:to the more salt-tolerant 2477: 2439: 2394: 2305: 2249: 2180:, possible founder of the 2161: 2026: 1975: 1665:Early Dynastic II period: 1352: 1348: 929: 926:City-states in Mesopotamia 888:University of Pennsylvania 617: 524: 498: 478: 464: 432: 403: 358: 351: 241:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 29: 18: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15844: 15794: 15791: 15750: 15709: 15675: 15656: 15498:Parthamaspates of Parthia 15484: 15449: 15308: 15276: 15069: 15048: 14975: 14972: 14878:Assyrian conquest of Elam 14871: 14759: 14725: 14659: 14620: 14484: 14473: 14430: 14258:Third Intermediate Period 14073: 13944: 13788:Second Babylonian dynasty 13733:("Old Babylonian Period") 13499: 13451: 13215: 13183: 13155:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 13127: 13111: 13058: 13055: 13038: 12960: 12945: 12904: 12871: 12817: 12801: 12775: 12767: 12738: 12663:First Intermediate Period 12657: 12633: 12589: 12574: 12558: 12533: 12524: 12498: 12493: 12305: 12284: 12265: 12256: 12217: 12192: 12175: 12151: 12138: 12133: 12119: 12104: 12095: 12047: 12023: 11948: 11888: 11871: 11836: 11815: 11809:Early Dynastic Period III 11757: 11741: 11669: 11667: 11656: 11583: 11534: 11524: 11435: 11412: 11328: 11259: 11190: 11173: 11170: 11111: 11084: 11011: 10995: 10906: 10805: 10660: 10656: 10643: 10548: 10535: 10370: 10357: 10245: 10232: 10053: 9970: 9822: 9818: 9805: 9714: 9668: 9642: 9546: 9443: 9336: 9244: 9237: 9226: 9108: 9035: 9026: 8971: 8950: 8938: 8935: 8928: 8925: 8907: 8897: 8880: 8873: 8871: 8837: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8802: 8774: 8757: 8728: 8713: 8708: 8687: 8682: 8670: 8660: 8648: 8638: 8620: 8617: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8590: 7881:Indian Ocean In Antiquity 7823:Demand, Nancy H. (2011). 7680:Reade, Julian E. (2008). 7653:Reade, Julian E. (2008). 7346:; Green, Anthony (1992). 7124:Senner, Wayne M. (1991). 6651:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6362:. JHU Press. p. 31. 6197:. Routledge. p. 63. 6065:. John Wiley & Sons. 5570:10.1017/S0017816000005502 5471:Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). 4705: 4575:systems, Sumerian boats, 3865:the grain/chaff mixture. 3809:Sumerian Farmer's Almanac 3345:The Sumerians worshiped: 3019:cuneiform soon followed. 2152:Holocene climatic optimum 1608:Early Dynastic I period: 1069:Tell Uheimir and Ingharra 918:" on Sumerian grammar by 154: 144: 127: 113: 95: 62: 16124:Bronze Age civilizations 15876:Muslim conquest of Egypt 15340:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 15171:Cleopatra VII Philopator 14668:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 13730:First Babylonian dynasty 13468:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 12972:(vassal of the Gutians) 12669:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 11661:Early Dynastic Period II 10464:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 10375:Administrative divisions 8599:Northwestern Mesopotamia 8239:Leick, Gwendolyn. 2002. 8207:Ascalone, Enrico. 2007. 7512:Tannahill, Reay (1968). 7457:. Gotham Books. p. 6858:by Cinthia Gannett, 1992 6415:Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). 5526:Liverani, Mario (2013). 3624:From the royal tombs of 3611:specialized labour force 2541:During the Akkadian and 1932:Middle Bronze Age II B: 1891:Middle Bronze Age II A: 1049:Other principal cities: 936:Geography of Mesopotamia 573:development of the term 278:, following a period of 195:) is the earliest known 30:Not to be confused with 25:Sumeria (disambiguation) 15961:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 15704:Province of Mesopotamia 15513:Province of Mesopotamia 15489:Province of Mesopotamia 15464:Roman conquest of Egypt 15305:Antigonus II Mattathias 15099:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 14672:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 13149:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 12675:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 11983:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 11518:Early Dynastic Period I 11441:Second Dynasty of Egypt 10023:Mandate for Mesopotamia 9897:First Babylonian Empire 8365:Kessler, Peter (2008). 8234:Sumer and the Sumerians 8230:Crawford, Harriet E. W. 8050:Asia: A Concise History 7745:McIntosh, Jane (2008). 7725:10.3406/paleo.1984.4350 7564:Ifrah, Georges (2001). 7552:St. Lawrence University 7497:Adams, R. McC. (1981). 7484:Footprints of Early Man 7186:. In S.L. Sanders (ed) 6910:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea 5450:. Penguin. p. 28. 4502:. The infantry carried 4470:, on a fragment of the 3586:Agriculture and hunting 2397:Gutian dynasty of Sumer 1986:A pottery jar from the 1052: 912:François Thureau-Dangin 894:by German archeologist 862:Archeological discovery 606: 597: 575: 558: 295: 221:cradles of civilization 207:), emerging during the 15561: 15343:Philip II Philoromaeus 15337:Antiochus XII Dionysus 15331:Demetrius III Eucaerus 15328:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 15319:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 15191: 15159:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 15114:Arsinoe III Philopator 15007: 14775: 14665: 14502:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 14434:Second Dynasty of Isin 13981: 13954: 13897: 13726: 13609:(Non-dynastic usurpers 13333: 13018:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 12987: 12877:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 12442:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 12223:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 12050:Second kingdom of Mari 11763:Third Dynasty of Egypt 11697:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 11349: 11340:First Dynasty of Egypt 10182:Insurgency (2011–2013) 10103:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 9907:Middle Assyrian Empire 9579:Babylonian mathematics 8759:Middle Hittite Kingdom 8385:Sumerian Language Page 7878:Reade, Julian (2013). 7796:Guimet, Musée (2016). 7127:The Origins of Writing 7002:Dening, Sarah (1996). 5444:Haywood, John (2005). 4490: 4474: 4456: 4451:Early chariots on the 4346: 4338: 4323:etched carnelian beads 4188:and lapis lazuli from 4177: 4121:Babylonian mathematics 4056: 3892: 3868: 3806:As is known from the " 3791:, and less so, of the 3709:Robert McCormick Adams 3697: 3633: 3422: 3418:Sumero-early Akkadian 3332:Mesopotamian mythology 3326: 3062:agglutinative language 2993: 2990:development of writing 2981: 2718: 2705:Social and family life 2630:The Sumerians spoke a 2627: 2512:and later, Babylonia. 2467:' claims to divinity. 2437: 2421: 2328: 2247: 2185: 1990: 1392: 23rd century BC 1383: 777: 671: 267:, and date to between 21:Sumer (disambiguation) 15947:The Ancient Near East 15865:Byzantine Mesopotamia 15779:Province of Asoristan 15742:Byzantine Mesopotamia 15559: 15552:Province of Asoristan 15334:Philip I Philadelphus 15322:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 15316:Antiochus VIII Grypus 15313:Seleucus V Philometor 15268:Antiochus VII Sidetes 15262:Antiochus VI Dionysus 15189: 15162:Berenice IV Epiphanea 15123:Ptolemy VI Philometor 15111:Ptolemy IV Philopator 15108:Berenice II Euergetis 15105:Ptolemy III Euergetes 15006: 14924:Neo-Babylonian Empire 14834:Marduk-apla-iddina II 14831:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 14822:Marduk-apla-iddina II 14773: 14728:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 14664: 14385:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 14075:Middle Elamite period 13980: 13952: 13895: 13725: 13332: 12986: 12741:Third kingdom of Mari 12462:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 11537:First kingdom of Mari 11347: 11334:Early Dynastic Period 11176:Proto-Dynastic period 10469:in post-invasion Iraq 10175:U.S. troop withdrawal 9937:Neo-Babylonian Empire 8882:Neo-Babylonian Empire 8715:Old Babylonian Empire 8630:Early Dynastic period 8497:(published 2003–2022) 8491:Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar 8447:(published 1998–2022) 8373:. Kessler Associates. 8367:"Ancient Mesopotamia" 8279:Roux, Georges. 1992. 7451:Gately, Iain (2008). 7151:Allan, Keith (2013). 7014:. London: Macmillan. 6918:, Greenwood, p. 6638:10.5195/jwsr.2004.288 6419:. London: Routledge. 6221:Potts, D. T. (1999). 5295:The Ancient Near East 4496:Stele of the Vultures 4480: 4472:Stele of the Vultures 4462: 4450: 4358:Pleuroploca trapezium 4344: 4320: 4275:knew and made use of 4263:. The potters used a 4171: 4131:multiplication tables 4037: 4016:Sumerian architecture 3886: 3875:Stele of the Vultures 3681: 3623: 3605:involving the use of 3490:To the east were the 3417: 3309: 3154:Stele of the Vultures 3054:Afroasiatic languages 2987: 2976: 2873:Louvre Museum AO 295. 2712: 2640:archaeological record 2614: 2528:Fall and transmission 2427: 2412: 2405:2nd Dynasty of Lagash 2315: 2285:Stele of the Vultures 2245:Stele of the Vultures 2238: 2231:1st Dynasty of Lagash 2175: 2158:Early Dynastic Period 1985: 1946:Old Babylonian period 1594:Early Dynastic period 1362: 930:Further information: 763: 700:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 657: 637:people who spoke the 579:is uncertain. Hebrew 15310:Alexander II Zabinas 15174:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 15150:Ptolemy XI Alexander 15132:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 14687:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 14675:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 14499:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 14440:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 14064:Marduk-apla-iddina I 13958:New Kingdom of Egypt 13781:Early Kassite rulers 13075:(Vassals of Ur III) 13056:(Vassals of UR III) 12456:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 12426:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 11977:Old Kingdom of Egypt 10418:Council of Ministers 10300:Mesopotamian Marshes 9574:Babylonian astronomy 9053:Mesopotamian Marshes 8609:Southern Mesopotamia 8604:Northern Mesopotamia 8432:University of Oxford 8414:(revised ed.). 8400:Van De Mieroop, Marc 8246:Lloyd, Seton. 1978. 7973:Gadd, G. J. (1958). 7514:The fine art of food 7010:The Mythology of Sex 6108:Smithsonian Magazine 6011:. Psychology Press. 5984:. Cengage Learning. 5886:Kassian, A. (2014). 5422:. Brill. p. 1. 5374:Georges Roŭ (1993). 5186:psd.museum.upenn.edu 5043:Egyptian hieroglyphs 5019:class=notpageimage| 4487:Royal Cemetery of Ur 4367:Royal Cemetery at Ur 4327:Royal Cemetery of Ur 4303:, and lapis lazuli. 4041:Great Ziggurat of Ur 3961:Royal Cemetery at Ur 3924:Royal Cemetery of Ur 3916:stringed instruments 3889:Royal Cemetery at Ur 3879:Royal Cemetery at Ur 2955:Language and writing 2715:Royal Cemetery at Ur 2617:Great Ziggurat of Ur 1762:Early Bronze Age III 1628:Bad-tibira dynasty ( 1313:in what are now the 1234:Tell Wannat es-Sadum 1184:(location uncertain) 245:Carpathian Mountains 16129:Archaeology of Iraq 15815:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 15325:Antiochus X Eusebes 15153:Ptolemy XII Auletes 15144:Ptolemy X Alexander 15138:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 15117:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 14802:Neo-Assyrian Empire 14690:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 14623:Neo-Assyrian Empire 14446:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 14337:Syro-Hittite states 14043:Shagarakti-Shuriash 13716:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 12710:Neferkare Pepiseneb 12609:Akkadian Governors: 11113:Pre-Dynastic period 10680:Mesopotamian Arabic 10486:Freedom of religion 9932:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9902:Old Assyrian Period 9887:Neo-Sumerian Empire 9655:Destruction by ISIL 9609:Sumerian literature 9584:Akkadian literature 9020:Ancient Mesopotamia 8863:Neo-Assyrian Empire 8777:Bronze Age Collapse 8710:Old Hittite Kingdom 8684:Old Assyrian period 8662:Third Dynasty of Ur 8534: / 8476:(ILMS), and by the 8396:Baines, John Robert 8392:Black, Jeremy Allen 8344:Iraq's Ancient Past 8312:Woolley, C. Leonard 8300:, 1993 (hardcover, 7623:Marian H. Feldman, 7499:Heartland of Cities 6570:(3334): 1251–1258. 