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2609:, from limestone and river terraces in northern Mesopotamia and from alluvial deposits in southern Mesopotamia. Different qualities of flint were used, depending on what kind of tool was made from it. For example, blades were made from a higher quality flint than other tools, and they may have been produced off-site, indicating that not only raw materials but also finished products were transported over larger distances. Flint was used for a variety of tools, including arrowheads, sickle blades, hoes (which are sometimes considered a hallmark of the Ubaid) and a variety of tools for piercing and drilling. Flint assemblages display both regional and temporal variation.
3006:, i.e. deliberate headshaping, among both men and women, has come from many archaeological sites throughout wider Mesopotamia. Where headshaping was detected, it was all of the same type, i.e. one- or two-band circumferential headshaping, which results in an elongated shape of the head. Different types of headshaping were practiced prior to and after the Ubaid period across the Near East, but it seems that the specific technique of circumferential headshaping may have originated in Iran, east of the area of Ubaid influence, and reached its peak during the Ubaid period. It has been interpreted as a marker for socio-cultural group affiliation during the Ubaid.
2361:
2124:(HUT) dating to c. 5500-5200 BC has been proposed as well. HUT pottery assemblages displayed both typically Ubaid and Halaf characteristics. The relations between these periods - or cultures - is complex and not yet fully understood, including how and when exactly the Ubaid started to appear in northern Mesopotamia. To resolve these issues, modern scholarship tends to focus more on regional trajectories of change where different cultural elements from the Halaf, Samarra, or Ubaid - pottery, architecture, and so forth - could co-exist. This makes it increasingly hard to define an occupation phase at a site as, for example, purely Ubaid or purely Halaf.
2504:
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1997:
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2852:. The hands are placed before the stomach, sometimes with incised fingers. They are thought to be naked. Paint is sometimes used to indicate hair or other details. The majority of these figures is female, but male and sexless figurines exist as well. In the earlier Ubaid, ophidian figures were only used in domestic contexts, whereas in Ubaid 3-4, they appear in graves as well, indicating a shift in how these figures were used. The rarity of ophidian figures as grave gifts may indicate differential treatment of the dead, possibly based on age, kinship or social standing.
2143:
3081:
represented domesticated species (indicative of herding and keeping animals). Common animals were sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs. A comparison with other Ubaid sites in northern
Mesopotamia showed that, in general, pastoralism became more important and reliance on wild fauna decreased somewhat, but this pattern was not as evident at other sites as it was at Zeidan. There was no indication at Zeidan that there was spatial differentiation across the site in how animal products were consumed, suggesting that food stuffs weren't a means to express social differentiation.
3686:
3436:
2470:
2401:
2287:), animal products, and livestock. Notably, the degree of cultural interaction between the Ubaid and local Neolithic communities is much stronger in the area of Kuwait than further south, up to the point that it has been suggested that Mesopotamians may have actually lived (part of the year) at sites like H3 and Bahra 1. Small objects such as labrets, tokens, clay nails and small tools that may have had cosmetic use, and that are known from southern Mesopotamian sites also occur on sites along the Gulf coast, notably the sites in Kuwait.
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developed out of the old, as is the case with the Uruk ware after the al-'Ubaid ware ". For many attendants of the conference, "this sequence based largely on pottery represented a series of different 'ethnic elements' in the occupation of southern
Mesopotamia." These ideas about the nature of the Ubaid phenomenon did not last. The term Ubaid itself is still used, but its meaning has changed over time.
56:
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38:
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2020:
1913:
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1833:
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110:
92:
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2279:, suggesting that the pottery may have been traded and valued in and of itself, rather than just being a container for some other commodity. This suggestion is reinforced by locally-produced pottery imiting Ubaid wares found at Dosariyah. It is unclear which products were exchanged for the pottery. Suggestions include foodstuffs (dates), semi-precious materials, jewellery (made from
3566:. Whatever the ethnic origins of this group, this culture saw for the first time a clear tripartite social division between intensive subsistence peasant farmers, with crops and animals coming from the north, tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralists dependent upon their herds, and hunter-fisher folk of the Arabian littoral, living in reed huts.
3577:. "A contextual analysis comparing different regions shows that the Ubaid expansion took place largely through the peaceful spread of an ideology, leading to the formation of numerous new indigenous identities that appropriated and transformed superficial elements of Ubaid material culture into locally distinct expressions."
5579:
Ashkanani, Hasan J.; Tykot, Robert H.; Al-Juboury, Ali Ismail; Stremtan, Ciprian C.; Petřík, Jan; Slavíček, Karel (May 2020). "A characterisation study of Ubaid period ceramics from As-Sabbiya, Kuwait, using a non-destructive portable X-Ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer and petrographic analyses".
1539:
and finally river banks with trees. The area south of
Baghdad may have been inhabitable by humans in the eleventh millennium BC. Humans could have lived south of Uruk as early as the eighth millennium BC. This is much earlier than the oldest evidence of human occupation in this area. The oldest known
2977:
By the fifth millennium BC, children and adults were given differential treatment in death. The available evidence indicates that infants were primarily buried inside the settlement, often near larger, presumably more important dwellings, and often in pots. The association of children's burials with
2304:
The Ubaid period was first distinguished on the basis of its painted pottery. Ceramics continue to be a main characteristic to determine the chronology and geographical distribution of the period. The paint varies from black to brown, purple and dark green and the pottery fabric itself usually has a
4661:
Khalidi, Lamya; Gratuze, Bernard; Stein, Gil; McMahon, Augusta; Al-Quntar, Salam; Carter, Robert; Cuttler, Richard; Drechsler, Philipp; Healey, Elizabeth; Inizan, Marie-Louise; Mouralis, Damase; Pernicka, Ernst; Robin, Anne-Kyria (October 2016). "The growth of early social networks: New geochemical
3089:
The Ubaid-related sites along the
Persian Gulf coast provide evidence for fishing. The range of species recovered at H3, for example, indicates that fishing probably mainly took place in shallow coastal waters. Tuna, which cannot be caught in Kuwait Bay anymore, was also found at the site. Fish may
2290:
Conversely, there is also evidence for
Arabian Neolithic material in southern Mesopotamia. It has been noted that certain types of flint arrowheads found at Ur show clear resemblance with the Arabian Bifacial Tradition. Arabian Coarse Ware has been found at the sites of 'Oueili and Eridu. As at the
5539:
Yaka, Reyhan; Birand, Ayşegül; Yılmaz, Yasemin; Caner, Ceren; Açan, Sinan Can; Gündüzalp, Sidar; Parvizi, Poorya; Erim Özdoğan, Aslı; Togan, İnci; Somel, Mehmet (May 2018). "Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Çemialo Sırtı, Batman: Investigating maternal genetic continuity in north
Mesopotamia since
3659:
of human skeletal material from various archaeological sites in Upper
Mesopotamia (none of which dated to the Ubaid period) provides some evidence for genetic links with other regions, but also provides evidence for continuity in Mesopotamia itself. Most importantly, the dating of genetic influxes
2848:. "Ophidian figures" have been exclusively found at various southern Mesopotamian sites. They are characterised by a slender body, long, reptilian head with incised eyes and mouth and a threedimensional small nose. This particular rendering of the face may be a representation of a mask or possibly
2843:
were already present in previous periods. Those from the early Ubaid reflect a continuation of earlier traditions. A single, painted figurine from the Ubaid 0 levels at Tell el-'Oueili has been interpreted as an early representation of the so-called "ophidian figurines", which became common in the
3651:
More recent discussion has taken a more careful approach, taking pains not to equate pots with people or language with ethnicity. Archaeologists have stressed that a high degree of cultural continuity is evident throughout the Ubaid and Uruk periods, and it seems that there is some agreement that
3589:
contained 24 bodies apparently buried without any funeral rituals, possibly indicating it was a mass grave from violence. Copper weapons were also present in the form of arrow heads and sling bullets, although these could have been used for other purpose; two clay pots recovered from the era have
1439:
defined the concept of an "Ubaid pottery style". This characteristic pottery of this style was a black-on-buff painted ware. This conference also defined the Eridu and Hajji
Muhammed styles. Scholars at this conference thought that these pottery styles were so different that " they could not have
4131:
Altaweel, Mark; Marsh, Anke; Jotheri, Jaafar; Hritz, Carrie; Fleitmann, Dominik; Rost, Stephanie; Lintner, Stephen F.; Gibson, McGuire; Bosomworth, Matthew; Jacobson, Matthew; Garzanti, Eduardo; Limonta, Mara; Radeff, Giuditta (December 2019). "New
Insights on the Role of Environmental Dynamics
3080:
Tell Zeidan again provides a wealth of information. The composition of the animal bone assemblage from Zeidan changed considerably from the Halaf to the Ubaid period. During the Halaf, some 50% of the animal bones came from wild species (indicative of hunting), whereas during the Ubaid over 90%
2736:
of sheep and goat started in the ninth millennium BC, but exactly when wool-production emerged between those two fixed points is unclear. There is some evidence for emerging wool production in the fifth millennium BC, i.e. late Ubaid. Some of the earliest evidence comes in the form of an animal
1627:
The Ubaid period is most commonly divided in 6 phases, called Ubaid 0-5. Some of these phases equate with pottery styles that were, in earlier publications, considered to be distinct from Ubaid, but that are now considered to be part of the same phenomenon. Some of these styles, such as Hajji
2969:
The most common burial practice during the Ubaid seems to have been primary inhumation; i.e. burial of the complete body. During Ubaid 4, some 80% (adults) and 94% (infants) of the burials consisted of primary inhumations. The dead were often accompanied by personal adornments such as beads,
2624:, obsidian was more common. Also, obsidian seems to have been less common during the Ubaid than during the preceding Halaf period and the subsequent Uruk period. Obsidian could be transported over hundreds of kilometers. For example, obsidian tools found along the Gulf coast at sites such as
3482:
Ubaid culture is characterized by large unwalled village settlements, multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses and the appearance of the first temples of public architecture in
Mesopotamia, with a growth of a two tier settlement hierarchy of centralized large sites of more than 10 hectares
2615:
was also in use during the Ubaid, although the percentage of obsidian tools that was found at archaeological sites fluctuates widely across Mesopotamia. At sites along the middle Euphrates, only few pieces were usually found, and the number of obsidian artefacts was also limited in southern
1567:
were present in southern Mesopotamia since at least the eleventh millennium BC, predating the earliest evidence for domesticated dates from Eridu by several millennia. Date palms require a perennial water source, again indicating that this period may have been wetter than today. Similarly,
2773:
had been in use in Upper Mesopotamia since the 7th millennium BC. By the time of the Ubaid period, a wide range of motifs had developed, including geometric patterns and depictions of animals and occasional humans. The Ubaid period saw the first depictions of ibex-headed and bird-headed
2708:, and boats with masts. It has been noted that no evidence for boats has been recovered from Halaf sites in northern Mesopotamia, and that Ubaid 3, from which more boat models have been recovered, coincides with the expansion of the Ubaid towards the north and into the Persian Gulf.
1572:
was present from the eighth millennium, but disappeared at around the same time that Ubaid material culture spread outward from southern Mesopotamia during the sixth millennium BC. It has been suggested that acquisition of high-quality wood may have played a role in this expansion.
1560:
during the Ubaid was different from that of today. At the beginning of the Ubaid, around 6500 BC, the shoreline at Kuwait may have run slightly further south. During the subsequent 2.5 millennia, the shoreline moved further northward, up to the ancient city of Ur around 4000 BC.
2783:
1535:. This makes it difficult to reconstuct the region's past climate. Even so, it is known that the environment during the sixth and fifth millennium BC was not the same as today. A more temperate climate settled in around 10,000 BC. Marshy and riverine areas transformed into
3495:
During the Ubaid Period (5000–4000 BC), the movement towards urbanization began. "Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities". There were also tribes that practiced domesticating animals as far north as Turkey, and as far south as the
3660:
that have been detected, has not been refined up to the point that it can be assigned to the Ubaid period - or any other period earlier than the one from which the skeletal material came. In other words, this genetic influx could have happened during the Ubaid - or not.
2858:
3584:
at Tell Sabi Abyad could be suggestive of destruction during war but it could also have been due to other causes, such as wildfire or accident. Ritual burning is also possible since the bodies inside were already dead by the time they were burned. A mass grave at
3547:, perhaps heads of kin groups linked in some way to the administration of the temple shrines and their granaries, responsible for mediating intra-group conflict and maintaining social order. It would seem that various collective methods, perhaps instances of what
3026:
indicating that it had been worn. Labrets were absent from Halaf sites in northern Mesopotamia, again indicating that they may have been important markers of socio-cultural identity during the Ubaid. Their use seems to have declined again during the Uruk period.
2683:. Copper objects were absent in the Ubaid levels at Eridu and 'Oueili, possibly indicating that copper use spread southwards from the north. However, copper may have been traded, as it was present in elite burials of the Susa I (terminal Ubaid) necropolis at
3491:
in the south, while in the north stone and sometimes metal were used. Villages thus contained specialised craftspeople, potters, weavers and metalworkers, although the bulk of the population were agricultural labourers, farmers and seasonal pastoralists.
2481:
4088:
Carter, Robert; Wengrow, David; Saber, Saber Ahmed; Hamarashi, Sami Jamil; Shepperson, Mary; Roberts, Kirk; Lewis, Michael P.; Marsh, Anke; Carretero, Lara Gonzalez; Sosnowska, Hanna; D'Amico, Alexander; Sagan, Wiktoria; Lockyear, Kris (December 2020).
