Uruk period - Knowledge

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more than 1000 m. The 'temples' of the monumental group of Tell Qanas may have been residences for the leaders of the city. These are thus very hierarchical habitats, indicating the social differentiation that existed in the urban centres of the Late Uruk period (much more than in the preceding period). Another trait of the nascent urban society is revealed by the organisation of domestic space. The houses seem to fold in on themselves, with a new floor plan developed from the tripartite plan current in the Ubayd period, but augmented by a reception area and by a central space (perhaps open to the sky), around which the other rooms were arranged. These houses thus had a private space separated from a public space where guests could be received. In an urban society with a community so much larger than village societies, the relations with people outside the household became more distant, leading to this separation of the house. Thus the old rural house was adapted to the realities of urban society. This model of a house with a central space remained very widespread in the cities of Mesopotamia in the following periods, although it must be kept in mind that the floor plans of residences were very diverse and depended on the development of urbanism in different sites.

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types of site, ranging from colonies that could be actual Urukian sites through to trading posts with an Urukian enclave and sites that are mostly local with a weak or non-existent Urukian influence, as well as others where contacts are more or less strong without supplanting the local culture. The case of Susiana and the Iranian plateau, which is generally studied by different scholars from those who work on Syrian and Anatolian sites, has led to some attempted explanations based on local developments, notably the development of the proto-Elamite culture, which is sometimes seen as a product of the expansion and sometimes as an adversary. The case of the southern Levant and Egypt is different again and helps to highlight the role of local cultures as receivers of the Uruk culture. In the Levant there was no stratified society with embryonic cities and bureaucracy, and therefore no strong elite to act as local intermediaries of Urukian culture and as a result Urukian influence is especially weak. In Egypt, Urukian influence seems to be limited to a few objects which were seen as prestigious or exotic (most notably the knife of Jebel el-Arak), chosen by the elite at a moment when they needed to assert their power in a developing state.

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product of a long process and preceded by the appearance of 'chieftainships.' This process was not a linear progression but was marked by phases of growth and decline (like the 'collapse' of archaeological cultures). Its roots lie in the societies of the Neolithic period, and the process is characterised by the increase of social inequality over the long term, visible in particular in the creation of monumental architecture and funerary materials by groups of the elite, which reinforced itself as a collective and managed to exercise its power in a firmer and firmer manner. Among the main causes proposed by proponents of the functionalist model of the state are a collective response to practical problems (particularly following serious crises or a deadlocks), like the need to better manage the demographic growth of a community or to provide it with resources through agricultural production or trade, alternatively others suggest that it was driven by the need to soothe or direct conflicts arising from the process of securing those resources. Other explanatory models put more stress on the personal interest of individuals in their quest for power and prestige. It is likely that several of these explanations are relevant.

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therefore poorly placed to evaluate the impact of the development of southern Mesopotamia, since we have almost no archaeological evidence about it. Moreover, the chronology of this period is far from established, which makes it difficult to date the expansion. It has proven difficult to make the levels at different sites correspond closely enough to attribute them to a single period, making the elaboration of relative chronology very complicated. Among the theories that have been advanced to explain the Uruk expansion, the commercial explanation is frequently revived. However, although long-distance trade is undoubtedly a secondary phenomenon for the south Mesopotamian states compared to local production and seems to follow the development of increased social complexity rather than causing it, this does not necessarily prove a process of colonisation. Some other theories propose a form of agrarian colonisation resulting from a shortage of land in Lower Mesopotamia or a migration of refugees after the Uruk region suffered ecological or political upheavals. These explanations are largely advanced to explain the sites of the Syro-Anatolian world, rather than as global theories.

2506:, argues that from the beginning writing was more than just a managerial tool; it was also a method for recording concepts and language (i.e. Sumerian), because from its invention the signs did not only represent real objects (pictograms) but also ideas (ideograms), along with their associated sounds (phonograms). This theory presents writing as a radical conceptual change, resulting in a change in the way the world was perceived. From the beginning of writing, scribes wrote lexical lists on the edges of administrative documents. These were proper scholarly works, enabling them to explore the possibilities of the writing system in classifying signs according to their 'families', inventing new signs, and developing the writing system, but more generally they were also producing a classification of the things that constituted the world which they inhabited, improving their understanding of it. According to Glassner, this indicates that the invention of writing cannot be entirely linked with material considerations. The invention of such a system required reflection on the image and the different senses that a sign could bear, notably for representing the abstract. 991: 9822: 1504: 1478:, elaborating the model colonialism and incipient imperial expansion that sought to explain the Uruk civilization. In his view, which has met with some approval, but has also found many critics, the 'Urukians' created a collection of colonies outside Lower Mesopotamia, first in Upper Mesopotamia (Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda, as well as Nineveh, Tell Brak and Samsat to the north), then in Susiana and the Iranian plateau. For Algaze, the motivation of this activity is considered to be a form of economic imperialism: the elites of southern Mesopotamia wanted to obtain the numerous raw materials which were not available in the Tigris and Euphrates floodplains, and founded their colonies on nodal points which controlled a vast commercial network (although it remains impossible to determine what exactly was exchanged), settling them with refugees as in some models of 1142:, is located right next to lower Mesopotamia, which exercised a powerful influence on it from the 5th millennium BC, and might be considered to have been part of the Uruk culture in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, either as a result of conquest or a more gradual acculturation, but it did retain its own unique characteristics. The Uruk period levels at Susa are called Susa I (c. 4000–3700 BC) and Susa II (c. 3700–3100 BC), during which the site became an urban settlement. Susa I saw the beginning of monumental architecture on the site, with the construction of a 'High Terrace', which was increased during Susa II to measure roughly 60 x 45 metres. The most interesting aspect of this site is the objects discovered there, which are the most important evidence available to us for the art of the Uruk period and the beginning of administration and writing. The 919:

Thereafter, the buildings were vastly larger than earlier, some had novel designs and new construction techniques were used for the structure and the decoration. Level IV of the Eanna is divided into two monumental groups: in the west, a complex centred on the 'Temple with mosaics' (decorated with mosaics made of painted clay cones) of level IVB, subsequently covered by another building (the 'Riemchen Building') of level IVA. To the east there is a very important group of structures—notably a 'Square Building' and the 'Riemchen Temple Building', which were subsequently replaced by other buildings with original plans, like the 'Hall with Pillars' and the 'Hall with Mosaics', a square 'Grand Court' and two very large buildings with a tripartite plan, 'Temple C' (54 x 22 m) and 'Temple D' (80 x 50 m, the largest building known from the Uruk period).

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writing. This, notably, allowed them to administer trading posts with precision, noting down the arrival and departure of products—sometimes presented as purchase and sale—in order to maintain an exact count of the products in stock in the storerooms which the scribe had responsibility for. These storage spaces were closed and marked with the seal of the administrator in charge. The scribal class were involved in understanding and managing the state, in the exploitation and production capacity of the fields, troops, and artisans, for many years, which involved the production of inventories, and led to the construction of true archives of the activities of an institution or one of its subdivisions. This was possible due to the progressive development of more management tools, especially true writing.

2177: 1704:, we know from archaeological discoveries that these fruits are consumed in Lower Mesopotamia in the 5th millennium BC. The date of its first cultivation by man can't be precisely determined: it is commonly supposed that the culture of this tree knew its development during the Late Uruk period, but the texts are not explicit on this matter. This system which progressively developed over two thousand years enabled higher yields, leaving more surplus than previously for workers, whose rations mainly consisted of barley. The human, material, and technical resources were now available for agriculture based on paid labour, although family-based farming remained the base unit. All of this undoubtedly led to population increase and thus urbanisation and the development of state structures. 1083:, where the influence of southern Mesopotamia remains barely perceptible. But in other areas the Uruk culture is more evident, such as Upper Mesopotamia, northern Syria, western Iran and southeastern Anatolia. They generally experienced an evolution similar to that of lower Mesopotamia, with the development of urban agglomerations and larger political entities and they were strongly influenced by the culture of the 'centre' in the later part of the period (c. 3400–3200), before a general strengthening of their own regional cultures took place at the turn of the 3rd millennium BC. The interpretation of the expansion of the Uruk culture into neighbouring regions poses numerous problems and many explanatory models (general and regional) have been proposed in order to explain it. 1821:

showing that a new level of mass-production had been reached, for a larger population—especially in cities in contact with large administrative systems. They were mainly used for holding various kinds of agricultural production (barley, beer, dates, milk, etc.) and were thus pervasive in everyday life. This period marks the appearance of potters who specialised in the production of large quantities of pottery, which resulted in the emergence of specialised districts within communities. Although the quality was low, the diversity of shapes and sizes became more important than previously, with the diversification of the functions served by pottery. Not all the pottery of this period was produced on the potter's wheel: the most distinctive vessel of the Uruk period, the

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for the exercise of power have been identified for sure and no monumental tomb for a ruler has been found either. Images on steles and cylinder-seals are a little more evocative. An important figure who clearly holds some kind of authority has long been noted: a bearded man with a headband who is usually depicted wearing a bell-shaped skirt or as ritually naked. He is often represented as a warrior fighting human enemies or wild animals, e.g. in the 'Stele of the Hunt' found at Uruk, in which he defeats lions with his bow. He is also found in victory scenes accompanied by prisoners or structures. He also is shown leading cult activities, as on a vase from Uruk of the Jemdet Nasr period which shows him leading a procession towards a goddess, who is almost certainly

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millennium BC, the first system of writing, and it is the material and symbolic culture of this region which had the most influence on the rest of the Near East at this time. However, this region is not well-known archaeologically, since only the site of Uruk itself has provided traces of monumental architecture and administrative documents which justify seeing this region as the most dynamic and influential. At some other sites, construction from this period has been found, but they are usually known only as a result of soundages. In the current state of knowledge it remains impossible to determine whether the site of Uruk was actually unique in this region or if it is simply an accident of excavation that makes it seem more important than the others.

9259: 2215:(Tell Brak, Hamoukar, Tell al-Hawa, Grai Resh). Excavations in the latter region tend to contradict the idea that urbanisation began in Mesopotamia and then spread to neighbouring regions; the appearance of an urban centre at Tell Brak appears to have resulted from a local process with the progressive aggregation of village communities that had previously lived separately, and without the influence of any strong central power (unlike what seems to have been the case at Uruk). Early urbanisation should therefore be thought of as a phenomenon which took place simultaneously in several regions of the Near East in the 4th millennium BC, though further research and excavation is still required in order to make this process clearer to us. 8399: 673:. The chronology of the Uruk period is highly debated and still very uncertain. It is known that it covered most of the 4th millennium BC. But there is no agreement on the date when it began or ended and the major breaks within the period are difficult to determine. This is due primarily to the fact that the original stratigraphy of the central quarter of Uruk is ancient and very unclear and the excavations of it were conducted in the 1930s, before many modern dating techniques existed. These problems are largely linked to the difficulty specialists have had establishing synchronisms between the different archaeological sites and a relative chronology, which would enable the development of a more reliable absolute chronology. 7031: 605: 7994: 2054:

of Eridu, which had an area of only 280 m—and the Eanna complex's other buildings cover a further 1000 m, while the Ubayd temple of Eridu was a stand-alone structure. The change in size reflects a step-change in the ability of central authorities to mobilise human and material resources. Tombs also show a growing differentiation of wealth and thus an increasingly powerful elite, who sought to distinguish themselves from the rest of the population by obtaining prestige goods, through trade if possible and by employing increasingly specialised artisans. The idea that the Uruk period saw the appearance of a true state, simultaneously with the appearance of the first cities (following

5289: 11486: 1355:, was excavated by G. Stein and was located at the crossroads of some important commercial routes. Beveled rim bowls appear from phase B1 (c. 3800/3700 BC) and they are also present in phase B2 (3700–3300 BC), along with other objects characteristic of Late Uruk, like mosaics of clay cones, a terracotta sickle, an accounting bulla imprinted with the pattern from a cylinder seal, an uninscribed clay tablet, etc. This material co-exists with local pottery, which remains dominant throughout. The excavator of the site thinks that there was an enclave of people from Lower Mesopotamia who lived on the site alongside a majority population of local people. 2300:(cylinders engraved with a motif which could be rolled over clay in order to impress a symbol in it) were invented and replaced the simple seals. They were used to seal clay envelopes and tablets, and to authenticate objects and goods, because they functioned like a signature for the person who applied the seal or for the institution which they represented. These cylinder seals would remain a characteristic element of Near Eastern civilization for several millennia. The reasons for their success lay in the possibilities that they offered of an image and thus a message with more detail, with a narrative structure, and perhaps an element of magic. 1731:). With its high transport capacity (about double that of a human), it enabled the further development of trade over short and long distances. Pastoralism of animals which had already been domesticated (sheep, horses, cattle) also developed further. Previously these animals had been raised mainly as sources of meat, but they now became more important for the products which they provided (wool, fur, hides, milk) and as beasts of burden. This final aspect was especially connected with the cattle, which became essential for work in the fields with the appearance of the ard, and the donkey which assumed a major role in the transportation of goods. 1373:, is the most remarkable site of the period in eastern Anatolia. It has been excavated by M. Frangipane. During the first half of the 4th millennium BC, this site was dominated by a building called 'Temple C' by the excavators, which was built on a platform. It was abandoned around 3500 BC and replaced by a monumental complex which seems to have been the regional centre of power. The culture of Late Uruk had a discernible influence, which can be seen most clearly in the numerous sealings found on the site, many of which are in a south Mesopotamian style. Around 3000 BC, the site was destroyed by a fire. The monuments were not restored and the 7703: 5293: 11116: 1924: 1252:, and numerical tablets from the end of the period. Thus this new city has every appearance of being an Urukian colony. Around 20 residences of various sorts have been excavated. They have a tripartite plan, arranged around a reception hall with a foyer opening onto an internal courtyard, with additional rooms arranged around it. In the south of the site is a hill, Tell Qanas, which has a monumental group of several structures identified speculatively as 'temples' on an artificial terrace. The site was abandoned at the end of the 4th millennium BC, apparently without violence, during the period when the Uruk culture retreated. 1075:. The Uruk culture itself is certainly characterised mainly by sites of southern Mesopotamia and others which seem to have directly resulted from migrations from this region (the 'colonies' or 'emporia'), which are clearly part of the Uruk culture. But the phenomenon which is known as the Uruk expansion is detected on sites situated across a vast zone of influence, covering the whole Near East, regions which were not all really part of the Uruk culture, which was strictly-speaking limited to Lower Mesopotamia. The relations of some areas with the Uruk culture are very unclear, such as the little-known cultures of the 885: 9652: 2540:

the central figure of society as the monarch, but also some ordinary men engaged in everyday life, agricultural and artisanal work (pottery, weaving). This realism indicates a true shift, which might be called 'humanist', because it marks a turning point in Mesopotamian art and more generally a change in the mental universe which placed man or at least the human form in a more prominent position than ever before. It is perhaps at the end of the Uruk period that the first signs of anthropomorphism of divinities that became the norm in subsequent periods emerge. The Uruk vase undoubtedly represents the goddess

7666: 7091: 1852: 1832: 8245: 645: 758:, based on recent excavations, especially at sites outside Mesopotamia. They consider the Uruk period to be the "Late Chalcolithic" (LC). Their LC 1 corresponds to the end of the Ubaid period and ends around 4200 BC, with the beginning of LC 2, which is the first phase of the Uruk period. They divide "Old Uruk" into two phases, with the dividing line placed around 4000 BC. Around 3800 BC, LC 3 begins, which corresponds to the "Middle Uruk" phase and continues until around 3400 BC, when it is succeeded by LC 4. It rapidly transitions to LC 5 (Late Uruk), which continues until 3000 BC. 11838: 1299:

monuments which are definitely for cultic purposes. The 'Eye Temple' (as its final stage is known) has walls decorated with terracotta cones which form a mosaic and with inlays of coloured stones and a platform which might have been an altar and is decorated with gold leaf, lapis lazuli, silver nails, and white marble in a central T-shaped room. The most remarkable find are over two hundred "eye figurines" which give the building its name. These figurines have enormous eyes and are definitely votive deposits. Tell Brak has also produced evidence of writing: a numeric tablet and two

2566: 2358: 720: 1331:, which was also important in the Ubayd period, is an important case of the changing scale of monumental architecture and of political entities between the end of the 5th millennium and the first half of the 4th millennium BC (Level XII to VIII). The excavations there have revealed some very rich tombs, different kinds of residence, workshops, and very large buildings with an official or religious function (notably the 'round structure'), which may indicate that Tepe Gawra was a regional political centre. However, it declined before the Uruk expansion into Upper Mesopotamia. 9879: 1102: 2148:), administrators, priests, etc. Their scribes produced administrative documents relating to the management of land, the distribution of rations (barley, wool, oil, beer, etc.) for workers, which include slaves, and listing of the heads of livestock. These institutions could control the production of prestige goods, redistribution, long-distance trade, and the management of public works. They were able to support increasingly specialised workers. The largest institutions contained multiple 'departments' devoted to a single activity (cultivation of fields, herds, etc.). 2264: 1868: 1118: 1915:), the copper-lead alloy being also found, while the tin bronze does not begin to spread until the following millennium (although the Late Uruk Period is supposed to be the beginning of the 'Bronze Age'). The development of metallurgy also implies the development of long-distance trade in metals. Mesopotamia needed to import metal from Iran or Anatolia, which motivated the long-distance trade which we see developing in the 4th millennium BC and explains why Mesopotamian metalworkers preferred techniques which were very economical in their use of raw metal. 2116: 2042: 2696: 2235: 1796: 1671: 8573: 734: 178: 860:

language. Some argue that it is actually Sumerian, in which case the Sumerians would have been its inventors and would have already been present in the region in the final centuries of the 4th millennium at the latest (which seems to be the most widely accepted position). Whether other ethnic groups were also present, especially Semitic ancestors of the Akkadians or one or several 'pre-Sumerian' peoples (neither Sumerian nor Semite and predating both in the region) is also debated and cannot be resolved by excavation.

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Mesopotamia from the 3rd millennium BC—rather than being linked to specific forces of nature. The presence of a cult surrounded by institutions and bureaucracy, relying on their capacity to produce or collect wealth and apparently controlled by a royal figure indicates that the religion which is seen in the sources was an official religion, in which the sacrificial act was seen as preserving good relations between men and gods, so that the latter would ensure the prosperity of the former.

2553:(hoard) of level III of Eanna (Jemdet Nasr period). Some bas-reliefs are found on steles like the 'Hunt stele' or the great alabaster vase representing a scene of a man giving an offering to a goddess, undoubtedly Inanna. These works also foreground an authority figure who carries out military exploits and manages religious cults. They are also characterised by their level of realism in the depiction of the features of individuals. A final remarkable work of the artists of Uruk III is the 2107:

development is also connected with the changes in iconography and with the emergence of an ideology of royalty intended to support the construction of a new kind of political entity. The elites played a role as religious intermediaries between the divine world and the human world, notably in sacrificial ritual and in festivals which they organised and which assured their symbolic function as the foundation of social order. This reconstruction is apparent from the friezes on the great

10700: 2515: 10591: 7274: 2099:. In other cases, he is shown feeding animals, which suggests the idea of the king as a shepherd, who gathers his people together, protects them and looks after their needs, ensuring the prosperity of the kingdom. These motifs match the functions of the subsequent Sumerian kings: war-leader, chief priest, and builder. Scholars have proposed that this figure should be called the 'Priest-King'. This ruler may be the person designated in Uruk III tablets by the title of 946: 13177: 8913: 958: 2448:, one sign = one word). But this is very contested because there is no obvious correspondence between the tokens and the pictograms that replaced them. In general, a first development (occurring around 3300–3100 BC) is however retained as being based on accounting and management practices, and has been explored in more detailed by H. Nissen and R. Englund. This writing system is pictographic, made up of linear signs incised in clay tablets using a 13187: 9907: 6031: 2160:) of different sizes, from large institutions to modest family groups, that can be classified in modern terms as 'public' or 'private' and which were in constant interaction with one another. Some archives were probably produced in a private context in residences of Susa, Habuba Kabira, and Jebel Aruda. But these documents represent relatively rudimentary accounting, indicating a smaller scale of economic activity. One study carried out at 978:, in levels IV and III, in a context where they had been disposed of, which means that the context in which they were created is not known to us. Uruk III, which corresponds to the Jemdet Nasr period, sees a complete reorganisation of the Eanna quarter, in which the buildings on the site were razed and replaced by a grand terrace, which ignores the earlier buildings. In their foundations, a deposit which is probably of a cultic nature (the 6871: 6861: 2222:, a settlement of limited size. It is necessary to turn to Syria and the neighbouring sites of Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda for an example of urbanism that is relatively well-known. Habuba Kabira consisted of 22 hectares, surrounded by a wall and organised around some important buildings, major streets and narrow alleys, and a group of residences of similar shape organised around a courtyard. It was clearly a planned city created 1413: 27: 1248:, a fortified port on the right bank of the river in Syria. The city covered around 22 hectares, surrounded by a defensive wall, roughly 10 percent of which has been uncovered. Study of the buildings on this site shows that it was a planned settlement, which would have required significant means. The archaeological material from the site is identical to that of Uruk, consisting of pottery, cylinder-seals, bullae, accounting 12057: 2710: 548: 2067:

those that existed in the 3rd millennium BC. This seems to be corroborated by the existence of 'civic seals' in the Jemdet Nasr period, which bear symbols of the Sumerian cities of Uruk, Ur, Larsa, etc. The fact that these symbols appeared together might indicate a kind of league or confederation uniting the cities of southern Mesopotamia, perhaps for religious purposes, perhaps under the authority of one of them (Uruk?).