6114:(2). Archived from 5829:10.1038/nature19310 5821:2016Natur.536..419L 5771:10.1038/nature19310 5763:2016Natur.536..419L 4331:First Dynasty of Ur 4143:Babylonian numerals 4050:Third Dynasty of Ur 4046:Dhi Qar Governorate 3965:Dhi Qar Governorate 2949:sacred prostitution 2930:with their partners 2832:Sumerian princess ( 2619:, c. 2100 BC, near 2521:Old Assyrian Empire 2480:Third Dynasty of Ur 2182:First Dynasty of Ur 2168:First Dynasty of Ur 1850:Middle Bronze Age I 1808:Early Bronze Age IV 1649:Shuruppak dynasty ( 1578:Early Bronze Age II 1498:Uruk XIV–V phases: 884:John Punnett Peters 856:Third Dynasty of Ur 772:, with attendants. 219:, it is one of the 203:(now south-central 59: 16041:Sumerian King List 15855:Palaestina Secunda 15732:Palaestina Secunda 15562: 15293:Alexander Jannaeus 15192: 15182:Hellenistic Period 15008: 14776: 14754:Humban-haltash III 14718:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 14666: 14631:Tukulti-Ninurta II 14612:Kingdom of Samaria 14508:Mar-biti-apla-usur 14505:Shirikti-shuqamuna 14475:Neo-Elamite period 14458:Marduk-shapik-zeri 14443:Itti-Marduk-balatu 14424:Tiglath-Pileser II 14421:Ashur-resh-ishi II 14376:Enlil-kudurri-usur 14067:Zababa-shuma-iddin 14052:Kadashman-Harbe II 14037:Kadashman-Enlil II 13982: 13955: 13898: 13727: 13713:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 13710:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 13701:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 13460:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 13334: 12988: 12363:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 11744:Old Elamite period 11636:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 11489:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 11406:Jemdet Nasr period 11350: 10611:Telecommunications 10586:Foreign Investment 10523:Wars and conflicts 10459:in pre-Saddam Iraq 10423:Presidency Council 10209:2019–2021 protests 10138:Invasion of Kuwait 9962:Sassanid Asorestan 9957:Parthian Babylonia 9952:Seleucid Babylonia 9947:Achaemenid Assyria 9862:Jemdet Nasr period 9691:Mesopotamian myths 8719:Southern Akkadians 8626:Jemdet Nasr period 8480:(MPS), Oxford and 8478:Max Planck Society 8398:; Dahl, Jacob L.; 8322:2021-04-15 at the 8296:. Alexandria, VA: 8286:Schomp, Virginia. 7542:2018-07-07 at the 7403:Looking for Dilmun 7385:2022-11-23 at the 7182:2013-04-29 at the 5625:on 5 November 2013 4577:lunisolar calendar 4491: 4481:Silver model of a 4475: 4457: 4347: 4339: 4178: 4057: 3893: 3714:They grew barley, 3698: 3634: 3566:Funerary practices 3423: 3327: 3070:analytic languages 3064:. In other words, 2994: 2982: 2961:History of writing 2719: 2636:substrate language 2628: 2438: 2422: 2329: 2248: 2186: 1991: 1547:(Uruk III phase): 1545:Jemdet Nasr period 1529:Early Bronze Age I 1417:" persisted until 1384: 778: 713:, and suggest the 672: 668:Jemdet Nasr period 398:The term "Sumer" ( 96:Geographical range 39: 16091: 16090: 16085: 16084: 16081: 16080: 16068:978-1-62564-606-4 16053:Unger, Merrill F. 16021:978-0-14-193825-7 15991:978-1-60606-649-2 15758:Province of Egypt 15689:Province of Egypt 15469:Province of Egypt 15211:Antigonid dynasty 15011:Achaemenid Empire 14932:Nebuchadnezzar II 14840:Ashur-nadin-shumi 14709:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 14681:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 14496:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 14464:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 14455:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 14397:Asharid-apal-Ekur 14394:Tiglath-Pileser I 14391:Ashur-resh-ishi I 14379:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 14367:Tukulti-Ninurta I 14314:Kingdom of Israel 14282:Osorkon the Elder 14203:Shutrukid dynasty 14088:Igehalkid dynasty 14055:Adad-shuma-iddina 14049:Enlil-nadin-shumi 14016:Kadashman-Enlil I 14010:Kadashman-harbe I 13454:Sukkalmah dynasty 13318:Isin-Larsa period 13140:Shimashki Dynasty 12866:Puzur-Inshushinak 12465:Netjerkare Siptah 12235:Neferirkare Kakai 11780:Egyptian pyramids 10989:Ancient Near East 10954: 10953: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10888:Mandaean New Year 10639: 10638: 10531: 10530: 10513:Political parties 10408:Foreign relations 10353: 10352: 10260:Lower Mesopotamia 10255:Upper Mesopotamia 10228: 10227: 10224: 10223: 9988:Abbasid Caliphate 9983:Umayyad Caliphate 9892:Isin-Larsa period 9755: 9754: 9706:Ziggurat (Temple) 9681:Sumerian religion 9439: 9438: 9386:Middle Babylonian 9328:Kish civilization 9224: 9223: 9048:Lower Mesopotamia 9043:Upper Mesopotamia 8986: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8909:Macedonian Empire 8899:Achaemenid Empire 8772:c. 1200–1150 BCE 8755:c. 1400–1200 BCE 8726:c. 1600–1400 BCE 8706:c. 1800–1600 BCE 8668:c. 2000–1800 BCE 8658:c. 2100–2000 BCE 8646:c. 2200–2100 BCE 8636:c. 2350–2200 BCE 8615:c. 3500–2350 BCE 8462:Mellon Foundation 8371:The History Files 8272:978-0-8122-1047-7 8117:978-1-883053-71-0 8092:978-1-883053-71-0 8060:978-0-470-82959-2 8030:978-1-58839-043-1 8003:978-0-19-971829-0 7919:978-0-7591-0172-2 7891:978-1-136-15531-4 7863:978-0-521-25103-7 7836:978-1-4443-4234-5 7809:978-2-402-05246-7 7758:978-1-57607-907-2 7693:978-1-4073-0312-3 7666:978-1-4073-0312-3 7604:978-0-88385-546-1 7577:978-0-471-39671-0 7468:978-1-59240-303-5 7440:978-0-470-90248-6 7411:978-0-905743-90-5 7378:26 (2018): 3–63. 7357:978-0-292-70794-8 7330:978-0-19-929633-0 7262:Anatolian Studies 7247:978-1-78404-478-7 7219:978-0-7486-2379-2 7162:978-0-19-164343-9 7137:978-0-8032-9167-6 7110:978-0-7230-0304-5 7051:978-1-134-92074-7 7021:978-0-02-861207-2 6965:978-951-45-9054-2 6929:978-0-313-29497-6 6890:978-0-226-45238-8 6758:Sayce, Rev. A. H. 6731:978-0-313-29497-6 6554:Thorkild Jacobsen 6517:978-87-635-4372-9 6475:978-0-14-012523-8 6386:Algaze, Guillermo 6369:978-0-8018-7389-8 6342:978-87-7289-070-8 6315:978-0-06-014713-6 6234:978-0-521-56496-0 6204:978-0-429-96199-1 6176:978-1-60606-444-3 6121:on 9 January 2014 6072:978-0-631-23583-5 6045:978-0-415-10976-5 6018:978-0-415-04742-5 5991:978-0-495-81222-7 5921:978-5-904549-01-5 5815:(7617): 419–424. 5757:(7617): 419–424. 5728:978-0-306-46364-8 5604:978-0-8143-2121-8 5539:978-1-134-75084-9 5511:978-0-19-820664-4 5484:978-0-226-14467-2 5457:978-0-14-101448-7 5429:978-90-474-0340-1 5402:978-0-8028-2491-2 5348:978-0-931464-86-7 5321:978-3-447-04264-2 5247:978-81-208-2037-1 5217:978-0-226-14465-8 4519:phalanx formation 4220:Epic of Gilgamesh 4158:Economy and trade 3399:in the south and 3388:with priestesses. 3180:Sumerian religion 3173:Sumerian religion 3058:language families 3033:Epic of Gilgamesh 2965:Sumerian language 2936:as taboo either. 2593:Tukulti-Ninurta I 2578:Middle Bronze Age 2517:Babylonian Empire 2384:Thorkild Jacobsen 2351:Akkadian language 2340:middle chronology 2224:Epic of Gilgamesh 2219:Epic of Gilgamesh 2184:, 26th century BC 2176:Golden helmet of 2148:Piora oscillation 2102:Mediterranean Sea 1988:Late Ubaid Period 1905:Isin-Larsa period 1302: 1164:Ishan al-Bahriyat 1009:Tell Abu Shahrain 988:Egyptian pyramids 722:Proto-Euphrateans 702:culture-bearers. 639:Sumerian language 521: 509: 470: 458: 446: 415:) comes from the 409: 164: 163: 122:Middle Bronze Age 58: 16151: 16073: 16072: 16049: 16043: 16037: 16026: 16025: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15974:Thomas, Ariane; 15971: 15965: 15964: 15957: 15951: 15950: 15935: 15929: 15926: 15911: 15901: 15851:Palaestina Prima 15797:Byzantine Empire 15728:Palaestina Prima 15715:Byzantine Empire 15694:Syria Palaestina 15659:Palmyrene Empire 15645:Bahram VI Chobin 15508:Syria Palaestina 15296:Salome Alexandra 15279:Kingdom of Judea 15265:Diodotus Tryphon 15120:Cleopatra I Syra 15096:Ptolemy Keraunos 14864:Ashur-uballit II 14861:Sin-shumu-lishir 14855:Ashur-etil-ilani 14810:Sargonid dynasty 14703:Marduk-apla-usur 14684:Nabu-apla-iddina 14678:Shamash-mudammiq 14634:Ashurnasirpal II 14617:Kingdom of Judah 14461:Adad-apla-iddina 14452:Enlil-nadin-apli 14449:Nebuchadnezzar I 14373:Ashur-nirari III 14370:Ashur-nadin-apli 14208:Shutruk-Nakhunte 14093:Untash-Napirisha 14082:Kidinuid dynasty 13680:Shamshi-Adad III 13388:Dynasty of Larsa 13206: 13094: 13089: 12917: 12770:Shar-Kali-Sharri 12704:Neferkare Tereru 12692:Neferkare Khendu 12646: 12641: 12472: 12431:Kiku-siwe-tempti 12318: 12313: 12168: 12097:Kish III dynasty 12067: 11998: 11911: 11906: 11811:(2600–2340 BCE) 11776: 11739: 11734: 11724: 11719: 11663:(2700–2600 BCE) 11520:(2900–2700 BCE) 11514: 11431:(3100–2700 BCE) 11410:(3100–2900 BCE) 11164: 11151: 11139: 11115:(4000–2900 BCE) 11104: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10981: 10974: 10967: 10958: 10957: 10944: 10943: 10934: 10933: 10924: 10914: 10913: 10658: 10657: 10645: 10644: 10576: 10537: 10536: 10388: 10359: 10358: 10345:Sinjar Mountains 10335:Zagros Mountains 10275:Hamrin Mountains 10234: 10233: 10197:Mosul liberation 10170:Iraqi insurgency 10092:National Command 10081: 9917:Simurrum culture 9820: 9819: 9807: 9806: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9759: 9758: 9604:Sumerian cuisine 9594:Warfare in Sumer 9589:Economy of Sumer 9242: 9241: 9232: 9116:Fertile Crescent 9100:Sinjar Mountains 9095:Hamrin Mountains 9090:Zagros Mountains 9068:Taurus Mountains 9033: 9032: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8959:Byzantine Empire 8834:Middle Babylonia 8800:c. 1150–911 BCE 8593: 8592: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8516: 8503: 8502: 8486: 8453: 8452: 8436: 8423: 8422: 8374: 8276: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8154: 8148: 8137: 8131: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8078: 8065: 8064: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7952: 7941: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7742: 7729: 7728: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7650: 7644: 7637: 7628: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7561: 7555: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7516:. Folio Society. 7509: 7503: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7448: 7442: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7399: 7390: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7233: 7224: 7223: 7207: 7197: 7191: 7190:: 91–120 Chicago 7173: 7167: 7166: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7098: 7088: 7082: 7066: 7055: 7054: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7013: 6999: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6957: 6946: 6933: 6932: 6906: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6872: 6859: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6754: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6719: 6709: 6703: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6669:. Archived from 6663: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6642: 6640: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6467: 6454: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6395: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6248: 6239: 6238: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6105: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960:. Britannica.com 5950: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5782: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5695: 5689:. Archived from 5688: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5419:Sumerian Grammar 5413: 5407: 5406: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5289: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5201: 5190: 5189: 5178: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5153: 5051:Tartaria tablets 5028: 5025: 5013: 5011: 4998: 4996: 4985: 4983: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4953: 4940: 4938: 4925: 4923: 4912: 4910: 4907:Northeast Asians 4897: 4895: 4882: 4880: 4867: 4865: 4852: 4850: 4837: 4835: 4822: 4820: 4807: 4805: 4792: 4790: 4779: 4777: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4406:Money and credit 4352:Turbinella pyrum 4329:, dating to the 4192:in northeastern 4164:Economy of Sumer 4078:, the primitive 3997: 3980: 3956:Ram in a Thicket 3951: 3935: 3696: 3693: 3684:cuneiform script 3596: 3593: 3510:and the land of 3206: 3190: 3149: 3133: 3117: 3101: 3078:Proto-Euphratean 3046:language isolate 3002:cuneiform script 2868: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2838: 2835: 2821: 2818: 2780:). The son of a 2762:Code of Ur-Nammu 2676: 2673: 2670:period culture ( 2632:language isolate 2606:world population 2451: 2448: 2377: 2374: 2369:Sargon the Great 2366: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2337: 2334: 2327:. Louvre Museum. 