2703:
in modern-day northern Syria to Eridu and 'Oueili in the south and Abada in the Hamrin. These models date from Ubaid 1-4 but become more common from Ubaid 3 onwards. The models indicate that different boat types may have been in use, including
3558:
Ubaid culture originated in the south, but still has clear connections to earlier cultures in the region of middle Iraq. The appearance of the Ubaid folk has sometimes been linked to the so-called Sumerian problem, related to the origins of
2880:
1981:, no archaeological site has yet yielded remains older than Ubaid, However, this might be more a result of the fact that such ancient settlements are now buried deep under alluvial sediments. This was the case, for example, of the site of
2711:
At the site of H3 in modern-day Kuwait, a ceramic boat model and a ceramic disc with an image of a two-masted boat were recovered. The latter is the oldest evidence for the use of masts and sails. At the same site, pieces of bitumen with
2989:
and burial treatment was very diverse. The Ubaid witnessed a marked shift toward primary burial, less diverse burial customs, and less diversity in burial gifts. This shift has been interpreted as a reflection of changing perceptions of
2258:
Ubaid pottery started to appear along the Persian Gulf coast toward the end of the sixth millennium BC, reaching a peak around 5300 BC and continuing into the fifth millennium. Coastal sites where Ubaid pottery has been found include
2749:
with a cord impression that might have come from rope spun from wool fibers. The animal bone assemblage at this site had a large percentage of domesticated sheep/goat, with changes in the assemblage suggesting that the production of
2336:
2978:
larger buildings is well-illustrated at the sites of Tell Abada and Tepe Gawra. It has been suggested that this pattern of children's burials near larger dwellings was related to increasing social differentiation between
3483:
surrounded by smaller village sites of less than 1 hectare. Domestic equipment included a distinctive fine quality buff or greenish colored pottery decorated with geometric designs in brown or black paint. Tools such as
2503:
1450:
styles were not distinct at all. Instead, they were part of the greater Ubaid phenomenon. She proposed a chronological framework that divides the Ubaid period in 4 phases. Other scholars later proposed phases 0 and 5.
2526:
3644:, on the other hand, thought that the Sumerians entered Mesopotamia during the Uruk period and interpreted the regional styles that existed before that time, i.e. Ubaid, Hassuna, Halaf, as evidence of distinct
3068:, and the common presence of charred wood remains, suggests that wood was used as fuel. At Surezha, dung was commonly used for fuel, and there is some evidence that cattle were used as traction animals for
2809:
Late Ubaid – Middle Gawra (c. 4500–3500 BC) pendant seal and modern impression with quadrupeds motif from northern Mesopotamia, currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 93.17.122)
2131:, a range of 5300-4300 BC has been suggested. However, some scholars have argued that the interaction between the originally southern Mesopotamian Ubaid and the north started already during Ubaid 1-2.
3593:
During the late Ubaid period around 4500–4000 BC, there was some increase in social polarization, with central houses in the settlements becoming bigger. But there were no real cities until the later
2327:
from the Uruk period. As with many other aspects of Ubaid material culture, it is possible to distinguish different geographical traditions in the production of the coba bowl during the Ubaid period.
6039:
2982:. Adults, on the other hand, were buried at the edge of the settlement in communal burial grounds in pit burials or inside clay boxes. Such burial grounds have for example been excavated at Eridu.
2384:
2443:
2549:
2974:
have also been recovered from graves. Burials have been excavated at many Ubaid sites, with exceptionally large numbers coming from Tell Abada (127 infant burials) and Eridu (193 burials).
2679:, northern Iraq, kilns were excavated that may have been used for the production of both pottery and metal. Copper objects are also known from the Ubaid levels at Tepe Gawra (XVII-XII) and
2127:
In northern Mesopotamia, Ubaid characteristics only start to appear in Ubaid 2-3, i.e. toward the end of the sixth millennium BC, so that the entire Ubaid period would be much shorter. For
3064:
on agricultural lands. The excavators have suggested that the unpredictability of this type of irrigation may have been a factor in increasing social complexity. The relative absence of
2305:
buff to red/green brown color. Ubaid 1-2 pottery had dense, geometric and abstract decoration. Later pottery was less decorated, with bands and swags being the most common patterns. The
9226:
2431:
3040:
The modern excavations at Tell Zeidan have revealed a wealth of information on the subsistence economy of a large northern Mesopotamian Ubaid settlement. Cultivated species included
3640:
proposed in the 1930s that the people who wrote and presumably spoke Sumerian, originally came from the Iranian highlands and settled Mesopotamia at the start of the Ubaid period.
2699:
The Ubaid period provides the first evidence for boating in the ancient Near East. Ceramic boat models have been recovered from numerous sites across Mesopotamia, from Zeidan and
6022:
4269:
Baldi, Johnny Samuele (2020). "Evolution as a way of intertwining: regional approach and new data on the Halaf-Ubaid transition in Northern Mesopotamia". In Iamoni, Marco (ed.).
2903:
8927:
6005:
5204:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 125–148.
5126:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 113–123.
5043:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 149–161.
4901:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 169–179.
4632:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 181–200.
3953:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 163–168.
2372:
2469:
2400:
5905:
Uerpmann, Margarethe (2003). "The Dark Millennium—Remarks on the final Stone Age in the Emirates and Oman". In Potts, Daniel T.; Al Naboodah, Hasan; Hellyer, Peter (eds.).
4798:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 23–44.
2643:
The Ubaid may have witnessed a shift in the production of flint tools from being carried out as a domestic activity to a more specialized activity carried out by dedicated
10851:
3748:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 1–22.
3016:
were likewise recovered from many archaeological Ubaid sites across Mesopotamia and its border regions. In at least one case from southwestern Iran, a labret was found
2571:
2651:
technology, which became common in the 4th millennium BC and may itself have been linked to increased mass-production and intensification of agricultural strategies.
2348:
2419:
5079:
Brereton, Gareth (May 2016). "Mortuary Rites, Economic Behaviour and the Circulation of Goods in the Transition from Village to Urban Life in Early Mesopotamia".
3652:"the relation between three categories, linguistic, racial and ethnic, is exceedingly complex in Mesopotamia and still far from being sufficiently investigated".
2360:
2821:
Ubaid (6th–5th millennium BC) stamp seal and modern impression with horned animal and bird motif from northern Syria or southeastern Anatolia, currently in the
4753:
Kopanias, Konstantinos (2017). "Ubaid 'islands' in a Non-Ubaid 'sea': An Attempt to Define the Ubaid and Its Cultural Boundaries in Northeastern Mesopotamia".
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6076:
6047:
3590:
decorations showing arrows used for the purpose of hunting. A copper axe head was made in the late Ubaid period, which could have been a tool or a weapon.
1628:
Muhammed (previously thought to be Ubaid 2) are now known to occur in Ubaid 3 contexts as well, thereby limiting their value as chronological markers. The
1624:. In this area, researchers have discerned considerable regional variation, indicating that the Ubaid was not a monolithic culture through time and space.
10880:
9636:
9552:
11150:
6669:
4167:
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2012). "Wetland Archaeology and the Role of Marshes in the Ancient Middle East". In Menotti, Francesco; O'Sullivan, Aidan (eds.).
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9430:
5959:; Özbal, Rana (2006). "A Tale of Two Oikumenai: Variation in the Expansionary Dynamics of Ubaid and Uruk Mesopotamia". In Stone, Elizabeth C. (ed.).
5482:"mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization"
1601:
2754:(such as wool and milk) became more important toward the late Ubaid and the Uruk period. The spindle whorls from Kosak Shamali, and also those from
10764:
3897:
7421:
4200:
Kennett, Douglas J.; Kennett, James P. (July 2006). "Early State Formation in Southern Mesopotamia: Sea Levels, Shorelines, and Climate Change".
2738:
1291:
2985:
These burial practices represent a clear break from those of the preceding Late Neolithic period. During the Late Neolithic, burials were often
9779:
9641:
8954:
8902:
6845:
4302:
3555:, in which disputes were previously resolved through a council of one's peers, were no longer sufficient for the needs of the local community.
2759:
11668:
11653:
2676:
9646:
7707:
7576:
6664:
2316:
4966:
McMahon, Augusta (August 2022). "Composite Human-Animal Figures in Early Urban Northern Mesopotamia: Shamans or Images of Resistance?".
4562:
Carter, Robert (May 2020). "The Mesopotamian frontier of the Arabian Neolithic: A cultural borderland of the sixth–fifth millennia BC".
2716:
attached to one side and reed-impressions on the other sides were recovered. These pieces are the earliest evidence for actual boats in
1996:
10189:
10169:
6030:
5844:
Parker, Adrian G.; Goudie, Andrew S.; Stokes, Stephen; White, Kevin; Hodson, Martin J.; Manning, Michelle; Kennet, Derek (2017-01-20).
4935:"Archaeobotanical and dung spherulite evidence for Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic fuel, farming, and feasting at Surezha, Iraqi Kurdistan"
4357:
Public Works and Private Work on the Threshold of Complexity: The Production and Use of Space at Late Chalcolithic 1 Tell Surezha, Iraq
3209:
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in the north. Since then, archaeologists found Ubaid material culture all over the ancient Near East. There are now Ubaid sites in the
8105:
3203:
11648:
10768:
10257:
9302:
6013:
3531:. Bogucki describes this as a phase of "Trans-egalitarian" competitive households, in which some fall behind as a result of downward
2758:(northern Iraq), gradually decreased in weight, which could indicate that more and more finer-quality or softer fibers were spun. At
2319:, found at many Late and Post-Ubaid sites in northern Mesopotamia from , has been interpreted as some kind of vessel for handing out
2245:
1576:
The available evidence in northern Mesopotamia points to a cooler and drier climate during the Hassuna and Halaf periods. During the
704:
2585:
11140:
9435:
7671:
6720:
6069:
3621:. This debate has been called the "Sumerian problem" or "Sumerian question". The starting point of this debate was that the oldest
3426:
2675:, metallurgical production was practiced during the Ubaid 3, as evidenced by furnaces, and related finds. At late fifth millennium
2142:
2099:
1151:
9845:
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cultures. The Ubaid may have developed out of the latter. In northern Syria and southeastern Turkey, the Ubaid follows upon the
11678:
10179:
4091:"The Later Prehistory of the Shahrizor Plain, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Further Investigations at Gurga Chiya and Tepe Marani"
3780:
Al-'Ubaid: A Report on the Work Carried Out at Al-'Ubaid for the British Museum in 1919 and for the Joint Expedition in 1922-3
3090:
have been a local commodity that was traded for the Mesopotamian pottery that has been found at sites along the Persian Gulf.
1509:
since the 2010s also led to a lot of new data on the Ubaid. For example, this research showed that cultural links between the
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5209:
5131:
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4762:
4737:
4637:
4543:
4434:
4398:
4278:
4184:
3958:
3920:
3840:
3810:
3753:
10434:
3911:
Potts, D.T. (1986). "A contribution to the history of the term 'Ǧamdat Naṣr'". In Finkbeiner, Uwe; Röllig, Wolfgang (eds.).
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Witas, Henryk W.; Tomczyk, Jacek; Jędrychowska-Dańska, Krystyna; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Płoszaj, Tomasz (11 September 2013).
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5320:"Fishing in the 'Ubaid: a review of fish bone assemblages from early prehistoric coastal settlements in the Arabian Gulf"
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Upon this foundation: the ʿUbaid reconsidered; proceedings from the ʿUbaid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th - June 1st 1988
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10784:
10749:
7360:
6838:
5970:
4050:
3605:
The languages that were spoken during the Ubaid period cannot be determined. Despite the fact that the Ubaid period is
1497:
Excavations along southcoast of the Persian Gulf provided a lot of evidence for contacts with Mesopotamia. The site of
662:
1505:, for example, provided the earliest evidence in the world for seafaring. The explosion of archaeological research in
11189:
10184:
9574:
6138:
5946:
5922:
5196:
5118:
5035:
4893:
4841:
4790:
4624:
4493:
3991:
3945:
3873:
3740:
3187:
2942:
2844:
later Ubaid. Both seating and standing figurines were made, with paint being used to detail body parts, clothing, or
3147:
907:
11277:
11262:
10858:
10846:
10209:
10116:
9076:
7225:
6802:
1973:, the entire Ubaid spans an immense period from ca. 6500 to 3800 BC. It is here that the oldest known Ubaid site -
11135:
11121:
10873:
10523:
9936:
9287:
8912:
8054:
7700:
7416:
4789:
Stein, Gil (2010). "Local identities and interaction spheres: modeling regional variation in the Ubaid horizon".
4623:
Healey, Elizabeth (2010). "Ubaid lithics revisited: Their significance for the interpretation of Ubaid society".
4235:
Hole, Frank (1997). "Paleoenvironment and Human Society in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia 20 000-6 000 BP".
2121:
1700:
1577:
1412:
798:
657:
337:
265:
7975:
11688:
10739:
9926:
9333:
9312:
6715:
6699:
5834:
5782:
5233:
Frayer, David; Nava, Alessia; Tartaglia, Gianna; Vidale, Massimo; Coppa, Alfredo; Bondioli, Luca (2020-06-30).
3125:
3003:
2849:
2667:, Level XVI (5000-4900 BC), unalloyed copper pins and chisels were found. At southeastern Anatolian sites like
1208:
887:
647:
10227:
4892:
Sudo, Hiroshi (2010). "The development of wool exploitation in Ubai-period settlements of North Mesopotamia".
3154:
2732:
is ambiguous and mostly indirect. Wool-bearing sheep have been clearly attested in Uruk-period sites, and the
10270:
10252:
9900:
8932:
6831:
6741:
3984:
Fifty years of Mesopotamian discovery : the work of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1932-1982
3121:
2751:
1636:
is harder to establish, mainly due to a lack of abundant radiocarbon dates coming from southern Mesopotamia.
1596:
Ubaid and Ubaid-like material culture has been found over an immense area. Ubaid ceramics have shown up from
1002:
697:
1761:
30:
11683:
11663:
10885:
10194:
9791:
9410:
9349:
9179:
8989:
7031:
6751:
6486:
5198:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
5120:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
5037:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
5001:
Campbell, Stuart; Daems, Aurelie (2017). "Figurines in Prehistoric Mesopotamia". In Insoll, Timothy (ed.).
4895:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
4792:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
4626:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
3947:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
3742:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
1198:
477:
2762:(Iraqi Kurdistan), evidence from animal bones also suggests that wool production may have been important.
11434:
11199:
11162:
11094:
10863:
10247:
9624:
9527:
9066:
8825:
6807:
6689:
6684:
6619:
6295:
4486:
The archaeology of Syria : from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)
3913:Ǧamdat Naṣr: period or regional style? : papers given at a symposium held in Tübingen, November 1983
3136:
952:
932:
5234:
2291:
sites in Kuwait, it may have been possible that Arabian Neolithic groups lived in southern Mesopotamia.
11612:
11287:
11267:
11109:
11099:
11089:
10789:
10779:
10558:
10103:
9366:
9209:
9081:
8971:
7729:
7693:
6812:
6421:
5160:
Brereton, Gareth (June 2013). "Cultures of infancy and capital accumulation in pre-urban Mesopotamia".