10933: 7925: 13197: 934: 13207: 9021: 1735: 2682: 1787:) had the same results for the processing and its redistribution, giving the ancient Mesopotamian economy its two key industries and went along with the economic development of large systems. Moreover, wool could be exported easily (unlike perishable food products), which may have meant that the Mesopotamians had something to exchange with their neighbours who had more in the way of primary materials. 1269: 1623: 7838: 7661: 9016: 8568: 8240: 7833: 7646: 9133: 8095: 2071: 7078: 1362:(also in the Euphrates valley). An Urukian site was revealed at Samsat during a hasty rescue excavation before the area was flooded as a result of the construction of a hydroelectric dam. Fragments of clay cones from a wall mosaic were found. A little to the south is Kurban Höyük, where clay cones and pottery characteristic of Uruk have also been found in tripartite buildings. 836:, a flat region transected by waterways, resulting in a potentially vast area of cultivable land, over which communications by river or land were easy. It may also have become a highly populated and urbanised region in the 4th millennium BC, with a social hierarchy, artisanal activities, and long-distance commerce. It has been the focus of archaeological investigation led by 2308:). The latter come in various forms: balls, cones, rods, discs, etc. Each of these models has been identified as representing a certain numerical value, or a specific type of merchandise. They made it possible to store information for the management of institutions (arrival and departure of goods) or commercial operations, and to send that information to other places. These 1327:(Tell Kuyunjik, level 4) was located on some major commercial routes and was also within the Urukian sphere of influence. The site covered roughly 40 hectares—the whole area of Tell Kuyunjik. The material remains of the period are very limited, but beveled rim bowls, an accounting bulla, and a numerical tablet characteristic of the Late Uruk period have been found. Nearby, 1482:. The relations established between Lower Mesopotamia and the neighbouring regions were thus of an asymmetric kind. The inhabitants of Lower Mesopotamia had the advantage in the interactions with neighbouring regions as a result of the high productivity of their lands, which had allowed their region to "take off" (he speaks of "the Sumerian takeoff") resulting in both a 1783:. Subsequently, this resulted in the development of an important textile industry, attested by many cylinder-seal impressions. This too was largely an institutional development, since wool became an essential element in the maintenance rations provided to workers along with barley. The establishment of this 'wool cycle' alongside the 'barley cycle' (the terms used by 840:, whose work has been very important for the understanding of the emergence of urban societies in this region. A clear settlement hierarchy has been identified, dominated by a number of agglomerations which grew more and more important over the 4th millennium BC, of which Uruk seems to have been the most important by far, making this the most ancient known case of 2608:). These gods received various offerings in everyday cult, but also in festival ceremonies like those in subsequent periods. The great vase of Uruk also seems to represent a procession bringing offerings to the goddess Inanna, whose symbol appears on the frieze. The religious beliefs of the 4th millennium BC have been the object of debate: 765:

from the end of the Ubaid period (Old Uruk), then a period of expansion (Middle Uruk), with a peak during which the characteristic traits of the 'Uruk civilization' are definitively established (Late Uruk), and then a retreat of Urukian influence and increase in cultural diversity in the Near East along with a decline of the 'centre'.

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similarity with buildings in later periods which were certainly sanctuaries: the white temple of Uruk, the temples of Eridu, of Tell Uqair. Some religious installations like altars and basins have been found here. It appears that deities were worshiped in temples. They call to mind several temples, designated by the sign for 'house' (

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elements. Painted pottery is less common than in previous periods, with no decoration or just incisions or pellets. The greater complexity of the society and the development of more powerful elites who wanted to express their power in more diverse ways offered new opportunities to artists who could express themselves in other media.

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an 'urban' society as distinct from the 'rural' society which provided food for the growing portion of the population that did not feed itself, although the relationship between the two groups and the views of the people of the time about this distinction remain difficult to discern. This phenomenon was characterised by

1043:, which dates to the end of the Uruk period or perhaps the Jemdet Nasr period, and consists of two terraces superimposed on one another with a building of around 18 x 22 m identified as having a cultic function. More recently, a level belonging to the Uruk period has been revealed on the tell southeast of the site of 1039:, site of the main monumental structures of the Ubaid period in Lower Mesopotamia, is poorly known for the Uruk period though Uruk Period pottery was found there. The only important structure from the end of the 4th millennium BC so far known from the region outside Uruk is the 'Painted Temple' on the platform of 1307:, where excavations began in 1999. This vast site has provided the normal evidence found at sites under Urukian influence in Upper Mesopotamia (pottery, seals) and evidence of the existence of an important urban centre in this region in the Uruk period, like Tell Brak. Further to the east again, the site of 1647:

the 'colonies' of the middle Euphrates). The aspects traced here are mostly those of the Late Uruk period, which is the best known and undoubtedly the period in which the most rapid change took place—it is the moment when the characteristic traits of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization were established.

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palace chapels), desired by the dominant power in the city, whose nature is still unclear. In any case, it was necessary to invest considerable effort to construct these buildings, which shows the capacities of the elites of this period. Uruk is also the site of the most important discoveries of early

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Seals were used to secure merchandise that had been stocked or exchanged, to secure storage areas, or to identify an administrator or merchant. They are attested from the middle of the 7th millennium BC. With the development of institutions and long-distance trade, their use became widespread. In the

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The study of houses at the sites of Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda has revealed the social evolution which accompanied the appearance of urban society. The former site, which is the better known, has houses of different sizes, which cover an average area of 400 m, while the largest have a footprint of

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and inseparable from the appearance of the first states. This model, which is based on material evidence, has been heavily debated ever since. The causes of the appearance of cities have been discussed a great deal. Some scholars explain the development of the first cities by their role as ceremonial

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What kind of political organisation existed in the Uruk period is debated. No evidence supports the idea that this period saw the development of a kind of 'proto-empire' centred on Uruk, as has been proposed by Algaze and others. It is probably best to understand an organisation in 'city-states' like

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In order to discern the key developments which make this period a crucial step in the history of the ancient Near East, research focusses mainly on the centre, Lower Mesopotamia, and on sites in neighbouring regions which are clearly integrated into the civilization which originated there (especially

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On the cusp of prehistory and history, the Uruk period can be considered 'revolutionary' and foundational in many ways. Many of the innovations which it produced were turning points in the history of Mesopotamia and indeed of the world. It is in this period that one sees the general appearance of the

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In effect, the impact of Uruk is generally distinguished in specific sites and regions, which has led to the development of multiple typologies of material considered to be characteristic of the Uruk culture (especially the pottery and the beveled rim bowls). It has been possible to identify multiple

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Recent excavations have focused on sites outside Mesopotamia, as a 'periphery', and with an interest in how they related to the 'centre', the site of Uruk. Subsequently, theories and knowledge have developed to the point of general models, drawing on parallels from other places and periods, which has

1439:

Later, questions arose about the relationship between Lower Mesopotamia and the neighbouring regions. The fact that the characteristics of the culture of the Uruk region are found across such a large territory (from northern Syria to the Iranian plateau), with Lower Mesopotamia as a clear centre, led

926:

by the excavators of the site, because it was the location of a sanctuary for this god some 3000 years later. It is dominated by a series of temples built on a high terrace after the Ubayd period. The best-preserved of these is the "White Temple" of level IV, which measures 17.5 x 22.3 m and gets its

2530:

The Uruk period saw a notable renewal, which accompanied substantial changes in the symbolic sphere. This is visible primarily in the artistic media: the forms of pottery became more rudimentary, after the development of the potter's wheel, which allowed mass-production without a focus on decorative

2455:

The majority of the texts of the Uruk period are concerned with management and accounting, so it is logical to imagine that writing was developed in response to the needs of the state institutions which engaged in more and more management over time, since it offered the possibility of recording more

2106:

Researchers who analyse the appearance of the state as being characterised by greater central control and stronger social hierarchy, are interested in the role of the elites who sought to reinforce and organise their power over a network of people and institutions and to augment their prestige. This

1699:

techniques also seem to have improved in the Uruk period. These different inventions allowed the progressive development of a new agricultural landscape, characteristic of ancient Lower Mesopotamia. It consisted of long rectangular fields suited for being worked in furrows, each bordered by a little

1259:

on a rocky outcrop, only 8 km further north. As at Habuba Kabira, there is an urban centre made up of residences of various kinds and a central monumental complex of two 'temples'. It is beyond doubt that this city too was built by 'Urukians'. A little further north, is a third possibly Urukian

1151:

and clay tokens, indicate the rise of administration and of accounting techniques at Susa during the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Susa has also yielded some of the most ancient writing tablets, making it a key site for our understanding of the origins of writing. Other sites in Susiana also

764:

Although the chronology of the Uruk period is full of uncertainties, it is generally agreed to have a rough span of a thousand years covering the period from 4000 to 3000 BC and to be divided into several phases: an initial urbanisation and elaboration of Urukian cultural traits marks the transition

2535:

took on exceptional importance, whether it was carved in the round, or as bas-relief on steles and especially on cylinder seals which first appeared in the Middle Uruk period. These have been the object of numerous studies because they are very good evidence for the mental universe of the people of

2392:

The texts of this period are mostly of an administrative type and are found principally in contexts that seem to be public (palaces or temples), rather than private. But the texts of Uruk, which constitute the majority of the total corpus for this period, were discovered in a trash heap rather than

2188:

The Uruk period saw some settlements achieve a new importance and population density, as well as the development of monumental civic architecture. They reached a level where they can properly be called cities. This was accompanied by a number of social changes resulting in what can fairly be called

2135:

With respect to this development of a more centralised control of resources, the tablets of Late Uruk reveal the existence of institutions that played an important role in society and economy and undoubtedly in contemporary politics. Whether these institutions were temples or palaces is debated. In

2053:

The Uruk period provides the earliest signs of the existence of states in the Near East. The monumental architecture is more imposing than that of the preceding period; 'Temple D' of Eanna covers around 4600 m—a substantial increase compared to the largest known temple of the Ubayd period, level VI

1642:

more than 6000 years earlier and which had picked up steam in the preceding Ubayd period in Mesopotamia. This is especially the case in English-language scholarship, in which the theoretical approaches have been largely inspired by anthropology since the 1970s, and which has studied the Uruk period

1435:

Tell Sheikh Hassan was located on the left (eastern) bank of the river, and it was founded during the Middle Uruk period. Later, during the earlier part of the Late Uruk period, Jebel Aruda, and Habuba Kabira-South, together with Tell Qanas right next to it, were founded on the opposite bank of the

968:

The function of these buildings, which are unparalleled in their size and the fact that they are gathered in monumental groups, is debated. The excavators of the site wanted to see them as 'temples', influenced by the fact that in the historic period, the Eanna was the area dedicated to the goddess

2584:

The religious universe of the Late Uruk period is very difficult to understand. As already stated, the cult places are very difficult to identify archaeologically, in particular in the area of the Eanna in Uruk. But in many cases, the cult foundations of buildings seems very probable, based on the

2539:

The artistic canons of the period were clearly more realistic than the preceding periods. The human being is at the centre of this art. This is notably the case with the cylinder seals and prints of cylinder seals found at Susa (level II), which are the most realistic of the period: they represent

2460:

and was not capable of recording complete phrases because it only had symbols for real objects, especially goods and people, with a vast number of numerical signs for the multiple different metrological systems, and only a few actions (Englund calls this the stage of the 'numerical tablets' and of

2202:

which considers the appearance of cities to be a result of the appearance of the state and its institutions, which attracted wealth and people to central settlements, and encouraged residents to become increasingly specialised. This theory thus leads the problem of the origin of cities back to the

2094:

It is clear that there were major changes in the political organisation of society in this period. The nature of the powerholders is not easy to determine because they cannot be identified in the written sources and the archaeological evidence is not very informative: no palaces or other buildings

1820:

to smooth the surface and decoration became less and less complex until there was basically none. Painted pottery was then secondary and the rare examples of decoration are mainly incisions (lozenge patterns or grid lines). Archaeological sites from this period produce large quantities of pottery,

1577:

It might be added that an interpretation of the relations of this period as centre/periphery interaction, although often relevant in period, risks prejudicing researchers to see decisions in an asymmetric or diffusionist fashion, and this needs to be nuanced. Thus, it increasingly appears that the

973:

and the other sector was dedicated to the god An. This conformed to the theory of the 'temple-city' which was in vogue during the inter-war period. It is possible that this is actually a place of power formed by a complex of buildings of different forms (palatial residences, administrative spaces,

914:

site, which was the largest by far, according to our current knowledge, and it is the main one from which the chronological sequence of the period has been constructed. It may have covered 230–500 hectares at its peak during the Late Uruk period, more than the other contemporary large settlements,

859:

and the dating of their emergence (if they are considered locals of the region) or their arrival (if they are thought to have migrated) in lower Mesopotamia. There is no agreement on the archaeological evidence for a migration, or on whether the earliest form of writing already reflects a specific

692:

From the middle of the 4th millennium, it transitions to the best-known period, "Late Uruk", which continues until around 3200 or 3100 BC. It is in fact in this period that the features which are generally seen as most characteristic of the civilization of the Uruk period occur: high technological

2615:

Other analyses have revealed the existence of a collective cult in the Sumerian cities of the Jemdet Nasr period, focused on the cult of the goddess Inanna and her sanctuary at Uruk, who thus had a preeminent position. The gods seem to be associated with specific cities - as was characteristic of

2376:

Writing appeared very early in the Middle Uruk period, and then developed further in the Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods. The first clay tablets inscribed with a reed stylus are found in Uruk IV (nearly 2000 tablets were found in the Eanna quarter) and some are found also in Susa II, consisting

2275:

The Uruk period, particularly in its late phase, is characterized by the explosion of "symbolic technology": signs, images, symbolic designs and abstract numbers are used in order to manage efficiently a more complex human society. The appearance of institutions and households with some important

2226:

and not an agglomeration that developed passively from village to city. The planners of this period were thus capable of creating a complete urban plan and thus had an idea of what a city was, including its internal organisation and principal monuments. Urbanisation is not found everywhere in the

2111:

vase of Uruk and in many administrative texts which mention the transport of goods to be used in rituals. In fact, according to the Mesopotamian ideology known in the following period, human beings had been created by the gods in order to serve them and the goodwill of the latter was necessary to

1985:

and projections which were to be a characteristic feature of Mesopotamian architecture thereafter. The layout of the buildings was also novel, since they did not continue the tripartite plan inherited from the Ubayd period: buildings on the Eanna at this time had labyrinthine plans with elongated

1452:

of an area, which constitutes the more extreme colonization hypothesis? Or was it perhaps some sort of an infiltration by groups of Urukean or southern Mesopotamian people trying to farm suitable lands – perhaps even by some refugees fleeing growing political oppression and overcrowding at Uruk?

1175:

valley is particularly important. Level V of this site belongs to the Uruk period. Remains have been uncovered of an ovoid wall, enclosing several buildings organised around a central court, with a large structure to the north which might be a public building. The material culture has some traits

2498:

in Sumerian, so the sign for 'arrow' could be used to indicate the sound ). At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, the fundamental principles of Mesopotamian writing—the association of logograms and phonograms—had been put in place. Writing was then able to record grammatical elements of the

2167:

Research into the causes of the emergence of these political structures has not produced any theory which is widely accepted. Research into explanations is heavily influenced by evolutionist frameworks and is in fact more interested in the period before the appearance of the state, which was the

2291:

developed in the Late Uruk period and contributed to the development of a bureaucracy, but only in the context of the large institutions. Many texts seem to indicate the existence of training in the production of managerial texts for apprentice scribes, who could also use lexical lists to learn

2032:

by the end of the period. This development came with other major changes: the appearance of the first cities and of administrative systems capable of organising diverse activities. The causes and means by which these developments occurred and their relationship to one another are the subject of

1972:

were also found). New types of decoration came into use, like the use of painted pottery cones to make mosaics, which are characteristic of the Eanna in Uruk, semi-engaged columns, and fastening studs. Two standardised forms of molded mud-brick appear in these buildings from Uruk: little square

1298:

was an important urban centre from the 5th millennium BC, one of the largest of the Uruk period, since it covered over 110 hectares at its height. Some residences from the period have been uncovered, along with pottery typical of Uruk, but what has received the most attention is a succession of

2206:

In the Late Uruk period, the urban site of Uruk far exceeded all others. Its surface area, the scale of its monuments and the importance of the administrative tools unearthed there indicate that it was a key centre of power. It is often therefore referred to as the 'first city', but it was the

1541:

Algaze's theory, like other alternative models, has been criticised, particularly because a solid model remains difficult to demonstrate while the Uruk civilization remains poorly known in Lower Mesopotamia aside from the two monumental complexes that have been excavated at Uruk itself. We are

2544:

in human form. Additionally, real and fantastic animals were always present on seals, often as the principle subject of the scene. A very widespread motif is that of the 'cycle' representing a series of animals in continuous line, exploiting the new possibilities offered by the cylinder seal.

1655:

The 4th millennium BC saw the appearance of new tools which had a substantial impact on the societies that used them, especially in the economic sphere. Some of them, although known in the preceding period, only came into use on a large scale at this time. The use of these inventions produced

1561:

to emphasise their differentiation according to the cultural regions and sites in question. P. Butterlin has proposed that the links tying southern Mesopotamia to its neighbours in this period should be seen as a 'world culture' rather than an economic 'world system', in which the Uruk region

2348:

The developments that society experienced in the Uruk period had an impact in the mental and symbolic realm which manifested as a number of different phenomena. First, although the appearance of writing was undoubtedly connected to the managerial needs of the first state, it led to profound

918:

The most remarkable constructions are located in the sector called the Eanna (after the temple which was located there in subsequent periods and possibly already at this stage). After the 'Limestone Temple' of level V, a programme of construction hitherto unparalleled was begun in level IV.

812:

Lower Mesopotamia is the core of the Uruk period culture and the region seems to have been the cultural centre of the time because this is where the principal monuments are found and the most obvious traces of an urban society with state institutions developing in the second half of the 4th

1998:

was invented. Towards the end of the Uruk period, cylinder seals depict sleds, which had hitherto been the most commonly depicted form of land transport, less and less. They begin to show the first vehicles that appear to be on wheels, but it is not certain that they actually depict wheels

1687:—a wooden plough pulled by an animal (ass or ox)—towards the end of the 4th millennium BC, which enabled the production of long furrows in the earth. This made the agricultural work in the sowing season much simpler than previously, when this work had to be done by hand with tools like the 4038:, Warminster, 2002, pp. 207–235. Otherwise, this region was more marked by Egyptian influence in this period, cf. C. Nicolle, "Aux marges du Levant Sud : quelques considérations sur l'expansion "égyptienne" dans la seconde moitié du IVe millénaire," J.-M. Durand and A. Jacquet (ed.), 688:

The Uruk period is traditionally divided into many phases. The first two are "Old Uruk" (levels XII–IX), then "Middle Uruk" (VIII–VI). These first two phases are poorly known, and their chronological limits are poorly defined; many different chronological systems are found in scholarship.

2062:

in the 24th century BC as the first true state and considers Late Uruk to have known only "city-states" (which are not complete states in his view). Regardless, the institution of state-like political structures is concomitant with several other phenomena of the Uruk period.

2010:

The domestication of the donkey was also an advance of considerable importance, because they were more useful than the wheel as a means of transport in mountainous regions and for long-distance travel, before the spoked wheel was invented. The donkey enabled the system of

1146:

of Susa I and Susa II have a very rich iconography, uniquely emphasising scenes of everyday life, although there is also some kind of local potentate which P. Amiet sees as a 'proto-royal figure,' preceding the 'priest-kings' of Late Uruk. These cylinder seals, as well as

706:, after the archaeological site of that name. Its exact nature is highly debated, and it is difficult to clearly distinguish its traits from those of the Uruk culture, so some scholars refer to it as the "Final Uruk" period instead. It lasted from around 3000 to 2950 BC. 693:

development, the development of important urban agglomerations with imposing monumental structures (the most characteristic of these is Level IV of Eanna), the appearance of state institutions, and the expansion of the Uruk civilization throughout the whole Near East.

2027:

The 4th millennium BC saw a new stage in the political development of Near Eastern society after the Neolithic: political power grew stronger, more organised, more centralised, and more visible in the use of space and in art, culminating in the development of a true

2328:, whether or not it derived from accounting practices, represented a new management tool which made it possible to note information more precisely and for a longer-term. The development of these administrative practices necessitated the development of a system of 2207:

outcome of a process that began many centuries earlier and is largely attested outside Lower Mesopotamia (aside from the monumental aspect of Eridu). The emergence of important proto-urban centres began at the beginning of the 4th millennium BC in southwest Iran (

1047:('Uruk Mound'), covering only 10 hectares. This site was surrounded by a wall which has been only partially revealed and several buildings have been brought to light, including a platform which supported a building, only traces of which remain. As for the site of 2018:

For transport at the local and regional level in Lower Mesopotamia, boats made from reeds and wood were crucial, on account of the importance of the rivers for connecting places and because they were capable of carrying much larger loads than land transport.

1176:

which are shared with that of Late Uruk and Susa II. Level V of Godin Tepe could be interpreted as an establishment of merchants from Susa and/or lower Mesopotamia, interested in the location of the site on commercial routes, especially those linked to the

998:

Outside Uruk, few sites in southern Mesopotamia have yielded levels contemporary with the Uruk period. Soundages carried out on the sites of most of the key cities of Mesopotamia in the historic period have revealed that they were occupied in this period

2349:

intellectual changes. Art also reflected a society more heavily shaped by political power, and religious cults grew more impressive and spectacular than previously. The development of religious thought in this period remains very poorly understood.

1811:

in the course of the 4th millennium, which was developed in two stages: first a slow wheel and then a rapid one. As a result of this it was no longer necessary to shape ceramics with the hands alone and the shaping process was more rapid. Potters'

776:), but there is no conclusive proof of this. In Lower Mesopotamia, the researchers identify this as the Jemdet Nasr period, which sees a shift to more concentrated habitation, undoubtedly accompanied by a reorganisation of power; in southwestern 1614:(circa 3500-3200 BCE). Influences can be seen in the visual arts of Egypt, in imported products, and also in the possible transfer of writing from Mesopotamia to Egypt, and generated "deep-seated" parallels in the early stages of both cultures. 2536:

this period and a means for diffusing symbolic messages, as a result of the possibility of representing more complex scenes than on stamp seals, since they could be rolled out indefinitely, creating a narration with more dynamism than stamps.