2326: 2323: 2094:Taurus Mountains 2067: 2053: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1752:Uruk III dynasty 1743:Kish III dynasty 1728: 1724: 1721: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1678:Uruk I dynasty ( 1675: 1671: 1668: 1656:Kish I dynasty ( 1642:Sippar dynasty ( 1637:En-sipad-zid-ana 1618: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560:Uruk III phase: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1423: 1420: 1393: 1390: 1373: 1370: 1355:History of Sumer 1341:governorates of 1300: 1190: 1185: 1174:Tell as-Senkereh 1079:Tell al-Muqayyar 979: 968: 948:) or by a king ( 876:Ernest de Sarzec 848:short chronology 844:Early Dynastic I 688:Fertile Crescent 649:language isolate 632: 628: 625: 609: 600: 591: 584: 583: 578: 561: 551: 545: 541: 535: 534: 516: 514: 508:romanized: 507: 505: 489: 481: 480: 475: 469:romanized: 468: 466: 453: 451: 445:romanized: 444: 442: 414: 408:romanized: 407: 405: 391: 385: 375: 369: 363: 362: 356: 355: 348: 338: 335: 322: 313: 291: 287: 284: 277: 273: 270: 233:Erligang culture 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 140: 136: 133: 88: 77: 71: 60: 56: 53: 49: 46: 42: 38: 16159: 16158: 16154: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16148: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16086: 16077: 16076: 16069: 16050: 16046: 16038: 16029: 16022: 16003: 15999: 15992: 15972: 15968: 15959: 15958: 15954: 15936: 15932: 15927: 15923: 15860:Byzantine Syria 15846:Byzantine Egypt 15821:Farrukh Hormizd 15781: 15777: 15774:Sasanian Empire 15760: 15756: 15737:Byzantine Syria 15723:Byzantine Egypt 15662: 15554: 15550: 15547:Sasanian Empire 15467: 15372:Mithridates III 15352: 15349:Parthian Empire 15282: 15221:Seleucid Empire 15218: 15208: 15184: 15093:Ptolemy I Soter 15091: 15088:Ptolemaic Egypt 15060: 15054: 15014: 14996: 14992: 14990:Kings of Byblos 14981: 14953: 14927: 14898: 14892: 14866: 14846:Mushezib-Marduk 14816:Tiglath-Pileser 14814: 14805: 14782: 14768: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14731: 14723: 14721:Nabu-mukin-zeri 14715:Nabu-nadin-zeri 14700:Marduk-bel-zeri 14693:Baba-aha-iddina 14670: 14647:Adad-nirari III 14637:Shalmaneser III 14626: 14615: 14614: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14592:Menkheperre Ini 14569: 14562: 14561: 14525: 14511:Nabû-mukin-apli 14488: 14477:(1100–540 BCE) 14470:Nabu-shum-libur 14438: 14415:Ashur-nirari IV 14409:Ashurnasirpal I 14406:Shamshi-Adad IV 14352:Ashur-uballit I 14347: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14300:Kings of Byblos 14298: 14268: 14261: 14255: 14254: 14223: 14222: 14206: 14200: 14168: 14155: 14154: 14136:Neferneferuaten 14096: 14095: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14078:(1500–1100 BCE) 14070:Enlil-nadin-ahi 14058:Adad-shuma-usur 14046:Kashtiliashu IV 14034:Kadashman-Turgu 14019:Burnaburiash II 13998:Kashtiliash III 13990: 13967: 13961: 13931: 13930:(1600–1260 BCE) 13929: 13899: 13890: 13884: 13872: 13866: 13862: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13826: 13821:Peshgaldaramesh 13816: 13806: 13796: 13792:Sealand Dynasty 13789: 13786: 13785: 13779: 13778: 13741: 13734: 13732: 13707:Ashur-nirari II 13686:Puzur-Ashur III 13674:Shamshi-Adad II 13645: 13643: 13641:Adaside dynasty 13638: 13637: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13559: 13550: 13544: 13533: 13529: 13527:Kings of Byblos 13525: 13519: 13508: 13471: 13458: 13457: 13439:Uruk VI dynasty 13437: 13386: 13337:Dynasty of Isin 13327: 13321: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13253: 13247: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13207: 13201: 13197: 13191: 13188: 13158: 13152: 13134: 13095: 13083: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13045: 13035: 13021: 13005: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12978: 12971: 12967: 12953: 12949: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12908: 12899:(2150–2000 BCE) 12880: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12812: 12808: 12796: 12792: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12744: 12734: 12689:Djedkare Shemai 12678: 12672: 12666: 12652: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12598:Sargon of Akkad 12596: 12595: 12592:Akkadian Empire 12584:(2340–2150 BCE) 12582:Akkadian Period 12569: 12565: 12553: 12549: 12528: 12516: 12506: 12502: 12485: 12481: 12467: 12445: 12424: 12422: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12374: 12365: 12351: 12347: 12335: 12331: 12319: 12290: 12287: 12281: 12269: 12260: 12227: 12226: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12170: 12169: 12163: 12159: 12158: 12146: 12145: 12129: 12126: 12114: 12110: 12099: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12045:(2500-539 BCE) 12033: 12029: 11999: 11993: 11986: 11980: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11898: 11894: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11865: 11861: 11851: 11847: 11845: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11750: 11749: 11748:(2700–1500 BCE) 11747: 11695: 11684: 11647:("conqueror of 11633: 11617: 11610: 11600: 11586: 11567: 11563: 11558: 11549: 11540: 11532: 11529: 11509: 11445: 11444: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11409: 11351: 11337: 11324: 11265: 11196: 11185: 11179: 11165: 11159: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11132:(4000–3100 BCE) 11131: 11125: 11099: 11093: 11065: 11046: 11036: 11009: 11007: 10991: 10985: 10955: 10950: 10894: 10878:Public holidays 10801: 10652: 10635: 10574: 10544: 10527: 10386: 10366: 10349: 10280:Iraqi Kurdistan 10270:Euphrates river 10241: 10220: 10187:War (2014–2017) 10133:Operation Opera 10079: 10049: 10045:Arab Federation 10033:Kingdom of Iraq 9966: 9942:Fall of Babylon 9877:Akkadian Empire 9852:Samarra culture 9837:Hassuna culture 9814: 9801: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9756: 9751: 9710: 9664: 9638: 9547:Culture/society 9542: 9435: 9431:Muslim conquest 9401:Fall of Babylon 9332: 9233: 9220: 9104: 9022: 9017: 8987: 8982: 8976:Sassanid Empire 8945:Parthian Empire 8940:Seleucid Empire 8930:Seleucid Empire 8849: 8843: 8820: 8811: 8640:Akkadian Empire 8586: 8580: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8500: 8498: 8450: 8448: 8420: 8418: 8404:Robson, Eleanor 8381: 8361: 8335: 8330: 8324:Wayback Machine 8298:Time-Life Books 8273: 8203: 8201:Further reading 8198: 8189: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8168: 8166: 8157:Gary Thompson. 8155: 8151: 8138: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8079: 8068: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7971: 7967: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7794: 7790: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7732: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7622: 7618: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7544:Wayback Machine 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7510: 7506: 7495: 7491: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7449: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7400: 7393: 7387:Wayback Machine 7369: 7365: 7358: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7311: 7306:, vol. 116 7300: 7296: 7274:10.2307/3642699 7258: 7254: 7248: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7198: 7194: 7184:Wayback Machine 7174: 7170: 7163: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7089: 7085: 7067: 7058: 7052: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7000: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6955: 6947: 6936: 6930: 6907: 6898: 6891: 6873: 6862: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6775: 6771: 6755: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6710: 6706: 6689: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6644: 6643: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6558:Robert M. Adams 6551: 6547: 6531: 6530: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6265:10.2307/4200454 6249: 6242: 6235: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5884: 5880: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5800: 5796: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5652: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5474:Early Antiquity 5469: 5465: 5458: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5290: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5207:Early Antiquity 5202: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5147: 5143: 5105:History of Iraq 5101: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4561: 4549:defensive walls 4485:, tomb PG 789, 4445: 4408: 4383:Iranian plateau 4315: 4309: 4211:. For example, 4180:Discoveries of 4166: 4160: 4123: 4117: 4076:Archibald Sayce 4032: 4026: 4014:Main articles: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3981: 3972: 3952: 3943: 3942:(New York City) 3936: 3920:Leonard Woolley 3881: 3871: 3694: 3594: 3588: 3576:Human sacrifice 3568: 3532: 3446:. The Sumerian 3436: 3304: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3150: 3141: 3134: 3125: 3124:, New York City 3118: 3109: 3102: 2971: 2959:Main articles: 2957: 2901: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871:Frontal detail. 