3794:
2822:
2741:, an Ubaid site in northern Syria, indirect evidence for wool production has been found in the form of
2737:
figurine from Iran dated to c. 5000 BC with incised decorations that might possibly represent wool. At
2411:
1960:
1243:
397:
127:
7393:
5195:
Lorentz, Kirsi O. (2010). "Ubaid headshaping: negotiations of identity through physical appearance?".
2691:. In general, copper objects seem to be very rare, and gold has not been found at Ubaid sites either.
2663:
comes from several sites in Upper Mesopotamia, all dating to the final stages of the Ubaid period. At
11658:
11239:
11084:
10654:
10449:
10336:
10265:
9840:
9696:
9629:
8855:
8798:
6496:
6311:
5956:
5845:
1396:. In the south it has a very long duration between about 5500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the
1378:
9757:
7106:
4828:
2970:
necklaces, and headdresses. Pots (presumably) containing foodstuffs were also common. Pieces of red
11693:
11326:
11297:
10941:
10377:
10097:
9882:
9589:
9116:
9111:
8917:
8648:
8198:
7851:
7716:
6451:
6093:
5034:
Daems, Aurelie (2010). "A snake in the grass: reassessing the ever-intriguing ophidian figurines".
4866:
4417:Özbal, Rana (2012). "The Chalcolithic of Southeast". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
1522:
690:
502:
285:
9984:
1435:
found Ubaid pottery for the first time in the 1910-20s. In 1930, the attendees at a conference in
11554:
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10199:
9855:
9803:
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9204:
9091:
8726:
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7026:
6761:
6694:
6588:
6441:
6359:
6354:
4934:
3641:
3326:
3114:
1549:
1494:. This discovery pushed back the date for the earliest human occupation of southern Mesopotamia.
1341:
1233:
772:
768:
422:
10242:
8666:
2437:
Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; 5.08 cm; Tell Abu Shahrain; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1377:
where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially in 1919 by
11257:
11116:
10986:
10961:
10831:
10583:
10364:
10232:
9877:
9686:
9681:
9611:
9501:
9344:
9216:
8949:
8379:
8330:
8273:
8218:
8072:
7451:
7138:
6792:
6644:
6403:
5288:
5257:
4720:
Muhly, James D. (2012). "Metals and Metallurgy". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
4698:
4598:
4451:
4016:
3581:
3309:
3251:
2475:
Cup; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; 8.56 cm; Tell Abu Shahrain; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1223:
997:
927:
630:
532:
432:
4729:
4426:
4176:
2275:. Ubaid pottery has also been found further inland along the central Gulf coast at sites like
972:
11643:
11622:
11361:
11229:
10841:
10714:
10693:
10613:
10573:
10464:
10355:
10237:
9911:
9887:
9742:
9221:
9106:
9004:
8979:
8571:
8450:
8404:
8335:
8300:
6868:
6461:
5010:
4337:
4051:"Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"
3798:
3580:
There is some evidence of warfare during the Ubaid period although it is extremely rare. The
3573:
that resulted from Ubaid expansion, contrasting it to the colonial expansionism of the later
3524:
3501:
1580:(HUT), Ubaid and early Uruk periods, this developed into a climate characterised by stronger
764:
617:
442:
132:
A clickable map of Iraq detailing important sites that were occupied during the Ubaid period.
8536:
8044:
4830:
Chiefdoms and early states in the Near East : the organizational dynamics of complexity
4318:
Marshland of Cities: Deltaic Landscapes and the Evolution of Early Mesopotamian Civilization
2864:
Late Ubaid; figurine of a lizard-headed nude woman nursing a child; terracotta and bitumen;
2323:
or as evidence of more specialized production, and as such may have been a precursor of the
2309:
became in use during Ubaid 3-4, which may have played a role in the decrease in decoration.
1632:
is based on the long stratigraphic sequences of sites such as Ur, Eridu and Tepe Gawra. The
11456:
11338:
11272:
11234:
11130:
11056:
11051:
10976:
10824:
10442:
10331:
10204:
10144:
9997:
9931:
9774:
9762:
9606:
9415:
9174:
9169:
9071:
9031:
8835:
8731:
8721:
8714:
8268:
7434:
6679:
6639:
6118:
5966:
5866:
5846:"A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia"
5493:
4671:
3552:
2272:
1404:
1265:
1136:
9361:
3504:, and the use of the plough, both introduced from the north, possibly through the earlier
3161:
877:
8:
11398:
11356:
11282:
11157:
11079:
10608:
10578:
10563:
10393:
10321:
10149:
10139:
10110:
9978:
9811:
9752:
9322:
9231:
9131:
9121:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9041:
9036:
9021:
9016:
8937:
8793:
8671:
8616:
8541:
7965:
7929:
6766:
6674:
6649:
6456:
6431:
5962:
Settlement and Society: Ecology, urbanism, trade and technology in Mesopotamia and Beyond
5853:
5289:"Rethinking Halaf and Ubaid animal economies: Hunting and Herding at Tell Zeidan (Syria)"
3636:
periods (3200-3000 BC) were likely written in the same language. Based on this evidence,
2755:
1416:
1019:
947:
759:
600:
437:
402:
5870:
5737:
Martin, Harriet P. (1982). "The Early Dynastic Cemetery at al-'Ubaid, a Re-Evaluation".
5497:
4675:
4662:
results of obsidian from the Ubaid to Chalcolithic Period in Syria, Iraq and the Gulf".
942:
902:
882:
11529:
11524:
11509:
11471:
11446:
11383:
11244:
11179:
10814:
10623:
10538:
10090:
9747:
9547:
9532:
9327:
9282:
9277:
9126:
8676:
8288:
7331:
6920:
6756:
6725:
6624:
6471:
6388:
5809:
5754:
5516:
5481:
5177:
5096:
4983:
4768:
4579:
4296:
4217:
4149:
4110:
4070:
3891:
3699:
3633:
3369:
3294:
2617:
2425:
Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; Tell Abu Shahrain; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1974:
1823:
1545:
1487:
1334:
1306:
1054:
1044:
754:
572:
507:
462:
357:
197:
81:
11371:
7150:
5422:
5117:
Croucher, Karina (2010). "Figuring out identity: The body and identity in the Ubaid".
4878:
3435:
2886:
Figurine of a woman feeding a child and decorated to show jewellery or tattoos; clay;
992:
897:
11598:
11549:
11514:
11351:
11292:
11194:
11104:
11074:
11069:
10936:
10931:
10915:
10804:
10744:
10664:
10659:
10568:
10010:
9671:
9619:
9601:
9542:
9164:
9101:
9096:
9026:
8922:
8882:
8877:
8860:
8830:
8496:
8440:
8434:
8283:
8260:
8082:
8012:
7970:
7537:
7520:
7349:
7338:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7288:
7273:
7247:
7232:
6877:
6823:
6746:
6603:
6598:
6583:
6518:
6436:
6393:
6113:
6108:
5983:
5942:
5918:
5909:. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E.
5891:
5830:
5823:
5778:
5723:
5704:
5685:
5666:
5647:
5628:
5609:
5557:
5521:
5462:
5452:
5398:
5362:
5352:
5215:
5205:
5181:
5137:
5127:
5100:
5054:
5044:
5014:
4987:
4912:
4902:
4847:
4837:
4809:
4799:
4772:
4758:
4733:
4643:
4633:
4583:
4539:
4499:
4489:
4430:
4394:
4329:
4284:
4274:
4221:
4180:
4153:
4114:
4074:
3997:
3987:
3964:
3954:
3926:
3916:
3879:
3869:
3846:
3836:
3806:
3759:
3749:
3614:
3610:
3548:
2845:
2790:
2306:
1775:
1432:
1374:
1311:
1104:
1069:
1014:
857:
788:
652:
517:
512:
407:
236:
202:
185:
63:
45:
5771:
5384:
5319:
11441:
11376:
11366:
11040:
11021:
11016:
11011:
10951:
10926:
10316:
10051:
9767:
9511:
9420:
9141:
9136:
8944:
8887:
8870:
8840:
8771:
8546:
8325:
8203:
8130:
7950:
7826:
7650:
7524:
7268:
7203:
7117:
7070:
7007:
6925:
6659:
6654:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6538:
6533:
6523:
6339:
6196:
6181:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6133:
5874:
5801:
5746:
5589:
5549:
5511:
5501:
5390:
5300:
5269:
5169:
5088:
5006:
4975:
4946:
4874:
4836:. Gil Stein, Mitchell S. Rothman. Madison, Wis.: Prehistory Press. pp. 35–46.
4725:
4679:
4571:
4531:
4463:
4422:
4386:
4360:
4321:
4244:
4209:
4172:
4141:
4102:
4062:
4028:
3801:(1989). "Concluding remarks". In Henrickson, Elizabeth F.; Thuesen, Ingolf (eds.).
3497:
3354:
3013:
2986:
2606:
2602:
2324:
2313:
1541:
1506:
1475:
1271:
1218:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1079:
1074:
912:
852:
845:
840:
830:
815:
744:
522:
10003:
9872:
4523:
4090:
3543:
have hypothesised that Ubaid culture saw the rise of an elite class of hereditary
3022:
in a burial, located at the mandible of the buried individual and with associated
987:
11539:
11504:
11393:
11388:
11307:
11218:
10956:
10809:
10721:
10709:
10633:
10628:
10618:
10553:
10528:
10513:
10500:
10488:
9732:
9086:
9046:
8984:
8087:
8022:
7876:
7563:
7542:
7477:
7427:
7237:
7163:
6593:
6568:
6563:
6543:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6466:
6446:
6416:
6368:
6364:
6334:
5936:
5506:
5173:
4951:
4683:
4390:
3833:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 14. Band, 14. Band
3778:
3685:
3637:
3532:
3513:
3454:
3445:
3412:
2680:
2648:
2555:
Late Ubaid; painted cup, decorated with geometric designs in dark paint tattoos;
2342:
Ubaid 0-1 footed bowl from Godin Tepe, currently in the Oriental Institute Museum
2113:
2109:
1887:
1633:
1629:
1528:
1382:
1238:
1129:
1034:
977:
872:
825:
778:
749:
642:
547:
537:
472:
467:
392:
342:
327:
294:
246:
241:
9784:
7098:
5878:
4341:
2668:
1228:
11519:
11494:
10774:
10704:
10038:
9972:
9727:
9486:
9354:
9159:
9154:
8865:
8818:
8736:
8681:
8409:
8315:
8278:
8125:
7987:
7821:
7654:
7581:
7501:
7354:
7208:
6573:
5910:
5766:
5601:
4132:
Shaping Southern Mesopotamia: From the Pre-Ubaid to the Early Islamic Period".
3677:
3609:, it has featured prominently in discussions on the origin and presence of the
3528:
3509:
3384:
3279:
3240:
2268:
2172:
1982:
1447:
1389:
1124:
1114:
1089:
1059:
1029:
1024:
957:
937:
917:
892:
867:
820:
637:
577:
562:
482:
207:
7102:
5466:
5092:
4699:"Lithic industries of the Ubaid and Post-Ubaid period in northern Mesopotamia"
4535:
4288:
4271:
Proceedings of the 5th "Broadening Horizons" Conference (Udine 5-8 June, 2017)
4213:
4066:
2601:
was widely available in Mesopotamia and could be sourced from outcrops in the
1544:
in the Ubaid 0 levels at 'Oueili (6500-6000 BC) has indicated the presence of
305:
165:
11637:
11592:
11544:
11534:
11499:
11451:
11428:
11403:
11167:
10996:
10991:
10868:
10669:
10518:
10386:
10071:
10031:
10017:
9676:
9491:
9266:
8813:
8808:
8781:
8709:
8606:
8140:
8062:
7811:
7791:
7754:
7406:
6373:
6221:
6128:
5914:
5219:
5141:
5058:
4916:
4813:
4647:
3968:
3850:
3763:
3540:
3463:
3341:
3227:
3065:
3053:
2742:
2733:
2700:
2461:
2117:
1684:
1532:
1173:
1049:
1039:
982:
967:
962:
862:
835:
793:
552:
527:
332:
251:
10024:
8347:
5366:
5304:
5273:
4851:
4503:
4467:
4333:
4248:
4032:
4001:
3930:
3883:
3060:. There is some evidence that the inhabitants of Zeidan practiced a form of
2672:
2026:
1605:
1540:
site in southern Mesopotamia (Tell el-'Oueili) dates to the Ubaid 0 period.
11418:
11184:
10981:
10689:
10684:
10674:
10132:
9822:
9816:
9722:
9717:
9656:
9537:
8892:
8766:
8741:
8686:
8611:
8526:
8162:
8097:
7955:
7893:
7816:
7774:
7262:
7257:
7123:
6191:
6123:
5932:
5561:
5525:
3805:. CNI-publikations. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 441–456.
3645:
3628:
were written in Sumerian, and that earlier pictographical tablets from the
3563:
3544:
3536:
3399:
2717:
2633:
2629:
2250:
2220:
1621:
1617:
1557:
1513:
and the Hamrin area further south were stronger than those with the north.
1471:
1408:
1407:
the period runs only between about 5300 and 4300 BC. It is preceded by the
1324:
1178:
1064:
612:
607:
582:
10057:
5394:
5351:. Case studies in early societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4755:
Bordered Places - Bounded Times: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Turkey
4364:
2532:
Late Ubaid; painted bowl, decorated with geometric designs in dark paint;
1474:
in the southeast. Important research includes the many excavations in the
11602:
11564:
11413:
11249:
11174:
10971:
10533:
10371:
9954:
9893:
9712:
9666:
9651:
9579:
9307:
8786:
8591:
8486:
8293:
8029:
7960:
7866:
7784:
7769:
7343:
7143:
6942:
6797:
6787:
6578:
6510:
6383:
6271:
6085:
3704:
3691:
3629:
3625:
3594:
3574:
3520:
2872:
2495:
2156:
2042:
1935:
1855:
1581:
1536:
1498:
1483:
1478:
in the 1970s. There, archaeologists found a complete Ubaid settlement at
1467:
1397:
1370:
680:
495:
352:
270:
10409:
8466:
4017:"Les Habitations à salles hypostyles d'époque Obeid 0 de Tell El'Oueili"
3944:
Crawford, Harriet (2010). "The term "Hajji Muhammad": a re-evaluation".