1947:

district of Uruk during the Late Uruk period, which show an explosion of architectural innovations in the course of a series of constructions which were unprecedented in their scale and methods. The builders perfected the use of molded

1260:

colony, Sheikh Hassan, on the middle Euphrates. It is possible that these sites were part of a state implanted in the region by people from south Mesopotamia and were developed in order to take advantage of important commercial routes.

1562:

provided a model to its neighbours, each of which took up more adaptable elements in their own way and retained some local traits essentially unchanged. This is intended to explain the different degrees of influence or acculturation.

2312:

are perhaps the same type as the tokens found on sites in the Near East for the next few thousand years, whose function remains uncertain. It is thought that notches would be placed on the surface of the clay balls containing the

2421:, lexicographic works of a scholarly type, which compile signs according to different themes (lists of crafts, metals, pots, cereals, toponyms, etc.) and are characteristic of Mesopotamian civilization. A remarkable example is a 2303:

The Uruk period also saw the development of what seem to be accounting tools: tokens and clay envelopes containing tokens. These are clay balls on which a cylinder seal has been rolled, which contain tokens (also referred to as

2485:

could be used to represent ideas ('arrow' and 'life' were pronounced the same way in Sumerian, so the sign for 'arrow' could be used to indicate 'life', which would otherwise be difficult to represent pictorially). Thus, some

2151:

But there is no proof that these institutions played a role in the supervision of the majority of the population in the process of centralising production. The economy rested on a group of domains (or 'houses' / 'households',

1635:, writing, the city, and the state. There is new progress in the development of state-societies, such that specialists see fit to label them as 'complex' (in comparison with earlier societies which are said to be 'simple'). 701:

This phase of "Late Uruk" is followed by another phase (level III of Eanna) in which the Uruk civilization declined and a number of distinct local cultures developed throughout the Near East. This is generally known as the

2340:(base 10) or even a mixed system called 'bisexagesimal', all of which makes it more difficult to understand the texts. The system for counting time was also developed by the scribes of institutions in the Late Uruk period. 2136:

any case, both institutions were dominant in the later periods of Lower Mesopotamia's history. Only two names relating to these institutions and their personnel have been deciphered: a large authority indicated by the sign

1678:

In the agricultural sphere, several important innovations were made between the end of the Ubayd period and the Uruk period, which have been referred to in total as the 'Second Agricultural Revolution' (the first being the

1447:

The main issue here is how to interpret the word ‘expansion’. Nobody really doubts that, for many centuries, there was a significant cultural influence of Uruk in the wide areas north and east of it. But was it really a

684:

quarter at Uruk. The most ancient levels of these sondages (XIX–XIII) belong to the end of the Ubaid period (Ubaid V, 4200–3900 or 3700 BC); pottery characteristic of the Uruk period begins to appear in levels XIV/XIII.

1910:

objects. The metal objects found in the sites of the 4th millennium BC are thus above all made with copper, and some alloys appear towards the end of the period, the most common being that of copper and arsenic

1235:

region, during the salvage campaigns preceding the construction of hydroelectric dams in the area. It is largely as a result of the findings of these excavations that ideas of an "Uruk expansion" have arisen.

2429:, which is known from the 3rd millennium BC), in which various different types of craftsmen are listed (potters, weavers, carpenters, etc.), indicating the numerous types of specialist workers in late Uruk. 9821: 2548:

Sculpture followed the style and themes of seals. Small statues were made representing gods or 'priest-kings.' The artists of Uruk created many remarkable works, represented above all by the works in the

2461:

the 'numero-ideographic tablets'). The signs then began to take on a larger number of values, making it possible to record administrative operations more precisely (approximately 3200–2900 BC, Englund's

2393:

in the context in which they were produced and used; this makes it difficult to identify them. Their interpretation is equally problematic, on account of their archaic character. The writing is not yet

3685:

Sheikh Hassan is now partly submerged; the other 3 sites are completely submerged as a result of the modern dam construction. Three of these sites can be seen on the map in this section of the article.

3885: 4990:, pp. 117–122 foregrounds the fact that the model of urbanism in northern Mesopotamia proved less durable than that of the south, since it declined at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. 3642:

Konstantine Pitskhelauri, "Uruk Migrants in the Caucasus", Pitskhelauri, Konstantine. "Uruk migrants in the Caucasus." Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, 2012

4961:

21 (1950) pp. 3–17. The legacy of this fundamental article is discussed in M. E. Smith, "V. Gordon Childe and the Urban Revolution: a historical perspective on a revolution in urban studies,"

1578:

regions neighbouring Lower Mesopotamia did not wait for the Urukians in order to begin an advanced process of increasing social complexity or urbanisation, as the example of the large site of

1490:. They had the most developed state structures and were thus able to develop long-distance commercial links, exercise influence over their neighbours, and perhaps engage in military conquest. 1303:

tablets showing some unique features in comparison to those of southern Mesopotamia, which indicates that there was a distinct local tradition of writing. A little to the east of Tell Brak is

3635: 5463: 1851: 1831: 1055:) that the most important building has been brought to light, which contained a substantial cache of administrative documents—more than 200 tablets with impressions of cylinder seals. 2281: 5195: 2377:

solely of numeric signs. For the Jemdet Nasr period, there is more evidence from more sites: the majority come from Uruk III (around 3000 tablets), but also Jemdet Nasr, Tell Uqair,

990: 2810: 4219:

On the details and range of changes in this foundational period in Mesopotamia in relation to other civilizations, see especially the contributions in M. Lamberg-Karlovsky (ed.),

2410: 1460:

trading posts, which was done during an Old Assyrian period. These types of strategies did not involve the state authorities, as such, but was done by commercial trading houses.

1428:

in the 1970s, they were identified as colonies or trading posts of the Uruk civilisation settled far from their own lands. Indeed these two sites, along with the smaller site of

1879: 1638:

Scholarship is therefore interested in this period as a crucial step in the evolution of society—a long and cumulative process whose roots could be seen at the beginning of the

5334:, pp. 214–215 proposes a later date for the appearance of Sumerian signs; for the most complete presentation of his ideas, see H. J. Nissen, P. Damerow and R. K. Englund, 2164:

in lower Mesopotamia indicated that the production was distributed between different households of different sizes, wealth, and power, with the large institutions at the top.

1999:

themselves. In any case, the wheel spread extremely rapidly and enabled the creation of vehicles that enabled much easier transport of much larger loads. There were certainly

904:

Anu/ White Temple ziggurat at Uruk. The original pyramidal structure, the "Anu Ziggurat" dates to around 4000 BCE, and the White Temple was built on top of it circa 3500 BCE.

12439: 1763:, these were notably in the institutional framework, which led to changes in agricultural practice with the introduction of pasturage for these animals in the fields, as 4324:

The 'secondary products revolution' of A. Sherratt "Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution," in I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond (ed.),

915:

and it may have had a population of between 25,000 and 50,000 people. The architectural profile of the site consists of two monumental groups located 500 metres apart.

832:

for their wool. Although it lacked mineral resources and was located in an arid area, it had undeniable geographic and environmental advantages: it consisted of a vast

1986:

halls of pillars within a rectangular building. The architects and artisans who worked on these sites this had the opportunity to display a high level of creativity.

1404:

has also revealed pottery influenced by that of Uruk. But in this region, the Urukian influence becomes increasingly ephemeral, as one gets further from Mesopotamia.

6907: 1051:, which has given its name to the period of transition from the Uruk period to the Early Dynastic period, it is divided into two main tells and it is on the second ( 1432:, feature no significant preexisting occupation, and are in fact all located in the same geographical area at a significant river ford along the Middle Euphrates. 1503: 8354: 2432:

The causes and course of the origins of writing are disputed. The dominant theory has them derive from more ancient accounting practices, notably those of the

1585:

Indeed, at Tell Brak, we find that this city developed as an urban center slightly earlier than the better known cities of southern Mesopotamia, such as Uruk.

2604:(the Sky), seems to appear in some texts, but it is not certain because the sign that indicates him (a star) can also indicate divinities in a general sense ( 3881: 1867: 2914: 5811: 1902:

also seems to have developed further in this period, but very few objects survive. The preceding Ubayd period marked the beginning of what is known as the

1558: 1429: 2858: 1382: 12468: 4915: 3807:, Chicago (1993, revised edition in 2005) and revised in Id., "The Prehistory of Imperialism: The case of Uruk Period Mesopotamia," M. S. Rothman (ed.), 2413:

over the following 20 years that substantial progress was made. Alongside the administrative texts, were discovered from the beginning of writing, some

1643:

from the angle of 'complexity' in analysing the appearance of early states, an expanding social hierarchy, intensification of long-distance trade, etc.

761:

Some other chronological proposals have also been put forward, such as by the ARCANE team (Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East).

12738: 8483: 8359: 6404: 4360:, pp. 150–153. P. Charvat, "Lambs of the Gods. The Beginnings of the Wool Economy in Proto-Cuneiform Texts," in C. Breniquet et C. Michel (dir.), 2332:

which varied depending on what they were to measure (animals, workers, wool, grain, tools, pottery, surfaces, etc.). They are very diverse: some use a

3914: 1545:

Other explanations avoid political and economic factors in order to focus on the Uruk expansion as a long term cultural phenomenon, using concepts of

13236: 3312:, pp. 27–29. S. Lloyd, F. Safar and H. Frankfort, "Tell Uqair: Excavations by the Iraq Government Directorate of Antiquities in 1940 and 1941," 5102:

On this evolution, notably demonstrated by the stratigraphy of Elam, see in particular A. Le Brun and F. Vallat, "Les débuts de l'écriture à Suse,"

3537:

45/2 (1986) pp. 125–137; D. Stronach, "Village to Metropolis: Nineveh and the Beginnings of Urbanism in Northern Mesopotamia," in S. Mazzoni (ed.),

2456:

complex operations and of creating an archive. From this point of view, the pre-writing system which developed around 3400–3200 BC functioned as an

12352: 8776: 5605: 5601: 2589:), because these buildings were seen as the earthly residence of the god. Religious personnel ('priests') appear in some texts like lists of jobs. 2557:, a sculpted female head with realistic proportions, which was discovered in a damaged state, but was probably originally part of a complete body. 855:

The ethnic composition of this region in the Uruk period cannot be determined with certainty. It is connected to the problem of the origins of the

11115: 8398: 4034:

G. Philip, "Contacts between the 'Uruk' world and the Levant during the fourth millennium BC: evidence and interpretation," J. N. Postgate (ed.),

3633: 8214: 5467: 5199: 4929: 2440:, the tokens were first reported on the clay envelopes, then on clay tablets and this led to the creation of the first written signs, which were 2406: 1626:

Modern clay impression of a cylinder seal with monstrous lions and lion-headed eagles, Mesopotamia, Uruk Period (4100 BC–3000 BC). Louvre Museum.

4909: 4878: 4649: 4620: 3325:

Summary of the excavations of this level, by S. Pollock, M. Pope and C. Coursey, "Household Production at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq,"

1416:

The 'Uruk expansion': sites representing the 'centre' and 'periphery'. Tell Sheikh Hassan settlement can be seen on this map to the upper left.

1308: 5761:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Fribourg et Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz and Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. pp. 15–233. ENG. 9154: 8875: 8786: 8475: 8190: 8132: 8128: 6900: 5707: 2402: 8432: 8428: 8136: 5437:

E. Rova, "Animali ed ibridni nel repertorio iconografico della glittica del periodico di Uruk," E. Cingano, A. Ghersetti, L. Milano (ed.),

2624:

Near the end of the 4th millennium, small settlements in the Uruk heartland were abandoned whilst the urban center increased in size. The

1395: 11841: 8879: 8686: 8257: 8220: 8186: 7761: 7757: 7090: 6806: 6399: 5363: 2806: 927:

name from white plates that covered its walls. At its base, a building with a labyrinthine plan, called the 'Stone building', was built.

4539:, pp. 160–161, 241–244 ; followed by J.-L. Huot, "Vers l’apparition de l’État en Mésopotamie. Bilan des recherches récentes," 4198: 844:, since its hinterland seems to have reinforced Uruk itself to the detriment of its neighbours (notably the region to the north, around 11485: 8044: 7888: 7753: 7749: 7030: 6580: 2218:

Examples of urbanism in this period are still rare, and in Lower Mesopotamia, the only residential area which has been excavated is at

1344: 6630: 3402:

Y. Majidzadeh, "Sialk III and the Pottery Sequence at Tepe Ghabristan: The Coherence of the Cultures of the Central Iranian Plateau,"

2255: 12356: 8772: 8768: 8682: 8479: 7236: 2198:

religious centres, others by their role as hubs for long-distance trade, but the most widespread theory is that developed largely by

2015:

that would dominate trade in the Near East for the following millennia, but this system is not actually attested in the Uruk period.

576: 5493:

On this goddess in documents of the Uruk period, see the works of K. Szarzynska, "Offerings for the goddess Inana in archaic Uruk,"

4944:

G. Emberling, "Urban Social Transformations and the Problem of the 'First City': New Research from Mesopotamia," M. L. Smith (ed.),

4362:

Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean ? From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry

2140:, at Uruk, which possessed an administrator in chief, a messenger, some workers, etc.; and another authority indicated by the signs 1981:). These were used in large public buildings, especially in Uruk. The creation of smaller bricks enabled the creation of decorative 1952:

as a building material and the use of more solid terracotta bricks became widespread. They also began to waterproof the bricks with

796:

begins around the start of the 3rd millennium BC, during which this region again exerts considerable influence over its neighbours.

13281: 12728: 8883: 8140: 6893: 6455: 5804: 650:

Similar portrait of a probable Uruk King-Priest with a brimmed round hat and large beard, excavated in Uruk and dated to 3300 BC.

6016: 4566:, Berlin, 1993; P. Steinkeller, « Archaic City Seals and the Question of Early Babylonian Unity », in T. Abusch (ed.), 3389:

H. Weiss and T. Cuyler Young Jr., "Merchants of Susa: Godin V and plateau-lowland relations in the late Fourth Millennium B.C.,"

1079:

in this period, and Egypt whose exact relations with the Uruk culture were distant and are the object of debate, as well as the

13251: 8286: 8040: 8020: 5757:

Englund, Robert K. (1998). "Texts from the Late Uruk Period". In Bauer, Joseph; Englund, Robert K.; Krebernik, Manfred (eds.).

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The Uruk period also saw important developments in the realm of pastoralism. First of all, it is in this period that the wild

12044: 11995: 11948: 11918: 5230: 4823: 4763: 4736: 4511: 4491: 4458: 4383: 4296: 4239: 4156: 3946: 3865: 3783: 3712: 3669: 3241: 3220: 3194: 3183: 3172: 3052: 3032: 2836: 2788: 2058:), is generally accepted in scholarship but has been criticised by some scholars, notably J.D. Forest who prefers to see the 12022: 5254: 1515: 13256: 12480: 12387: 2465:

phase). In this period or even later (at latest around 2800–2700 BC), another type of meaning was recorded by means of the

1436:

river. Together the last three comprised a much larger urban enclave (about 20–40 ha in extent) compared to Sheikh Hassan.

994:

Fragment of a bowl with a frieze of bulls in relief, ca. 3300–2900 B.C. Late Uruk–Jemdet Nasr periods. Southern Mesopotamia

820:

productive, as a result of an irrigation system which developed in the 4th millennium BC and focused on the cultivation of

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irrigation channel. According to M. Liverani, these replaced the earlier basins irrigated laboriously by hand. As for the

12382: 10242: 7737: 7589: 7446: 6718: 6146: 5797: 5672:

Une archéologie des peuples du Proche-Orient: vol. I, Des peuples villageois aux cités-États (X-III millénaire av. J.-C.)

5326:

For a quick representation of this tradition account, see J. Bottéro, « De l'aide-mémoire à l'écriture », dans

4021:, pp. 151–157. A. H. Joffe, "Egypt and Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennium: Implications of the New Chronology," 2499:

language and thus to record complete phrases, a possibility which was not properly exploited until some centuries later.

2176: 793: 5531:

The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume I: From the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad

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M. Paszke, "Date palm and date palm inflorescences in the Late Uruk period (c. 3300 BC): botany and archaic script", in

12733: 12649: 12372: 12337: 10912: 8591: 6620: 1665: 1063:

The sources relating to the Uruk period derive from a group of sites distributed over an immense area, covering all of

817: 534: 4891:

J.-D. Forest, "The State: The Process of State Formation as Seen from Mesopotamia," S. Pollock and R. Bernbeck (ed.),

4392:, pp. 71–72. A. Caubet, "L'apparition de la céramique tournée en Orient," in M. Feugères and J.-C. Gérold (ed.), 1674:

Cylinder seal and impression: cattle herd at the cowshed. White limestone, Mesopotamia, Uruk Period (4100 BC–3000 BC).

12777: 6841: 5873: 5697: 5651: 5577: 5538: 5039: 4596: 4096: 3088:, pp. 32–52 on the different economic activities of the archaic state and their supposed degree of 'complexity'. 2944: 2890: 2074:

Cylinder seal impression from Uruk, showing a "king-priest" in brimmed hat and long coat feeding the herd of goddess

1779:, which was introduced to Lower Mesopotamia at this time and was a profitable replacement for flax since it provided 9258: 1943:, the developments of the Uruk period were also considerable. This is demonstrated by the structures created in the 12865: 12850: 12446: 12434: 6537: 3300:

Lloyd, S., "Uruk Pottery: A Comparative Study in relation to recent Finds at Eridu", Sumer, vol. 4, pp. 39-51, 1948

769: 5031:

The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference

2882:

The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference

12723: 12709: 12461: 12111: 10906: 4055:, Paris, 2003, pp. 296–301. T. Wilkinson, "Uruk into Egypt : Imports and Imitations," J. N. Postgate (ed.), 2906: 1683:). A first group of developments took place in the field of cereal cultivation, followed by the invention of the 1656:

economic and social changes in combination with the emergence of political structures and administrative states.

529: 209: 13271: 12327: 10979: 10526: 10450: 6864: 6573: 6450: 6434: 2850: 2612:

saw a religion focused on gods linked to the cycle of nature and fertility, but this remains very speculative.

1799:

Pottery from the Late Uruk period: wheel-made pottery at right and bevelled rim bowls at left, Pergamon Museum.

519: 11831: 11811: 11093: 11000: 10985: 10823: 10693: 10494: 10193: 9878: 7262: 6476: 3799:

Debate begun in G. Algaze, "The Uruk Expansion: Cross Cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization,"

3617: 569: 5287:, Leipzig / Berlin, 5 vol. parus. The ancient tablets unearthed at Uruk are online on the site of the CDLI. 1444:

posed some problems in terms of getting the models and parallels to fit the facts revealed by excavations.

13266: 12473: 11632: 11441: 11417: 10817: 9797: 6486: 6221: 4784:, pp. 59–62 on models of socio-economic organisation that have been proposed for the 'archaic states.' 3906: 982:) was found, containing some major artistic works of the period (large cultic vase, cylinder seals, etc.). 604: 349: 4808:, pp. 123–213 is a complete study of all the administrative sectors attested in texts from Late Uruk. 13022: 12787: 12750: 12682: 12451: 11054: 10093: 9892: 9439: 9433: 7680: 7036: 6542: 6424: 6419: 6354: 6030: 1599: 1594: 627: 145:

It was during this period that pottery painting declined as copper started to become popular, along with

1456:

Another hypothesis is perhaps the need to control valuable trading networks, and setting up the type of

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J. N. Postgate, "Learning the Lessons of the Future: Trade in Prehistory through a Historian's Lens,"

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in Jordan, proto-urban settlement with a masonry gravity dam initially built between 3500 and 3400 BCE

2600:), the great goddess of Uruk whose sanctuary was located in the Eanna. The other great deity of Uruk, 13246: 12827: 12672: 12242: 12037: 11818: 11426: 11312: 11294: 11144: 10806: 10670: 10371: 10186: 9083: 6665: 6566: 6231: 6046: 2103:. He could represent a power of a monarchic type, like that would subsequently exist in Mesopotamia. 1923: 4641: 4612: 4409:, Lyon, 1985, p. 81 ; A. R. Millard, "The Bevelled-Rim Bowls: Their Purpose and Significance," 3809:

Uruk Mesopotamia and its neighbours : cross-cultural interactions in the era of state formation

3015:

Uruk Mesopotamia and its neighbours : cross-cultural interactions in the era of state formation

1343:

valley in the south east of Anatolia, near the region of the Urukian sites of the middle Euphrates.

957: 12914: 12885: 12529: 11804: 11449: 11446: 11369: 11339: 11282: 11268: 10674: 9658: 9396: 8813: 8597: 7440: 6846: 6186: 5828: 5750:

Les temps proto-urbains de Mésopotamie: Contacts et acculturation à l'époque d'Uruk au Moyen-Orient

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Demoule, J.-P. (2009). "Naissance des inégalités et prémisses de l'État". In Demoule, J.-P. (ed.).

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in southern Mesopotamia at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Their wheels were solid blocks;

562: 374: 157: 9651: 4849:

S. Pollock, M. Pope and C. Coursey, "Household Production at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq,"

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Volume 30/5 (1989) pp. 571–608 ; the theory was presented in a more complete fashion in Id.,

3615:“World Systems Theory and Alternative Modes of Interaction in the Archaeology of Culture Contact.” 13142: 12890: 12554: 12287: 11464: 11392: 11366: 11342: 11336: 11321: 11233: 11169: 11134: 11078: 11027: 10600: 9077: 8858: 8603: 7911: 7369: 6754: 6748: 6496: 6429: 6323: 6176: 6094: 6089: 2667: 2491: 2181: 2128: 1374: 768:

Some researchers have attempted to explain this final stage as the arrival of new populations of

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B. Helwing, "Cultural interaction at Hassek Höyük, Turkey, New evidence from pottery analysis,"

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Convenient summary of the buildings in the levels of Uruk belonging to the Late Uruk period in

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writing in Iran (especially Susa), the second writing system to be developed in the Near East.