2869: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2819: 2707: 2702: 2683:Tell el-'Oueili 2674: 2601: 2582:Dynasty of Isin 2530: 2482: 2476: 2449: 2444: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2375: 2364: 2357: 2348:Eastern Semitic 2344:Sargon of Akkad 2335: 2324: 2310: 2308:Akkadian Empire 2304: 2302:Akkadian Empire 2296:Sargon of Akkad 2254: 2233: 2170: 2162:Main articles: 2160: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2045: 2044: 2031: 2025: 1999:Tell el-'Oueili 1980: 1974: 1962:Sealand dynasty 1956: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1915: 1911: 1899: 1895: 1876: 1872: 1860: 1856: 1839:Uruk IV dynasty 1834: 1830: 1818: 1814: 1788: 1784: 1778:Akkadian period 1772: 1768: 1749:Kish IV dynasty 1731:Uruk II dynasty 1726: 1722: 1710:Kish II dynasty 1695: 1691: 1673: 1669: 1635:Larak dynasty ( 1621:Eridu dynasty ( 1616: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1588: 1584: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1551: 1539: 1535: 1519: 1515: 1511:Uruk IV phase: 1506: 1502: 1493: 1489: 1477: 1473: 1459: 1455: 1443: 1439: 1421: 1399:Akkadian Empire 1391: 1371: 1365:Sargon of Akkad 1357: 1351: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1109:Tello or Telloh 1033:Tell Abu Habbah 1019:Tell al-Madain) 994: 993: 992: 991: 982: 981: 980: 971: 970: 969: 960: 959: 938: 928: 896:Robert Koldewey 864: 852:sacred language 730:Samarra culture 664:proto-cuneiform 630: 626: 620: 547: 542:, phonetically 487: 396: 395: 394: 393: 343:characters for 336: 325: 324: 323: 315: 314: 305: 304: 298: 289: 285: 275: 271: 174: 170: 159:Akkadian Empire 138: 134: 91: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 54: 47: 41: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16157: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16089: 16088: 16083: 16082: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16067: 16044: 16027: 16020: 15997: 15990: 15976:Potts, Timothy 15966: 15952: 15930: 15920: 15919: 15916: 15915: 15905: 15894: 15893: 15886: 15879: 15872: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15848: 15842: 15841: 15800: 15793: 15789: 15788: 15770: 15749: 15745: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15725: 15719: 15718: 15711: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15677: 15673: 15672: 15655: 15651: 15650: 15543: 15539: 15538: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15501: 15500: 15495: 15486: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15459: 15458: 15451: 15450:30 BCE–116 CE 15447: 15446: 15384:Mithridates IV 15366:Mithridates II 15345: 15307: 15302:Aristobulus II 15275: 15271: 15270: 15195:Argead dynasty 15179: 15084:Argead dynasty 15080: 15076: 15075: 15067: 15066: 15046: 15045: 15037:Artaxerxes III 15000: 14998:Kings of Sidon 14987: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14946: 14941:Labashi-Marduk 14920: 14885: 14881: 14880: 14875: 14869: 14868: 14843:Nergal-ushezib 14798: 14779:Black Pharaohs 14761: 14757: 14756: 14724: 14697:Ninurta-apla-X 14658: 14656:Ashur-nirari V 14650:Shalmaneser IV 14640:Shamshi-Adad V 14628:Adad-nirari II 14619: 14609: 14518: 14514: 14513: 14483: 14479: 14478: 14472: 14429: 14412:Shalmaneser II 14400:Ashur-bel-kala 14388:Mutakkil-Nusku 14344:Middle Assyria 14340: 14333: 14308:Kings of Sidon 14291: 14215: 14214:1155–1025 BCE 14211: 14210: 14197:Elamite Empire 14193: 14160: 14159: 14151:Hittite Empire 14147: 14115: 14114: 14099: 14098: 14072: 14061:Meli-Shipak II 14031:Nazi-Maruttash 13995:Burnaburiash I 13974: 13946: 13945:1531–1155 BCE 13942: 13941: 13922: 13877: 13837: 13836: 13783: 13719: 13704:Enlil-Nasir II 13683:Ashur-nirari I 13677:Ishme-Dagan II 13668:Sharma-Adad II 13620:Ashur-apla-idi 13611:1735–1701 BCE) 13590:Ashur-apla-idi 13572:Shamshi-Adad I 13567:1808–1736 BCE) 13552: 13547:Yamhad dynasty 13537: 13535:Kings of Sidon 13514: 13501: 13500:1800–1595 BCE 13497: 13496: 13463: 13462: 13450: 13314: 13304:Puzur-Ashur II 13271: 13214: 13181: 13180: 13175:Mentuhotep III 13144: 13143: 13126: 13121: 13113: 13112:2025-1763 BCE 13109: 13108: 13080:Ur III dynasty 13076: 13057: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13037: 13026:Neferkare VIII 13014: 13010: 13009: 13002: 13001: 12973: 12959: 12957: 12944: 12930:Gutian dynasty 12926: 12902: 12901: 12893: 12888:Nebkaure Khety 12882:Meryibre Khety 12873: 12869: 12868: 12851: 12818: 12816: 12800: 12773: 12772: 12766: 12737: 12727: 12713:Neferkamin Anu 12686:Neferkare Neby 12659: 12655: 12654: 12650:Lugal-ushumgal 12647: 12632: 12628: 12627: 12606: 12587: 12586: 12578: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12557: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12523: 12518: 12510: 12497: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12483:Lugalannemundu 12473: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12414: 12397: 12378: 12369: 12360: 12355: 12339: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12304: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12283: 12274: 12273: 12264: 12255: 12250:Djedkare Isesi 12247:Menkauhor Kaiu 12219: 12215: 12214: 12191: 12174: 12150: 12148:Pabilgagaltuku 12137: 12132: 12118: 12107:Akshak dynasty 12103: 12094: 12046: 12040: 12036: 12035: 12022: 11973: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11947: 11932:Enun-dara-anna 11927: 11926: 11887: 11870: 11855: 11837: 11835: 11813: 11812: 11806: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11740: 11725: 11709: 11708: 11701: 11700: 11689: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11640: 11639: 11625: 11588: 11581: 11580: 11556:Kullassina-bel 11541: 11533: 11522: 11521: 11515: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11411: 11402: 11397: 11348:Narmer Palette 11330: 11329:3100–2900 BCE 11326: 11325: 11258: 11188: 11187: 11172: 11171:3200–3100 BCE 11168: 11167: 11154: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11105: 11086: 11085:4000–3200 BCE 11082: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11040: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10987:Rulers of the 10984: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10961: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10938: 10928: 10918: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10767: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10672: 10666: 10664: 10654: 10653: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10616:Transportation 10613: 10608: 10606:Stock Exchange 10603: 10601:Reconstruction 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10581:Infrastructure 10578: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10533: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10466: 10461: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10440:Prime Minister 10437: 10436: 10435: 10425: 10420: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10382: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10148:1991 uprisings 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10098:Saddam Hussein 10095: 10084: 10083: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10030: 10028:Mandatory Iraq 10025: 10020: 10017:Mamluk dynasty 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9882:Gutian dynasty 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9816: 9815: 9803: 9802: 9785: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9762: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9727:Assyriologists 9724: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9634:List of rulers 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9523:Proto-Armenian 9520: 9515: 9510: 9508:Middle Persian 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9396:Neo-Babylonian 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9376:Old Babylonian 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9346:Early Dynastic 9342: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9016: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8993: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8952: 8951:63 BCE–224 CE 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8914:Ancient Greeks 8906: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8766:Middle Assyria 8763: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8739: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8686: 8681: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8579: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8518: 8517: 8487: 8437: 8416:United Kingdom 8388: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8341: 8334: 8333:External links 8331: 8329: 8328: 8309: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8271: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8227: 8220: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8186:. Sumerian.org 8175: 8149: 8132: 8123: 8116: 8098: 8091: 8066: 8059: 8039: 8029: 8009: 8002: 7982: 7965: 7960:British Museum 7949:British Museum 7938:British Museum 7925: 7918: 7897: 7890: 7869: 7862: 7842: 7835: 7815: 7808: 7788: 7764: 7757: 7730: 7699: 7692: 7672: 7665: 7645: 7629: 7616: 7603: 7583: 7576: 7556: 7528: 7519: 7504: 7489: 7474: 7467: 7443: 7423: 7414: 7391: 7363: 7356: 7335: 7329: 7309: 7294: 7252: 7246: 7225: 7218: 7192: 7175:Woods C. 2006 7168: 7161: 7143: 7136: 7116: 7109: 7083: 7056: 7050: 7027: 7020: 6983: 6971: 6964: 6934: 6928: 6896: 6889: 6860: 6845: 6838: 6820: 6813: 6795: 6769: 6744: 6730: 6704: 6683: 6658: 6631:(3): 612–652. 6605: 6545: 6516: 6496: 6494:by T. Jacobsen 6481: 6474: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6408: 6396: 6375: 6368: 6348: 6341: 6321: 6314: 6294: 6240: 6233: 6210: 6203: 6182: 6175: 6155: 6146: 6132: 6091: 6078: 6071: 6051: 6044: 6024: 6017: 5997: 5990: 5970: 5942: 5927: 5920: 5901: 5878: 5875:on 2021-04-15. 5860: 5794: 5734: 5727: 5706: 5675: 5661: 5636: 5610: 5603: 5583: 5545: 5538: 5517: 5510: 5490: 5483: 5463: 5456: 5435: 5428: 5408: 5401: 5381: 5366: 5354: 5347: 5327: 5320: 5300: 5279: 5253: 5246: 5223: 5216: 5191: 5168: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110:Numeral system 5107: 5100: 5097: 5035:Maykop culture 5027: 3000 BC 5017: 5016: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4560: 4557: 4528:. These early 4489:, 2600–2500 BC 4453:Standard of Ur 4444: 4441: 4407: 4404: 4335:British Museum 4311:Main article: 4308: 4305: 4162:Main article: 4159: 4156: 4137:exercises and 4119:Main article: 4116: 4113: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3990: 3985:Standard of Ur 3982: 3975: 3973: 3969:British Museum 3953: 3946: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3909:cylinder seals 3870: 3867: 3814:Spring equinox 3695: 2350 BC 3617:(c. 3500 BC). 3587: 3584: 3567: 3564: 3531: 3528: 3514:(probably the 3496: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3435: 3432: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3389: 3378: 3368: 3361: 3360:, means earth. 3303: 3300: 3276:(the sky) and 3208: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3171:Main article: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3106:British Museum 3103: 3096: 2956: 2953: 2899: 2890:premarital sex 2870: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2150 BC 2851: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2150 BC 2831: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2350 BC 2796:), to a wife ( 2747:Sumerian music 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2646:(5300–4700 BC 2600: 2597: 2529: 2526: 2519:, just as the 2478:Main article: 2475: 2472: 2465:Sargonic kings 2440:Main article: 2428:A portrait of 2406: 2403: 2395:Main article: 2392: 2389: 2365: 2500 BC 2358: 2800 BC 2342:), founded by 2325: 2300 BC 2306:Main article: 2303: 2300: 2279:and along the 2250:Main article: 2239:A fragment of 2232: 2229: 2159: 2156: 2069: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2027:Main article: 2024: 2021: 1976:Main article: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1475 BC 1941: 1650 BC 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1921:Isin I dynasty 1916: 1736 BC 1900: 1750 BC 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884:Ur III dynasty 1882: 1881:Uruk V dynasty 1877: 2004 BC 1861: 2000 BC 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1842:Gutian dynasty 1840: 1835: 2119 BC 1819: 2100 BC 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1789: 2154 BC 1773: 2200 BC 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746:Akshak dynasty 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1727: 2334 BC 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713:Hamazi dynasty 1711: 1708: 1703: 1696: 2500 BC 1685: 1684: 1683: 1674: 2600 BC 1663: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1617: 2800 BC 1604: 2334 BC 1589: 2700 BC 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1569: 2900 BC 1556: 2900 BC 1540: 3000 BC 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1520: 3100 BC 1509: 1507: 3300 BC 1494: 3100 BC 1478: 3300 BC 1464: 1463: 1462: 1460: 4100 BC 1444: 5000 BC 1422: 1700 BC 1407:Ur III kingdom 1376:Standard of Ur 1372: 2300 BC 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1298: 1297: 1287: 1277: 1267: 1257: 1247: 1244:Tell ed-Duleim 1237: 1227: 1224:Tell Abu Hatab 1217: 1207: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1167: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1112: 1102: 1092: 1082: 1072: 1062: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1026: 1021: 1012: 984: 983: 974: 973: 972: 963: 962: 961: 957: 956: 955: 954: 927: 924: 914:in 1905, and " 863: 860: 825:Early Dynastic 802:Eastern Arabia 774:Standard of Ur 660:Blau Monuments 631: 3300 BC 