3500:. The Ubaid period in the south was associated with intensive irrigated
2509:
Late Ubaid; spouted jar decorated with geometric designs in dark paint;
1490:
in the 1980s revealed occupation layers that were older than those from
10679:
9906:
9737:
9596:
9584:
9496:
9405:
8994:
8746:
8414:
8389:
8368:
8310:
8172:
8145:
7861:
7741:
7618:
7569:
7439:
7365:
7177:
7093:
6329:
6324:
5813:
5758:
5553:
4979:
4827:
Stein, Gil (1994). "Economy, ritual, and power in 'Ubaid Mesopotamia".
4325:
4145:
4106:
3606:
3586:
3505:
3128: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3061:
3023:
2991:
2770:
2746:
2660:
2276:
2236:
2090:
2058:
1919:
1871:
1839:
1479:
1463:
1443:
1393:
1366:
1281:
1168:
1163:
1141:
922:
729:
587:
557:
542:
370:
315:
222:
217:
212:
117:
99:
9661:
6054:
5593:
5479:
4575:
3739:
Carter, Robert A.; Philip, Graham (2010). "Deconstructing the Ubaid".
1454:
Scholars in the 1930s only knew a few Ubaid sites. These included the
11489:
11461:
11408:
10946:
10638:
10598:
9916:
9829:
8845:
8803:
8776:
8586:
8531:
8515:
8373:
8213:
8167:
8092:
8067:
8034:
7888:
7831:
7806:
7181:
6952:
6854:
6634:
6319:
6206:
6143:
5792:
Moore, A. M. T. (2002). "Pottery Kiln Sites at al 'Ubaid and Eridu".
3622:
2839:
represented various animals, including sheep, cattle and dogs. Human
2705:
2625:
2320:
2204:
2074:
1969:
In the south, corresponding to the area that would later be known as
1613:
1597:
1564:
1510:
1455:
721:
567:
417:
180:
155:
145:
7685:
5805:
5750:
3103:
2487:
Pottery bowl with a rounded bottom and monochrome paint (rosettes);
1388:
In South Mesopotamia the period is the earliest known period on the
11006:
10836:
10819:
10593:
10588:
10064:
8566:
8561:
8429:
8384:
8305:
8193:
8188:
8157:
7914:
7871:
7836:
7801:
7749:
7632:
7381:
7371:
7190:
7185:
7035:
6915:
6771:
6426:
6349:
6344:
6251:
6236:
6231:
6186:
5960:
5862:
4599:"Coba bowls, mass-production and social change in Post-Ubaid times"
3570:
3264:
3219:
2926:
2840:
2836:
2713:
2612:
2284:
1301:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1158:
1146:
783:
455:
427:
412:
8511:
4524:"Globalising Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic and the 'Ubaid"
11466:
11423:
10603:
10548:
10349:
9796:
9292:
9184:
8581:
8551:
8506:
8491:
8476:
8471:
8424:
8394:
8117:
7924:
7919:
7856:
7796:
7759:
7636:
7552:
7514:
7462:
7241:
7167:
7156:
7089:
7066:
6929:
6528:
6256:
6246:
6211:
6201:
5449:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 13
3986:. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 40–47.
3018:
2979:
2644:
2407:
2260:
2188:
1951:
1553:
1436:
1276:
1188:
387:
5578:
11346:
11001:
10400:
10045:
9866:
8850:
8756:
8601:
8556:
8501:
8461:
8445:
8419:
8363:
8208:
8135:
8039:
8007:
7997:
7945:
7846:
7779:
7599:
7556:
7467:
7297:
7293:
7212:
6935:
6910:
6896:
6276:
6226:
6148:
3484:
3439:
A map of the Near East depicting the approximate extent of the:
3069:
3049:
3041:
3009:
2720:, and the earliest evidence for seagoing vessels in the world.
2688:
2664:
2621:
2010:
1502:
1392:
although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the
382:
11559:
10543:
8761:
8751:
8596:
8576:
8521:
8481:
8455:
8399:
7898:
7507:
7489:
7252:
7172:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6906:
6901:
6629:
6266:
6261:
6241:
4757:. Vol. 51. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 27–36.
3618:
3560:
3045:
2971:
2794:
2637:
2598:
2391:
2280:
2128:
1970:
1791:
1609:
1491:
1428:
1296:
1286:
377:
346:
5239:
Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology
2108:
In central and northern Iraq, the Ubaid was preceded by the
2103:
Map of important Ubaid period sites in northern Mesopotamia.
1556:. As a result of changes in sea-level, the shoreline of the
10754:
10731:
10474:
10468:
8358:
8017:
8002:
7982:
7883:
7764:
7399:
6958:
6947:
6216:
4087:
3488:
3057:
2729:
2684:
1978:
1903:
1585:
810:
5825:
The Early History of the Ancient Near East, 9000–2000 B.C.
4933:
Proctor, Lucas; Smith, Alexia; Stein, Gil J. (June 2022).
4660:
2378:
Ubaid 3 pottery, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 29616)
2366:
Ubaid 3 pottery, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 29598)
2354:
Ubaid 3 pottery, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 29611)
7992:
5451:(in German). Berlin [u.a.: de Gruyter. pp. 290–297.
5232:
4722:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)
4703:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
4603:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
4419:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)
4130:
3656:
3430:
The Ubaid culture and contemporary cultures circa 5000 BC
2647:. This may have been associated with the introduction of
1569:
5256:
Smith, Alexia; Graham, Philip J.; Stein, Gil J. (2015).
3519:
The Ubaid period as a whole, based upon the analysis of
5888:
Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives
5843:
2933:
2264:
1807:
1591:
1459:
6853:
4484:
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003).
3866:
Secrets of the dark mound : Jemdet Nasr 1926-1928
3777:
Hall, Harry Reginald; Woolley, Sir C. Leonard (1927).
8249:
5538:
3868:. Warminster: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
3667:
3600:
1988:
5822:
5770:
5423:"Physical anthropology and the 'Sumerian problem'"
4932:
4483:
1527:Mesopotamia does not have local, high-resolution
11635:
5255:
5885:
5644:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art
3831:McMahon, A. (2014). "'Ubaid-Kultur, -Keramik".
3793:
6038:British Museum, Trustees of the (2008-06-06).
6037:
6021:British Museum, Trustees of the (2007-11-13).
6020:
6004:British Museum, Trustees of the (2008-06-03).
6003:
5286:
4867:"River Transport in Mesopotamia (5900–539 BC)"
4199:
2249:Map of important Ubaid period sites along the
10450:
7701:
6839:
6070:
5000:
4488:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4202:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
1342:
698:
5642:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013).
5641:
5349:Ancient Mesopotamia: the eden that never was
5003:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines
3896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3738:
2640:) came from sources in southeastern Turkey.
1964:Map of important Ubaid period sites in Iraq.
6665:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
5977:
5886:Pollock, Susan; Bernbeck, Reinhard (2009).
5386:Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC
3857:
3776:
2394:, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 15338)
73:
10457:
10443:
10243:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
10190:International Congress of Maritime Museums
10170:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
9462:
7708:
7694:
6846:
6832:
6077:
6063:
5955:
5287:Grossman, Kathryn; Hinman, Miriam (2013).
4939:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
4664:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
4301:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4169:The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology
4014:
3982:Roaf, Michael (1982). "The Hamrin sites".
2797:, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO14165)
2267:in Kuwait, Dosariyah in Saudi Arabia, and
1657:(after Pournelle 2003 / after Harris 2021)
1516:
1349:
1335:
705:
691:
55:
10765:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
10303:
10258:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
5542:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5515:
5505:
5420:
4950:
4696:
4315:
4166:
3188:Learn how and when to remove this message
1985:, which was discovered only by accident.
37:
11674:Archaeological cultures of the Near East
10589:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
5980:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
5904:
5829:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5765:
5698:
5679:
5447:Cooper, J.S. (2013). "Sumer, Sumerian".
5159:
5116:
5078:
4752:
4380:
4015:Huot, Jean-Louis; Vallet, Régis (1990).
3943:
3863:
3434:
2694:
10228:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
6084:
5907:Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates
5660:
5622:
5382:
5346:
5258:"Ubaid plant use at Tell Zeidan, Syria"
5235:"Evidence for labret use in prehistory"
5194:
4965:
4864:
4730:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0039
4449:
4427:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0008
4177:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199573493.013.0009
3915:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 17–32.
3830:
3569:Stein and Özbal describe the Near East
2616:Mesopotamian sites. At sites along the
1753:
1482:, and a really well-preserved house at
11636:
10180:European Association of Archaeologists
5820:
5736:
5446:
5416:
5414:
5378:
5376:
5342:
5340:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5112:
5110:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5011:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.029
4928:
4926:
4622:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4354:
4048:
4044:
4042:
3030:
2165:
1422:
11324:
11216:
11038:
10913:
10486:
10438:
10302:
9461:
9436:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
9394:
9264:
9263:
8646:
8248:
7727:
7715:
7689:
6827:
6058:
5791:
5720:The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC
5717:
5600:
5317:
5033:
4826:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4719:
4618:
4616:
4596:
4479:
4477:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4376:
4374:
4359:(Thesis). The University of Chicago.
4268:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4126:
4124:
3910:
3410:
3397:
3382:
3367:
3352:
3339:
3324:
3262:
3249:
3207:
11669:Archaeological cultures of West Asia
11618:
11560:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
5931:
4891:
4865:Hnaihen, Kadim Hasson (2021-06-27).
4234:
3981:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3523:, was one of increasingly polarized
3307:
3292:
3277:
3238:
3225:
3216:
3126:adding citations to reliable sources
3097:
2997:
2959:; Tell Tello; Louvre Museum AO 15327
2213:
1592:Dating and geographical distribution
1470:in the northwest all the way to the
11654:4th-millennium BC disestablishments
11608:
10175:Archaeological Institute of America
5411:
5373:
5337:
5311:
5148:
5107:
5065:
4923:
4552:
4510:
4039:
3075:
2294:
2035:
1848:
1816:
13:
6855:Chronology of the Neolithic period
5971:School for Advanced Research Press
5572:
5430:Studies in Historical Anthropology
5383:Hamblin, William J. (2006-09-27).
4779:
4613:
4474:
4407:
4371:
4255:
4121:
2723:
2543:; Tell el-Muqayyar; British Museum
2520:; Tell el-Muqayyar; British Museum
2229:
2083:
2051:
2019:
1912:
1880:
1864:
1832:
1768:
1446:showed in 1960 that the Eridu and
109:
91:
14:
11705:
10185:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
9575:Coastal defence and fortification
8950:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
8250:Navigation, and ports and harbors
5997:
5582:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
4879:10.31338/0082-044X.swiatowit.59.8
4564:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
4381:Peasnall, Brian (2002). "Ubaid".
3975:
3819:
3717:
2406:Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC;
2197:
2067:
16:Prehistoric period of Mesopotamia
11649:7th-millennium BC establishments
11617:
11607:
11597:
11588:
11587:
10893:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
10467:
10419:
10285:
10210:Society for American Archaeology
9444:
9377:
9246:
8629:
8231:
6803:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
6294:
5978:Stiebing Jr, William H. (2016).
5699:Crawford, Harriet E. W. (2004).
5680:Crawford, Harriet E. W. (1998).
5081:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
3684:
3670:
3601:Language, ethnicity and genetics
3477: Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site
3218:
3202:
3102:
2948:Ubaid IV; two female figurines;
2941:
2925:
2902:
2879:
2857:
2814:
2802:
2782:
2570:
2548:
2525:
2502:
2480:
2468:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2399:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2228:
2212:
2196:
2180:
2164:
2148:
2141:
2082:
2066:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1995:
1989:Central and northern Mesopotamia
1943:
1927:
1911:
1895:
1879:
1863:
1847:
1831:
1815:
1799:
1783:
1767:
1760:
674:
304:
108:
90:
72:
54:
36:
29:
11372:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
10795:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
10785:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
10524:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
9642:Phoenician discovery of America
5532:
5473:
5440:
5280:
5249:
5226:
5188:
5027:
4994:
4959:
4885:
4858:
4820:
4746:
4713:
4690:
4654:
4590:
4452:"Rethinking Halaf Chronologies"
4443:
4348:
4309:
4228:
4193:
4160:
4081:
3113:needs additional citations for
2932:Female ophidian figurines from
2728:Evidence for the production of
2181:
2134:
2122:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1944:
1413:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
799:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
338:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
266:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
10655:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
9334:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
6360:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
6355:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
5773:The Neolithic of the Near East
5703:. Cambridge University Press.
5684:. Cambridge University Press.
5682:Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours
4597:Baldi, Johnny Samuele (2012).
4008:
3937:
3904:
3787:
3770:
3487:were often made of hard fired
3035:
2765:
2593:
2410:; 6.99 cm; Tell Abu Shahrain;
2003:
1:
11679:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia
10914:
10253:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
8928:Phoenician maritime expansion
6742:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
6139:Tigris–Euphrates river system
5421:Soltysiak, Arkadiusz (2004).
4968:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
4049:Carter, Robert (March 2006).
2949:
2910:
2887:
2865:
2654:
2586:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
2578:
2556:
2533:
2510:
2488:
2450:
1784:
1003:Neolithic Southeastern Europe
11151:in ISIL-controlled territory
11039:
10195:Nautical Archaeology Society
7672:Historical Ancient Near East
5625:The Origins of Human Society
5507:10.1371/journal.pone.0073682
5174:10.1080/00438243.2013.799042
4952:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103449
4684:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.06.026
4391:10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_37
4316:Pournelle, Jennifer (2003).
3864:Matthews, Roger, Dr (2002).
3710:
2830:
1896:
7:
11325:
11217:
11062:Council of Representatives
10800:Weapons of mass destruction
10487:
10248:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
9625:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
9431:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
9288:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
8647:
7728:
6808:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
6690:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
6685:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
5879:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001
4528:Globalization in Prehistory
4355:Harris, Samuel Lee (2021).
4273:. Trieste. pp. 71–87.