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in Syria shows, which encourages us to imagine the phenomenon from a more 'symmetrical' angle.

884: 502: 404: 304: 11938: 8244: 7273: 5567: 5359: 4144: 4086: 3855: 3767: 3696: 3653: 3210: 2336:(base 60), which would become the universal system in subsequent periods, but others employ a 1691:. The harvest was made easier after the Ubayd period by the widespread adoption of terracotta 13210: 12949: 12817: 12429: 12302: 12281: 12201: 12161: 12052: 11987:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

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Crüsemann, Nicola; Ess, Margarete van; Hilgert, Markus; Salje, Beate; Potts, Timothy (2019).

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Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

2565: 2357: 1964:. Clay was not the sole building material: some structures were built in stone, notably the 1759:

in the production of textiles, had important economic implications. Beyond the expansion of

1387: 1223:

and Susiana and seems to have taken over the Uruk culture's links with the Iranian plateau.

644: 13231: 13044: 12926: 12860: 12822: 12718: 12644: 12639: 12564: 12412: 12030: 11238: 11187: 11096: 11090: 11060: 10662: 10615: 10603: 10427: 10368: 9992: 9886: 9709: 9236: 8384: 7905: 7322: 6874: 6738: 6733: 6610: 6414: 6374: 5853: 4568:

Riches Hidden in Secret Places, Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen

2629: 2194: 2012: 1994:

A debated question in the realm of transport is whether it was in the Uruk period that the

1982: 1680: 1471: 1467: 945: 755: 719: 10699: 3376:

G. Johnson and H. Wright, "Regional Perspectives on Southwest Iranian State development,"

2263: 1440:

the archaeologists who studied this period to see this phenomenon as an 'Uruk expansion'.

1101: 634:

at an early date, and the state of Mesopotamian royal iconography during the Uruk period.

8: 12986: 12944: 12870: 12745: 12667: 12196: 12166: 12151: 11743: 11598: 11303: 11253: 11178: 11128: 11081: 11066: 11045: 10744: 10730: 10618: 10551: 10374: 10265: 10207: 9971: 9644: 9484: 9203: 9008: 8825: 8638: 7954: 7165: 6816: 6811: 6501: 6409: 6384: 6191: 6166: 3836:

G. Algaze, "Initial Social Complexity in Southwestern Asia: The Mesopotamian Advantage,"

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Tablet with proto-cuneiform pictographic characters (end of 4th millennium BC), Uruk III.

1475: 1401: 1215:

In this region, the retreat of the Uruk culture resulted in a particular phenomenon, the

615: 472: 309: 274: 3938:

Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by her Students

2041: 1117: 788:

V in Upper Mesopotamia (which follows the Gawra culture); the "Scarlet Ware" culture in

13117: 13112: 13097: 13059: 13034: 12971: 12832: 12767: 12402: 12211: 12126: 11969: 11783: 11660: 11221: 11160: 11154: 10682: 10646: 10559: 10540: 10436: 10433: 10386: 10352: 10349: 10304: 9995: 9980: 9965: 9641: 9638: 9629: 9388: 8563: 8291: 7564: 7417: 7334: 7137: 6693: 6491: 6460: 6359: 6206: 6123: 4872: 4581: 2397:, but is linear. These texts were misunderstood by their first publisher in the 1930s, 2333: 2276:

economic functions was accompanied by the development of administrative tools and then

1479: 1457: 1291: 1209: 1024: 841: 808:

Location of the main sites in southern Mesopotamia in the Uruk and Jamdet Nasr periods.

789: 703: 670: 444: 379: 334: 229: 123: 87: 12959: 10439: 4674:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

4583:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

3533:

14 (1983) pp. 33–41; G. Algaze, "Habuba on the Tigris: Archaic Nineveh Reconsidered,"

2662:, which improved on Uruk writing systems, and the popularization of myths such as the 2234: 1857:

Vase. Terracotta with red slip, ca. 3500–2900 BC. From Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.

1795: 13186: 13137: 13102: 12939: 12880: 12782: 12692: 12662: 12657: 12524: 12519: 12503: 12392: 12332: 12252: 12247: 12156: 11991: 11944: 11914: 11207: 11181: 11157: 11139: 10939: 10860: 10768: 10637: 10609: 10424: 10392: 10383: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10307: 10295: 10210: 10131: 9983: 9977: 9944: 9938: 9509: 9382: 9246: 9068: 8794: 8393: 8387: 8195: 8163: 7708: 6917: 6836: 6801: 6481: 6338: 6333: 6318: 6253: 6171: 6128: 5848: 5843: 5712: 5693: 5647: 5573: 5534: 5035: 4592: 4152: 4092: 3942: 3861: 3779: 3708: 3665: 3216: 3130:

Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates

2940: 2886: 2663: 2652: 2644: 2609: 2212: 2157: 1808: 1670: 1632: 1611: 1378: 1153: 933: 611: 524: 389: 384: 279: 9371: 5732:

Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization: The Evolution of an Urban Landscape

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87/1 (1993) pp. 7–28 ; Ead., "The Cult of the Goddess Inanna in Archaic Uruk,"

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seem to have developed from the 4th millennium BCE, starting in the Uruk period for

177: 13029: 12964: 12954: 12628: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12539: 12514: 11867: 11779: 11725: 11656: 11643: 11622: 11587: 11436: 11224: 11193: 11048: 11024: 10792: 10789: 10783: 10738: 10631: 10612: 10606: 10562: 10545: 10389: 10380: 10377: 10301: 10298: 10136: 10021: 9608: 8698: 8632: 8620: 8313: 7860: 7150: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6688: 6625: 6605: 6589: 6394: 6389: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6258: 6074: 5931: 5916: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5868: 5741:

The Uruk world system: the dynamics of expansion of early Mesopotamian civilisation

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Le tournage des origines à l'an Mil, Actes du colloque de Niederbronn, octobre 2003

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precinct also underwent restructuring. Meanwhile, Uruk's influence declined in the

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sphere of influence of the Uruk culture; at its extreme northern edge, the site of

1961: 1912: 1822: 1463: 1201: 733: 725:

The king-priest and his acolyte feeding the sacred herd. Uruk period, ca. 3200 BCE.

394: 139: 135: 111: 6885: 3750:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.

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had a palace of notable size but it was not surrounded by any kind of urban area.

13127: 13092: 12981: 12976: 12895: 12806: 12544: 12397: 12309: 12297: 12221: 12216: 12206: 12141: 12116: 12101: 12088: 12076: 11788: 11774: 11749: 11702: 11665: 11651: 11475: 11324: 11277: 11184: 11149: 11021: 11016: 10944: 10918: 10774: 10649: 10643: 10628: 10621: 10575: 10565: 10398: 10343: 10337: 10334: 10280: 10228: 10064: 9998: 9986: 9974: 9962: 9947: 9926: 9845: 9749: 9746: 9720: 9635: 9614: 9602: 9569: 9563: 9533: 9455: 9265: 8617: 8572: 8526: 8520: 8510: 8300: 7400: 7378: 7145: 6723: 6713: 6328: 6303: 6298: 6278: 6226: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6181: 6151: 6103: 6099: 6069: 5246: 4129:

J. A. Ur, P. Karsgaard and J. Oates, "Early urban development in the Near East,"

3639: 3621: 2695: 2577: 2462: 2369: 2239: 2083: 2059: 1817: 1767:, and in the hilly and mountainous zones around Mesopotamia (following a kind of 1720: 1607: 1569: 1220: 1185: 514: 419: 409: 344: 339: 264: 214: 199: 166: 134:. The late Uruk period (34th to 32nd centuries) saw the gradual emergence of the 11827: 7065: 4473:

La brique et sa mise en œuvre en Mésopotamie, Des origines à l'époque achéménide

2238:

Reconstruction of part of a house from Habuba Kabira, with its mobile property,

895: 13261: 13107: 13082: 12362: 12292: 11686: 11230: 11123: 11012: 10965: 10926: 10869: 10771: 10707: 10625: 10584: 10578: 10568: 10556: 10340: 10328: 10316: 10236: 10125: 10079: 9989: 9959: 9923: 9787: 9632: 9611: 9605: 9596: 9548: 9518: 9500: 9475: 9463: 9375: 9232: 9103: 8954: 8816: 8810: 8713: 8705: 8641: 8614: 8578: 8411: 8178: 8175: 8076: 7484: 7249: 7155: 7132: 7024: 6670: 6308: 5778: 5640: 3500: 2687: 2648: 2633: 2576:–3000 BC): listing a delivery of cereals for a festival of the goddess Inanna. 2029: 1784: 1352: 1200:, shows no clear evidence of links with the Uruk culture in its Level III, but 509: 449: 434: 354: 5594: 4672:, p. 61; D. P. Hansen, "Art of the Early City-States", in J. Aruz (ed.), 2592:

The best-attested figure in the tablets is the goddess designated by the sign

804: 13276: 13225: 13180: 13132: 13122: 13087: 13039: 13016: 12991: 12755: 12584: 12579: 12456: 12257: 12106: 11981: 11904: 11889: 11761: 11693: 11573: 11218: 11215: 10968: 10962: 10922: 10878: 10786: 10747: 10581: 10520: 10421: 10418: 10346: 10331: 10292: 10289: 10232: 10171: 10053: 9759: 9752: 9729: 9623: 9617: 9581: 9503: 9459: 9416: 9208: 9106: 9100: 9058: 8957: 8760: 8722: 8495: 8381: 8295: 8105: 8056: 7811: 7795: 7488: 7414: 7375: 7349: 7343: 7304: 7245: 7216: 6941: 6778: 6108: 5956: 5863: 5785:. Translated by Zainab Bahrani and Marc Van de Mieroop. London: Equinox. LIV. 4931:

The Looting Of The Iraq Museum Baghdad The Lost Legacy Of Ancient Mesopotamia

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Uruk period vase. Terracotta, ca. 3500–2900 BC. From Telloh, ancient city of

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Several important sites of the Uruk period have been excavated in the Middle

1216: 1143: 740: 651: 635: 619: 424: 399: 204: 146: 8843: 5439:

Animali, Tra zoologia, mito e letteratura nella cultura classica e orientale

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The Uruk World System : The Dynamics of Early Mesopotamian Civilization

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principle: an association of pictograms could indicate actions (for example

2452:(both reeds and clay being very easily accessible in southern Mesopotamia). 1381:

became the dominant material culture on the site. Further west, the site of

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Dictionnaire illustré multilingue de la céramique du Proche-Orient ancien

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Tepe Gawra: The Evolution of a Small, Prehistoric Center in Northern Iraq

2715: 2701: 2329: 2208: 1739: 1603: 1425: 1256: 1189: 1157: 1064: 1048: 975: 845: 833: 754:

In 2001, a new chronology was proposed by the members of a colloquium at

552: 367: 115: 37: 8912: 1527:

King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple to the right.

12267: 11755: 11752: 11734: 11711: 11696: 11690: 11570: 11567: 11525: 11513: 11507: 11492: 11363: 11354: 11351: 11345: 11327: 11297: 11105: 11030: 10971: 10837: 10777: 10640: 10534: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10487: 10479: 10467: 10455: 10201: 10177: 10162: 10098: 10060: 10037: 10031: 9935: 9674: 9506: 9404: 9363: 9353: 9347: 9309: 9306: 9303: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9270: 9240: 9186: 9183: 8996: 8975: 8951: 8927: 8756: 8647: 8644: 8635: 8626: 8545: 8436: 8322: 8277: 8265: 8109: 7947: 7943: 7892: 7713: 7621: 7547: 7543: 7287: 7160: 7110: 7104: 6793: 6703: 6635: 6064: 6059: 2514: 2441: 2277: 2267:

Clay envelope with its accounting tokens, Late Uruk period, from Susa,

2228: 2120: 1899: 1873:

Vase. Terracotta, ca. 3500–2900 BC. From Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.

1780: 1696: 1688: 1391: 1366: 1328: 1193: 1168: 1040: 1028: 459: 429: 414: 242: 187: 9906: 5789: 5569:

Approaching Chaos: Could an Ancient Archetype Save C21st Civilization?

3287:, pp. 133–137 sees these remains as a palatial complex. See also 2193:

at the beginning of the 1950s as an 'urban revolution', linked to the

676:

The traditional chronology is very imprecise and is based on some key

13077: 13049: 12996: 12534: 12226: 12186: 11764: 11707: 11564: 11534: 11528: 11519: 11504: 11498: 11480: 11455: 11333: 11315: 11102: 11099: 10959: 10886: 10872: 10843: 10831: 10753: 10724: 10464: 10458: 10223: 10153: 10110: 10107: 10056: 9839: 9756: 9742: 9739: 9695: 9689: 9671: 9593: 9584: 9554: 9551: 9542: 9524: 9521: 9359: 9356: 9220: 9216: 9192: 9140: 9127: 9097: 8992: 8988: 8866: 8726: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8423: 8340: 8317: 8281: 8166: 8089: 8012: 8004: 7971: 7868: 7852: 7824: 7787: 7656: 7614: 7431: 7310: 7196: 6680: 6369: 6054: 5941: 5878: 3753: 3350:

M.-J. Stève, F. Vallat, H. Gasche, C. Jullien et F. Jullien, "Suse,"

2659: 2532: 2490:

appeared. Following the same principle, phonetic signs were created (

2487: 2482: 2394: 2325: 2108: 2079: 1969: 1965: 1949: 1724: 1701: 1639: 1579: 1554: 1340: 1295: 1285: 1273: 1232: 1016: 911: 825: 773: 439: 289: 130:, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and the 62: 3539:

Nuove Fondazioni nel Vicino Oriente Antico : Realtà e Ideologia

2119:

The servants of the first states: porters carrying offerings on the

1573:

Possible Mesopotamia-Egypt trade routes from the 4th millennium BCE.

12594: 12424: 12407: 12181: 12176: 11714: 11540: 11501: 11495: 11372: 10953: 10950: 10895: 10892: 10834: 10765: 10715: 10678: 10531: 10073: 9932: 9914: 9897: 9835: 9762: 9736: 9683: 9665: 9575: 9450: 9341: 9332: 9320: 9288: 9252: 9228: 9178: 9146: 9122: 9094: 9064: 9052: 9045: 9031: 9025: 8960: 8870: 8852: 8764: 8742: 8738: 8623: 8549: 8378: 8332: 8309: 8304: 8235: 8230: 8199: 8016: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7807: 7728: 7573: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7381: 7317: 7300: 7071: 7018: 6773: 6698: 6655: 6645: 6615: 6558: 6506: 6161: 6084: 6079: 5986: 5971: 5966: 5921: 5619:

Art et archéologie : les civilisations du Proche-Orient ancien

3269:

Uruk, Architektur I, Von den Anfängen bis zur frühdynastischen Zeit

2658:

Regardless, Uruk's legacy was preserved through the development of

2449: 2445: 2382: 1304: 1172: 1072: 1032: 327: 299: 284: 11943:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 10932: 5773:. L'Univers historique (in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil. GLA. 3614: 2385:, Nineveh, Tell Brak, Habuba Kabira, etc. as well as tablets with 2317:, leading to the creation of numerical tablets which served as an 13054: 13011: 12191: 12136: 11767: 11595: 11576: 11561: 11555: 11549: 10883: 10828: 10721: 10718: 10666: 10517: 10259: 10198: 10119: 10113: 9854: 9848: 9620: 9590: 9445: 9335: 9300: 9091: 9034: 8935: 8904: 8608: 8157: 8100: 8029: 7924: 7916: 7781: 7716: 7523: 7520: 7505: 7501: 7313: 7307: 7291: 7169: 6708: 6650: 6263: 5991: 5981: 5946: 5936: 2337: 2000: 1953: 1804: 1742:, showing cattle and a stable. Circa 3300-3000 BC, British Museum 1528: 1412: 1370: 1348: 1324: 1205: 785: 739:

Cylinder-seal of the Uruk period and its impression, c.3100 BCE.

677: 662: 259: 26: 9020: 4053:

Aux origines de l'Égypte, Du Néolithique à l'émergence de l'État

3166:

For a summary of the debate on this point, see: J. S. Cooper in

2494:, one sign = one sound). For example, 'arrow' was pronounced as 2251:

Development of "symbolic technology", accounting and bureaucracy

1219:

civilization, which seems to have been centred on the region of

12934: 12589: 11558: 11552: 11510: 11421: 10889: 10840: 10415:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

10213: 10116: 10101: 10085: 9830: 9815: 9680: 9587: 9578: 9512: 9469: 9338: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9224: 9196: 9137: 9028: 8923: 8750: 8629: 8541: 8529: 8160: 8117: 8082: 8063: 8035: 7932: 7864: 7802: 7745: 7697: 7606: 7577: 7533: 7530: 7480: 7410: 7328: 7281: 7231: 7206: 7201: 7180: 6997: 6971: 6946: 6011: 5961: 5883: 4422:

M. Müller-Karpe, "Aspects of early metallurgy in Mesopotamia",

3602:

Alle origini del potere : Arslantepe, la collina dei leoni

2597: 2541: 2268: 2096: 2075: 2046: 1957: 1928: 1907: 1776: 1728: 1708: 1692: 1359: 1320: 1197: 1164: 1080: 1008: 970: 849: 821: 254: 9015: 8567: 8239: 7837: 7832: 7660: 7645: 5315:

Die lexikalischen Listen der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk, ATU 3

5283:), which was begun in 1936 by Adam Falkenstein, in the series 2939:, Iraq Archaeological Reports, vol. 6, Warminster: BSAI, 2321:

before the development of true writing (on which, see below).

1734: 1622: 1311:,Iraq also shows evidence of contacts with lower Mesopotamia. 1268: 13147: 12131: 11758: 11740: 10255: 9861: 9842: 8908: 8819: 8790: 8717: 8449: 8113: 8000: 7919: 7847: 7724: 7720: 7602: 7540: 7536: 7497: 7284: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7184: 6966: 6743: 6640: 6364: 6001: 5996: 5976: 5512:

The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion

3733:

The archaeology of Mesopotamia : Theories and approaches

2625: 2466: 2401:, and it was only through the work of the German researchers 2004: 1995: 1944: 1932: 1838: 1756: 1716: 1546: 1277: 1036: 1020: 1004: 856: 829: 681: 631: 623: 249: 218: 131: 9132: 8094: 5621:. Manuels de l'école du Louvre (in French). Paris: RMN. BEN. 4897:

Naissance de l'inégalité : L'invention de la hiérarchie

4895:, Malden and Oxford, 2005, pp. 184–206. See also B. Hayden, 3563:

A propos de Tepe Gawra, Le monde proto-urbain de Mésopotamie

1255:

Habuba Kabira is similar in many ways to the nearby site of

910:

Out of these urban agglomerations, it is Uruk, the period's

142:; it has also been described as the "Protoliterate period". 12342: 12319: 12062: 12056: 10712: 10476: 10403: 10247: 10003: 9114: 8969: 8891: 8732: 8660: 8489: 8375: 8206: 8181: 8069: 8050: 7819: 7777: 7732: 7672: 7610: 7557: 7526: 7455: 7355: 7297: 7294: 7241: 7085: 7077: 7047: 7007: 6991: 6981: 6951: 5951: 5595:

General works on prehistoric and proto-historic Mesopotamia

5002:

R. Vallet, "Habuba Kebira ou la naissance de l'urbanisme,"

4040:

Centre et périphérie, approches nouvelles des Orientalistes

4036:

Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East

2637: 2519: 2378: 2124: 2078:, symbolized by two rams, framed by reed bundles as on the 2070: 1813: 1772: 1752: 1532: 1139: 1135: 1124: 1108: 1068: 869: 828:

and various other fruits and legumes) and the pasturing of

777: 127: 67: 2036: 1889:

South (Syria), ca. 3400–3200. University of Mainz, Germany

1775:

for linen freed land for the growth of cereals as well as

1152:

have archaeological levels belonging to this period, like

8709: 2601: 2045:

Sculpture of the ritually nude 'Priest-King', Late Uruk,

1968:

quarried about 50 km west of Uruk (where gypsum and

1177: 923: 11878:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5663:

Mésopotamie: L'apparition de l'État, VII-III millénaires

5028:

Conference, William Foxwell Albright Centennial (1996).

3208: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2090:. A similar king-priest also appears standing on a ship. 1531:

or Uruk period (3800-3100 BCE), found in excavations at

8346: 7002: 5196:"Tablet W 9579,d /VAT 14674 : description on CDLI" 4893:

Archaeologies of the Middle East: critical perspectives

2280:

tools. This was a veritable 'managerial revolution'. A

1226: 1012: 922:

The second monumental sector was attributed to the god

11857:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

5464:"Tablet W 5233,a/VAT 15245 : description on CDLI" 4326:

Pattern of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clarke

3432:

L'âge des échanges inter-iraniens, 3500–1700 av. J.-C.

816:

This is the region of the Near East that was the most

9378:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

4998: 4996: 4166: 3000:

R. Matthews, "Jemdet Nasr: The Site and the Period,"

2989: 1906:

or 'copper age', with the beginning of production of

661:

The term "Uruk period" was coined at a conference in

8446:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

5759:

Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit

5529:

Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, D.T. (2020).