619: 616: 559:ṣalmat-qaqqadi 485: 337: 2150 BC 327: 326: 317: 316: 308: 307: 306: 302: 301: 300: 299: 297: 294: 290: 2500 BC 276: 2500 BC 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 139: 1800 BC 129: 125: 124: 118:Late Neolithic 115: 111: 110: 97: 93: 92: 89: 72: 66: 65: 64: 63: 55: 1800 BC 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16156: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16070: 16064: 16060: 16059: 16054: 16048: 16042: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16023: 16017: 16013: 16012: 16007: 16006:Roux, Georges 16001: 15993: 15987: 15983: 15982: 15977: 15970: 15962: 15956: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15934: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15914: 15910: 15904: 15900: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15885: 15884: 15878: 15877: 15870: 15869: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15852: 15847: 15843: 15840: 15837: 15834: 15833:Yazdegerd III 15831: 15828: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15816: 15813: 15810: 15807: 15804: 15799: 15798: 15790: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15776: 15775: 15769: 15766: 15765:Sahralanyozan 15763: 15759: 15754: 15747: 15746: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15729: 15724: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15708: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15686: 15683: 15682: 15674: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15661: 15660: 15653: 15652: 15649: 15646: 15643: 15640: 15637: 15634: 15631: 15628: 15625: 15622: 15619: 15616: 15613: 15610: 15607: 15604: 15601: 15598: 15595: 15592: 15589: 15586: 15583: 15580: 15577: 15574: 15571: 15568: 15565: 15558: 15553: 15549: 15548: 15541: 15540: 15537: 15534: 15531: 15528: 15525: 15522: 15521:Mithridates V 15519: 15518:Sinatruces II 15514: 15509: 15503: 15502: 15499: 15494: 15490: 15483: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15448: 15445: 15442: 15441:Artabanus III 15439: 15436: 15433: 15430: 15427: 15424: 15421: 15418: 15415: 15412: 15411:Tiridates III 15409: 15406: 15403: 15400: 15397: 15394: 15391: 15388: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15373: 15370: 15367: 15364: 15361: 15358: 15355: 15354:Mithridates I 15351: 15350: 15344: 15341: 15338: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15323: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15311: 15306: 15303: 15300: 15297: 15294: 15291: 15290:Aristobulus I 15288: 15287:John Hyrcanus 15285: 15281: 15280: 15273: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15263: 15260: 15257: 15256:Alexander III 15254: 15251: 15248: 15245: 15242: 15241:Antiochus III 15239: 15236: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15204: 15201: 15200:Alexander III 15197: 15196: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15175: 15172: 15169: 15166: 15163: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15148: 15145: 15142: 15139: 15136: 15135:Cleopatra III 15133: 15130: 15127: 15124: 15121: 15118: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15106: 15103: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15085: 15078: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15065: 15064: 15059: 15058: 15053: 15052: 15047: 15044: 15041: 15040:Artaxerxes IV 15038: 15035: 15034:Artaxerxes II 15032: 15029: 15026: 15023: 15020: 15017: 15013: 15012: 15005: 14999: 14995: 14994:Kings of Tyre 14991: 14985: 14980: 14979: 14971: 14968: 14965: 14962: 14959: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14950:Median Empire 14945: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14925: 14919: 14916: 14913: 14910: 14907: 14904: 14901: 14897: 14896: 14891: 14890: 14883: 14882: 14879: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14859: 14858:Sinsharishkun 14856: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14813: 14811: 14804: 14803: 14797: 14794: 14791: 14788: 14785: 14780: 14772: 14767: 14766: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14730: 14729: 14722: 14719: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695:(five kings) 14694: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14682: 14679: 14676: 14673: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14654: 14653:Ashur-Dan III 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14638: 14635: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14624: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14600: 14599: 14593: 14590: 14587: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14567: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14540: 14537: 14534: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14523: 14516: 14515: 14512: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14493:Ea-mukin-zeri 14491: 14490:Simbar-shipak 14487: 14482:1025–934 BCE 14481: 14480: 14476: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14447: 14444: 14441: 14437: 14435: 14428: 14425: 14422: 14419: 14418:Ashur-rabi II 14416: 14413: 14410: 14407: 14404: 14403:Eriba-Adad II 14401: 14398: 14395: 14392: 14389: 14386: 14383: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14371: 14368: 14365: 14364:Shalmaneser I 14362: 14361:Adad-nirari I 14359: 14356: 14353: 14350: 14346: 14345: 14339: 14338: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14315: 14309: 14305: 14304:Kings of Tyre 14301: 14297: 14296: 14290: 14289: 14286: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14266: 14260: 14259: 14253: 14250: 14247: 14244: 14243:Ramesses VIII 14241: 14238: 14235: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14213: 14212: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14198: 14192: 14189: 14186: 14183: 14180: 14177: 14174: 14171: 14167: 14166: 14161: 14158: 14153: 14152: 14146: 14143: 14140: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14129: 14126: 14125:Amenhotep III 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14110: 14107: 14104: 14100: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14083: 14076: 14071: 14068: 14065: 14062: 14059: 14056: 14053: 14050: 14047: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14035: 14032: 14029: 14026: 14023: 14020: 14017: 14014: 14011: 14008: 14005: 14002: 13999: 13996: 13993: 13989: 13987: 13979: 13973: 13970: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13959: 13951: 13943: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13928: 13927: 13921: 13918: 13915: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13904: 13903: 13894: 13888: 13883: 13882: 13876: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13865: 13861: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13844: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13831:Melamkurkurra 13829: 13825: 13824:Ayadaragalama 13822: 13819: 13815: 13812: 13809: 13805: 13802: 13801:Itti-ili-nibi 13799: 13795: 13793: 13782: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13740: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13718: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13695:Ashur-shaduni 13693: 13690: 13689:Enlil-nasir I 13687: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13657: 13654: 13653:Sharma-Adad I 13651: 13648: 13644:1700–722 BCE) 13642: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13615: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13576: 13575:Ishme-Dagan I 13573: 13564: 13558: 13557: 13548: 13543: 13542: 13536: 13532: 13531:Kings of Tyre 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13512: 13507: 13506: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13488:Amenemhat III 13486: 13483: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13461: 13456: 13455: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13426: 13423: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13370: 13367: 13364: 13361: 13358: 13355: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13338: 13331: 13325: 13320: 13319: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13280:Puzur-Ashur I 13277: 13276: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13245: 13239: 13231: 13227: 13222: 13219: 13213: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13187: 13186:Third Eblaite 13182: 13179: 13178:Mentuhotep IV 13176: 13173: 13172:Mentuhotep II 13170: 13167: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13131: 13125: 13120: 13118: 13110: 13107: 13104: 13101: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13082: 13081: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13052: 13051: 13048: 13044: 13042: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13029:Wahkare Khety 13027: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13012: 13011: 13008: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12970: 12966: 12964: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12943: 12939: 12932: 12931: 12925: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12897:Ur III period 12892: 12889: 12886: 12885:Neferkare VII 12883: 12879: 12878: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12832:Ur-Ningirsu I 12829: 12825: 12823: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12805: 12799: 12795: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12748: 12743: 12742: 12736: 12733: 12726: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12708: 12705: 12702: 12699: 12696: 12693: 12690: 12687: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12671: 12670: 12665: 12664: 12656: 12651: 12645: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12577: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12562: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12531: 12527: 12522: 12515: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12496: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12480: 12478: 12471: 12466: 12463: 12460: 12457: 12454: 12451: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12367:Lugal-kisalsi 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12344: 12340: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12317: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12254: 12251: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12225: 12224: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12196: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12173: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12155: 12149: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12108: 12102: 12098: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12052: 12051: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12021: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12005: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11979: 11978: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11842: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11756: 11753: 11746: 11745: 11738: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11666: 11662: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11646: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11632: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11587: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11560:Nangishlishma 11557: 11553: 11548: 11546: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11528: 11527:First Eblaite 11523: 11519: 11513: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11486:Seth-Peribsen 11484: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11448: 11447:Hotepsekhemwy 11443: 11442: 11434: 11428: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11416: 11415:Proto-Elamite 11408: 11407: 11401: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11335: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11318: 11317:Double Falcon 11315: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11183: 11178: 11177: 11169: 11163: 11158: 11150: 11144: 11138: 11130: 11129: 11123: 11120: 11114: 11109: 