3795:Adams Jr., Robert McCormick
3663:
1154: in the Gulf of Cambay
10:
11710:
10790:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
10104:Phoenician Ship Expedition
9395:
8945:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
8938:Circumnavigation of Africa
7580:
6813:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
5821:Nissen, Hans Jörg (1990).
5663:Mesopotamia Before History
4697:Thomalsky, Judith (2012).
4383:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
3783:. Oxford University Press.
3093:
3084:
2964:
2823:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2412:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2299:
2149:
1928:
1800:
1640:Relative Ubaid chronology
1520:
1458:of Tell al-'Ubaid itself,
1415:and succeeded by the Late
1244:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
908:Gumelnița–Karanovo culture
888:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
653:Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)
648:Republic of Iraq (1958–68)
11583:
11482:
11337:
11333:
11320:
11225:
11212:
11047:
11034:
10922:
10909:
10730:
10647:
10499:
10495:
10482:
10417:
10309:
10298:
10283:
10218:
10160:
9963:
9947:
9695:
9630:Samothrace temple complex
9565:
9520:
9479:
9472:
9468:
9457:
9442:
9401:
9390:
9375:
9273:
9259:
9244:
9197:
9150:
9003:
8970:
8963:
8901:
8702:
8659:
8655:
8642:
8627:
8346:
8259:
8255:
8244:
8229:
8181:
8116:
8053:
7938:
7907:
7740:
7736:
7723:
7668:
7658:
7625:
7596:
7592:
7535:
7481:
7450:
7425:
7404:
7392:
7358:
7347:
7336:
7318:
7301:
7286:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7245:
7230:
7217:
7201:
7189:
7171:
7162:
7149:
7136:
7110:
7097:
7082:
7065:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6885:
6861:
6780:
6734:
6708:
6612:
6509:
6402:
6310:
6303:
6292:
6174:
6101:
6092:
6023:"Copper figure of a bull"
5890:. John Wiley & Sons.
5627:. John Wiley & Sons.
5389:(0 ed.). Routledge.
5093:10.1017/S0959774316000032
4536:10.1017/9781108573276.004
4214:10.1080/15564890600586283
4067:10.1017/S0003598X0009325X
2120:, and a relatively short
1977:- was found. In southern
1542:Archaeobotanical research
259:
230:
191:
179:
161:
151:
141:
24:
11141:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
11052:Administrative divisions
8918:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
6040:"Ubaid visit and photos"
6006:"Stone statue of Kurlil"
4450:Campell, Stuart (2007).
2789:Ubaid 5 stamp seal with
1701:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional
1670:Early Pottery Neolithic
1578:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional
1523:Geography of Mesopotamia
1373:. The name derives from
10700:Mandate for Mesopotamia
10574:First Babylonian Empire
10200:RPM Nautical Foundation
9937:Surviving ancient ships
9856:Marsala Punic shipwreck
7220:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
7085:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
7027:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
5701:Sumer and the Sumerians
5623:Bogucki, Peter (2000).
5347:Pollock, Susan (1999).
5327:Journal of Oman Studies
5305:10.3406/paleo.2013.5528
5274:10.3406/paleo.2015.5675
4522:Carter, Robert (2018).
4468:10.3406/paleo.2007.5209
4249:10.3406/paleo.1997.4651
4033:10.3406/paleo.1990.4527
2909:Female figurine; clay;
2745:, clay scrapers, and a
2494:; Telul eth-Thalathat;
2460:; ceramic; Tepe Gawra;
1616:in the south along the
1552:, both indicative of a
1517:Climate and environment
1365:(c. 5500–3700 BC) is a
1234:Philippine jade culture
953:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
873:Cardium pottery culture
423:First Babylonian Empire
10859:Insurgency (2011–2013)
10780:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
10584:Middle Assyrian Empire
10233:Giza Solar boat museum
9687:Underwater exploration
9682:Underwater archaeology
9647:Pre-Columbian theories
9502:John Sinclair Morrison
9463:Research and education
8913:Austronesian Expansion
7452:Linear Pottery culture
6645:Babylonian mathematics
5777:. New York: Scribner.
5718:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995).
5661:Charvát, Petr (2003).
3479:
2835:The majority of Ubaid
2756:Telul eth-Thalathat II
1747:4350-4200 / 4600-4200
1733:4900-4350 / 5200-4600
1719:5100-4900 / 5200-4600
1705:5200-5100 / 5500-5200
1689:5900-5200 / 6200-5500
1673:6500-5900 / 6800-6200
1604:in the east, and from
1224:Jeulmun pottery period
998:Neolithic Transylvania
928:Linear Pottery culture
433:Middle Assyrian Empire
11689:Archaeology of Kuwait
11146:in post-invasion Iraq
10852:U.S. troop withdrawal
10614:Neo-Babylonian Empire
10304:Legend and literature
10262:Viking ship museums:
10238:Grand Egyptian Museum
9998:Austronesian replicas
9973:Heyerdahl expeditions
9883:Caligula's Giant Ship
9743:Dover Bronze Age Boat
8405:Berenice Troglodytica
6869:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
5646:. Walter de Gruyter.
5395:10.4324/9780203965566
4773:10.18866/j.ctt1n7qk1h
4365:10.6082/uchicago.2971
3525:social stratification
3502:hydraulic agriculture
3438:
3062:floodwater irrigation
2695:Boats and boat models
2390:Ubaid 5 pottery from
1713:Tell al-'Ubaid style
1697:Hajji Muhammad style
1651:Northern Mesopotamia
1529:climate proxy records
558:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
528:Buyid amirate of Iraq
443:Neo-Babylonian Empire
11095:Council of Ministers
10977:Mesopotamian Marshes
10205:Sea Research Society
9607:Maritime archaeology
9416:Ameinias the Phocian
9411:Mediterranean piracy
7435:Tepe Muhammad Djafar
6640:Babylonian astronomy
6119:Mesopotamian Marshes
5967:Santa Fe, New Mexico
5722:. Psychology Press.
5318:Beech, Mark (2002).
5005:. pp. 567–590.
4724:. pp. 858–876.
4421:. pp. 174–204.
4385:. pp. 372–390.
4171:. pp. 121–139.
3835:. pp. 261–265.
3427:class=notpageimage|
3122:improve this article
3004:cranial modification
2273:United Arab Emirates
2246:class=notpageimage|
2100:class=notpageimage|
1961:class=notpageimage|
1754:Southern Mesopotamia
1744:Late Chalcolithic 1
1486:. The excavation at
1405:Northern Mesopotamia
1266:Neolithic Revolution
658:Occupation (2003–11)
128:class=notpageimage|
11684:Archaeology of Iraq
11664:Ancient Mesopotamia
11357:Mesopotamian Arabic
11163:Freedom of religion
10609:Neo-Assyrian Empire
10579:Old Assyrian Period
10564:Neo-Sumerian Empire
9298:Maritime Jade Route
8451:Kaveri Poompattinam
6721:Destruction by ISIL
6675:Sumerian literature
6650:Akkadian literature
6086:Ancient Mesopotamia
5973:. pp. 329–343.
5871:2006QuRes..66..465P
5854:Quaternary Research
5498:2013PLoSO...873682W
4676:2016JArSR...9..743K
3553:primitive democracy
3471: Eridu culture
3031:Subsistence economy
2307:slow potter's wheel
1641:
1634:absolute chronology
1630:relative chronology
1554:wetland environment
1423:History of research
1417:Chalcolithic period
1020:Pengtoushan culture
973:Tiszapolgár culture
948:San Ciriaco culture
760:Trihedral Neolithic
601:Early modern period
438:Neo-Assyrian Empire
403:Neo-Sumerian Empire
21:
11288:Telecommunications
11263:Foreign Investment
11200:Wars and conflicts
11136:in pre-Saddam Iraq
11100:Presidency Council
10886:2019–2021 protests
10815:Invasion of Kuwait
10639:Sassanid Asorestan
10634:Parthian Babylonia
10629:Seleucid Babylonia
10624:Achaemenid Assyria
10539:Jemdet Nasr period
9846:Bajo de la Campana
9548:Peter Throckmorton
9533:Jean-Yves Empereur
9507:William L. Rodgers
9328:Maritime Silk Road
7139:Egyptian Neolithic
6757:Mesopotamian myths
6044:The British Museum
6027:The British Museum
6010:The British Museum
5606:Looking for Dilmun
5554:10.1002/ajpa.23423
4980:10.1111/ojoa.12251
4530:. pp. 43–79.
4326:10.6067/XCV8J67GK3
4146:10.1017/irq.2019.2
4107:10.1017/irq.2020.3
3700:Art of Mesopotamia
3480:
2920:; Tell el-Muqayyar
2897:; Tell el-Muqayyar
2846:body modifications
2752:secondary products
1639:
1582:seasonal variation
1472:Persian Gulf coast
1427:The excavators of
1307:Neolithic religion
1152:Marine archaeology
1055:Zhaobaogou culture
1045:Xinglongwa culture
755:Shepherd Neolithic
738:Neolithic cultures
573:Jalairid Sultanate
508:Rashidun Caliphate
483:Sasanian Asorestan
473:Parthian Babylonia
468:Seleucid Babylonia
463:Achaemenid Assyria
358:Jemdet Nasr Period
142:Geographical range
19:
11631:
11630:
11579:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11565:Mandaean New Year
11316:
11315:
11208:
11207:
11190:Political parties
11085:Foreign relations
11030:
11029:
10937:Lower Mesopotamia
10932:Upper Mesopotamia
10905:
10904:
10901:
10900:
10665:Abbasid Caliphate
10660:Umayyad Caliphate
10569:Isin-Larsa period
10432:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10294:
10293:
10281:
10280:
9901:Madrague de Giens
9620:Temple of Isthmia
9616:Maritime temples
9602:Marine navigation
9561:
9560:
9553:Shelley Wachsmann
9543:J. Richard Steffy
9453:
9452:
9386:
9385:
9255:
9254:
9242:
9241:
9193:
9192:
8923:Ocean exploration
8638:
8637:
8625:
8624:
8284:Rutter (nautical)
8240:
8239:
8227:
8226:
8083:Mortise and tenon
7717:Ancient seafaring
7683:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7538:Pottery Neolithic
7361:Pottery Neolithic
7350:Pottery Neolithic
7339:Pottery Neolithic
7321:Pottery Neolithic
7304:Pottery Neolithic
7289:Pottery Neolithic
7269:Pottery Neolithic
7248:Pottery Neolithic
7233:Pottery Neolithic
7112:Initial Neolithic
6878:Pottery Neolithic
6821:
6820:
6772:Ziggurat (Temple)
6747:Sumerian religion
6505:
6504:
6452:Middle Babylonian
6394:Kish civilization
6290:
6289:
6114:Lower Mesopotamia
6109:Upper Mesopotamia
5989:978-1-315-51116-0
5941:. Penguin Books.
5897:978-1-4051-3723-2
5729:978-0-415-16763-5
5710:978-0-521-53338-6
5691:978-0-521-58679-5
5672:978-1-134-53077-9
5653:978-1-61451-035-2
5634:978-1-55786-349-2
5615:978-0-394-43400-1
5594:10.1111/aae.12143
5458:978-3-11-030715-3
5404:978-1-134-52063-3
5358:978-0-521-57334-4
5211:978-1-885923-66-0
5162:World Archaeology
5133:978-1-885923-66-0
5050:978-1-885923-66-0
5020:978-0-19-967561-6
4908:978-1-885923-66-0
4805:978-1-885923-66-0
4764:978-1-898249-38-2
4739:978-0-19-537614-2
4639:978-1-885923-66-0
4576:10.1111/aae.12145
4545:978-1-108-57327-6
4436:978-0-19-537614-2
4400:978-1-4684-7135-9
4280:978-88-5511-046-4
4186:978-0-19-957349-3
3960:978-1-885923-66-0
3922:978-3-88226-262-9
3842:978-3-11-041761-6
3812:978-87-7289-070-8
3755:978-1-885923-66-0
3549:Thorkild Jacobsen
3198:
3197:
3190:
3172:
2998:Body modification
2791:master of animals
2778:Ubaid stamp seals
1751:
1750:
1658:
1648:alternative name
1588:and dry summers.
1359:
1358:
1312:Neolithic decline
1105:Qujialing culture
1070:Majiabang culture
1015:Peiligang culture
878:Cernavodă culture
858:Arzachena culture
789:Yarmukian culture
715:
714:
518:Abbasid Caliphate
513:Umayyad Caliphate
478:Roman Mesopotamia
408:Isin-Larsa period
278:
277:
237:Pottery Neolithic
203:Tell Abu Shahrain
46:Tell Abu Shahrain
11701:
11659:1930s neologisms
11621:
11620:
11611:
11610:
11601:
11591:
11590:
11335:
11334:
11322:
11321:
11253:
11214:
11213:
11065:
11036:
11035:
11022:Sinjar Mountains
11012:Zagros Mountains
10952:Hamrin Mountains
10911:
10910:
10874:Mosul liberation
10847:Iraqi insurgency
10769:National Command
10758:
10594:Simurrum culture
10497:
10496:
10484:
10483:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10436:
10435:
10423:
10422:
10317:Ark of bulrushes
10300:
10299:
10289:
10288:
9927:Oldest surviving
9637:Nusantao network
9512:Chester G. Starr
9477:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9459:
9458:
9448:
9447:
9421:Cilician pirates
9392:
9391:
9381:
9380:
9318:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
9313:Iron Age Britain
9261:
9260:
9250:
9249:
8968:
8967:
8657:
8656:
8644:
8643:
8633:
8632:
8547:Ptolemais Theron
8257:
8256:
8246:
8245:
8235:
8234:
7827:Single-outrigger
7738:
7737:
7725:
7724:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7687:
7686:
7647:
7590:
7533:
7525:Hajji Firuz Tepe
7448:
7390:
7284:
7204:Neolithic Europe
7199:
7134:
7080:
7071:Tell Abu Hureyra
7063:
7018:
6982:
6926:Sinjar Mountains
6893:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6670:Sumerian cuisine
6660:Warfare in Sumer
6655:Economy of Sumer
6308:
6307:
6298:
6182:Fertile Crescent
6166:Sinjar Mountains
6161:Hamrin Mountains
6156:Zagros Mountains
6134:Taurus Mountains
6099:
6098:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6046:. Archived from
6034:
6029:. Archived from
6017:
6012:. Archived from
5993:
5974:
5952:
5928:
5901:
5882:
5850:
5840:
5828:
5817:
5788:
5776:
5762:
5733:
5714:
5695:
5676:
5657:
5638:
5619:
5597:
5566:
5565:
5540:the Neolithic".