4762:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(dir.)2001 (

4510:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(dir.)2001 (

4490:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(dir.)2001 (

4295:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(dir.)2001 (

2677: 1204:

are found all the way out to Tepe Ghabristan in the

6915: 5743:. Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press. 5683:. Bouquins (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. DIC. 4457:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(ed.)2001 (

4382:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(ed.)2001 (

4238:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoannès_(ed.)2001 (

3739:, pp. 5–14 for a historiography of this issue. 3505:

The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

1816:were also improved. Pottery was simply coated with 1727:was only domesticated in the 3rd millennium BC, in 985: 8249:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 5711: 5639: 5610:Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible fasc. 72–73 5600: 5528: 4993: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4684: 4682: 4580: 3486:I. L. Finkel, "Inscriptions from Tell Brak 1984," 2203:problem of origin of the state and of inequality. 1086: 4756:, pp. 63–64 ; F. Joannès, "Sacrifice," 4564:Archaic Seals Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur 2343: 1358:Other sites have been excavated in the region of 13223: 5612:(in French). Letouzey and Ané. col. 77–359. SDB. 5428:, p. 75, refers to a 'humanist revolution.' 5229:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 4822:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 4735:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 3752:Cambridge University Press. p.64. (also see the 3240:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 3193:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 3182:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 3171:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 3051:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 3031:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSumer1999–2002 ( 2937:Secrets of the dark mound: Jemdet Nasr 1926–1928 5495:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 5328:Mésopotamie, l'Écriture, la Raison et les Dieux 4694: 4679: 2801: 2799: 2787:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFrankfort1970 ( 2742:in Jordan, with a walled city dated to 3400 BCE 2361:Administrative tablet from Uruk, from Uruk IV ( 2180:Sumerian dignitary, Uruk, circa 3300-3000 BCE. 5681:Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne 5313:, pp. 251–256. R. Englund and H. Nissen, 4978:, Oxford, 1997, pp. 23–28 and following pages. 4757: 4505: 4485: 4290: 3574:Summary of the campaign and interpretation in 3457: 3455: 2444:, drawings which represent a physical object ( 2368:–3200 BC), with signs in a pictographic form. 1977:) and the large bricks used to make terraces ( 1771:). The relative decline in the cultivation of 1659: 12038: 6901: 6574: 5805: 5723: 5244: 4749: 4747: 4452: 4377: 4233: 4176:(London: British Museum Press, 1995), p. 109. 2649:decreased temperatures and increased rainfall 1715:as the donkey. It was the first domesticated 1420:After the discovery in Syria of the sites at 570: 11892:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 11866: 9370:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 7963:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 5734:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ALG. 5718:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. NIS. 5665:(in French). Paris: Paris-Méditerranée. FOR. 5646:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4587:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 3934: 3434:, Réunion des musées nationaux, Paris, 1986. 2984:Jamdat Nasr: period or regional style ? 2835:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLanger1972 ( 2796: 2793:, where the first chapter covers the period. 1719:in the region and became the most important 11902: 11119:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 6400:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 5499:NIN: Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity 5480:J.-C. Margueron, "Sanctuaires sémitiques", 5137: 5135: 4948:, Washington and London (2003), pp. 254–268 4778:La Mésopotamie, Portrait d'une civilisation 4184: 4182: 4072:(Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 22. 4070:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. 3907:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre, Sb 2125" 3853: 3768:"The End of Prehistory and The Uruk Period" 3697:"The End of Prehistory and The Uruk Period" 3654:"The End of Prehistory and The Uruk Period" 3529:D. Collon and J. Reade, "Archaic Nineveh," 3452: 3442: 3440: 2928: 2436:mentioned above. In the model developed by 2144:, at Jemdet Nasr, which had a high priest ( 1973:bricks which were easy to handle (known as 1807:was revolutionised by the invention of the 1067:and the neighbouring regions up to central 589: 12045: 12031: 6908: 6894: 6870: 6860: 6581: 6567: 5812: 5798: 5714:The Early History of the Ancient Near East 5565: 5225: 5114: 5112: 5027: 4877:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4818: 4744: 4731: 4125: 4123: 4062: 3561:, Philadelphia, 2001; P. Butterlin (ed.), 3414: 3412: 3363:P. Amiet, "Glyptique susienne archaïque," 3267:, pp. 190–195. See also R. Eichmann, 3236: 3189: 3178: 3167: 3108: 3106: 3047: 3027: 1746: 630:, showing the influence of Mesopotamia on 577: 563: 25: 12353:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 11819:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 8415:"King of the four quarters of the world" 5771:Écrire à Sumer: L'invention du cunéiforme 5747: 5090: 4946:The Social Construction of Ancient Cities 4719:History, Texts and Art in Early Babylonia 4555: 4389: 4376:, p. 59; X. Faivre, "Céramique," in 4221:The Breakout: The Origins of Civilization 4114: 4110: 4108: 4080: 4078: 4018: 4002: 3990: 3978: 3824: 3474: 3463:Habuba Kebira, eine Stadt vor 5000 Jahren 3418: 3288: 3081: 3079: 2958: 2783: 2619: 1650: 1339:Several sites have been excavated in the 749: 13237:Archaeological cultures of the Near East 12177:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 11990:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 5777: 5765: 5634: 5630:. London & New York: Routledge. CHA. 5533:. Oxford University Press. p. 163. 5401: 5389: 5377: 5310: 5212: 5158: 5146: 5132: 5086: 5070: 4837: 4793: 4781: 4753: 4551: 4549: 4484:B. Lyonnet, « Véhicules », in 4349: 4252: 4179: 3966: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3437: 3141: 3112: 3085: 2934: 2770: 2758: 2564: 2513: 2356: 2262: 2254: 2233: 2175: 2114: 2069: 2040: 1922: 1794: 1733: 1669: 1621: 1568: 1411: 1267: 989: 803: 712:Uruk King-priest feeding the sacred herd 11964: 11962: 11960: 11835: 6807:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 5819: 5756: 5752:(in French). Paris: CNRS Éditions. BUT. 5678: 5625: 5331: 5306: 5182: 5170: 5142: 5109: 5082: 5054: 4865:La Révolution néolithique dans le monde 4862: 4805: 4451:C. Castel and F. Joannès, "Pierre," in 4357: 4337: 4277: 4197:. Archaeological Institute of America. 4120: 4084: 3993:, pp. 386–390 for the conclusions. 3409: 3338: 3309: 3256: 3154: 3103: 2037:The first states and their institutions 1058: 13224: 11700: 10930: 10728: 8508: 8499:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 8403: 7327: 5738: 5729: 5706: 5690:Climate, History, and the Modern World 5660: 5616: 5552: 5550: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5482:Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible 5450: 5413: 5066: 5015: 4987: 4957:V. G. Childe, "The Urban Revolution," 4705: 4688: 4669: 4536: 4524: 4439: 4427: 4373: 4353: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4142: 4105: 4091:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 427. 4075: 3841: 3812: 3811:, Santa Fe, 2001, pp. 27–85; see also 3765: 3694: 3651: 3550: 3352:Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible 3284: 3264: 3097: 3076: 3070: 2970: 2878: 2830: 2807:"Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative" 1617: 12912: 12804: 12626: 12501: 12074: 12026: 11980: 11825: 11792: 11787: 11778: 11730: 11669: 11664: 11655: 11650: 11641: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11607: 11473: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11425: 11416: 11406: 11401: 11390: 11381: 11275: 11010: 10917: 10815: 10805: 10691: 10539: 10448: 10270: 10263: 10221: 10145: 10123: 10091: 10077: 10046: 10030: 9904: 9876: 9852: 9807: 9768: 9713: 9649: 9482: 9467: 9444: 9431: 9394: 9244: 9201: 9075: 9051: 9043: 9006: 8944: 8933: 8903: 8887: 8856: 8823: 8803: 8781: 8748: 8657: 8589: 8577: 8536: 8448: 8440: 8368: 8149: 7903: 7896: 7858: 7785: 7767: 7736: 7689: 7655: 7640: 7632: 7619: 7600: 7588: 7571: 7555: 7518: 7471: 7445: 7367: 7332: 7260: 7084: 7053: 7046: 7035: 7016: 6889: 6562: 5793: 4867:(in French). Paris. pp. 411–426. 4721:, Berlin and Boston, 2017, pp. 82-104 4546: 4201:from the original on 17 February 2013 3935:Cheng, Jack; Feldman, Marian (2007). 3722: 3511:from the original on 14 February 2007 3212:Uruk: First City of the Ancient World 2824: 2651:.Others blame it on the intrusion of 1989: 1334: 696: 13206: 13148:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 11957: 11933: 6588: 5687: 5669: 5425: 5125:, 2 vol., Austin, 1992 ; Ead., 4541:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 4188: 4014: 3554: 3446: 3260: 3066: 2982:U. Finkbeiner and W. Röllig, (ed.), 2007:were not invented until c. 2000 BC. 1227:Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria 799: 13196: 5674:(in French). Paris: Errances. Huot. 5547: 5517: 5484:64B–65, Paris, 1991, col. 1119–1147 4504:C. Michel, « Caravane », 4399: 4303: 4088:A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art 3735:, Routledge, 2003, pp. 93–126. See 3215:. Getty Publications. p. 325. 852:) in the final part of the period. 126:. Named after the Sumerian city of 99:(c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as 13: 11913:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 11832:Chronology of the Neolithic period 11484: 11114: 10931: 10913:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 10698: 10589: 9905: 9877: 9820: 9650: 9257: 8911: 7272: 6621:List of Paleolithic sites in China 5376:on the Wiki of CDLI. Criticism in 5366:from the original on 3 August 2017 5347:from the original on 3 August 2017 4172:Shaw, Ian. & Nicholson, Paul, 2907:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 2851:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 2502:A more recent theory, defended by 2112:insure the prosperity of society. 2082:. Late Uruk period, 3300-3000 BC. 1885:Uruk period beveled rim bowl from 1666:Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia 1365:Further to the north, the site of 665:in 1930, along with the preceding 626:. This work of art suggests early 14: 13293: 11489:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 9825:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 7636:("made the land of Elam submit") 6842:List of Bronze Age sites in China 4642:"Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin" 4613:"Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin" 4570:, Winona Lake, 2002, pp. 249–257. 3965:60/1–2, 2004, pp. 5–26. See also 3756:of the same book at academia.edu) 3557:, pp. 75–78. M. S. Rothman, 1407: 13205: 13195: 13185: 13176: 13175: 12481:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 12055: 11974: 11927: 11910:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 11896: 11882: 11860: 11851: 11836: 11826: 9131: 9019: 9014: 8842: 8571: 8566: 8397: 8243: 8238: 8093: 7992: 7923: 7836: 7831: 7701: 7664: 7659: 7649: 7644: 7439: 7089: 7076: 7064: 7029: 6869: 6859: 6538:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 6029: 5559: 5504: 5487: 5474: 5456: 5444: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5320: 5300: 5269: 5238: 5218: 5206: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5096: 5076: 5060: 5048: 5021: 5009: 4981: 4968: 4951: 4938: 4922: 4902: 4885: 4856: 4843: 4831: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4780:, Paris, 1970, pp. 108–122. See 4770: 4724: 4711: 4663: 4634: 4605: 4573: 4174:The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, 2708: 2694: 2680: 1878: 1866: 1850: 1830: 1514: 1502: 1314: 1239: 1192:. Further east, the key site of 1116: 1100: 986:Other sites in Lower Mesopotamia 956: 944: 932: 894: 883: 732: 718: 643: 603: 546: 176: 13282:Archaeological cultures in Iraq 12960:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 12383:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 12373:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 12112:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 10907:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 5589: 5257:from the original on 2017-09-20 5034:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 14–15. 4851:American Journal of Archaeology 4652:from the original on 2019-04-02 4623:from the original on 2019-04-02 4558:, pp. 92–94. R. Matthews, 4530: 4518: 4498: 4478: 4465: 4445: 4433: 4416: 4367: 4343: 4331: 4328:, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 261–305. 4318: 4283: 4271: 4258: 4246: 4226: 4213: 4136: 4045: 4028: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3955: 3928: 3917:from the original on 2020-11-12 3899: 3888:from the original on 2020-07-17 3874: 3857:The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC 3847: 3830: 3818: 3793: 3759: 3742: 3688: 3679: 3645: 3627: 3607: 3594: 3581: 3568: 3544: 3535:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3523: 3493: 3480: 3468: 3424: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3344: 3332: 3327:American Journal of Archaeology 3319: 3314:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3303: 3294: 3278: 3249: 3229: 3202: 3160: 3147: 3135: 3118: 3091: 3060: 3040: 3020: 3007: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2917:from the original on 2020-11-11 2885:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 10–14. 2861:from the original on 2020-11-11 2813:from the original on 2021-04-13 2643:Some blame the collapse on the 2211:, Susa), and especially in the 2171: 1918: 1087:Susiana and the Iranian Plateau 210:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 12243:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 11842:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 10980:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 10527:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 10451:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 9013:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 6095:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 6090:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 5357:(extract of the previous) and 4147:. In Northrop, Douglas (ed.). 3188:, col. 149–151; M.-J. Seux in 3017:, Santa Fe, 2001, introduction 2899: 2872: 2843: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2518:Head of a woman discovered at 2344:Intellectual and symbolic life 2123:, a great alabaster vase from 2022: 1755:, which increasingly replaced 1107:Clay envelope and its tokens. 1: 13252:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia 12502: 11812:Muslim conquest of the Levant 11058:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 11001:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 10986:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 10824:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 10694:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 10495:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 10194:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 6477:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 5874:Tigris–Euphrates river system 5608:, eds. (1999–2002). "Sumer". 4976:The Ancient Mesopotamian City 4396:, Montagnac, 2004, pp. 33–35. 2746: 2647:, which was characterized by 2570: 2569:Accounting tablet, Uruk III ( 2362: 1894: 12739:in ISIL-controlled territory 12627: 10361:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 7095:(Uruk influence or control) 5661:Forest, Jean-Daniel (1996). 5514:, New Haven, 1976, pp. 23–73 5360:"Proto cuneiform Version II" 5330:, Paris, 1997, pp. 132–166. 4676:, New York, 2003, pp. 22-24. 4646:repository.edition-topoi.org 4617:repository.edition-topoi.org 4149:A Companion to World History 4085:Hartwig, Melinda K. (2014). 3854:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). 3354:fasc. 73, 2002, col. 409–413 1369:, located in the suburbs of 1263: 963:Sector of An, levels IV–III. 792:. In Lower Mesopotamia, the 618:, dated circa 3300-3200 BC, 7: 13257:Bronze Age cultures of Asia 12913: 12805: 12650:Council of Representatives 12388:Weapons of mass destruction 12075: 11055:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 10094:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9893:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9440:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9434:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8694:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 7681:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 7082:(Anonymous "King-priests") 7037:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 6694:Early Neolithic settlements 6543:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 6425:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 6420:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 5275:Publications in the series 4356:, pp. 77–92. See also 4005:, pp. 232–254, 334–338 3177:, col. 84–91; B. Lafont in 2673: 2560: 2296:course of the Uruk period, 1660:Agriculture and pastoralism 1600:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 1595:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 1138:in the southwest of modern 628:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 10: 13298: 12378:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 11847: 11682:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 11109: 10992:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 10876: 10850: 10802:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 10148:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 9913:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 9810:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9772:Second Intermediate Period 8582:(vassal of the Akkadians) 7970: 7115:Early or legendary kings: 6548:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 5748:Butterlin, Pascal (2003). 5739:Algaze, Guillermo (1993). 5730:Algaze, Guillermo (2008). 5724:Studies on the Uruk period 5628:Mesopotamia Before History 5572:. John Hunt. p. 120. 5338:, Chicago, 1993; see also 4475:, Paris, 1998, pp. 109–114 4364:, Oxford, 2014, pp. 79–93. 4191:"Earliest Egyptian Glyphs" 4017:, pp. 102–104 ; 3860:. Routledge. p. 101. 3766:Algaze, Guillermo (2013). 3695:Algaze, Guillermo (2013). 3652:Algaze, Guillermo (2013). 3132:, Chicago, 1981, pp. 60–81 3002:The Biblical Archaeologist 2879:Cooper, Jerrol S. (1996). 2352: 1790: 1663: 1592: 1283: 1212:further to the southeast. 877:Anu/ White Temple ziggurat 867: 838:Robert McCormick Adams Jr. 525:Ba'athist rule (1968–2003) 520:Republic of Iraq (1958–68) 13171: 13070: 12925: 12921: 12908: 12813: 12800: 12635: 12622: 12510: 12497: 12318: 12235: 12087: 12083: 12070: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11773: 11723: 11720: 11679: 11638: 11604: 11585: 11427:Parthamaspates of Parthia 11413: 11378: 11237: 11205: 10998: 10977: 10904: 10901: 10807:Assyrian conquest of Elam 10800: 10688: 10654: 10588: 10549: 10413: 10402: 10359: 10187:Third Intermediate Period 10002: 9873: 9717:Second Babylonian dynasty 9662:("Old Babylonian Period") 9428: 9380: 9144: 9112: 9084:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 9056: 9040: 8987: 8984: 8967: 8889: 8874: 8833: 8800: 8746: 8730: 8704: 8696: 8667: 8592:First Intermediate Period 8586: 8562: 8518: 8503: 8487: 8462: 8453: 8427: 8422: 8234: 8213: 8194: 8185: 8146: 8121: 8104: 8080: 8067: 8062: 8048: 8033: 8024: 7976: 7952: 7877: 7817: 7800: 7765: 7744: 7738:Early Dynastic Period III 7686: 7670: 7598: 7596: 7585: 7512: 7463: 7453: 7364: 7341: 7257: 7188: 7119: 7102: 7099: 7040: 7013: 6940: 6924: 6855: 6792: 6764: 6679: 6596: 6515: 6469: 6443: 6347: 6244: 6137: 6045: 6038: 6027: 5909: 5836: 5827: 5679:Joannès, Francis (2001). 5670:Huot, Jean-Louis (2004). 5566:Lucy Wyatt (2010-01-16). 5441:, Padoue, 2005, pp. 13–32 5277:Archaische Texte aus Uruk 5247:"Elam iii. Proto-Elamite" 4560:Cities, Seals and Writing 4315:, pp. 66–68, 141–142 4289:B. Lafont, "Équidés," in 4151:. John Wiley & Sons. 4042:, Paris, 2009, pp. 29–46. 3840:42/2 (2001) pp. 199–233; 3501:"The Hamoukar Expedition" 1035:). The sacred quarter of 114:period in the history of 83: 73: 61: 53: 43: 33: 24: 12729:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 12640:Administrative divisions 11805:Muslim conquest of Egypt 11269:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 11100:Cleopatra VII Philopator 10597:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 9659:First Babylonian dynasty 9397:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 8901:(vassal of the Gutians) 8598:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 7590:Early Dynastic Period II 6847:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 5688:Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). 5119:Denise Schmandt-Besserat 4899:, Paris, 2013, pp. 5–53. 4853:100/4 (1996) pp. 683–698 4352:, pp. 36–40 ; 4232:X. Faivre, "Outils," in 4143:Yoffee, Norman (2015) . 4025:41/1 (2000) pp. 113–123. 3329:100/4, 1996, pp. 683–698 3069:, pp. 94–99 ; 2935:Matthews, Roger (2002), 2438:Denise Schmandt-Besserat 2425:(ancestor of the series 2088:Vorderasiatisches Museum 1606:and in the pre-literate 1588: 1123:Clay accounting tokens. 590:Dating and periodization 12288:Mandate for Mesopotamia 12162:First Babylonian Empire 11890:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 11633:Province of Mesopotamia 11442:Province of Mesopotamia 11418:Province of Mesopotamia 11393:Roman conquest of Egypt 11234:Antigonus II Mattathias 11028:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 10601:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 9078:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 8604:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 7912:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7447:Early Dynastic Period I 7370:Second Dynasty of Egypt 6755:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 6749:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 6631:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 5642:Sumer and the Sumerians 5636:Crawford, Harriet E. W. 5093:, pp. 48–51, 77–80 5006:, 22/2 (1997) pp. 45–76 4426:90, 1991, pp. 105-116; 4133:317/5842, (August 2007) 3882:"Louvre Museum Sb 2125" 3541:, Pisa (1994) pp. 88–92 3316:2/2 (1943) pp. 131–158. 