11103: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11091: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11005: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10982: 10977: 10975: 10970: 10968: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10947: 10939: 10937: 10929: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10917: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10753: 10752:Iraqi Turkmen 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10642: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10387:(legislative) 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10360: 10356: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10320:Syrian Desert 10318: 10316: 10315:Shatt al-Arab 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10250:Faw peninsula 10248: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10231: 10217: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10192:Fall of Mosul 10190: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10165:U.S. invasion 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10128:Iran–Iraq War 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9993:Buyid dynasty 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9842:Halaf culture 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9793: 9783: 9778: 9776: 9771: 9769: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9063:Syrian Desert 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8977: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8946: 8941: 8934: 8931: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8762: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8565: 8563: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8362: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8317:The Sumerians 8313: 8310: 8307: 8306:0-8094-9887-1 8303: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8217:0-520-25266-7 8214: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8185: 8179: 8165:on 2012-08-21 8164: 8160: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8102: 8094: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8062: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8043: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8013: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7986: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7901: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7873: 7865: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7846: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7643: 7636: 7634: 7626: 7620: 7606: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7532: 7523: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7359: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7344:Black, Jeremy 7339: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7230: 7221: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7172: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7087: 7081: 7080:0-292-70794-0 7077: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6961: 6954: 6953: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6892: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6841: 6839:9783319516950 6835: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6814:9780141941400 6810: 6806: 6799: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6700:0-7139-1031-3 6697: 6693: 6687: 6673:on 2015-04-11 6672: 6668: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6610: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6541: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6477: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6458:Roux, Georges 6453: 6451: 6441: 6432: 6426: 6425:0-415-12735-1 6422: 6418: 6412: 6403: 6401: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6215: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6038:. Routledge. 6037: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5974: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5710: 5696:on 2014-03-21 5692: 5685: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5550: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5047:Jiahu symbols 5044: 5040: 5036: 5020: 5012: 5010: 4997: 4995: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4791: 4778: 4776: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4741: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4700: 4697: 4695:waterproofing 4694: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4343: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4213:Imports to Ur 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074:According to 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504:The Lower Sea 3501: 3500:The Upper Sea 3493: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3406:The moon god 3405: 3403:in the north, 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3280:(the earth). 3279: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3252:, and female 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3205: 3196: 3189: 3174: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3025:lexical lists 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2942:birth control 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2867: 2848: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784:was called a 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2711: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2535:Soil salinity 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2474:Ur III period 2471: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2443: 2435: 2434:Louvre Museum 2431: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2391:Gutian period 2388: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2292:Lugal-zage-si 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2075:Louvre Museum 2072: 2071:Cylinder seal 2066: 2052: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1931: 1925:Larsa dynasty 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1867: 1866:Ur III period 1864: 1863: 1851: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1825: 1824:Gutian period 1822: 1821: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1794:Akkad dynasty 1792: 1791: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1734:Ur II dynasty 1733: 1730: 1729: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1607: 1606: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1576: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1530: 1527: 1510: 1497: 1496: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1468: 1465: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1434: 1433:New Stone Age 1431: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:Gutian period 1400: 1395: 1381: 1380:Louvre Museum 1377: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1339:Al-Qādisiyyah 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 999: 989: 978: 967: 953: 951: 947: 943: 937: 933: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 878:, in 1889 at 877: 873: 869: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 833:oldest cities 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 776:, c. 2600 BC. 775: 771: 767: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:North African 669: 665: 661: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646:agglutinative 644: 643:Indo-European 640: 636: 615: 613: 608: 604: 599: 595: 590: 589: 577: 572: 568: 563: 560: 555: 550: 540: 533: 530: 527: 519: 513: 504: 501: 496: 491: 488: 474: 462: 456: 450: 441: 438: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 401: 390: 384: 379: 374: 368: 361: 354: 347: 342: 331: 321: 312: 293: 281: 280:proto-writing 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223:, along with 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 192: 168: 160: 157: 153: 150: 147: 143: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 98: 94: 87: 76: 70: 61: 37: 33: 26: 22: 16057: 16047: 16011:Ancient Iraq 16010: 16000: 15980: 15969: 15955: 15946: 15933: 15924: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15803:Ardashir III 15795: 15772: 15713: 15681:Roman Empire 15679: 15657: 15615:Yazdegerd II 15545: 15536:Artabanus IV 15533:Vologases VI 15524:Vologases IV 15455:Roman Empire 15453: 15438:Vologases II 15414:Artabanus II 15408:Artabanus II 15393:Tiridates II 15381:Phraates III 15347: 15284:Simon Thassi 15277: 15259:Demetrius II 15247:Antiochus IV 15238:Seleucus III 15232:Antiochus II 15219: 15209: 15206:Alexander IV 15193: 15181: 15165:Ptolemy XIII 15147:Berenice III 15141:Cleopatra IV 15082: 15079:331–141 BCE 15070: 15061: 15055: 15049: 15028:Artaxerxes I 15009: 14976: 14973:539–331 BCE 14948: 14929:Nabopolassar 14922: 14893: 14887: 14884:626–539 BCE 14852:Ashurbanipal 14807: 14806: 14800: 14763: 14760:745–609 BCE 14726: 14706:Eriba-Marduk 14667: 14621: 14596: 14564: 14563: 14553: 14542:Shoshenq III 14520: 14517:911–745 BCE 14485: 14467:Marduk-zer-X 14431: 14427:Ashur-dan II 14358:Arik-den-ili 14355:Enlil-nirari 14349:Eriba-Adad I 14342: 14335: 14312: 14293: 14288:Psusennes II 14263: 14262: 14256: 14240:Ramesses VII 14228:Ramesses III 14217: 14201: 14195: 14163: 14149: 14130: 14119:Amenhotep II 14112:Thutmose III 14086: 14080: 14077: 14028:Kurigalzu II 14022:Kara-hardash 13992:Agum-Kakrime 13983: 13962: 13956: 13924: 13907:'Aper-'Anati 13905: 13900: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13863: 13857: 13853: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13804:Damqi-ilishu 13787: 13776:Samsu-Ditana 13758:Sin-muballit 13749:Sin-muballit 13728: 13698:Ashur-rabi I 13563:Shamshi-Adad 13560: 13554: 13539: 13509: 13503: 13491:Amenemhat IV 13485:Senusret III 13479:Amenemhat II 13466: 13452: 13438: 13387: 13384:Damiq-ilishu 13354:Lipit-Eshtar 13335: 13316: 13273: 13241: 13237: 13221:Shakkanakkus 13184: 13160:Mentuhotep I 13153: 13147: 13128: 13115: 13078: 13072:Puzur-Ishtar 13039: 13034: 13016: 12969:Lugalannatum 12961: 12928: 12895: 12875: 12854:Hishep-Ratep 12820: 12802: 12739: 12729: 12683:Neferkare II 12673: 12667: 12661: 12608: 12590: 12580: 12559: 12512:Invasion by 12475: 12440: 12416: 12408:Enannatum II 12372:E-iginimpa'e 12341: 12333:Igrish-Halam 12244:Nyuserre Ini 12221: 12195:Awan dynasty 12193: 12152: 12139: 12120: 12105: 12096: 12080:Ishtup-Ishar 12060:Iku-Shamagan 12056:Ikun-Shamash 12048: 12026:Ur I dynasty 12024: 12017: 12006: 11981: 11975: 11949: 11930: 11889: 11872: 11857: 11839: 11798: 11790: 11761: 11742: 11705:Enmebaragesi 11691: 11672: 11643: 11634: 11627: 11590: 11585: 11565:En-tarah-ana 11550: 11543: 11535: 11525: 11501: 11498:Neferkasokar 11496: 11491: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11439: 11419: 11413: 11404: 11392: 11387: 11338: 11332: 11319: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11246: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11199:Finger Snail 11197: 11191: 11174: 11143:Anu Ziggurat 11126: 11094: 11088: 11006:Territories/ 10780:Christianity 10662:Demographics 10596:Oil reserves 10591:Oil Industry 10558:Central Bank 10454:Human rights 10380:Constitution 10325:Tigris river 10305:Persian Gulf 10013:Ottoman Iraq 9998:Qara Qoyunlu 9866: 9832:Ubaid period 9629:Royal titles 9554:Architecture 9391:Neo-Assyrian 9238:(Pre)history 9200: 9058:Persian Gulf 8962: 8955:Ancient Rome 8926:311–129 BCE 8912: 8905:336–301 BCE 8895:539–331 BCE 8885: 8878:626–539 BCE 8869:729–609 BCE 8859:911–729 BCE 8850: 8844: 8838: 8826: 8791: 8781: 8775: 8745: 8733: 8718: 8695: 8674: 8649: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8582:Timeline of 8519: 8505: 8499:. Retrieved 8455: 8449:. Retrieved 8441:Renn, Jürgen 8425: 8419:. Retrieved 8370: 8315: 8293: 8287: 8281:Ancient Iraq 8280: 8262: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8223: 8219:(paperback). 