5536:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5380:
5371:
5370:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5203:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5157:
5146:
5145:
5125:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5076:
5063:
5062:
5042:
5031:
5025:
5024:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4900:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4835:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4797:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4631:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4519:
4508:
4507:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4292:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3952:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3747:
3736:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3514:Samarra cultures
3498:Zagros Mountains
3476:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3393:
3380:
3378:
3365:
3363:
3350:
3348:
3337:
3335:
3332:Northeast Asians
3322:
3320:
3305:
3303:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3258:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3130:
3106:
3098:
3076:Animal husbandry
2958:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2818:
2806:
2786:
2583:
2580:
2577:Goblet and cup;
2574:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2472:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2403:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2325:beveled rim bowl
2295:Material culture
2232:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2167:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2086:
2085:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2037:
2022:
2021:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1803:
1802:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1612:in the north to
1586:torrential rains
1546:Euphrates poplar
1351:
1344:
1337:
1292:Circular ditches
1272:Animal husbandry
1259:Neolithic topics
1219:Khiamian culture
1215:Other locations
1120:Shijiahe culture
1110:Longshan culture
1100:Majiayao culture
1095:Liangzhu culture
1085:Dawenkou culture
1080:Hongshan culture
1075:Yangshao culture
943:Petreşti culture
913:Hamangia culture
903:Gorneşti culture
883:Coțofeni culture
846:Amratian culture
841:Badarian culture
831:El Omari culture
816:Faiyum A culture
784:Tahunian culture
745:Fertile Crescent
717:
716:
707:
700:
693:
679:
678:
677:
503:Islamic conquest
308:
298:
280:
279:
174:
170:
112:
111:
94:
93:
76:
75:
58:
57:
40:
39:
33:
22:
18:
11709:
11708:
11704:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11694:Samarra culture
11634:
11633:
11632:
11627:
11571:
11555:Public holidays
11478:
11329:
11312:
11251:
11221:
11204:
11063:
11043:
11026:
10957:Iraqi Kurdistan
10947:Euphrates river
10918:
10897:
10864:War (2014–2017)
10810:Operation Opera
10756:
10726:
10722:Arab Federation
10710:Kingdom of Iraq
10643:
10619:Fall of Babylon
10554:Akkadian Empire
10529:Samarra culture
10514:Hassuna culture
10491:
10478:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10433:
10424:
10420:
10415:
10305:
10290:
10286:
10277:
10220:
10214:
10162:
10161:Institutes and
10156:
10111:Viking replicas
10052:Balangay Voyage
9965:
9959:
9943:
9698:
9691:
9567:
9557:
9516:
9464:
9449:
9445:
9440:
9397:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9269:
9251:
9247:
9238:
9189:
9146:
8999:
8959:
8904:
8897:
8698:
8651:
8634:
8630:
8621:
8497:Mueang Phra Rot
8351:
8342:
8251:
8236:
8232:
8223:
8177:
8151:Triangular sail
8112:
8049:
8023:Sail components
7934:
7903:
7877:Tessarakonteres
7732:
7719:
7714:
7684:
7679:
7653:
7645:
7644:
7635:
7622:
7616:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7575:
7568:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7531:
7523:
7513:
7505:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7458:
7455:(5500–4500 BC)
7454:
7446:
7431:(6000–4800 BC)
7430:
7426:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7398:
7388:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7353:
7342:
7332:Tell el-'Oueili
7329:
7324:
7311:
7307:
7296:
7292:
7282:
7277:(7000–5000 BC)
7276:
7272:
7251:
7240:
7238:Tell Sabi Abyad
7236:
7223:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7197:
7184:
7180:
7166:
7164:Tell Sabi Abyad
7159:
7155:
7153:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7127:(8500–8000 BC)
7126:
7122:
7114:
7105:
7101:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7016:
7010:
6980:
6967:
6950:
6941:
6928:
6909:
6891:
6881:
6873:
6872:
6864:
6863:
6857:
6852:
6822:
6817:
6776:
6730:
6704:
6613:Culture/society
6608:
6501:
6497:Muslim conquest
6467:Fall of Babylon
6398:
6299:
6286:
6170:
6088:
6083:
6000:
5990:
5949:
5925:
5898:
5848:
5837:
5806:10.2307/4200519
5785:
5767:Mellaart, James
5751:10.2307/4200161
5730:
5711:
5692:
5673:
5654:
5635:
5616:
5602:Bibby, Geoffrey
5575:
5573:Further reading
5570:
5569:
5537:
5533:
5478:
5474:
5459:
5445:
5441:
5425:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5381:
5374:
5359:
5345:
5338:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5285:
5281:
5254:
5250:
5231:
5227:
5212:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5158:
5149:
5134:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5077:
5066:
5051:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5021:
4999:
4995:
4964:
4960:
4931:
4924:
4909:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4873:(59): 141–151.
4863:
4859:
4844:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4806:
4795:
4787:
4780:
4765:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4718:
4714:
4695:
4691:
4659:
4655:
4640:
4629:
4621:
4614:
4595:
4591:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4520:
4511:
4496:
4482:
4475:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4379:
4372:
4353:
4349:
4314:
4310:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4267:
4256:
4233:
4229:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4165:
4161:
4129:
4122:
4086:
4082:
4047:
4040:
4013:
4009:
3994:
3980:
3976:
3961:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3923:
3909:
3905:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3862:
3858:
3843:
3829:
3820:
3813:
3792:
3788:
3775:
3771:
3756:
3745:
3737:
3718:
3713:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3638:Henri Frankfort
3603:
3582:"Burnt Village"
3533:social mobility
3527:and decreasing
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3455:Hassuna culture
3450:
3448:
3446:Samarra culture
3441:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3194:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3107:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3038:
3033:
3000:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2787:
2768:
2726:
2724:Wool production
2697:
2681:Tell Arpachiyah
2657:
2649:Canaanean blade
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2426:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2302:
2297:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1975:Tell el-'Oueili
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1756:
1741:Terminal Ubaid
1730:Northern Ubaid
1716:Northern Ubaid
1602:Tepe Ghabristan
1600:in the west to
1594:
1525:
1519:
1511:Shahrizor Plain
1507:Iraqi Kurdistan
1488:Tell el-'Oueili
1425:
1383:Leonard Woolley
1355:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1239:Capsian culture
1153:
1130:Neolithic Tibet
1035:Dadiwan culture
993:Vučedol culture
978:Usatovo culture
898:Dudești culture
826:Merimde culture
779:Qaraoun culture
750:Heavy Neolithic
739:
711:
681:Iraq portal
675:
673:
668:
667:
643:Kingdom of Iraq
633:
623:
622:
603:
593:
592:
498:
488:
487:
458:
448:
447:
393:Akkadian Empire
373:
363:
362:
343:Samarra culture
328:Hassuna culture
318:
296:
289:
247:Hassuna culture
242:Samarra culture
198:Tell el-'Oueili
172:
168:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
122:
121:
113:
105:
104:
103:
95:
87:
86:
85:
82:Tell el-'Oueili
77:
69:
68:
67:
59:
51:
50:
49:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11707:
11697:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11615:
11605:
11595:
11584:
11581:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11486:
11484:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11444:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11381:
11380:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11349:
11343:
11341:
11331:
11330:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11293:Transportation
11290:
11285:
11283:Stock Exchange
11280:
11278:Reconstruction
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11258:Infrastructure
11255:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11171:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11143:
11138:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11117:Prime Minister
11114:
11113:
11112:
11102:
11097:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11059:
11054:
11048:
11045:
11044:
11032:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10907:
10906:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10895:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10861:
10856:
10855:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10834:
10829:
10828:
10827:
10825:1991 uprisings
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10775:Saddam Hussein
10772:
10761:
10760:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10736:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10724:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10707:
10705:Mandatory Iraq
10702:
10697:
10694:Mamluk dynasty
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10644:
10642:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10559:Gutian dynasty
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10505:
10503:
10493:
10492:
10480:
10479:
10462:
10461:
10454:
10447:
10439:
10430:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10375:
10368:
10361:
10353:
10343:
10342:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10319:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10224:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10166:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10130:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10108:
10107:
10106:
10101:
10094:
10086:Mediterranean
10084:
10083:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10054:
10049:
10042:
10039:Alingano Maisu
10035:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10007:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9982:
9969:
9967:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9951:
9949:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9897:
9890:
9888:De Meern ships
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9814:
9806:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9782:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9758:Cape Gelidonya
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9703:
9701:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9582:
9577:
9571:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9524:
9522:
9521:Archaeologists
9518:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9487:David Blackman
9483:
9481:
9474:
9466:
9465:
9455:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9426:Jewish pirates
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9369:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9112:Lake Trasimene
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9013:Mediterranean:
9009:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8976:
8974:
8965:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8935:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8706:
8704:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8684:
8674:
8669:
8663:
8661:
8653:
8652:
8640:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8316:Maritime pilot
8313:
8303:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8286:
8281:
8279:Portolan chart
8276:
8271:
8265:
8263:
8253:
8252:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8059:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7852:Oared warships
7849:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7734:
7733:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7670:Succeeded by:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7657:
7648:
7641:
7640:
7630:
7624:
7610:
7604:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:Kul Tepe Jolfa
7579:
7573:
7561:
7550:
7546:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7518:
7511:
7502:Hadji Muhammed
7480:
7474:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7424:
7419:
7403:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7357:
7355:Sang-i Chakmak
7346:
7335:
7317:
7314:Sha'ar HaGolan
7300:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7244:
7229:
7216:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7175:
7170:
7161:
7148:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7109:
7096:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
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6961:
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6938:
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6923:
6918:
6913:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6886:
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6882:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6793:Assyriologists
6790:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
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6731:
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6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6700:List of rulers
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6589:Proto-Armenian
6586:
6581:
6576:
6574:Middle Persian
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6462:Neo-Babylonian
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6442:Old Babylonian
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6412:Early Dynastic
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
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6322:
6316:
6314:
6305:
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6300:
6293:
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6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
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6239:
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6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
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6199:
6194:
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6184:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
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6151:
6146:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6082:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:on 2008-08-01.
6035:
6033:on 2007-11-13.
6018:
6016:on 2015-10-18.
5999:
5998:External links
5996:
5995:
5994:
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5929:
5923:
5911:United Kingdom
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5745:(2): 145–185.
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4958:
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4061:(307): 52–63.
4038:
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3678:History portal
3665:
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3602:
3599:
3529:egalitarianism
3510:Hadji Muhammed
3473:
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3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3137:"Ubaid period"
3110:
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3074:
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2999:
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2963:
2962:
2961:
2957: 4200 BC
2947:
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2924:
2922:
2918: 4200 BC
2908:
2901:
2899:
2895: 4200 BC
2885:
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2869: 4000 BC
2863:
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2779:
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2764:
2743:spindle whorls
2725:
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2693:
2656:
2653:
2620:and the upper
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2582: 4000 BC
2576:
2569:
2567:
2564: 4200 BC
2554:
2547:
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2541: 4200 BC
2531:
2524:
2522:
2518: 4200 BC
2508:
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2492: 5000 BC
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2458: 4500 BC
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2314:plant-tempered
2301:
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2173:Dalma (island)
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2017:
2016:
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2008:
2001:
2000:
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1990:
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1983:Hadji Muhammed
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1448:Hajji Muhammed
1433:Tell al-'Ubaid
1424:
1421:
1390:alluvial plain
1375:Tell al-'Ubaid
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1090:Songze culture
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1060:Hemudu culture
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1030:Cishan culture
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958:Sesklo culture
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938:Ozieri culture
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918:Kakanj culture
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893:Danilo culture
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868:Butmir culture
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821:Tasian culture
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663:Recent history
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638:Mandatory Iraq
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618:Mamluk dynasty
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11064:(legislative)
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10997:Syrian Desert
10995:
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10992:Shatt al-Arab
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10927:Faw peninsula
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10869:Fall of Mosul
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10842:U.S. invasion
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10805:Iran–Iraq War
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10670:Buyid dynasty
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10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10519:Halaf culture
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10485:
10481:
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10387:Metamorphoses
10384:
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10380:
10379:The Histories
10376:
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10360:
10358:
10357:The Histories
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10272:
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10072:Marumaru Atua
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10032:Samudra Raksa
10029:
10027:
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10019:
10018:Te Au o Tonga
10015:
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10000:
9999:
9996:
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9991:
9987:
9983:
9981:
9980:
9976:
9975:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9946:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9898:
9896:
9895:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9878:Blackfriars I
9876:
9874:
9873:Arles Rhône 3
9871:
9869:
9868:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9694:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9677:Thalassocracy
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9662:Shell middens
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9612:Naval warfare
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9564:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9492:Lionel Casson
9490:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9460:
9456:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9400:
9393:
9389:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9360:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9323:Incense trade
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9258:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9227:South America
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9196:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9175:Sailing ships
9173:
9171:
9170:Oared vessels
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9092:Cape Hermaeum
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8903:Migration and
8900:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8710:Ancient Egypt
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:Civilizations
8701:
8695:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8641:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8247:
8243:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8078:Clinker built
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8063:Boat building
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7812:Navis lusoria
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7704:
7699:
7697:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7620:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7422:Umm Dabaghiya
7420:
7418:
7408:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7373:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7333:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7152:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7008:Early Pottery
6979:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6870:
6860:
6856:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:Syrian Desert
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5985:
5982:. Routledge.
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5948:9780140125238
5944:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5933:Roux, Georges
5930:
5926:
5924:9781900724982
5920:
5916:
5915:Trident Press
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:. Routledge.
5664:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5492:(9): e73682.
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5415:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5354:
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5343:
5341:
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5328:
5321:
5314:
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5294:
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5267:
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5259:
5252:
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5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
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5213:
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5167:
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5156:
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5135:
5129:
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5121:
5113:
5111:
5102:
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5090:
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5022:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4897:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4843:1-881094-07-3
4839:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4709:(1): 417–439.
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4617:
4609:(1): 393–416.