3004:55/4 (1992) pp. 196–203 2182:National Museum of Iraq 2129:National Museum of Iraq 1927:Columns decorated with 1747:Crafts and construction 1244:The best known site is 1023:, and further north in 863: 295:First Babylonian Empire 138:and corresponds to the 12447:Insurgency (2011–2013) 12368:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 12172:Middle Assyrian Empire 11490: 11272:Philip II Philoromaeus 11266:Antiochus XII Dionysus 11260:Demetrius III Eucaerus 11257:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 11248:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 11120: 11088:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 11043:Arsinoe III Philopator 10936: 10704: 10594: 10431:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10363:Second Dynasty of Isin 9910: 9883: 9826: 9655: 9538:(Non-dynastic usurpers 9262: 8947:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 8916: 8806:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 8371:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 8152:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 7979:Second kingdom of Mari 7692:Third Dynasty of Egypt 7626:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 7278: 7269:First Dynasty of Egypt 6865:Archaeological periods 6380:Babylonian mathematics 5767:Glassner, Jean-Jacques 5626:Charvát, Petr (2002). 5617:Benoit, Agnès (2003). 5245:R. K. Englund (1998). 5127:How Writing Came About 4268:81, 2019, pp. 221-239. 3963:Bibliotheca Orientalis 3531:Baghdader Mitteilungen 2724:History of Mesopotamia 2620:End of the Uruk period 2581: 2527: 2509: 2373: 2326:development of writing 2272: 2260: 2243: 2200:Robert McCormick Adams 2185: 2132: 2091: 2050: 1936: 1800: 1743: 1723:in the Near East (the 1675: 1651:Technology and economy 1627: 1574: 1417: 1281: 1163:Further north, in the 995: 809: 750:Alternative chronology 305:Middle Assyrian Empire 16:Archaeological culture 13272:Archaeology of Kuwait 12734:in post-invasion Iraq 12440:U.S. troop withdrawal 12202:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11876:The Ancient Near East 11794:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11708:Province of Asoristan 11671:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11488: 11481:Province of Asoristan 11263:Philip I Philadelphus 11251:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 11245:Antiochus VIII Grypus 11242:Seleucus V Philometor 11197:Antiochus VII Sidetes 11191:Antiochus VI Dionysus 11118: 11091:Berenice IV Epiphanea 11052:Ptolemy VI Philometor 11040:Ptolemy IV Philopator 11037:Berenice II Euergetis 11034:Ptolemy III Euergetes 10935: 10853:Neo-Babylonian Empire 10763:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10760:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 10751:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10702: 10657:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 10593: 10314:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 10004:Middle Elamite period 9909: 9881: 9824: 9654: 9261: 8915: 8670:Third kingdom of Mari 8391:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 7466:First kingdom of Mari 7276: 7263:Early Dynastic Period 7105:Proto-Dynastic period 6661:South Asian Stone Age 5692:. London: Routledge. 5470:on 25 September 2011. 5251:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5145:, pp. 46–56 and 4934:. 2005. p. viii. 4223:, Cambridge MA, 2000. 3941:. BRILL. p. 48. 3600:M. Frangipane (ed.), 3591:25/1, 1999, pp. 91–99 3490:47, 1985, pp. 187–189 3380:11/2, 1985, pp. 25–30 3013:M. S. Rothman (ed.), 2568: 2517: 2504:Jean-Jacques Glassner 2360: 2266: 2258: 2237: 2179: 2118: 2073: 2044: 1926: 1825:, were hand-moulded. 1798: 1765:convertible husbandry 1737: 1673: 1625: 1572: 1488:competitive advantage 1484:comparative advantage 1415: 1271: 993: 807: 794:Early Dynastic Period 610:Mesopotamian king as 430:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 400:Buyid amirate of Iraq 315:Neo-Babylonian Empire 132:Sumerian civilization 12683:Council of Ministers 12565:Mesopotamian Marshes 11239:Alexander II Zabinas 11103:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 11079:Ptolemy XI Alexander 11061:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 10616:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 10604:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 10428:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 10369:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 9993:Marduk-apla-iddina I 9887:New Kingdom of Egypt 9710:Early Kassite rulers 9004:(Vassals of Ur III) 8985:(Vassals of UR III) 8385:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 8355:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 7906:Old Kingdom of Egypt 6739:Neolithic South Asia 6734:Neolithic Revolution 6611:Japanese Paleolithic 6375:Babylonian astronomy 5854:Mesopotamian Marshes 5783:Uruk: The First City 5089:, pp. 219–223; 5069:, pp. 150–154; 4963:Town Planning Review 4959:Town Planning Review 4023:Current Anthropology 3838:Current Anthropology 3801:Current Anthropology 3365:Revue Assyriologique 2630:northern Mesopotamia 2195:Neolithic Revolution 1681:Neolithic Revolution 1472:Immanuel Wallerstein 1468:World-systems theory 1059:Neighbouring regions 530:Occupation (2003–11) 101:Protoliterate period 13267:Archaeology of Iraq 12945:Mesopotamian Arabic 12751:Freedom of religion 12197:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12167:Old Assyrian Period 12152:Neo-Sumerian Empire 11744:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 11254:Antiochus X Eusebes 11082:Ptolemy XII Auletes 11073:Ptolemy X Alexander 11067:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 11046:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 10731:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10619:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 10552:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10375:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 10266:Syro-Hittite states 9972:Shagarakti-Shuriash 9645:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 8639:Neferkare Pepiseneb 8538:Akkadian Governors: 7042:Pre-Dynastic period 6817:Bronze Age Caucasus 6812:Bronze Age Anatolia 6456:Destruction by ISIL 6410:Sumerian literature 6385:Akkadian literature 5821:Ancient Mesopotamia 5336:Archaic Bookkeeping 5309:, pp. 82–106; 5106:8 (1978) pp. 11–59. 4974:M. Van de Mieroop, 4965:80 (2009) pp. 3–29. 4758:Joannès (dir.) 2001 4543:2005/5, pp. 969–973 4506:Joannès (dir.) 2001 4486:Joannès (dir.) 2001 4413:50, 1988, pp. 49–50 4291:Joannès (dir.) 2001 4068:Redford, Donald B. 3553:, pp. 91–103; 3126:Heartland of Cities 2653:East Semitic tribes 2423:List of Professions 1931:, from the archaic 1751:The development of 1618:Society and culture 1476:international trade 1375:Kura–Araxes culture 939:Eanna, levels VI–V. 772:origin (the future 616:Gebel el-Arak Knife 473:Early modern period 310:Neo-Assyrian Empire 275:Neo-Sumerian Empire 103:) existed from the 21: 12876:Telecommunications 12851:Foreign Investment 12788:Wars and conflicts 12724:in pre-Saddam Iraq 12688:Presidency Council 12474:2019–2021 protests 12403:Invasion of Kuwait 12227:Sassanid Asorestan 12222:Parthian Babylonia 12217:Seleucid Babylonia 12212:Achaemenid Assyria 12127:Jemdet Nasr period 11970:Sumerian King List 11784:Palaestina Secunda 11661:Palaestina Secunda 11491: 11222:Alexander Jannaeus 11121: 11111:Hellenistic Period 10937: 10705: 10683:Humban-haltash III 10647:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 10595: 10560:Tukulti-Ninurta II 10541:Kingdom of Samaria 10437:Mar-biti-apla-usur 10434:Shirikti-shuqamuna 10404:Neo-Elamite period 10387:Marduk-shapik-zeri 10372:Itti-Marduk-balatu 10353:Tiglath-Pileser II 10350:Ashur-resh-ishi II 10305:Enlil-kudurri-usur 9996:Zababa-shuma-iddin 9981:Kadashman-Harbe II 9966:Kadashman-Enlil II 9911: 9884: 9827: 9656: 9642:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 9639:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 9630:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 9389:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 9263: 8917: 8292:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 7673:Old Elamite period 7565:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 7418:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 7335:Jemdet Nasr period 7279: 6704:Trialetian culture 6492:Mesopotamian myths 5501:1 (2000) pp. 63–74 5453:, pp. 212–213 5404:, pp. 231–239 5185:, pp. 121–127 5173:, pp. 111–120 5161:, pp. 246–250 5149:, pp. 87–112. 5104:Cahiers de la DAFI 5085:, pp. 43–45; 5057:, pp. 106–111 5018:, pp. 154–157 4840:, pp. 231–238 4796:, pp. 238–250 4760:, pp. 743–744 4708:, pp. 208–211 4691:, pp. 196–197 4488:, pp. 905–906 4453:Joannès (ed.) 2001 4378:Joannès (ed.) 2001 4340:, pp. 143–150 4293:, pp. 299–300 4280:, pp. 181–213 4234:Joannès (ed.) 2001 4189:Mitchell, Larkin. 4051:B. Midant-Reynes, 3981:, pp. 131–137 3911:cartelfr.louvre.fr 3776:The Sumerian World 3748:D. T. Potts 2016, 3731:e.g. R. Matthews, 3705:The Sumerian World 3662:The Sumerian World 3638:2023-03-26 at the 3620:2022-06-15 at the 3613:Gil Stein (1998), 3477:, pp. 347–357 3421:, pp. 139–150 3393:10 (1975) pp. 1–17 3263:, pp. 79–89, 3259:, pp. 32–41, 3235:P. Michalowski in 3073:, pp. 175–204 2961:, pp. 286–297 2911:cartelfr.louvre.fr 2855:cartelfr.louvre.fr 2782:As for example in 2582: 2528: 2374: 2334:sexagesimal system 2273: 2261: 2244: 2186: 2133: 2092: 2051: 2033:extensive debate. 1990:Means of transport 1937: 1803:The production of 1801: 1744: 1676: 1628: 1575: 1559:cultural emulation 1480:Greek colonisation 1450:political takeover 1430:Tell Sheikh Hassan 1418: 1335:Southeast Anatolia 1282: 1134:The region around 996: 842:urban macrocephaly 810: 704:Jemdet Nasr period 697:Jemdet Nasr period 671:Jemdet Nasr period 445:Jalairid Sultanate 380:Rashidun Caliphate 355:Sasanian Asorestan 345:Parthian Babylonia 340:Seleucid Babylonia 335:Achaemenid Assyria 230:Jemdet Nasr Period 124:Jemdet Nasr period 88:Jemdet Nasr period 34:Geographical range 19: 13242:4th millennium BC 13219: 13218: 13167: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13153:Mandaean New Year 12904: 12903: 12796: 12795: 12778:Political parties 12673:Foreign relations 12618: 12617: 12525:Lower Mesopotamia 12520:Upper Mesopotamia 12493: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12253:Abbasid Caliphate 12248:Umayyad Caliphate 12157:Isin-Larsa period 12020: 12019: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12009: 11997:978-1-62564-606-4 11982:Unger, Merrill F. 11950:978-0-14-193825-7 11920:978-1-60606-649-2 11687:Province of Egypt 11618:Province of Egypt 11398:Province of Egypt 11140:Antigonid dynasty 10940:Achaemenid Empire 10861:Nebuchadnezzar II 10769:Ashur-nadin-shumi 10638:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 10610:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 10425:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 10393:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 10384:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 10326:Asharid-apal-Ekur 10323:Tiglath-Pileser I 10320:Ashur-resh-ishi I 10308:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 10296:Tukulti-Ninurta I 10243:Kingdom of Israel 10211:Osorkon the Elder 10132:Shutrukid dynasty 10017:Igehalkid dynasty 9984:Adad-shuma-iddina 9978:Enlil-nadin-shumi 9945:Kadashman-Enlil I 9939:Kadashman-harbe I 9383:Sukkalmah dynasty 9247:Isin-Larsa period 9069:Shimashki Dynasty 8795:Puzur-Inshushinak 8394:Netjerkare Siptah 8164:Neferirkare Kakai 7709:Egyptian pyramids 6918:Ancient Near East 6883: 6882: 6837:Bronze Age Levant 6802:Andronovo culture 6709:Nemrikian culture 6556: 6555: 6507:Ziggurat (Temple) 6482:Sumerian religion 6240: 6239: 6187:Middle Babylonian 6129:Kish civilization 6025: 6024: 5849:Lower Mesopotamia 5844:Upper Mesopotamia 5708:Nissen, Hans-Jörg 5392:note pp. 180–215. 5380:, pp. 69–86. 5341:"Proto cuneiform" 4776:A. L. Oppenheim, 4158:978-1-118-30547-8 3969:, pp. 40–44. 3948:978-90-474-2085-9 3867:978-1-000-03485-1 3844:, pp. 40–63. 3827:, pp. 98–107 3815:, pp. 68–73. 3785:978-1-136-21912-2 3772:Crawford, Harriet 3714:978-1-136-21912-2 3701:Crawford, Harriet 3671:978-1-136-21912-2 3658:Crawford, Harriet 3291:, pp. 41–48. 3222:978-1-60606-444-3 2986:, Wiesbaden, 1986 2664:Epic of Gilgamesh 2645:Piora Oscillation 2610:Thorkild Jacobsen 2607: 2595: 2588: 2497: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2139: 1823:beveled rim bowls 1612:Prehistoric Egypt 1379:southern Caucasus 1202:beveled rim bowls 1094:Accounting tokens 1071:and southeastern 800:Lower Mesopotamia 612:Master of Animals 587: 586: 390:Abbasid Caliphate 385:Umayyad Caliphate 350:Roman Mesopotamia 280:Isin-Larsa period 93: 92: 13289: 13247:1930s neologisms 13209: 13208: 13199: 13198: 13189: 13179: 13178: 12923: 12922: 12910: 12909: 12841: 12802: 12801: 12653: 12624: 12623: 12610:Sinjar Mountains 12600:Zagros Mountains 12540:Hamrin Mountains 12499: 12498: 12462:Mosul liberation 12435:Iraqi insurgency 12357:National Command 12346: 12182:Simurrum culture 12085: 12084: 12072: 12071: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12047: 12040: 12033: 12024: 12023: 12002: 12001: 11978: 11972: 11966: 11955: 11954: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11903:Thomas, Ariane; 11900: 11894: 11893: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11840: 11830: 11780:Palaestina Prima 11726:Byzantine Empire 11657:Palaestina Prima 11644:Byzantine Empire 11623:Syria Palaestina 11588:Palmyrene Empire 11574:Bahram VI Chobin 11437:Syria Palaestina 11225:Salome Alexandra 11208:Kingdom of Judea 11194:Diodotus Tryphon 11049:Cleopatra I Syra 11025:Ptolemy Keraunos 10793:Ashur-uballit II 10790:Sin-shumu-lishir 10784:Ashur-etil-ilani 10739:Sargonid dynasty 10632:Marduk-apla-usur 10613:Nabu-apla-iddina 10607:Shamash-mudammiq 10563:Ashurnasirpal II 10546:Kingdom of Judah 10390:Adad-apla-iddina 10381:Enlil-nadin-apli 10378:Nebuchadnezzar I 10302:Ashur-nirari III 10299:Ashur-nadin-apli 10137:Shutruk-Nakhunte 10022:Untash-Napirisha 10011:Kidinuid dynasty 9609:Shamshi-Adad III 9317:Dynasty of Larsa 9135: 9023: 9018: 8846: 8699:Shar-Kali-Sharri 8633:Neferkare Tereru 8621:Neferkare Khendu 8575: 8570: 8401: 8360:Kiku-siwe-tempti 8247: 8242: 8097: 8026:Kish III dynasty 7996: 7927: 7840: 7835: 7740:(2600–2340 BCE) 7705: 7668: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7592:(2700–2600 BCE) 7449:(2900–2700 BCE) 7443: 7360:(3100–2700 BCE) 7339:(3100–2900 BCE) 7093: 7080: 7068: 7044:(4000–2900 BCE) 7033: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6873: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6832:Bronze Age Korea 6827:Bronze Age India 6822:Bronze Age China 6699:Khiamian culture 6689:Fertile Crescent 6626:Natufian culture 6606:Dmanisi hominins 6590:Prehistoric Asia 6583: 6576: 6569: 6560: 6559: 6405:Sumerian cuisine 6395:Warfare in Sumer 6390:Economy of Sumer 6043: 6042: 6033: 5917:Fertile Crescent 5901:Sinjar Mountains 5896:Hamrin Mountains 5891:Zagros Mountains 5869:Taurus Mountains 5834: 5833: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5719: 5717: 5703: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5645: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5584: 5583: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5526: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5466:. Archived from 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5324: 5318: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5292:. Archived from 5273: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5222: 5216: 5215:, pp. 45–68 5210: 5204: 5203: 5198:. Archived from 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5139: 5130: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5080: 5074: 5073:, pp. 53–57 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4955: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4906: 4900: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4751: 4742: 4740: 4728: 4722: 4717:P. Steinkeller, 4715: 4709: 4703: 4692: 4686: 4677: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4553: 4544: 4534: 4528: 4527:, pp. 50–62 4522: 4516: 4515: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4430:, pp. 74–77 4420: 4414: 4403: 4397: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255:, pp. 15–19 4250: 4244: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4186: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4140: 4134: 4127: 4118: 4117:, pp. 66–70 4112: 4103: 4102: 4082: 4073: 4066: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4032: 4026: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3851: 3845: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3763: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3729: 3720: 3718: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3649: 3643: 3631: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3565:, Turnhout, 2009 3548: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3461:E. Strommenger, 3459: 3450: 3449:, pp. 89–93 3444: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3406:19 (1981) p. 146 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367:51, 1957, p. 127 3361: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3341:, pp. 24–27 3336: 3330: 3323: 3317: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3282: 3276: 3275:14, Mainz, 2007. 3253: 3247: 3245: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3187: 3176: 3164: 3158: 3157:, pp. 73–81 3151: 3145: 3144:, pp. 66–68 3139: 3133: 3122: 3116: 3115:, pp. 19–25 3110: 3101: 3100:, pp. 40–61 3095: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2973:, pp. 57–58 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2729:History of Sumer 2718: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2605: 2596:, Inanna (later 2593: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2495: 2399:Adam Falkenstein 2367: 2364: 2290: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2137: 1913:arsenical bronze 1882: 1870: 1854: 1834: 1535:. Louvre Museum. 1518: 1506: 1496:Susa King-priest 1474:and theories of 1464:Guillermo Algaze 1424:(see above) and 1399: 1120: 1104: 960: 951:Eanna, level IV. 948: 936: 898: 887: 824:(along with the 736: 722: 647: 607: 597:Uruk King-Priest 579: 572: 565: 551: 550: 549: 375:Islamic conquest 180: 170: 152: 151: 140:Early Bronze Age 136:cuneiform script 112:Early Bronze Age 29: 22: 18: 13297: 13296: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13159: 13143:Public holidays 13066: 12917: 12900: 12839: 12809: 12792: 12651: 12631: 12614: 12545:Iraqi Kurdistan 12535:Euphrates river 12506: 12485: 12452:War (2014–2017) 12398:Operation Opera 12344: 12314: 12310:Arab Federation 12298:Kingdom of Iraq 12231: 12207:Fall of Babylon 12142:Akkadian Empire 12117:Samarra culture 12102:Hassuna culture 12079: 12066: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12021: 12016: 12015: 12006: 12005: 11998: 11979: 11975: 11967: 11958: 11951: 11932: 11928: 11921: 11901: 11897: 11888: 11887: 11883: 11865: 11861: 11856: 11852: 11789:Byzantine Syria 11775:Byzantine Egypt 11750:Farrukh Hormizd 11710: 11706: 11703:Sasanian Empire 11689: 11685: 11666:Byzantine Syria 11652:Byzantine Egypt 11591: 11483: 11479: 11476:Sasanian Empire 11396: 11301:Mithridates III 11281: 11278:Parthian Empire 11211: 11150:Seleucid Empire 11147: 11137: 11113: 11022:Ptolemy I Soter 11020: 11017:Ptolemaic Egypt 10989: 10983: 10943: 10925: 10921: 10919:Kings of Byblos 10910: 10882: 10856: 10827: 10821: 10795: 10775:Mushezib-Marduk 10745:Tiglath-Pileser 10743: 10734: 10711: 10697: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10650:Nabu-mukin-zeri 10644:Nabu-nadin-zeri 10629:Marduk-bel-zeri 10622:Baba-aha-iddina 10599: 10576:Adad-nirari III 10566:Shalmaneser III 10555: 10544: 10543: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10521:Menkheperre Ini 10498: 10491: 10490: 10454: 10440:Nabû-mukin-apli 10417: 10406:(1100–540 BCE) 10399:Nabu-shum-libur 10367: 10344:Ashur-nirari IV 10338:Ashurnasirpal I 10335:Shamshi-Adad IV 10281:Ashur-uballit I 10276: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10229:Kings of Byblos 10227: 10197: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10152: 10151: 10135: 10129: 10097: 10084: 10083: 10065:Neferneferuaten 10025: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10007:(1500–1100 BCE) 9999:Enlil-nadin-ahi 9987:Adad-shuma-usur 9975:Kashtiliashu IV 9963:Kadashman-Turgu 9948:Burnaburiash II 9927:Kashtiliash III 9919: 9896: 9890: 9860: 9859:(1600–1260 BCE) 9858: 9828: 9819: 9813: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9755: 9750:Peshgaldaramesh 9745: 9735: 9725: 9721:Sealand Dynasty 9718: 9715: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9670: 9663: 9661: 9636:Ashur-nirari II 9615:Puzur-Ashur III 9603:Shamshi-Adad II 9574: 9572: 9570:Adaside dynasty 9567: 9566: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9488: 9479: 9473: 9462: 9458: 9456:Kings of Byblos 9454: 9448: 9437: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9368:Uruk VI dynasty 9366: 9315: 9266:Dynasty of Isin 9256: 9250: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9136: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9087: 9081: 9063: 9024: 9012: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8974: 8964: 8950: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8907: 8900: 8896: 8882: 8878: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8828:(2150–2000 BCE) 8809: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8741: 8737: 8725: 8721: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8673: 8663: 8618:Djedkare Shemai 8607: 8601: 8595: 8581: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8527:Sargon of Akkad 8525: 8524: 8521:Akkadian Empire 8513:(2340–2150 BCE) 8511:Akkadian Period 8498: 8494: 8482: 8478: 8457: 8445: 8435: 8431: 8414: 8410: 8396: 8374: 8353: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8280: 8276: 8264: 8260: 8248: 8219: 8216: 8210: 8198: 8189: 8156: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8075: 8074: 8058: 8055: 8043: 8039: 8028: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7974:(2500-539 BCE) 7962: 7958: 7928: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7827: 7823: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7679: 7678: 7677:(2700–1500 BCE) 7676: 7624: 7613: 7576:("conqueror of 7562: 7546: 7539: 7529: 7515: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7461: 7458: 7438: 7374: 7373: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7338: 7280: 7266: 7253: 7194: 7125: 7114: 7108: 7094: 7088: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7061:(4000–3100 BCE) 7060: 7054: 7028: 7022: 6994: 6975: 6965: 6938: 6936: 6920: 6914: 6884: 6879: 6851: 6788: 6760: 6729:Neolithic Korea 6724:Neolithic Tibet 6719:Neolithic China 6714:Zarzian culture 6675: 6592: 6587: 6557: 6552: 6511: 6465: 6439: 6348:Culture/society 6343: 6236: 6232:Muslim conquest 6202:Fall of Babylon 6133: 6034: 6021: 5905: 5823: 5818: 5779:Liverani, Mario 5726: 5700: 5654: 5606:Quesnel, Michel 5602:Briend, Jacques 5597: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5350: 5348: 5339: 5325: 5321: 5317:, Berlin, 1993. 