8208: 8188:. Retrieved 8178: 8167:. Retrieved 8163:the original 8152: 8135: 8126: 8107: 8101: 8082: 8049: 8042: 8034: 8019: 8012: 7992: 7985: 7975: 7968: 7959: 7948: 7937: 7928: 7908: 7900: 7880: 7872: 7852: 7845: 7825: 7818: 7798: 7791: 7774: 7767: 7747: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7682: 7675: 7655: 7648: 7624: 7619: 7608:. Retrieved 7593: 7586: 7566: 7559: 7547: 7531: 7522: 7513: 7507: 7498: 7492: 7483: 7477: 7453: 7446: 7431: 7426: 7417: 7402: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7347: 7338: 7319: 7312: 7303: 7297: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7237: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7171: 7152: 7146: 7126: 7119: 7094: 7086: 7069: 7040: 7009: 6978: 6974: 6951: 6914: 6878: 6853: 6848: 6829: 6823: 6804: 6798: 6786:. Retrieved 6782: 6772: 6762: 6735:. Retrieved 6715: 6707: 6691: 6686: 6675:. Retrieved 6671:the original 6661: 6647:cite journal 6628: 6624: 6567: 6561: 6548: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6464:Ancient Iraq 6463: 6440: 6431: 6416: 6411: 6389: 6358: 6351: 6331: 6324: 6304: 6297: 6273:11573/109737 6256: 6252: 6223: 6193: 6185: 6165: 6158: 6149: 6123:. Retrieved 6116:the original 6111: 6107: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6061: 6054: 6034: 6027: 6007: 6000: 5980: 5973: 5962:. Retrieved 5957: 5936: 5930: 5910: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5873:the original 5863: 5812: 5808: 5797: 5754: 5750: 5716: 5709: 5698:. Retrieved 5691:the original 5678: 5664: 5653:. Retrieved 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5623:the original 5613: 5593: 5586: 5561: 5557: 5528: 5520: 5500: 5493: 5473: 5466: 5446: 5438: 5418: 5411: 5391: 5384: 5376:Ancient Iraq 5375: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5337: 5330: 5310: 5303: 5294: 5270:. Retrieved 5265: 5256: 5236: 5206: 5185: 5158: 5086: 5063: 5059:five planets 5032: 5004: 4991: 4977: 4976: 4962: 4961: 4947: 4946: 4932: 4931: 4919: 4918: 4904: 4903: 4889: 4888: 4874: 4873: 4859: 4858: 4844: 4843: 4829: 4828: 4814: 4813: 4799: 4798: 4789:CIVILIZATION 4772: 4749: 4748: 4737: 4669:war chariots 4562: 4546: 4542:woven basket 4523: 4492: 4455:, c. 2600 BC 4428: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4390: 4387: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4255: 4245:, pressers, 4240: 4219: 4217: 4209:Persian Gulf 4202:Indus Valley 4179: 4124: 4085: 4073: 4058: 4039: 4010:Architecture 4002:lapis lazuli 3983: 3954: 3913: 3897:lapis lazuli 3894: 3840: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3762: 3756: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3670: 3635: 3630:lapis lazuli 3603:monocropping 3589: 3569: 3533: 3516:Indus Valley 3508:Persian Gulf 3503: 3499: 3497: 3464: 3437: 3424: 3391:The sun-god 3353: 3344: 3328: 3289: 3282: 3270: 3243: 3238:hieroi gamoi 3236: 3230: 3226:divine wrath 3219: 3152: 3090: 3086:aide-mémoire 3082: 3043: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3017:logosyllabic 3009:hieroglyphic 3006: 2998:clay tablets 2995: 2946: 2937: 2926:masturbation 2922:sexual mores 2919: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2883: 2879: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2744: 2720: 2694:Juris Zarins 2691: 2660: 2644:Ubaid period 2629: 2602: 2590: 2588:c. 1800 BC. 2571: 2540: 2531: 2514: 2483: 2469: 2454: 2445: 2400: 2380: 2330: 2289: 2281:Persian Gulf 2258: 2255: 2223: 2217: 2214:Enmebaragesi 2203: 2187: 2145: 2133: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2089:slave labour 2082: 2032: 2007: 1995:Persian Gulf 1992: 1978:Ubaid period 1972:Ubaid period 1740:Mari dynasty 1737:Adab dynasty 1706:Awan dynasty 1701:Ur I dynasty 1658:Enmebaragesi 1449:Ubaid period 1440: 10000 1396: 1385: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1283: 1273: 1264:Tell Ibrahim 1263: 1253: 1243: 1233: 1223: 1214:Tell Ibzeikh 1213: 1204:Tell al-Lahm 1203: 1194: 1173: 1163: 1143: 1134:Tell Bismaya 1133: 1118: 1108: 1099:Tell al-Hiba 1098: 1088: 1078: 1068: 1058: 1048: 1042: 1032: 1018: 1008: 998:pre-dynastic 995: 939: 915: 907: 899: 868:Jules Oppert 865: 840:Enmebaragesi 837: 814: 806:Persian Gulf 798:Juris Zarins 779: 719: 704: 680:Green Sahara 673: 621: 611: 571:phonological 564: 492: 449:ki-en-gi(-r) 397: 377: 229:Indus Valley 213:early Bronze 209:Chalcolithic 197:civilization 166: 165: 149:Ubaid period 36: 15943:Simpson, W. 15871:639–651 CE 15818:Azarmidokht 15809:Khosrow III 15792:628–641 CE 15748:618–628 CE 15710:395–618 CE 15676:273–395 CE 15664:Vaballathus 15654:270–273 CE 15618:Hormizd III 15603:Yazdegerd I 15594:Ardashir II 15588:Adur Narseh 15542:224–270 CE 15530:Vologases V 15504:117–224 CE 15485:116–117 CE 15432:Vardanes II 15429:Vologases I 15420:Gotarzes II 15390:Phraates IV 15360:Hyspaosines 15299:Hyrcanus II 15274:141–30 BCE 15253:Demetrius I 15250:Antiochus V 15244:Seleucus IV 15235:Seleucus II 15229:Antiochus I 15216:Antigonus I 15168:Ptolemy XIV 15156:Cleopatra V 14938:Neriglissar 14935:Amel-Marduk 14918:Psamtik III 14889:Late Period 14828:Sennacherib 14819:Shalmaneser 14746:Tammaritu I 14643:Shammuramat 14586:Takelot III 14583:Osorkon III 14580:Shoshenq VI 14555:Pedubast II 14545:Shoshenq IV 14533:Shoshenq II 14382:Ashur-dan I 14323:Ish-bosheth 14276:Psusennes I 14252:Ramesses XI 14246:Ramesses IX 14237:Ramesses VI 14231:Ramesses IV 14176:Ramesses II 14139:Tutankhamun 14122:Thutmose IV 14106:Thutmose II 14040:Kudur-Enlil 14025:Nazi-Bugash 14013:Kurigalzu I 14001:Ulamburiash 13972:Amenhotep I 13953:Tutankhamun 13939:Parshatatar 13936:Shuttarna I 13869:Seventeenth 13798:Ilum-ma-ili 13773:Ammi-saduqa 13770:Ammi-ditana 13764:Samsu-iluna 13671:Erishum III 13632:Adad-salulu 13629:Ipqi-Ishtar 13617:Ashur-dugul 13602:Adad-salulu 13599:Ipqi-Ishtar 13587:Ashur-dugul 13556:Old Assyria 13551:(Amorites) 13494:Sobekneferu 13482:Senusret II 13473:Amenemhat I 13445:Sîn-iribam 13422:Sin-Iqisham 13416:Sin-Iddinam 13366:Erra-imitti 13363:Lipit-Enlil 13351:Ishme-Dagan 13348:Iddin-Dagan 13284:Shalim-ahum 13275:Old Assyria 13261:Yasmah-Adad 13238:Lim Dynasty 13230:Hanun-Dagan 13226:Hitial-Erra 12991:Ur-Ningirsu 12947:Kuda (Uruk) 12920:Ishgum-Addu 12910:Ishtup-Ilum 12762:Ishma-Dagan 12747:Shakkanakku 12725:Neferirkare 12722:Neferkauhor 12625:Ili-ishmani 12604:Manishtushu 12567:Lugalzagesi 12563:III dynasty 12547:Puzur-Nirah 12262:Ishar-Malik 12241:Shepseskare 12031:Mesannepada 11956:Nin-kisalsi 11944:Lugal-kitun 11914:Meskalamdug 11900:Ur-Pabilsag 11713:Aga of Kish 11622:Barsal-nuna 11507:Khasekhemwy 11493:Neferkara I 11472:Weneg-Nebty 11450:Nebra/Raneb 11262:Lower Egypt 11248:Scorpion II 11193:Upper Egypt 11145:, 4000 BCE) 11128:Uruk period 10936:WikiProject 10737:Marsh Arabs 10722:Circassians 10403:Foreign aid 10295:Mesopotamia 9857:Uruk period 9732:Hittitology 9722:Assyriology 9643:Archaeology 9513:Old Persian 9323:Jemdet Nasr 8972:224–mid 7C 8936:129–63 BCE 8918:Macedonians 8813:city-states 8809:Neo-Hittite 8784:Sea Peoples 8700:city-states 8679:city-states 8622:Uruk period 8584:Mesopotamia 8541: / 8472:(NEH), the 8468:(NSF), the 8348:Penn Museum 7268:: 115–121, 6737:29 November 5564:(1): 1–29. 5070:sexagesimal 5066:mixed radix 4800:Corded Ware 4633:lancepoints 4379:Afghanistan 4194:Afghanistan 4151:sexagesimal 4135:geometrical 4115:Mathematics 4089:Marsh Arabs 3595: 5000 3559:storehouses 3452:netherworld 3272:in turn of 3246:Enuma Elish 3060:. It is an 3050:linguistics 3000:written in 2815:of Lagash ( 2755:Lyres of Ur 2675: 5700 2450: 2200 2430:Ur-Ningirsu 2376: 2334 2336: 2234 2178:Meskalamdug 2029:Uruk period 2023:Uruk period 1953: 1736 1937: 1750 1912: 2004 1896: 2000 1873: 2119 1857: 2100 1831: 2154 1815: 2200 1785: 2334 1769: 2700 1723: 2500 1692: 2600 1670: 2800 1644:Enmeduranki 1613: 2900 1600: 2900 1585: 3000 1565: 3100 1552: 3100 1536: 3300 1516: 3300 1503: 4100 1490: 4100 1483:Uruk period 1474: 5000 1456: 6500 1335:Al-Muthannā 1254:Birs Nimrud 1144:Tell Hariri 942:city-states 920:Arno Poebel 904:Léon Heuzey 821:Jemdet Nasr 817:Uruk period 810:the Ice Age 770:Ur-Pabilsag 768:, possibly 743:leatherwork 735:agriculture 684:Middle East 627: 5500 567:city-states 539:sag̃-gíg-ga 425:Mesopotamia 286: 4000 272: 3350 265:Jemdet Nasr 249:Mesoamerica 201:Mesopotamia 155:Followed by 145:Preceded by 135: 5500 108:Middle East 100:Mesopotamia 48: 5500 16098:Categories 15827:Khosrow IV 15824:Hormizd VI 15806:Shahrbaraz 15783:Khosrow II 15768:Shahrbaraz 15762:Shahrbaraz 15642:Khosrow II 15639:Hormizd IV 15597:Shapur III 15585:Hormizd II 15579:Bahram III 15564:Ardashir I 15435:Pacorus II 15426:Vonones II 15423:Meherdates 15417:Vardanes I 15402:Orodes III 15399:Phraates V 15378:Sinatruces 15226:Seleucus I 15203:Philip III 15177:Arsinoe IV 15102:Arsinoe II 15043:Darius III 14909:Psamtik II 14849:Esarhaddon 14742:Ummanigash 14712:Nabonassar 14606:Bakenranef 14577:Pedubast I 14574:Takelot II 14571:Harsiese A 14559:Osorkon IV 14551:Shoshenq V 14539:Osorkon II 14527:Shoshenq I 14273:Amenemnisu 14249:Ramesses X 14234:Ramesses V 14182:Amenmesses 14170:Ramesses I 14132:Smenkhkare 14109:Hatshepsut 14103:Thutmose I 14007:Karaindash 13746:Sumu-la-El 13578:Mut-Ashkur 13569:(Amorites) 13476:Senusret I 13435:Rim-Sin II 13425:Silli-Adad 13419:Sin-Eribam 13381:Suen-magir 13378:Ur-du-kuga 13375:Iter-pisha 13369:Enlil-bani 13357:Ur-Ninurta 13345:Shu-Ilishu 13342:Ishbi-Erra 13312:Erishum II 13258:Yahdun-Lim 13255:Yaggid-Lim 13068:Tura-Dagan 13047:Utu-hengal 13023:Meryhathor 12999:Nam-mahani 12965:II dynasty 12934:(21 kings) 12828:Puzer-Mama 12824:II dynasty 12806:IV dynasty 12719:Neferkaure 12716:Qakare Ibi 12707:Neferkahor 12698:Neferkamin 12617:Ilshu-rabi 12508:Ishqi-Mari 12504:Ikun-Ishar 12500:Enna-Dagan 12420:II dynasty 12394:Bara-irnun 12349:Puzur-Suen 12345:IV dynasty 12337:Irkab-Damu 12282:(3 kings) 12208:Ukkutahesh 12181:Meskiagnun 12177:A'annepada 12124:II dynasty 12019:Thamphthis 12015:Shepseskaf 11964:Lugal-dalu 11863:Udulkalama 11843:II dynasty 11785:Sekhemkhet 11693:Lugalbanda 11619:Melem-Kish 11615:En-me-nuna 11400:Canaanites 11394:Horus Bird 11359:Neithhotep 11232:Scorpion I 11182:Naqada III 10853:Television 10833:Literature 10795:Irreligion 10770:Secularism 10707:Minorities 10575:(currency) 10568:Corruption 10413:Government 10204:Insurgency 10003:Aq Qoyunlu 9824:Chronology 9696:Divination 9406:Achaemenid 9371:Isin-Larsa 9264:Trialetian 9259:Mousterian 9246:Prehistory 8696:and other 8675:and other 8501:2022-09-23 8451:2022-09-23 8421:2022-09-23 8190:2012-03-29 8169:2012-03-29 7777:(4): 699. 7713:Paléorient 7610:2012-03-29 6783:Flutopedia 6677:2019-07-21 5964:2012-03-29 5718:Spain] 5700:2014-02-22 5655:2014-02-22 5141:References 4845:Afanasievo 4653:waterskins 4637:arrowheads 4573:irrigation 4565:arithmetic 4559:Technology 4236:Mozambique 4190:Badakhshan 4109:clay nails 4097:buttresses 4080:pictograms 4028:See also: 3873:See also: 3785:reservoirs 3759:irrigation 3628:, made of 3599:irrigation 3572:Ereshkigal 3551:sacrifices 3233:cosmogenic 3074:substratum 2910:giš nunzua 2664:Choga Mami 2599:Population 2559:liturgical 2338:–2154 BC ( 2195:Lugalbanda 2120:theocratic 2085:stratified 1955: – c. 1939: – c. 1914: – c. 1898: – c. 1875: – c. 1859: – c. 1833: – c. 1817: – c. 1787: – c. 1771: – c. 1725: – c. 1694: – c. 1672: – c. 1615: – c. 1602: – c. 1587: – c. 1567: – c. 1554: – c. 1538: – c. 1518: – c. 1505: – c. 1492: – c. 1476: – c. 1467:Copper Age 1458: – c. 1442: – c. 1426:Babylonian 1284:Tell Asmar 1119:Tell Jokha 1017:(probably 1015:Bad-tibira 906:in 1884, " 804:, today's 635:West Asian 629: – c. 288: – c. 274: – c. 237:Caral-Supe 137: – c. 15939:Hallo, W. 15836:Peroz III 15670:Antiochus 15636:Khosrow I 15606:Shapur IV 15600:Bahram IV 15591:Shapur II 15576:Bahram II 15570:Hormizd I 15527:Osroes II 15405:Vonones I 15387:Orodes II 15363:Artabanus 15031:Darius II 14958:Phraortes 14944:Nabonidus 14915:Ahmose II 14903:Psamtik I 14796:Tanutamun 14645:(regent) 14536:Takelot I 14530:Osorkon I 14295:Phoenicia 14279:Amenemope 14225:Setnakhte 14179:Merneptah 14128:Akhenaten 13911:Sakir-Har 13849:Sixteenth 13828:Akurduana 13814:Gulkishar 13811:Shushushi 13767:Abi-eshuh 13761:Hammurabi 13743:Sumu-abum 13665:Shu-Ninua 13656:Iptar-Sin 13626:Sin-namir 13623:Nasir-Sin 13614:Puzur-Sin 13596:Sin-namir 13593:Nasir-Sin 13447:Sîn-gāmil 13443:Sîn-kāšid 13431:Rim-Sin I 13428:Warad-Sin 13308:Naram-Sin 13292:Erishum I 13288:Ilu-shuma 13264:Zimri-Lim 13212:Indilimma 13199:Ibbit-Lim 13169:Intef III 13132:invasions 13119:invasions 13064:Ili-Ishar 13060:Iddi-ilum 13053:2100 BCE 13043:V dynasty 13013:2125 BCE 12951:Puzur-ili 12938:La-erabum 12872:2150 BCE 12798:Shu-turul 12791:(3 years) 12758:Shu-Dagan 12658:2200 BCE 12635:Naram-Sin 12631:2250 BCE 12575:2340 BCE 12541:2350 BCE 12535:Luh-ishan 12530:Urukagina 12526:Lugalanda 12495:Isar-Damu 12491:2370 BCE 12437:2380 BCE 12412:Enentarzi 12400:Enannatum 12389:Gishakidu 12353:Ur-Zababa 12329:Adub-Damu 12325:2400 BCE 12298:2425 BCE 12292:Napilhush 12280:invasions 12258:Enar-Damu 12238:Neferefre 12218:2450 BCE 12161:Ur-Nanshe 12156:I dynasty 12143:I dynasty 12084:Ikun-Mari 12043:Phoenicia 12039:2500 BCE 11972:2575 BCE 11940:Melamanna 11924:Akalamdug 11896:A-Imdugud 11859:Ur-Nungal 11846:(5 kings) 11833:Baba-Damu 11829:Ibbi-Damu 11758:2600 BCE 11728:Gilgamesh 11686:Iltasadum 11657:2700 BCE 11631:I dynasty 11584:2800 BCE 11547:I dynasty 11503:Hudjefa I 11436:2900 BCE 11382:Semerkhet 11374:(regent) 11361:(regent) 11268:Hedju Hor 11096:Naqada II 10873:Squatting 10838:Education 10785:Mandaeism 10754:/Turkoman 10732:Mandaeans 10717:Assyrians 10712:Armenians 10675:Languages 10563:Companies 10518:Judiciary 10428:President 10398:Elections 10393:Democracy 10239:Geography 10155:Sanctions 10073:2003–2011 10068:1968–2003 10063:1958–1968 9922:Babylonia 9569:Cuneiform 9445:Languages 9254:Acheulean 9141:Babylonia 9078:Euphrates 9028:Geography 8887:Chaldeans 8804:Phoenicia 8742:Karduniaš 8538:32°N 46°E 8359:Geography 8146:0091-7338 7719:: 71–72. 