4608:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4495:0-521-79230-4
4491:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4125:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4043:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3993:0-903472-05-8
3989:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3875:0-85668-735-9
3871:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:ethnic groups
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:languages in
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:prehistorical
3598:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3541:Elman Service
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3465:
3464:Halaf culture
3456:
3447:
3437:
3428:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3405:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3272:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3192:
3189:
3181:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139: –
3138:
3134:
3133:Find sources:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3111:This section
3109:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:Evidence for
2995:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2939:
2935:
2923:
2905:
2900:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2825:(1984.175.13)
2824:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Kosak Shamali
2735:
2734:domestication
2731:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:Tell Mashnaqa
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:Evidence for
2652:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2546:
2528:
2523:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2462:Louvre Museum
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:Ubaid pottery
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2222:
2206:
2190:
2174:
2158:
2144:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2044:
2028:
2012:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1937:
1921:
1905:
1889:
1873:
1857:
1841:
1825:
1809:
1793:
1777:
1763:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:Oueili phase
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1381:and later by
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Chopani Mando
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Xinle culture
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Houli culture
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:Vinča culture
986:
984:
983:Varna culture
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:Tisza culture
966:
964:
963:Sopot culture
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Malta Temples
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Boian culture
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Maadi culture
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
805:
804:Ubaid culture
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:Halaf culture
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
774:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
735:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
708:
703:
701:
696:
694:
689:
688:
686:
685:
682:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
627:
626:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
602:
597:
596:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Seljuk Empire
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
492:
491:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
372:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Halaf culture
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
317:
312:
311:
307:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
287:
282:
281:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
258:
253:
252:Halaf culture
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
129:
120:
119:
102:
101:
84:
83:
66:
65:
48:
47:
32:
23:
11644:Ubaid period
11457:Christianity
11339:Demographics
11273:Oil reserves
11268:Oil Industry
11235:Central Bank
11131:Human rights
11057:Constitution
11002:Tigris river
10982:Persian Gulf
10690:Ottoman Iraq
10675:Qara Qoyunlu
10509:Ubaid period
10508:
10408:
10399:
10392:
10385:
10378:
10370:
10365:On the Ocean
10363:
10356:
10348:
10345:Literature:
10133:
10115:
10096:
10089:
10079:Aotearoa One
10077:
10070:
10063:
10056:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10023:
10016:
10009:
10002:
9989:
9985:
9977:
9964:Experimental
9932:Museum ships
9899:
9892:
9865:
9837:Phoenician:
9828:
9823:Leontophoros
9821:
9785:Butuan boats
9780:Pontian boat
9718:Dufuna canoe
9657:Shipbuilding
9568:and theories
9538:Boris Rankov
9332:
9265:Economy and
9165:Incendiaries
9012:
8799:Indus Valley
8767:Tarumanagara
8694:Ubaid period
8693:
8612:Wadi al-Jarf
8527:Ostia Antica
8131:Fore-and-aft
8098:Shipbuilding
8073:Carvel built
8055:Construction
8013:Steering oar
7894:Sailing ship
7817:Obelisk ship
7775:Dugout canoe
7669:
7659:
7626:
7612:
7606:
7536:
7495:
7483:
7382:Mehrgarh III
7359:
7348:
7337:
7325:
7319:
7302:
7287:
7267:
7263:Teppe Zagheh
7258:Chogha Bonut
7246:
7231:
7218:
7202:
7137:
7124:Nanzhuangtou
7115:
7111:
7107:Aşıklı Höyük
7099:Göbekli Tepe
7083:
7039:(10,500 BC)
7025:
7011:(18,000 BC)
6695:Royal titles
6620:Architecture
6457:Neo-Assyrian
6378:
6304:(Pre)history
6124:Persian Gulf
6048:the original
6043:
6031:the original
6026:
6014:the original
6009:
5979:
5961:
5938:Ancient Iraq
5937:
5906:
5887:
5858:
5852:
5824:
5797:
5793:
5772:
5742:
5738:
5719:
5700:
5681:
5662:
5643:
5624:
5605:
5585:
5581:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5448:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5385:
5348:
5330:
5326:
5313:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5268:(2): 51–69.
5265:
5261:
5251:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5197:
5190:
5165:
5161:
5119:
5084:
5080:
5036:
5029:
5002:
4996:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4942:
4938:
4894:
4887:
4870:
4860:
4829:
4822:
4791:
4754:
4748:
4721:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4625:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4570:(1): 69–85.
4567:
4563:
4527:
4485:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4418:
4382:
4356:
4350:
4317:
4311:
4270:
4243:(2): 39–49.
4240:
4236:
4230:
4208:(1): 67–99.
4205:
4201:
4195:
4168:
4162:
4137:
4133:
4098:
4094:
4083:
4058:
4054:
4024:
4020:
4010:
3983:
3977:
3946:
3939:
3912:
3906:
3865:
3859:
3832:
3802:
3799:Wright, H.T.
3789:
3779:
3772:
3741:
3657:DNA analysis
3654:
3650:
3604:
3592:
3579:
3568:
3564:civilisation
3557:
3537:Morton Fried
3518:
3494:
3481:
3414:
3401:
3387:
3386:
3372:
3371:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3329:
3328:
3312:
3311:
3297:
3296:
3282:
3281:
3266:
3253:
3229:
3184:
3175:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3132:
3120:Please help
3115:verification
3112:
3088:
3079:
3039:
3017:
3008:
3001:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2834:
2769:
2760:Tell Surezha
2747:clay sealing
2727:
2718:Western Asia
2710:
2698:
2687:east of the
2669:Değirmentepe
2658:
2645:craftspeople
2642:
2634:Wadi Debayan
2630:Saudi Arabia
2611:
2607:Jebel Sinjar
2597:
2312:The coarse,
2311:
2303:
2289:
2269:Dalma Island
2257:
2251:Persian Gulf
2221:Wadi Debayan
2135:Persian Gulf
2126:
2118:Halaf period
2107:
1968:
1681:Eridu style
1655:
1626:
1622:Saudi Arabia
1595:
1575:
1563:
1558:Persian Gulf
1550:sea clubrush
1531:such as the
1526:
1496:
1453:
1442:
1426:
1409:Halaf period
1402:
1387:
1363:Ubaid period
1362:
1360:
1325:Chalcolithic
1229:Jōmon period
1065:Daxi culture
803:
613:Ottoman Iraq
583:Kara Koyunlu
323:Ubaid period
322:
116:
98:
80:
62:
44:
20:Ubaid period
11613:WikiProject
11414:Marsh Arabs
11399:Circassians
11080:Foreign aid
10972:Mesopotamia
10534:Uruk period
10372:Argonautica
10359:(Herodotus)
10322:Flood myths
10219:Museums and
10163:conferences
10128:Vital Alsar
9966:archaeology
9775:Austronesia
9768:Hjortspring
9763:Rochelongue
9713:Pesse canoe
9667:Ship burial
9652:Sea Peoples
9585:Lighthouses
9580:Grave goods
9528:George Bass
9308:Spice trade
8905:exploration
8727:Philippines
8722:Austronesia
8715:Old Kingdom
8592:Trincomalee
8542:Prosphorion
8487:Myos Hormos
8331:Micronesian
8322:By region:
8294:Lighthouses
8102:By region:
7867:Quinquereme
7792:Kunlun ship
7785:Penteconter
7770:Dragon boat
7417:Halaf-Ubaid
7372:Mehrgarh II
7344:Chogha Mish
7226:'Ain Ghazal
7154:(7500–5500)
7144:Nabta Playa
6943:Mesopotamia
6798:Hittitology
6788:Assyriology
6709:Archaeology
6579:Old Persian
6389:Jemdet Nasr
5865:: 465–476.
5588:(1): 3–18.
4670:: 743–757.
3705:Ubaid house
3692:Asia portal
3634:Jemdet Nasr
3595:Uruk period
3575:Uruk period
3521:grave goods
3066:animal dung
3036:Agriculture
2953: 4700
2914: 5200
2891: 5200
2873:Iraq Museum
2850:headshaping
2793:motif from
2771:Stamp seals
2766:Stamp seals
2594:Stone tools
2560: 5200
2537: 5200
2514: 5200
2496:Iraq Museum
2454: 5100
2043:Tell Zeidan
1856:Tell Madhur
1727:Late Ubaid
1537:floodplains
1484:Tell Madhur
1476:Hamrin area
1468:Amuq Valley
1398:Uruk period
1371:Mesopotamia
1367:prehistoric
811:Nile valley
765:Pre-Pottery
631:Modern Iraq
496:Middle Ages
353:Uruk period
295:History of
271:Uruk period
260:Followed by
231:Preceded by
192:Major sites
173: 3700
169: 5500
11638:Categories
11530:Television
11510:Literature
11472:Irreligion
11447:Secularism
11384:Minorities
11252:(currency)
11245:Corruption
11090:Government
10881:Insurgency
10680:Aq Qoyunlu
10501:Chronology
10381:(Polybius)
10025:Hawaiʻiloa
9907:Nemi ships
9792:Black Sea
9738:Khufu ship
9699:and relics
9597:Marine art
9590:Alexandria
9497:Fik Meijer
9480:Historians
9367:Indo-Roman
9180:Greek navy
9082:Salamis II
9072:Hellespont
9032:Artemisium
9022:Nile Delta
8985:Achaemenid
8878:Achaemenid
8747:Langkasuka
8742:Micronesia
8660:Prehistory
8587:Sounagoura
8415:Chittagong
8390:Barbarikon
8369:Alexandria
8311:Pilot boat
8261:Navigation
8093:Sewn-plank
8088:Lashed-lug
7966:Figurehead
7939:Components
7908:Propulsion
7862:Quadrireme
7843:Polyremes
7822:Outriggers
7597:Gian Hasan
7521:Yarim Tepe
7440:Tepe Sialk
7366:Lahuradewa
7191:Mehrgarh I
7178:Ganj Dareh
7160:(7000 BC)
7151:Çatalhöyük
7147:(7500 BC)
7094:Tell Aswad
6762:Divination
6472:Achaemenid
6437:Isin-Larsa
6330:Trialetian
6325:Mousterian
6312:Prehistory
5957:Stein, Gil
5836:0226586588
5784:0684144832
5467:1074893563
5436:: 145–158.
5293:Paléorient
5262:Paléorient
5245:(1): 1–23.
4945:: 103449.
4456:Paléorient
4320:(Thesis).
4289:1200195553
4237:Paléorient
4021:Paléorient
3587:Tepe Gawra
3545:chieftains
3506:Choga Mami
3298:Kelteminar
3148:newspapers
3024:tooth wear
3014:ear-spools
2992:personhood
2980:kin groups
2955: – c.
2916: – c.
2893: – c.
2706:reed boats
2677:Tell Nader
2673:Norşuntepe
2661:metallurgy
2655:Metallurgy
2562: – c.
2539: – c.
2516: – c.
2456: – c.
2277:Ain Qannas
2237:Ain Qannas
2091:Tepe Gawra
2059:Arslantepe
2027:Norşuntepe
1920:Tell Uqair
1888:Arpachiyah
1872:Tepe Gawra
1840:Tell Abada
1654:date (BC)
1610:Arslantepe
1606:Norşuntepe
1565:Date palms
1533:Soreq Cave
1521:See also:
1480:Tell Abada
1464:Tepe Gawra
1444:Joan Oates
1379:Henry Hall
1369:period of
1282:Metallurgy
1209:Brahmagiri
1169:Kalibangan
1164:Rakhigarhi
1142:Lahuradewa
1137:South Asia
923:Khirokitia
730:Mesolithic
588:Aq Qoyunlu
543:Al-Mazeedi
371:Bronze Age
316:Prehistory
223:Tepe Gawra
218:Tell Abada
213:Choga Mami
171: – c.
118:Choga Mami
100:Tepe Gawra
11550:Squatting
11515:Education
11462:Mandaeism
11431:/Turkoman
11409:Mandaeans
11394:Assyrians
11389:Armenians
11352:Languages
11240:Companies
11195:Judiciary
11105:President
11075:Elections
11070:Democracy
10916:Geography
10832:Sanctions
10750:2003–2011
10745:1968–2003
10740:1958–1968
10599:Babylonia
10394:Geography
10332:Gilgamesh
10221:memorials
10145:Viracocha
10058:Faʻafaite
10011:Sarimanok
9917:Yassi Ada
9830:Syracusia
9753:Canaanite
9728:Moor Sand
9198:By region
9160:Grappling
9132:Naulochus
9122:Myonessus
9077:Echinades
9062:Arginusae
9057:Cynossema
9042:Naupactus
9037:Eurymedon
8871:Classical
8846:Phoenicia
8841:Mycenaean
8804:Tamilakam
8787:Polynesia
8777:Srivijaya
8572:Satingpra
8532:Palembang
8516:Cattigara
8458:(Kadaram)
8441:Jambukola
8435:Guangzhou
8376:(Podouke)
8374:Arikamedu
8336:Polynesia
8269:Celestial
8182:Armaments
8168:Spritsail
8126:Crab claw
8068:Careening
8035:Sternpost
7889:Reed boat
7832:Catamaran
7807:Multihull
7577:Tepe Sabz
7309:Yarmukian
7274:Peiligang
7209:Franchthi
7182:Chia Jani
6953:Khuzistan
6635:Cuneiform
6511:Languages
6320:Acheulean
6207:Babylonia
6144:Euphrates
6094:Geography
5800:: 69–77.
5608:. Knopf.
5220:646401242
5182:144874348
5142:646401242
5101:163897465
5059:646401242
4988:249807233
4917:646401242
4871:Światowit
4814:646401242
4648:646401242
4584:213877028
4342:305339484
4297:cite book
4222:140187593
4154:200071451
4140:: 23–46.
4115:228904428
4101:: 41–71.