5305: 5301: 5288: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5239: 5228: 5226:Sumer 1999–2002 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5141:Discussions in 5140: 5133: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4952: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4890: 4886: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4821: 4819:Sumer 1999–2002 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4752: 4745: 4734: 4732:Sumer 1999–2002 4729: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4554: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4404: 4400: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4304: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4180: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4083: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4033: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3764: 3760: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3650: 3646: 3640:Wayback Machine 3632: 3628: 3622:Wayback Machine 3612: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3549: 3545: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465:, Mayence, 1980 3460: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3254: 3250: 3239: 3237:Sumer 1999–2002 3234: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3192: 3190:Sumer 1999–2002 3181: 3179:Sumer 1999–2002 3170: 3168:Sumer 1999–2002 3165: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3124:R. McC. Adams, 3123: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3048:Sumer 1999–2002 3045: 3041: 3030: 3028:Sumer 1999–2002 3025: 3021: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2933: 2929: 2920: 2918: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2622: 2578:Pergamon Museum 2573: 2563: 2512: 2463:Proto-Cuneiform 2370:Pergamon Museum 2365: 2355: 2346: 2284: 2253: 2240:Pergamon Museum 2174: 2084:Pergamon Museum 2060:Empire of Akkad 2039: 2025: 1992: 1935:Pergamon Museum 1921: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1855: 1846: 1835: 1793: 1749: 1721:beast of burden 1668: 1662: 1653: 1620: 1608:Gerzean culture 1597: 1591: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1410: 1385: 1377:centred on the 1337: 1317: 1288: 1266: 1242: 1229: 1186:Iranian Plateau 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1061: 988: 976:writing tablets 964: 961: 952: 949: 940: 937: 908: 907: 906: 905: 901: 900: 899: 890: 889: 888: 879: 878: 872: 866: 802: 752: 747: 746: 745: 744: 743: 737: 728: 727: 726: 723: 714: 713: 699: 659: 658: 657: 656: 655: 648: 640: 639: 608: 599: 598: 592: 583: 553:Iraq portal 547: 545: 540: 539: 515:Kingdom of Iraq 505: 495: 494: 475: 465: 464: 370: 360: 359: 330: 320: 319: 265:Akkadian Empire 245: 235: 234: 215:Samarra culture 200:Hassuna culture 190: 168: 161: 122:and before the 57:c. 4000–3100 BC 17: 12: 11: 5: 13295: 13285: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13213: 13203: 13193: 13183: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13074: 13072: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13032: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12937: 12931: 12929: 12919: 12918: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12881:Transportation 12878: 12873: 12871:Stock Exchange 12868: 12866:Reconstruction 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12846:Infrastructure 12843: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12798: 12797: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12731: 12726: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12705:Prime Minister 12702: 12701: 12700: 12690: 12685: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12647: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12449: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12422: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12413:1991 uprisings 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12363:Saddam Hussein 12360: 12349: 12348: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12295: 12293:Mandatory Iraq 12290: 12285: 12282:Mamluk dynasty 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12147:Gutian dynasty 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12093: 12091: 12081: 12080: 12068: 12067: 12050: 12049: 12042: 12035: 12027: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 11996: 11973: 11956: 11949: 11926: 11919: 11905:Potts, Timothy 11895: 11881: 11859: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11834: 11823: 11822: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11729: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11699: 11678: 11674: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11606: 11602: 11601: 11584: 11580: 11579: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11388: 11387: 11380: 11379:30 BCE–116 CE 11376: 11375: 11313:Mithridates IV 11295:Mithridates II 11274: 11236: 11231:Aristobulus II 11204: 11200: 11199: 11124:Argead dynasty 11108: 11013:Argead dynasty 11009: 11005: 11004: 10996: 10995: 10975: 10974: 10966:Artaxerxes III 10929: 10927:Kings of Sidon 10916: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10875: 10870:Labashi-Marduk 10849: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10772:Nergal-ushezib 10727: 10708:Black Pharaohs 10690: 10686: 10685: 10653: 10626:Ninurta-apla-X 10587: 10585:Ashur-nirari V 10579:Shalmaneser IV 10569:Shamshi-Adad V 10557:Adad-nirari II 10548: 10538: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10401: 10358: 10341:Shalmaneser II 10329:Ashur-bel-kala 10317:Mutakkil-Nusku 10273:Middle Assyria 10269: 10262: 10237:Kings of Sidon 10220: 10144: 10143:1155–1025 BCE 10140: 10139: 10126:Elamite Empire 10122: 10089: 10088: 10080:Hittite Empire 10076: 10044: 10043: 10028: 10027: 10001: 9990:Meli-Shipak II 9960:Nazi-Maruttash 9924:Burnaburiash I 9903: 9875: 9874:1531–1155 BCE 9871: 9870: 9851: 9806: 9766: 9765: 9712: 9648: 9633:Enlil-Nasir II 9612:Ashur-nirari I 9606:Ishme-Dagan II 9597:Sharma-Adad II 9549:Ashur-apla-idi 9540:1735–1701 BCE) 9519:Ashur-apla-idi 9501:Shamshi-Adad I 9496:1808–1736 BCE) 9481: 9476:Yamhad dynasty 9466: 9464:Kings of Sidon 9443: 9430: 9429:1800–1595 BCE 9426: 9425: 9392: 9391: 9379: 9243: 9233:Puzur-Ashur II 9200: 9143: 9110: 9109: 9104:Mentuhotep III 9073: 9072: 9055: 9050: 9042: 9041:2025-1763 BCE 9038: 9037: 9009:Ur III dynasty 9005: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8966: 8955:Neferkare VIII 8943: 8939: 8938: 8931: 8930: 8902: 8888: 8886: 8873: 8859:Gutian dynasty 8855: 8831: 8830: 8822: 8817:Nebkaure Khety 8811:Meryibre Khety 8802: 8798: 8797: 8780: 8747: 8745: 8729: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8666: 8656: 8642:Neferkamin Anu 8615:Neferkare Neby 8588: 8584: 8583: 8579:Lugal-ushumgal 8576: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8535: 8516: 8515: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8486: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8452: 8447: 8439: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8412:Lugalannemundu 8402: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8343: 8326: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8284: 8268: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8179:Djedkare Isesi 8176:Menkauhor Kaiu 8148: 8144: 8143: 8120: 8103: 8079: 8077:Pabilgagaltuku 8066: 8061: 8047: 8036:Akshak dynasty 8032: 8023: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7951: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7876: 7861:Enun-dara-anna 7856: 7855: 7816: 7799: 7784: 7766: 7764: 7742: 7741: 7735: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7669: 7654: 7638: 7637: 7630: 7629: 7618: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7569: 7568: 7554: 7517: 7510: 7509: 7485:Kullassina-bel 7470: 7462: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7340: 7331: 7326: 7277:Narmer Palette 7259: 7258:3100–2900 BCE 7255: 7254: 7187: 7117: 7116: 7101: 7100:3200–3100 BCE 7097: 7096: 7083: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7034: 7015: 7014:4000–3200 BCE 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6969: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6916:Rulers of the 6913: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6867: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6671:Xiaochangliang 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6528:Assyriologists 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6435:List of rulers 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:Proto-Armenian 6321: 6316: 6311: 6309:Middle Persian 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6197:Neo-Babylonian 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6177:Old Babylonian 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6147:Early Dynastic 6143: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5775: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5704: 5698: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5652: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5558: 5546: 5539: 5516: 5503: 5486: 5473: 5455: 5443: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5319: 5299: 5296:on 2012-07-10. 5268: 5237: 5235:, col. 141–143 5217: 5205: 5202:on 2012-07-24. 5187: 5175: 5163: 5151: 5131: 5129:, Austin, 1996 5123:Before Writing 5108: 5095: 5091:Butterlin 2003 5075: 5059: 5047: 5040: 5020: 5008: 4992: 4980: 4967: 4950: 4937: 4921: 4901: 4884: 4855: 4842: 4830: 4828:, col. 160–162 4810: 4798: 4786: 4769: 4743: 4741:, col. 134–135 4723: 4710: 4693: 4678: 4662: 4633: 4604: 4597: 4572: 4556:Butterlin 2003 4545: 4529: 4517: 4497: 4477: 4464: 4444: 4432: 4415: 4405:M. Yon (ed.), 4398: 4390:Butterlin 2003 4366: 4342: 4330: 4317: 4302: 4282: 4270: 4257: 4245: 4225: 4212: 4178: 4165: 4157: 4135: 4119: 4115:Butterlin 2003 4104: 4097: 4074: 4061: 4044: 4027: 4019:Butterlin 2003 4007: 4003:Butterlin 2003 3995: 3991:Butterlin 2003 3983: 3979:Butterlin 2003 3971: 3954: 3947: 3927: 3898: 3873: 3866: 3846: 3829: 3825:Butterlin 2003 3817: 3792: 3784: 3758: 3741: 3721: 3713: 3687: 3678: 3670: 3644: 3626: 3606: 3593: 3580: 3567: 3543: 3522: 3492: 3479: 3475:Butterlin 2003 3467: 3451: 3436: 3423: 3419:Butterlin 2003 3408: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3343: 3331: 3318: 3302: 3293: 3289:Butterlin 2003 3277: 3248: 3228: 3221: 3201: 3199:, col. 339–344 3159: 3146: 3134: 3117: 3102: 3090: 3075: 3059: 3057:, col. 135–137 3039: 3037:, col. 342–343 3026:M.-J. Seux in 3019: 3006: 2988: 2975: 2963: 2959:Butterlin 2003 2951: 2945: 2927: 2898: 2891: 2871: 2842: 2823: 2795: 2784:Frankfort 1970 2775: 2763: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2705: 2691: 2688:History portal 2675: 2672: 2632:, the rest of 2621: 2618: 2562: 2559: 2511: 2508: 2411:Robert Englund 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2338:decimal system 2298:cylinder seals 2252: 2249: 2173: 2170: 2038: 2035: 2024: 2021: 1991: 1988: 1920: 1917: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1836: 1829: 1809:potter's wheel 1792: 1789: 1785:Mario Liverani 1748: 1745: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1633:potter's wheel 1619: 1616: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1526: 1525: 1521:Reconstitution 1520: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1409: 1408:Uruk expansion 1406: 1402:Çiftlik, Niğde 1347:, near modern 1336: 1333: 1323:, the site of 1316: 1313: 1284:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1241: 1238: 1228: 1225: 1167:, the site of 1144:cylinder seals 1122: 1115: 1114: 1106: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1060: 1057: 987: 984: 966: 965: 962: 955: 953: 950: 943: 941: 938: 931: 903: 902: 893: 892: 891: 882: 881: 880: 876: 875: 874: 873: 868:Main article: 865: 862: 818:agriculturally 801: 798: 751: 748: 738: 731: 730: 729: 724: 717: 716: 715: 711: 710: 709: 708: 698: 695: 669:and following 649: 642: 641: 609: 602: 601: 600: 596: 595: 594: 593: 591: 588: 585: 584: 582: 581: 574: 567: 559: 556: 555: 542: 541: 538: 537: 535:Recent history 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 510:Mandatory Iraq 506: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 490:Mamluk dynasty 487: 482: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 452: 450:Timurid Empire 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 331: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 270:Gutian Dynasty 267: 262: 257: 252: 246: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 222: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 173: 172: 163: 162: 155: 147:cylinder seals 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 45: 41: 40: 35: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13294: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13212: 13204: 13202: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13182: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13018: 13017:Iraqi Turkmen 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12973: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12911: 12907: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12803: 12799: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12717: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12652:(legislative) 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12630: 12625: 12621: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:Syrian Desert 12583: 12581: 12580:Shatt al-Arab 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515:Faw peninsula 12513: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12500: 12496: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12457:Fall of Mosul 12455: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12430:U.S. invasion 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12393:Iran–Iraq War 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12347: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12317: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12258:Buyid dynasty 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12107:Halaf culture 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12073: 12069: 12064: 12058: 12048: 12043: 12041: 12036: 12034: 12029: 12028: 12025: 11999: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11952: 11946: 11942: 11941: 11936: 11935:Roux, Georges 11930: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11899: 11891: 11885: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11781: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11762:Yazdegerd III 11760: 11757: 11754: 11751: 11748: 11745: 11742: 11739: 11736: 11733: 11728: 11727: 11719: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11704: 11698: 11695: 11694:Sahralanyozan 11692: 11688: 11683: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11637: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11603: 11600: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11487: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11470: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11457: 11454: 11451: 11450:Mithridates V 11448: 11447:Sinatruces II 11443: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11377: 11374: 11371: 11370:Artabanus III 11368: 11365: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11350: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11340:Tiridates III 11338: 11335: 11332: 11329: 11326: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11283:Mithridates I 11280: 11279: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11235: 11232: 11229: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11219:Aristobulus I 11217: 11216:John Hyrcanus 11214: 11210: 11209: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11186: 11185:Alexander III 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11170:Antiochus III 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11129:Alexander III 11126: 11125: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11064:Cleopatra III 11062: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10973: 10970: 10969:Artaxerxes IV 10967: 10964: 10963:Artaxerxes II 10961: 10958: 10955: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10934: 10928: 10924: 10923:Kings of Tyre 10920: 10914: 10909: 10908: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10879:Median Empire 10874: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10819: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10787:Sinsharishkun 10785: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10740: 10733: 10732: 10726: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10709: 10701: 10696: 10695: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10624:(five kings) 10623: 10620: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10582:Ashur-Dan III 10580: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10536: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10522: 10519: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10445: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10423: 10422:Ea-mukin-zeri 10420: 10419:Simbar-shipak 10416: 10411:1025–934 BCE 10410: 10409: 10405: 10400: 10397: 10394: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10382: 10379: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10364: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10347:Ashur-rabi II 10345: 10342: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10332:Eriba-Adad II 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10293:Shalmaneser I 10291: 10290:Adad-nirari I 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10238: 10234: 10233:Kings of Tyre 10230: 10226: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10172:Ramesses VIII 10170: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10075: 10072: 10069: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10054:Amenhotep III 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10012: 10005: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9918: 9916: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9888: 9880: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9823: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9760:Melamkurkurra 9758: 9754: 9753:Ayadaragalama 9751: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9730:Itti-ili-nibi 9728: 9724: 9722: 9711: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9625: 9624:Ashur-shaduni 9622: 9619: 9618:Enlil-nasir I 9616: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9582:Sharma-Adad I 9580: 9577: 9573:1700–722 BCE) 9571: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9523: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9504:Ishme-Dagan I 9502: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9460:Kings of Tyre 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9435: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9417:Amenemhat III 9415: 9412: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9390: 9385: 9384: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9254: 9249: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9209:Puzur-Ashur I 9206: 9205: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9116: 9115:Third Eblaite 9111: 9108: 9107:Mentuhotep IV 9105: 9102: 9101:Mentuhotep II 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9060: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8958:Wahkare Khety 8956: 8953: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8895: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8826:Ur III period 8821: 8818: 8815: 8814:Neferkare VII 8812: 8808: 8807: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8761:Ur-Ningirsu I 8758: 8754: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8593: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8296:Lugal-kisalsi 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8073: 8071: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7710: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7685: 7682: 7675: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7516: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7489:Nangishlishma 7486: 7482: 7477: 7475: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7457: 7456:First Eblaite 7452: 7448: 7442: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7415:Seth-Peribsen 7413: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376:Hotepsekhemwy 7372: 7371: 7363: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344:Proto-Elamite 7337: 7336: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7246:Double Falcon 7244: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7092: 7087: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7052: 7049: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6876: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6779:Halaf culture 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6757:(Mesopotamia) 6756: 6753: 6751:(Mesopotamia) 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:Syrian Desert 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5699:0-415-12735-1 5695: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5653:9780521533386 5649: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5581: 5579:9781846942556 5575: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5556:Lamb, p. 128. 