7290:163489322 6600:Q34677808 6584:0036-8075 6534:cite book 6526:944087535 6289:193050892 6125:8 January 5837:1476-4687 5578:161371511 4875:Bolshemys 4673:scabbards 4657:harnesses 4436:Urukagina 4375:Naqada II 4371:Harappans 4363:Carnelian 4301:carnelian 4277:alabaster 4265:bow drill 4258:cedar oil 4174:Shuruppak 4127:metrology 4030:Clay nail 3967:, Iraq); 3922:when the 3855:threshing 3793:Euphrates 3722:, wheat, 3716:chickpeas 3688:Urukagina 3555:Granaries 3535:Ziggurats 3462:(ghost). 3456:existence 3448:afterlife 3434:Cosmology 3340:astrology 3285:Ninhursag 3213:, 2500 BC 3197:, 2500 BC 3138:Shuruppak 3066:morphemes 3013:ideograms 2969:Cuneiform 2906:la naqbat 2898:a/é-nu-gi 2894:virginity 2824:polyandry 2813:Urukagina 2786:dumu-nita 2776:; female 2677:–4900 BC 2656:Euphrates 2621:Nasiriyah 2586:Hammurabi 2199:Gilgamesh 2113:Tell Brak 2100:, to the 1680:Gilgamesh 1307:king list 1294:Tell Brak 1043:Tell Fara 1039:Shuruppak 922:in 1923. 892:Shuruppak 886:from the 796:culture. 747:metalwork 726:Ubaidians 711:Urartians 696:Natufians 682:into the 607:Šanhar(a) 544:/saŋɡiɡa/ 341:cuneiform 339:. Right: 303:Sumerians 257:Euphrates 104:Near East 16055:(2014). 16008:(1992). 15978:(2020). 15945:(1971). 15786:Kavad II 15612:Bahram V 15573:Bahram I 15567:Shapur I 15444:Osroes I 15375:Orodes I 15369:Gotarzes 15357:Phraates 15022:Darius I 15019:Cambyses 14967:Astyages 14964:Cyaxares 14906:Necho II 14837:Bel-ibni 14787:Shebitku 14750:Indabibi 14603:Tefnakht 14145:Horemheb 14004:Agum III 13986:Kassites 13969:Ahmose I 13834:Ea-gamil 13818:DIŠ+U-EN 13808:Ishkibal 13755:Apil-Sin 13737:Amorites 13647:Bel-bani 13522:Biblical 13413:Nur-Adad 13404:Gungunum 13392:Naplanum 13360:Bur-Suen 13324:Amorites 13300:Sargon I 13250:Amorites 13194:Amorites 13166:Intef II 13136:Kindattu 13124:Ibbi-Sin 13103:Amar-Sin 13097:Ur-Nammu 13032:Merykare 12924:Apil-kin 12836:Pirig-me 12814:Ur-gigir 12810:Ur-nigin 12750:dynasty) 12695:Merenhor 12621:Epirmupi 12450:Userkare 12404:Entemena 12381:Ur-Lumma 12376:Meskigal 12307:Eannatum 12302:Kun-Damu 12286:Shushun- 12271:Enakalle 12130:kushanna 12116:Undalulu 12088:Iblul-Il 12012:Menkaure 12008:Bikheris 12001:Djedefre 11960:Me-durba 11885:shaengur 11879:En-hegal 11867:Labashum 11825:Agur-lim 11821:Abur-lim 11800:Qahedjet 11645:Enmerkar 11477:Wadjenes 11467:Horus Sa 11462:Nubnefer 11453:Nynetjer 11427:Susa III 11389:Sneferka 11372:Merneith 11090:Naqada I 10916:Category 10765:Religion 10742:Persians 10626:Railways 10621:Airlines 10503:Military 10364:Politics 10340:Wildlife 10330:Umm Qasr 10160:Iraq War 10143:Gulf War 10055:Republic 10008:Safavids 9971:638–1958 9715:Academia 9669:Religion 9538:Urartian 9533:Sumerian 9518:Parthian 9453:Akkadian 9426:Sasanian 9416:Parthian 9411:Seleucid 9361:Simurrum 9351:Akkadian 9284:Khiamian 9274:Natufian 9186:Simurrum 9171:Kassites 9166:Hittites 9121:Adiabene 8828:Arameans 8822:Damascus 8793:Arameans 8747:Kassites 8735:Hurrians 8379:Language 8320:Archived 8314:. 1929. 7783:25220818 7540:Archived 7383:Archived 7180:Archived 6912:(1998), 6760:(1908). 6596:Wikidata 6592:17793690 6460:(1993). 6388:(2005). 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15621:Peroz I 15609:Khosrow 14955:Deioces 14912:Wahibre 14900:Necho I 14793:Taharqa 14790:Shabaka 14774:Taharqa 14738:Teumman 14589:Rudamun 14331:Solomon 14270:Smendes 14191:Twosret 14185:Seti II 13926:Mitanni 13920:Khamudi 13874:Dynasty 13864:Dynasty 13854:Dynasty 13692:Nur-ili 13662:Lullaya 13565:dynasty 13517:Abraham 13407:Abisare 13372:Zambiya 13266:(Queen 13218:Amorite 13189:Kingdom 13163:Intef I 13130:Elamite 13117:Amorite 13106:Shu-Sin 13007:Tirigan 12976:Ur-Baba 12906:Nûr-Mêr 12844:Lu-gula 12840:Lu-Baba 12754:Ididish 12735:Kingdom 12732:Eblaite 12730:Second 12680:Menkare 12555:Shu-Sin 12551:Ishu-Il 12479:dynasty 12459:Pepi II 12392:(Queen 12278:Elamite 12229:Userkaf 12172:Akurgal 12101:Ku-Baba 11917:(Queen 11853:Mesilim 11788:Sanakht 11778:(First 11595:Zuqaqip 11592:Kalumum 11577:Kalibum 11573:Puannum 11530:Kingdom 11379:Anedjib 11363:Hor-Aha 11308:Nat-Hor 11241:Iry-Hor 11237:Shendjw 11209:Pen-Abu 11157:Susa II 10946:Commons 10863:Smoking 10828:Culture 10823:Cuisine 10806:General 10790:Yazidis 10747:Solluba 10700:Persian 10690:Kurdish 10685:Aramaic 10650:Society 10631:Tourism 10542:Economy 10290:Islands 10265:Borders 10090: ( 10080:present 10015:(incl. 9927:Assyria 9872:Subartu 9812:History 9701:Prayers 9686:Deities 9650:Looting 9493:Kassite 9488:Hurrian 9483:Hittite 9473:Elamite 9468:Eblaite 9463:Aramaic 9458:Amorite 9381:Kassite 9356:Gutians 9338:History 9303:Samarra 9299:Hassuna 9269:Zarzian 9191:Subartu 9181:Mitanni 9146:Chaldea 9136:Assyria 9109:Ancient 8730:Mitanni 8698:Amorite 8677:Amorite 8651:Gutians 7282:3642699 6788:14 June 6563:Science 6281:4200454 5846:5003663 5817:Bibcode 5780:5003663 5759:Bibcode 5629:5 March 5272:14 July 5093:Lebanon 5082:archers 5078:cavalry 4905:Ancient 4892:culture 4877:culture 4862:culture 4847:culture 4817:Culture 4815:Yamnaya 4802:Culture 4752:Elamite 4693:bitumen 4681:sandals 4665:quivers 4649:daggers 4597:hammers 4593:chisels 4585:leather 4538:wheeled 4526:onagers 4515:shields 4511:helmets 4506:, wore 4464:Phalanx 4396:Meluhha 4281:calcite 4251:porters 4247:millers 4243:weavers 4228:Lebanon 4198:Bahrain 4105:columns 4103:, half 3905:diorite 3836:mattock 3752:gazelle 3744:mustard 3736:lettuce 3720:lentils 3667:cereals 3658:donkeys 3615:writing 3512:Meluhha 3471:Subartu 3427:deities 3386:Dumuzid 3302:Deities 2904:(Sum.)/ 2886:virgins 2794:dumu-mi 2700:Culture 2668:Samarra 2494:Assyria 2457:Gutians 2290:Later, 2191:Dumuzid 2141:Dumizid 1630:Dumuzid 1411:Amorite 1349:History 1327:Dhi Qar 1311:Baghdad 1220:Kisurra 786:fishing 782:hunting 755:pottery 751:masonry 739:weaving 618:Origins 603:Hittite 520: 457: 421:Semitic 346:Saĝ-gíg 243:of the 16134:Levant 16065: 16018: 15988: 15630:Jamasp 15624:Balash 15582:Narseh 15493:Trajan 15491:under 15025:Xerxes 14961:Madyes 14825:Sargon 14285:Siamun 14188:Siptah 14173:Seti I 14157:Ugarit 13902:Semqen 13887:Hyksos 13859:Abydos 13752:Sabium 13659:Bazaya 13650:Libaya 13584:Asinum 13581:Rimush 13541:Yamhad 13433:(...) 13410:Sumuel 13401:Zabaia 13398:Samium 13395:Emisum 13296:Ikunum 13268:Shibtu 13209:Immeya 13100:Shulgi 12995:Ur-gar 12955:Ur-Utu 12822:Lagash 12701:Nikare 12613:Eshpum 12601:Rimush 12453:Pepi I 12288:tarana 12232:Sahure 12212:Hishur 12189:Balulu 12154:Lagash 12135:Mug-si 12128:Ensha- 12076:Sa'umu 12004:Khafre 11988:Snefru 11936:Mes-he 11883:Lugal- 11874:Lagash 11817:Sagisu 11769:Djoser 11678:Tizqar 11649:Aratta 11605:Arwium 11602:Mashda 11552:Jushur 11482:Senedj 11421:period 11353:Narmer 11303:Wazner 11278:Hsekiu 11273:Ny-Hor 11252:Narmer 11222:Canide 11213:Animal 11119:Susa I 11069:Lagash 11043:Akshak 11018:Canaan 10926:Portal 10868:Sports 10843:Health 10818:Cinema 10670:Iraqis 10573:Dinar 10508:Police 10310:Places 9800:topics 9528:Sutean 9503:Median 9498:Luwian 9478:Gutian 9366:Ur III 9279:Nemrik 9216:Cities 9211:Urartu 9161:Hamazi 9156:Gutium 9131:Armani 9083:Tigris 9036:Modern 8543:32; 46 8464:, the 8304: 8269: 8232:2004. 8215: 8144: 8114: 8089: 8057: 8027: 8000: 7916: 7888: 7860: 7833: 7806: 7781: 7755: 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The 2318:Sargon 2267:, and 2252:Lagash 2137:Alulim 2098:Turkey 2013:Inanna 1798:Sargon 1623:Alulim 1428:rule. 1405:, the 1319:Diyala 1240:Dilbat 1210:Zabala 1150:Akshak 1125:Hamazi 1095:Lagash 1085:Nippur 1029:Sippar 880:Nippur 753:, and 724:" or " 601:, and 588:Šinʿar 576:šumerû 554:Shulgi 484:eme-gi 412:šumeru 404:𒋗𒈨𒊒 253:Tigris 247:, and 239:, the 231:, the 227:, the 114:Period 32:Summer 16104:Sumer 15830:Boran 15812:Boran 15699:Syria 15479:Syria 15474:Judea 15016:Cyrus 14734:Urtak 14327:David 13933:Kirta 13917:Apepi 13914:Khyan 13635:Adasi 13605:Adasi 13233:(...) 12980:Gudea 12942:Si'um 12891:Setut 12862:Khita 12848:Ka-ku 12789:Ilulu 12785:Nanum 12777:Igigi 12521:Ukush 12423:Nanni 12185:Elulu 12072:Ansud 11991:Khufu 11919:Puabi 11796:Khaba 11792:Nebka 11674:Zamug 11612:Balih 11608:Etana 11569:Babum 11356:Menes 11298:Neheb 11293:Thesh 11283:Khayu 11256:Menes 11217:Stork 11048:Akkad 11038:Assur 11013:Egypt 11008:dates 10858:Music 10848:Media 10775:Islam 10727:Kurds 10553:Banks 10491:Women 10285:Lakes 10078:2011– 10038:Kings 9867:Sumer 9614:Music 9564:Akitu 9421:Roman 9313:Ubaid 9308:Halaf 9206:Tukri 9201:Sumer 9196:Suhum 9176:Media 9126:Akkad 8964:Syria 8840:Chal- 8818:Aram- 8693:Larsa 7779:JSTOR 7286:S2CID 7278:JSTOR 6956:(PDF) 6856:p. 62 6621:(PDF) 6285:S2CID 6277:JSTOR 6119:(PDF) 6104:(PDF) 5694:(PDF) 5687:(PDF) 5574:S2CID 5163:(PDF) 5089:Syria 5009:EGYPT 5005:EARLY 4933:Long- 4860:Botai 4830:Kura- 4785:INDUS 4773:Jeul- 4739:SUMER 4721:-3000 4677:boots 4661:armor 4617:rings 4609:nails 4553:siege 4392:Gudea 4285:ivory 4232:Puabi 4226:from 4224:cedar 4069:tells 4054:Nanna 3832:raked 3819:Akitu 3781:weirs 3777:dykes 3740:leeks 3724:dates 3642:goats 3638:sheep 3580:Puabi 3520:Magan 3478:Martu 3460:Gidim 3458:as a 3397:Larsa 3371:Enlil 3266:Eridu 3222:death 3159:Girsu 2951:did. 2790:munus 2751:Lyres 2727:Egypt 2687:Larsa 2685:near 2563:Latin 2547:wheat 2506:Larsa 2461:Gudea 2414:Gudea 2269:Larsa 2206:Etana 2035:wheel 2011:) to 1331:Basra 1323:Wāsit 1315:Bābil 1290:Nagar 1260:Kutha 1230:Marad 1200:Kuara 1170:Larsa 1155:Akkad 1105:Girsu 1059:Warka 1024:Larak 1005:Eridu 950:lugal 910:" by 902:" by 872:Girsu 829:Eridu 633:by a 612:Sumer 330:Gudea 225:Egypt 167:Sumer 128:Dates 40:Sumer 16063:ISBN 16039:Per 16016:ISBN 15986:ISBN 15396:Musa 15086:and 14784:Piye 14548:Pami 14319:Saul 13244:Mari 13041:Uruk 12963:Umma 12858:Helu 12804:Uruk 12794:Dudu 12561:Uruk 12514:Mari 12477:Adab 12447:Teti 12358:Urur 12343:Kish 12253:Unas 12204:Tata 12200:Peli 12141:Umma 12122:Uruk 12112:Unzi 12092:Nizi 11951:Adab 11849:Uhub 11841:Kish 11804:Huni 11682:Ilku 11629:Uruk 11598:Atab 11545:Kish 11385:Qa'a 11369:Djet 11366:Djer 11321:Wash 11313:Mekh 11227:Bull 11204:Fish 11079:Elam 11063:Umma 11058:Adab 11053:Uruk 11033:Kish 11028:Mari 11023:Ebla 10758:Jews 10481:LGBT 10445:List 10433:List 9798:Iraq 9660:Tell 9318:Uruk 9151:Elam 8916:and 8689:Isin 8672:Mari 8529:46°E 8526:32°N 8506:The 8426:The 8302:ISBN 8267:ISBN 8213:ISBN 8142:ISSN 8112:ISBN 8087:ISBN 8055:ISBN 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