4075:162674282
4055:Antiquity
3969:646401242
3892:cite book
3851:985433875
3764:646401242
3711:Citations
3630:Late Uruk
3623:cuneiform
2987:secondary
2936:(Ubaid 4)
2841:figurines
2837:figurines
2831:Figurines
2714:barnacles
2626:Dosariyah
2449:Pottery;
2317:coba bowl
2205:Dosariyah
2075:Tell Brak
1620:coast of
1614:Dosariyah
1456:type site
1302:Megaliths
1268:(farming)
722:Neolithic
568:Ilkhanate
533:Marwanids
523:Hamdanids
418:Babylonia
181:Type site
156:Neolithic
146:Near East
11593:Category
11442:Religion
11419:Persians
11303:Railways
11298:Airlines
11180:Military
11041:Politics
11017:Wildlife
11007:Umm Qasr
10837:Iraq War
10820:Gulf War
10732:Republic
10685:Safavids
10648:638–1958
10410:Tākitimu
10313:Legend:
10271:Roskilde
10150:Tangaroa
10091:Olympias
10065:Gaualofa
10004:Hōkūleʻa
9979:Kon-Tiki
9812:Ashkelon
9748:Uluburun
9707:Earliest
9473:Scholars
9355:shipping
9155:Boarding
9067:Mytilene
9052:Syracuse
9017:Alashiya
8980:Egyptian
8964:Military
8955:Timeline
8933:Sardinia
8856:Carthage
8772:Kalingga
8732:Sa Huỳnh
8667:Timeline
8617:Zanzibar
8567:Sarapion
8562:Rhacotis
8492:Martaban
8437:(Canton)
8430:Godavaya
8425:Giao Chỉ
8395:Barygaza
8385:Avalites
8306:Piloting
8194:Catapult
8189:Ballista
8163:Mast-aft
7976:Planking
7915:Paddling
7872:Hexareme
7837:Trimaran
7802:Longship
7750:Balangay
7651:Badarian
7633:Khazineh
7394:Faiyum A
7186:Ali Kosh
7036:Mureybet
6916:Anatolia
6781:Academia
6735:Religion
6604:Urartian
6599:Sumerian
6584:Parthian
6519:Akkadian
6492:Sasanian
6482:Parthian
6477:Seleucid
6427:Simurrum
6417:Akkadian
6350:Khiamian
6340:Natufian
6252:Simurrum
6237:Kassites
6232:Hittites
6187:Adiabene
5935:(1966).
5863:Elsevier
5769:(1975).
5604:(1970).
5562:29399779
5526:24040024
5486:PLOS ONE
5367:40609053
5333:: 25–40.
4852:30109140
4504:50322834
4338:ProQuest
4334:54060767
4002:10923961
3931:16224643
3884:50266401
3664:See also
3615:Akkadian
3611:Sumerian
3571:oecumene
3561:Sumerian
3269:Harappan
3178:May 2022
3072:fields.
2613:Obsidian
2605:and the
2584:; Susa;
1738:Ubaid 5
1724:Ubaid 4
1710:Ubaid 3
1694:Ubaid 2
1678:Ubaid 1
1664:Ubaid 0
1584:, heavy
1411:and the
1394:alluvium
1204:Mundigak
1199:Burzahom
1194:Koldihwa
1184:Daimabad
1159:Bhirrana
1147:Mehrgarh
608:Safavids
548:Ayyubids
538:Uqaylids
456:Iron Age
428:Kassites
413:Simurrum
286:a series
284:Part of
11623:Commons
11540:Smoking
11505:Culture
11500:Cuisine
11483:General
11467:Yazidis
11424:Solluba
11377:Persian
11367:Kurdish
11362:Aramaic
11327:Society
11308:Tourism
11219:Economy
10967:Islands
10942:Borders
10767: (
10757:present
10692:(incl.
10604:Assyria
10549:Subartu
10489:History
10350:Odyssey
10327:Genesis
10124:Others
9923:Lists:
9912:Marausa
9862:Roman:
9852:Punic:
9817:Kyrenia
9808:Greek:
9804:Marsala
9797:Sinop D
9672:Tacking
9406:History
9293:Meluhha
9283:Fishing
9278:Whaling
9185:Ramming
9107:Aegates
9102:Drepana
9097:Ecnomus
9027:Salamis
9015:
9005:Battles
8883:Nabatea
8866:Archaic
8836:Nuragic
8826:Somalia
8677:Oceania
8672:Britain
8649:History
8582:Socotra
8552:Qandala
8537:Piraeus
8507:Muziris
8477:Madurai
8472:Manthai
8410:Canopus
8380:Arsinoe
8352:harbors
8301:History
8289:Coastal
8219:Sambuca
8204:Dolphin
8118:Rigging
7930:Poling
7920:Sailing
7857:Trireme
7797:Liburna
7760:Coracle
7730:Vessels
7637:Susiana
7594:Amuq D
7564:Hassuna
7553:Hacilar
7549:Amuq C
7543:Merimde
7515:Susiana
7510:14–12)
7478:Hassuna
7473:
7463:Hacilar
7459:Amuq B
7428:Samarra
7242:Bouqras
7168:Bouqras
7157:Hacilar
7118:Pottery
7090:Jericho
7067:Jericho
7042:
6934:Middle
6930:Assyria
6767:Prayers
6752:Deities
6716:Looting
6559:Kassite
6554:Hurrian
6549:Hittite
6539:Elamite
6534:Eblaite
6529:Aramaic
6524:Amorite
6447:Kassite
6422:Gutians
6404:History
6369:Samarra
6365:Hassuna
6335:Zarzian
6257:Subartu
6247:Mitanni
6212:Chaldea
6202:Assyria
6175:Ancient
5867:Bibcode
5814:4200519
5759:4200161
5517:3770703
5494:Bibcode
4672:Bibcode
3655:Scarce
3642:Speiser
3626:tablets
3551:called
3485:sickles
3417:culture
3415:Merimde
3404:culture
3330:Ancient
3317:Herders
3313:Western
3300:culture
3285:culture
3271:culture
3244:culture
3232:culture
3162:scholar
3094:Society
3085:Fishing
3070:plowing
3019:in situ
3012:and/or
3010:Labrets
2965:Burials
2774:humans.
2408:ceramic
2321:rations
2300:Pottery
2271:in the
2261:Bahra 1
2189:Bahra 1
2114:Samarra
2110:Hassuna
1952:Bahra 1
1824:'Oueili
1437:Baghdad
1277:Pottery
1189:Chirand
563:Zengids
388:Assyria
11603:Portal
11545:Sports
11520:Health
11495:Cinema
11347:Iraqis
11250:Dinar
11185:Police
10987:Places
10477:topics
10401:Aeneid
10117:Viking
10098:Regina
9867:Alkedo
9723:Abydos
9697:Wrecks
9566:Topics
9396:Piracy
9350:Greece
9210:Odisha
9142:Actium
9137:Mycale
8972:Navies
8861:Greece
8851:Olmecs
8819:Pandya
8794:Minoan
8757:Champa
8737:Lapita
8682:Remote
8602:Tyndis
8557:Quilon
8502:Muscat
8467:Lothal
8462:Korkai
8446:Jeddah
8420:Essina
8364:Adulis
8274:Charts
8209:Harpax
8199:Corvus
8173:Square
8141:Settee
8136:Lateen
8045:Tiller
8040:Strake
8008:Rudder
7998:Paddle
7946:Anchor
7925:Towing
7847:Bireme
7780:Galley
7755:Bangka
7655:Naqada
7623:19–18
7603:19–17
7600:Mersin
7560:22–20
7557:Mersin
7492:19–15)
7468:Mersin
7298:Dimini
7294:Sesklo
7213:Sesklo
7103:Çayönü
7032:Gesher
6936:Tigris
6921:Khabur
6911:Levant
6897:Europe
6876:
6874:
6867:
6865:
6594:Sutean
6569:Median
6564:Luwian
6544:Gutian
6432:Ur III
6345:Nemrik
6282:Cities
6277:Urartu
6227:Hamazi
6222:Gutium
6197:Armani
6149:Tigris
6102:Modern
5986:
5945:
5921:
5894:
5833:
5812:
5781:
5757:
5726:
5707:
5688:
5669:
5650:
5631:
5612:
5560:
5524:
5514:
5465:
5455:
5401:
5365:
5355:
5218:
5208:
5180:
5140:
5130:
5099:
5057:
5047:
5017:
4986:
4915:
4905:
4850:
4840:
4812:
4802:
4771:
4761:
4736:
4646:
4636:
4582:
4542:
4502:
4492:
4433:
4397:
4340:
4332:
4287:
4277:
4220:
4183:
4152:
4113:
4073:
4000:
3990:
3967:
3957:
3929:
3919:
3882:
3872:
3849:
3839:
3809:
3762:
3752:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3315:Steppe
3283:Samara
3242:Lodian
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3056:, and
3050:lentil
3042:barley
2689:Tigris
2665:Mersin
2632:) and
2622:Tigris
2618:Khabur
2603:Zagros
2588:museum
2253:coast.
2011:Mersin
1776:'Ubaid
1645:phase
1598:Mersin
1503:Kuwait
1462:, and
1297:Henges
1179:Jhukar
853:Europe
383:Hamazi
288:on the
152:Period
11535:Music
11525:Media
11452:Islam
11404:Kurds
11230:Banks
11168:Women
10962:Lakes
10755:2011–
10715:Kings
10544:Sumer
10337:Greek
10140:Abora
10134:Ivlia
10046:Saina
9990:Ra II
9948:Sites
9733:Dokos
9345:Egypt
9267:trade
9232:Rafts
9217:Japan
9205:India
9117:Chios
9087:Mylae
9047:Olpae
8995:Roman
8990:Greek
8888:Aksum
8814:Chera
8809:Chola
8782:Sunda
8762:Kutai
8752:Kedah
8597:Tulum
8577:Sidon
8522:Opone
8512:Óc Eo
8482:Malao
8456:Kedah
8400:Basra
8348:Ports
8326:Inuit
8146:Tanja
8106:Egypt
7956:Cabin
7899:Tomol
7742:Types
7660:Ubaid
7627:Ubaid
7619:Gawra
7613:Ubaid
7607:Ubaid
7570:Gawra
7508:Eridu
7496:Ubaid
7490:Eridu
7484:Ubaid
7471:24–22
7407:Halaf
7326:Ubaid
7253:Jarmo
7173:Jarmo
7017:10000
6981:11000
6974:China
6969:India
6964:Indus
6907:Syria
6902:Egypt
6680:Music
6630:Akitu
6487:Roman
6379:Ubaid
6374:Halaf
6272:Tukri
6267:Sumer
6262:Suhum
6242:Media
6192:Akkad
5861:(3).
5849:(PDF)
5810:JSTOR
5755:JSTOR
5426:(PDF)
5323:(PDF)
5202:(PDF)
5178:S2CID
5124:(PDF)
5097:S2CID
5041:(PDF)
4984:S2CID
4899:(PDF)
4834:(PDF)
4796:(PDF)
4769:JSTOR
4630:(PDF)
4580:S2CID
4218:S2CID
4150:S2CID
4111:S2CID
4071:S2CID
3951:(PDF)
3746:(PDF)
3619:Sumer
3388:Hemu-
3375:baogu
3373:Zhao-
3358:Yang-
3345:Xinle
3254:Jeul-
3230:Ubaid
3211:-5000
3169:JSTOR
3155:books
3054:ervil
3046:wheat
2972:ochre
2795:Girsu
2638:Qatar
2599:Flint
2392:Girsu
2285:shell
2281:pearl
2129:Syria
1971:Sumer
1792:Eridu
1685:Halaf
1492:Eridu
1429:Eridu
1287:Wheel
1010:China
378:Sumer
347:Eridu
162:Dates
11435:Jews
11158:LGBT
11122:List
11110:List
10475:Iraq
10266:Oslo
9988:and
9894:Isis
9841:Gozo
9362:Rome
9340:Maya
9222:Rome
9127:Nile
8893:Rome
8831:Maya
8687:Near
8607:Tyre
8359:Aden
8158:Junk
8030:Stem
8018:Sail
8003:Rope
7988:Mast
7983:Keel
7971:Hull
7961:Deck
7884:Raft
7765:Dhow
7646:3800
7589:4500
7566:Late
7532:4800
7447:5200
7400:Amuq
7389:5600
7283:6000
7198:6500
7133:7000
7079:8000
7062:9000
6959:Iran
6948:Iran
6726:Tell
6384:Uruk
6217:Elam
5984:ISBN
5943:ISBN
5919:ISBN
5892:ISBN
5831:ISBN
5794:Iraq
5779:ISBN
5739:Iraq
5724:ISBN
5705:ISBN
5686:ISBN
5667:ISBN
5648:ISBN
5629:ISBN
5610:ISBN
5558:PMID
5522:PMID
5463:OCLC
5453:ISBN
5399:ISBN
5363:OCLC
5353:ISBN
5216:OCLC
5206:ISBN
5138:OCLC
5128:ISBN
5055:OCLC
5045:ISBN
5015:ISBN
4913:OCLC
4903:ISBN
4848:OCLC
4838:ISBN
4810:OCLC
4800:ISBN
4759:ISBN
4734:ISBN
4644:OCLC
4634:ISBN
4540:ISBN
4500:OCLC
4490:ISBN
4431:ISBN
4395:ISBN
4330:OCLC
4303:link
4285:OCLC
4275:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4134:Iraq
4095:Iraq
3998:OCLC
3988:ISBN
3965:OCLC
3955:ISBN
3927:OCLC
3917:ISBN
3898:link
3880:OCLC
3870:ISBN
3847:OCLC
3837:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3760:OCLC
3750:ISBN
3632:and
3613:and
3539:and
3512:and
3489:clay
3402:Daxi
3360:shao
3267:Pre-
3141:news
3058:flax
2730:wool
2685:Susa
2671:and
2283:and
2263:and
2112:and
1979:Iraq
1904:Uruk
1618:Gulf
1608:and
1548:and
1431:and
1361:The
720:The
297:Iraq
11490:Art
11175:Law
9303:Tin
8350:and
8214:Ram
7993:Oar
7951:Bow
7572:20
6940:Low
6625:Art
5875:doi
5802:doi
5747:doi
5590:doi
5550:doi
5546:166
5512:PMC
5502:doi
5391:doi
5301:doi
5270:doi
5170:doi
5089:doi
5007:doi
4976:doi
4947:doi
4875:doi
4726:doi
4680:doi
4572:doi
4532:doi
4464:doi
4423:doi
4387:doi
4361:doi
4322:doi
4245:doi
4210:doi
4173:doi
4142:doi
4103:doi
4063:doi
4029:doi
3256:mun
3124:by
1570:oak
1501:in
1403:In
11640::
9986:Ra
9955:H3
9709::
7662:4
7639:B
7629:3
7609:3
7517:A
7402:A
7334:)
7316:)
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