5553: 5551: 5542: 5540:9780197521014 5536: 5532: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5510:T. Jacobsen, 5507: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5402:Glassner 2000 5398: 5391: 5390:Glassner 2000 5386: 5379: 5378:Glassner 2000 5365: 5361: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5311:Glassner 2000 5308: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5232: 5227: 5224:B. Lafont in 5221: 5214: 5213:Glassner 2000 5209: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5159:Glassner 2000 5155: 5148: 5147:Glassner 2000 5144: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5087:Glassner 2000 5084: 5079: 5072: 5071:Liverani 2006 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5043: 5041:9780931464966 5037: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4838:Glassner 2000 4834: 4825: 4820: 4817:B. Lafont in 4814: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4794:Glassner 2000 4790: 4783: 4782:Liverani 2006 4779: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4754:Liverani 2006 4750: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4730:B. Lafont in 4727: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4600: 4598:9781588390431 4594: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4513: 4508:, p. 159 4507: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4455:, p. 652 4454: 4448: 4442:, p. 132 4441: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4380:, p. 171 4379: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350:Liverani 2006 4346: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4253:Liverani 2006 4249: 4241: 4236:, p. 608 4235: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4098:9781444333503 4094: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4065: 4059:, pp. 237–247 4058: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3967:Liverani 2006 3964: 3958: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3778:. Routledge. 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3737:Liverani 2006 3734: 3728: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3707:. Routledge. 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3664:. Routledge. 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3604:, Milan, 2004 3603: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3142:Glassner 2000 3138: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3114: 3113:Liverani 2006 3109: 3107: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3086:Liverani 2006 3082: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3054: 3049: 3046:B. Lafont in 3043: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2946:0-85668-735-9 2942: 2938: 2931: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2894: 2892:9780931464966 2888: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2771:Crawford 2004 2767: 2760: 2759:Crawford 2004 2755: 2751: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2579: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2555:Mask of Warka 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2525: 2524:Mask of Warka 2521: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:lexical lists 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:Peter Damerow 2404: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2387:proto-Elamite 2384: 2380: 2371: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2282:scribal class 2279: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2191:Gordon Childe 2183: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056:Gordon Childe 2048: 2043: 2034: 2031: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1888: 1887:Habuba Kabira 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1859:Louvre Museum 1853: 1848: 1844: 1843:Louvre Museum 1840: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:sheep farming 1758: 1754: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:acculturation 1548: 1543: 1534: 1530: 1517: 1505: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:Habuba Kabira 1414: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315:Tell Kuyunjik 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1246:Habuba Kabira 1240:Habuba Kabira 1237: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1221:Tell-e Malyan 1218: 1217:Proto-Elamite 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184:mines on the 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127:, Uruk period 1126: 1119: 1111:, Uruk period 1110: 1103: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 992: 983: 981: 977: 972: 959: 954: 947: 942: 935: 930: 929: 928: 925: 920: 916: 913: 897: 886: 871: 861: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 806: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Proto-Elamite 779: 775: 771: 766: 762: 759: 757: 742: 741:Louvre Museum 735: 721: 707: 705: 694: 690: 686: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 653: 652:Louvre Museum 646: 637: 636:Louvre Museum 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 606: 580: 575: 573: 568: 566: 561: 560: 558: 557: 554: 544: 543: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 504: 499: 498: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 474: 469: 468: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425:Seljuk Empire 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 369: 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 329: 324: 323: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 244: 239: 238: 231: 228: 226: 223: 220: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 205:Halaf culture 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 189: 184: 183: 179: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 159: 154: 153: 150: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 105:protohistoric 102: 98: 89: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 49: 46: 42: 39: 36: 32: 28: 23: 13045:Christianity 12927:Demographics 12861:Oil reserves 12856:Oil Industry 12823:Central Bank 12719:Human rights 12645:Constitution 12590:Tigris river 12570:Persian Gulf 12278:Ottoman Iraq 12263:Qara Qoyunlu 12121: 12097:Ubaid period 11986: 11976: 11940:Ancient Iraq 11939: 11929: 11909: 11898: 11884: 11875: 11862: 11853: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11732:Ardashir III 11724: 11701: 11642: 11610:Roman Empire 11608: 11586: 11544:Yazdegerd II 11474: 11465:Artabanus IV 11462:Vologases VI 11453:Vologases IV 11384:Roman Empire 11382: 11367:Vologases II 11343:Artabanus II 11337:Artabanus II 11322:Tiridates II 11310:Phraates III 11276: 11213:Simon Thassi 11206: 11188:Demetrius II 11176:Antiochus IV 11167:Seleucus III 11161:Antiochus II 11148: 11138: 11135:Alexander IV 11122: 11110: 11094:Ptolemy XIII 11076:Berenice III 11070:Cleopatra IV 11011: 11008:331–141 BCE 10999: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10957:Artaxerxes I 10938: 10905: 10902:539–331 BCE 10877: 10858:Nabopolassar 10851: 10822: 10816: 10813:626–539 BCE 10781:Ashurbanipal 10736: 10735: 10729: 10692: 10689:745–609 BCE 10655: 10635:Eriba-Marduk 10596: 10550: 10525: 10493: 10492: 10482: 10471:Shoshenq III 10449: 10446:911–745 BCE 10414: 10396:Marduk-zer-X 10360: 10356:Ashur-dan II 10287:Arik-den-ili 10284:Enlil-nirari 10278:Eriba-Adad I 10271: 10264: 10241: 10222: 10217:Psusennes II 10192: 10191: 10185: 10169:Ramesses VII 10157:Ramesses III 10146: 10130: 10124: 10092: 10078: 10059: 10048:Amenhotep II 10041:Thutmose III 10015: 10009: 10006: 9957:Kurigalzu II 9951:Kara-hardash 9921:Agum-Kakrime 9912: 9891: 9885: 9853: 9836:'Aper-'Anati 9834: 9829: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9733:Damqi-ilishu 9716: 9705:Samsu-Ditana 9687:Sin-muballit 9678:Sin-muballit 9657: 9627:Ashur-rabi I 9492:Shamshi-Adad 9489: 9483: 9468: 9438: 9432: 9420:Amenemhat IV 9414:Senusret III 9408:Amenemhat II 9395: 9381: 9367: 9316: 9313:Damiq-ilishu 9283:Lipit-Eshtar 9264: 9245: 9202: 9170: 9166: 9150:Shakkanakkus 9113: 9089:Mentuhotep I 9082: 9076: 9057: 9044: 9007: 9001:Puzur-Ishtar 8968: 8963: 8945: 8898:Lugalannatum 8890: 8857: 8824: 8804: 8783:Hishep-Ratep 8749: 8731: 8668: 8658: 8612:Neferkare II 8602: 8596: 8590: 8537: 8519: 8509: 8488: 8441:Invasion by 8404: 8369: 8345: 8337:Enannatum II 8301:E-iginimpa'e 8270: 8262:Igrish-Halam 8173:Nyuserre Ini 8150: 8124:Awan dynasty 8122: 8081: 8068: 8049: 8034: 8025: 8009:Ishtup-Ishar 7989:Iku-Shamagan 7985:Ikun-Shamash 7977: 7955:Ur I dynasty 7953: 7946: 7935: 7910: 7904: 7878: 7859: 7818: 7801: 7786: 7768: 7727: 7719: 7690: 7671: 7634:Enmebaragesi 7620: 7601: 7572: 7563: 7556: 7519: 7514: 7494:En-tarah-ana 7479: 7472: 7464: 7454: 7430: 7427:Neferkasokar 7425: 7420: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7368: 7348: 7342: 7333: 7321: 7316: 7267: 7261: 7248: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7175: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7128:Finger Snail 7126: 7120: 7103: 7072:Anu Ziggurat 7056: 7055: 7023: 7017: 6935:Territories/ 6875:Time periods 6783: 6766:Chalcolithic 6430:Royal titles 6355:Architecture 6192:Neo-Assyrian 6118: 6039:(Pre)history 5859:Persian Gulf 5782: 5770: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5713: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5641: 5627: 5618: 5609: 5590:Bibliography 5568: 5561: 5530: 5511: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5481: 5476: 5468:the original 5458: 5446: 5438: 5433: 5421: 5416:, p. 62 5409: 5397: 5385: 5368:. Retrieved 5349:. Retrieved 5335: 5332:Englund 1998 5327: 5322: 5314: 5307:Englund 1998 5302: 5294:the original 5284: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5250: 5240: 5220: 5208: 5200:the original 5190: 5183:Englund 1998 5178: 5171:Englund 1998 5166: 5154: 5143:Englund 1998 5126: 5122: 5103: 5098: 5083:Englund 1998 5078: 5062: 5055:Englund 1998 5050: 5030: 5023: 5011: 5003: 4983: 4975: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4864: 4858: 4850: 4845: 4833: 4813: 4806:Englund 1998 4801: 4789: 4777: 4772: 4726: 4718: 4713: 4673: 4665: 4654:. Retrieved 4645: 4636: 4625:. Retrieved 4616: 4607: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4540: 4532: 4520: 4500: 4480: 4472: 4471:M. Sauvage, 4467: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4369: 4361: 4358:Englund 1998 4345: 4338:Englund 1998 4333: 4325: 4320: 4285: 4278:Englund 1998 4273: 4265: 4260: 4248: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4194: 4173: 4168: 4148: 4138: 4130: 4087: 4069: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3957: 3937: 3930: 3919:. Retrieved 3910: 3901: 3890:. Retrieved 3876: 3856: 3849: 3837: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3775: 3761: 3754:1999 edition 3744: 3732: 3704: 3690: 3681: 3661: 3647: 3629: 3624:academia.edu 3609: 3601: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3504: 3495: 3487: 3482: 3470: 3462: 3431: 3426: 3403: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3339:Englund 1998 3334: 3326: 3321: 3313: 3310:Englund 1998 3305: 3296: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3257:Englund 1998 3251: 3231: 3211: 3204: 3162: 3155:Englund 1998 3149: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3093: 3062: 3042: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3001: 2983: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2936: 2930: 2919:. Retrieved 2910: 2901: 2881: 2874: 2863:. Retrieved 2854: 2845: 2826: 2815:. Retrieved 2778: 2773:, p. 75 2766: 2761:, p. 69 2754: 2657: 2642: 2623: 2614: 2591: 2583: 2550: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2501: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2458:aide-mémoire 2457: 2454: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2391: 2381:, Khafadje, 2375: 2347: 2323: 2319:aide-mémoire 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2294: 2274: 2245: 2223: 2220:Abu Salabikh 2217: 2205: 2187: 2172:Urbanisation 2166: 2162:Abu Salabikh 2150: 2134: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2065: 2052: 2026: 2017: 2009: 1993: 1978: 1974: 1941:architecture 1938: 1919:Architecture 1904:chalcolithic 1898: 1802: 1769:transhumance 1750: 1713:domesticated 1711:was finally 1706: 1677: 1654: 1645: 1637: 1629: 1598: 1584: 1576: 1564: 1544: 1540: 1466:adopted the 1462: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1419: 1364: 1357: 1338: 1318: 1309:Tell al-Hawa 1301:pictographic 1289: 1254: 1249: 1243: 1230: 1214: 1182:lapis lazuli 1162: 1133: 1077:Persian Gulf 1062: 1052: 1045:Abu Salabikh 997: 979: 967: 921: 917: 909: 854: 815: 811: 780:, it is the 767: 763: 760: 753: 700: 691: 687: 675: 667:Ubaid period 660: 485:Ottoman Iraq 455:Kara Koyunlu 224: 195:Ubaid period 144: 120:Ubaid period 118:, after the 108:Chalcolithic 100: 96: 94: 78:Ubaid period 13232:Uruk period 13201:WikiProject 13002:Marsh Arabs 12987:Circassians 12668:Foreign aid 12560:Mesopotamia 12122:Uruk period 11872:Simpson, W. 11800:639–651 CE 11747:Azarmidokht 11738:Khosrow III 11721:628–641 CE 11677:618–628 CE 11639:395–618 CE 11605:273–395 CE 11593:Vaballathus 11583:270–273 CE 11547:Hormizd III 11532:Yazdegerd I 11523:Ardashir II 11517:Adur Narseh 11471:224–270 CE 11459:Vologases V 11433:117–224 CE 11414:116–117 CE 11361:Vardanes II 11358:Vologases I 11349:Gotarzes II 11319:Phraates IV 11289:Hyspaosines 11228:Hyrcanus II 11203:141–30 BCE 11182:Demetrius I 11179:Antiochus V 11173:Seleucus IV 11164:Seleucus II 11158:Antiochus I 11145:Antigonus I 11097:Ptolemy XIV 11085:Cleopatra V 10867:Neriglissar 10864:Amel-Marduk 10847:Psamtik III 10818:Late Period 10757:Sennacherib 10748:Shalmaneser 10675:Tammaritu I 10572:Shammuramat 10515:Takelot III 10512:Osorkon III 10509:Shoshenq VI 10484:Pedubast II 10474:Shoshenq IV 10462:Shoshenq II 10311:Ashur-dan I 10252:Ish-bosheth 10205:Psusennes I 10181:Ramesses XI 10175:Ramesses IX 10166:Ramesses VI 10160:Ramesses IV 10105:Ramesses II 10068:Tutankhamun 10051:Thutmose IV 10035:Thutmose II 9969:Kudur-Enlil 9954:Nazi-Bugash 9942:Kurigalzu I 9930:Ulamburiash 9901:Amenhotep I 9882:Tutankhamun 9868:Parshatatar 9865:Shuttarna I 9798:Seventeenth 9727:Ilum-ma-ili 9702:Ammi-saduqa 9699:Ammi-ditana 9693:Samsu-iluna 9600:Erishum III 9561:Adad-salulu 9558:Ipqi-Ishtar 9546:Ashur-dugul 9531:Adad-salulu 9528:Ipqi-Ishtar 9516:Ashur-dugul 9485:Old Assyria 9480:(Amorites) 9423:Sobekneferu 9411:Senusret II 9402:Amenemhat I 9374:Sîn-iribam 9351:Sin-Iqisham 9345:Sin-Iddinam 9295:Erra-imitti 9292:Lipit-Enlil 9280:Ishme-Dagan 9277:Iddin-Dagan 9213:Shalim-ahum 9204:Old Assyria 9190:Yasmah-Adad 9167:Lim Dynasty 9159:Hanun-Dagan 9155:Hitial-Erra 8920:Ur-Ningirsu 8876:Kuda (Uruk) 8849:Ishgum-Addu 8839:Ishtup-Ilum 8691:Ishma-Dagan 8676:Shakkanakku 8654:Neferirkare 8651:Neferkauhor 8554:Ili-ishmani 8533:Manishtushu 8496:Lugalzagesi 8492:III dynasty 8476:Puzur-Nirah 8191:Ishar-Malik 8170:Shepseskare 7960:Mesannepada 7885:Nin-kisalsi 7873:Lugal-kitun 7843:Meskalamdug 7829:Ur-Pabilsag 7642:Aga of Kish 7551:Barsal-nuna 7436:Khasekhemwy 7422:Neferkara I 7401:Weneg-Nebty 7379:Nebra/Raneb 7191:Lower Egypt 7177:Scorpion II 7122:Upper Egypt 7074:, 4000 BCE) 7057:Uruk period 6784:Uruk period 6598:Paleolithic 6533:Hittitology 6523:Assyriology 6444:Archaeology 6314:Old Persian 6124:Jemdet Nasr 5451:Benoit 2003 5414:Benoit 2003 5067:Forest 1996 5016:Forest 1996 4988:Algaze 2008 4706:Benoit 2003 4689:Benoit 2003 4670:Benoit 2003 4537:Forest 1996 4525:Algaze 2008 4440:Forest 1996 4428:Algaze 2008 4424:Archeometry 4374:Benoit 2003 4354:Algaze 2008 4313:Algaze 2008 4205:29 February 4195:Archaeology 3842:Algaze 2008 3813:Algaze 2008 3578:25/1, 1999. 3551:Forest 1996 3285:Forest 1996 3265:Benoit 2003 3098:Algaze 2008 3071:Forest 1996 2971:Benoit 2003 2833:, p. 9 2831:Langer 1972 2716:Iraq portal 2702:Asia portal 2668:Great Flood 2574: 3200 2417:texts, the 2403:Hans Nissen 2366: 3350 2330:measurement 2285: [ 2209:Chogha Mish 2023:City-states 1956:and to use 1753:woolworking 1740:Uruk Trough 1604:Mesopotamia 1426:Jebel Aruda 1386: [ 1257:Jebel Aruda 1210:Mahtoutabad 1190:Afghanistan 1158:Chogha Mish 1065:Mesopotamia 1049:Jemdet Nasr 503:Modern Iraq 368:Middle Ages 225:Uruk period 167:History of 116:Mesopotamia 97:Uruk period 84:Followed by 74:Preceded by 38:Mesopotamia 20:Uruk period 13226:Categories 13118:Television 13098:Literature 13060:Irreligion 13035:Secularism 12972:Minorities 12840:(currency) 12833:Corruption 12678:Government 12469:Insurgency 12268:Aq Qoyunlu 12089:Chronology 11756:Khosrow IV 11753:Hormizd VI 11735:Shahrbaraz 11712:Khosrow II 11697:Shahrbaraz 11691:Shahrbaraz 11571:Khosrow II 11568:Hormizd IV 11526:Shapur III 11514:Hormizd II 11508:Bahram III 11493:Ardashir I 11364:Pacorus II 11355:Vonones II 11352:Meherdates 11346:Vardanes I 11331:Orodes III 11328:Phraates V 11307:Sinatruces 11155:Seleucus I 11132:Philip III 11106:Arsinoe IV 11031:Arsinoe II 10972:Darius III 10838:Psamtik II 10778:Esarhaddon 10671:Ummanigash 10641:Nabonassar 10535:Bakenranef 10506:Pedubast I 10503:Takelot II 10500:Harsiese A 10488:Osorkon IV 10480:Shoshenq V 10468:Osorkon II 10456:Shoshenq I 10202:Amenemnisu 10178:Ramesses X 10163:Ramesses V 10111:Amenmesses 10099:Ramesses I 10061:Smenkhkare 10038:Hatshepsut 10032:Thutmose I 9936:Karaindash 9675:Sumu-la-El 9507:Mut-Ashkur 9498:(Amorites) 9405:Senusret I 9364:Rim-Sin II 9354:Silli-Adad 9348:Sin-Eribam 9310:Suen-magir 9307:Ur-du-kuga 9304:Iter-pisha 9298:Enlil-bani 9286:Ur-Ninurta 9274:Shu-Ilishu 9271:Ishbi-Erra 9241:Erishum II 9187:Yahdun-Lim 9184:Yaggid-Lim 8997:Tura-Dagan 8976:Utu-hengal 8952:Meryhathor 8928:Nam-mahani 8894:II dynasty 8863:(21 kings) 8757:Puzer-Mama 8753:II dynasty 8735:IV dynasty 8648:Neferkaure 8645:Qakare Ibi 8636:Neferkahor 8627:Neferkamin 8546:Ilshu-rabi 8437:Ishqi-Mari 8433:Ikun-Ishar 8429:Enna-Dagan 8349:II dynasty 8323:Bara-irnun 8278:Puzur-Suen 8274:IV dynasty 8266:Irkab-Damu 8211:(3 kings) 8137:Ukkutahesh 8110:Meskiagnun 8106:A'annepada 8053:II dynasty 7948:Thamphthis 7944:Shepseskaf 7893:Lugal-dalu 7792:Udulkalama 7772:II dynasty 7714:Sekhemkhet 7622:Lugalbanda 7548:Melem-Kish 7544:En-me-nuna 7329:Canaanites 7323:Horus Bird 7288:Neithhotep 7161:Scorpion I 7111:Naqada III 6794:Bronze Age 6636:Peking Man 6497:Divination 6207:Achaemenid 6172:Isin-Larsa 6065:Trialetian 6060:Mousterian 6047:Prehistory 5261:2018-06-03 5004:Paléorient 4914:. p. 4656:2019-04-02 4627:2019-04-02 3921:2020-07-17 3892:2020-07-17 3589:Paléorient 3576:Paléorient 3430:P. Amiet, 3378:Paléorient 3246:, col. 111 2921:2019-04-01 2865:2019-03-31 2817:2020-04-27 2747:References 2551:Sammelfund 2492:phonograms 2442:pictograms 2383:Tell Asmar 2278:accounting 2229:Arslantepe 2121:Warka Vase 1900:Metallurgy 1895:Metallurgy 1781:sesame oil 1697:Irrigation 1664:See also: 1367:Arslantepe 1329:Tepe Gawra 1194:Tepe Sialk 1169:Godin Tepe 1154:Jaffarabad 1041:Tell Uqair 1029:Tell Asmar 1015:, perhaps 980:Sammelfund 460:Aq Qoyunlu 415:Al-Mazeedi 243:Bronze Age 188:Prehistory 48:Copper Age 13138:Squatting 13103:Education 13050:Mandaeism 13019:/Turkoman 12997:Mandaeans 12982:Assyrians 12977:Armenians 12940:Languages 12828:Companies 12783:Judiciary 12693:President 12663:Elections 12658:Democracy 12504:Geography 12420:Sanctions 12338:2003–2011 12333:1968–2003 12328:1958–1968 12187:Babylonia 11868:Hallo, W. 11765:Peroz III 11599:Antiochus 11565:Khosrow I 11535:Shapur IV 11529:Bahram IV 11520:Shapur II 11505:Bahram II 11499:Hormizd I 11456:Osroes II 11334:Vonones I 11316:Orodes II 11292:Artabanus 10960:Darius II 10887:Phraortes 10873:Nabonidus 10844:Ahmose II 10832:Psamtik I 10725:Tanutamun 10574:(regent) 10465:Takelot I 10459:Osorkon I 10224:Phoenicia 10208:Amenemope 10154:Setnakhte 10108:Merneptah 10057:Akhenaten 9840:Sakir-Har 9778:Sixteenth 9757:Akurduana 9743:Gulkishar 9740:Shushushi 9696:Abi-eshuh 9690:Hammurabi 9672:Sumu-abum 9594:Shu-Ninua 9585:Iptar-Sin 9555:Sin-namir 9552:Nasir-Sin 9543:Puzur-Sin 9525:Sin-namir 9522:Nasir-Sin 9376:Sîn-gāmil 9372:Sîn-kāšid 9360:Rim-Sin I 9357:Warad-Sin 9237:Naram-Sin 9221:Erishum I 9217:Ilu-shuma 9193:Zimri-Lim 9141:Indilimma 9128:Ibbit-Lim 9098:Intef III 9061:invasions 9048:invasions 8993:Ili-Ishar 8989:Iddi-ilum 8982:2100 BCE 8972:V dynasty 8942:2125 BCE 8880:Puzur-ili 8867:La-erabum 8801:2150 BCE 8727:Shu-turul 8720:(3 years) 8687:Shu-Dagan 8587:2200 BCE 8564:Naram-Sin 8560:2250 BCE 8504:2340 BCE 8470:2350 BCE 8464:Luh-ishan 8459:Urukagina 8455:Lugalanda 8424:Isar-Damu 8420:2370 BCE 8366:2380 BCE 8341:Enentarzi 8329:Enannatum 8318:Gishakidu 8282:Ur-Zababa 8258:Adub-Damu 8254:2400 BCE 8227:2425 BCE 8221:Napilhush 8209:invasions 8187:Enar-Damu 8167:Neferefre 8147:2450 BCE 8090:Ur-Nanshe 8085:I dynasty 8072:I dynasty 8013:Ikun-Mari 7972:Phoenicia 7968:2500 BCE 7901:2575 BCE 7869:Melamanna 7853:Akalamdug 7825:A-Imdugud 7788:Ur-Nungal 7775:(5 kings) 7762:Baba-Damu 7758:Ibbi-Damu 7687:2600 BCE 7657:Gilgamesh 7615:Iltasadum 7586:2700 BCE 7560:I dynasty 7513:2800 BCE 7476:I dynasty 7432:Hudjefa I 7365:2900 BCE 7311:Semerkhet 7303:(regent) 7290:(regent) 7197:Hedju Hor 7025:Naqada II 6681:Neolithic 6370:Cuneiform 6246:Languages 6055:Acheulean 5942:Babylonia 5879:Euphrates 5829:Geography 5426:Huot 2004 4873:cite book 4015:Huot 2004 3555:Huot 2004 3447:Huot 2004 3261:Huot 2004 3153:See thus 3067:Huot 2004 2660:cuneiform 2533:Sculpture 2488:ideograms 2483:homophony 2481:), while 2446:logograms 2395:cuneiform 2224:ex nihilo 2109:alabaster 2080:Uruk Vase 1970:sandstone 1966:limestone 1950:mud-brick 1725:dromedary 1702:date palm 1640:Neolithic 1580:Tell Brak 1555:hybridity 1353:Şanlıurfa 1341:Euphrates 1296:Tell Brak 1286:Tell Brak 1274:Tell Brak 1272:Ruins of 1264:Tell Brak 1233:Euphrates 1017:Shuruppak 912:eponymous 857:Sumerians 826:date palm 774:Akkadians 440:Ilkhanate 405:Marwanids 395:Hamdanids 290:Babylonia 63:Type site 13181:Category 13030:Religion 13007:Persians 12891:Railways 12886:Airlines 12768:Military 12629:Politics 12605:Wildlife 12595:Umm Qasr 12425:Iraq War 12408:Gulf War 12320:Republic 12273:Safavids 12236:638–1958 11984:(2014). 11937:(1992). 11907:(2020). 11874:(1971). 11715:Kavad II 11541:Bahram V 11502:Bahram I 11496:Shapur I 11373:Osroes I 11304:Orodes I 11298:Gotarzes 11286:Phraates 10951:Darius I 10948:Cambyses 10896:Astyages 10893:Cyaxares 10835:Necho II 10766:Bel-ibni 10716:Shebitku 10679:Indabibi 10532:Tefnakht 10074:Horemheb 9933:Agum III 9915:Kassites 9898:Ahmose I 9763:Ea-gamil 9747:DIŠ+U-EN 9737:Ishkibal 9684:Apil-Sin 9666:Amorites 9576:Bel-bani 9451:Biblical 9342:Nur-Adad 9333:Gungunum 9321:Naplanum 9289:Bur-Suen 9253:Amorites 9229:Sargon I 9179:Amorites 9123:Amorites 9095:Intef II 9065:Kindattu 9053:Ibbi-Sin 9032:Amar-Sin 9026:Ur-Nammu 8961:Merykare 8853:Apil-kin 8765:Pirig-me 8743:Ur-gigir 8739:Ur-nigin 8679:dynasty) 8624:Merenhor 8550:Epirmupi 8379:Userkare 8333:Entemena 8310:Ur-Lumma 8305:Meskigal 8236:Eannatum 8231:Kun-Damu 8215:Shushun- 8200:Enakalle 8059:kushanna 8045:Undalulu 8017:Iblul-Il 7941:Menkaure 7937:Bikheris 7930:Djedefre 7889:Me-durba 7814:shaengur 7808:En-hegal 7796:Labashum 7754:Agur-lim 7750:Abur-lim 7729:Qahedjet 7574:Enmerkar 7406:Wadjenes 7396:Horus Sa 7391:Nubnefer 7382:Nynetjer 7356:Susa III 7318:Sneferka 7301:Merneith 7019:Naqada I 6774:Daimabad 6666:Ubeidiya 6656:Solo Man 6646:Sangiran 6616:Java Man 6516:Academia 6470:Religion 6339:Urartian 6334:Sumerian 6319:Parthian 6254:Akkadian 6227:Sasanian 6217:Parthian 6212:Seleucid 6162:Simurrum 6152:Akkadian 6085:Khiamian 6075:Natufian 5987:Simurrum 5972:Kassites 5967:Hittites 5922:Adiabene 5781:(2006). 5769:(2000). 5710:(1988). 5638:(2004). 5364:Archived 5345:Archived 5255:Archived 4650:Archived 4621:Archived 4199:Archived 4057:op. cit. 3915:Archived 3886:Archived 3636:Archived 3618:Archived 3515:17 April 3509:Archived 2915:Archived 2859:Archived 2811:Archived 2674:See also 2666:and the 2561:Religion 2450:reed pen 2415:literary 2158:Sumerian 2142:AB NI+RU 2013:caravans 2001:chariots 1975:Riemchen 1509:Imprints 1345:Hacınebi 1305:Hamoukar 1294:valley, 1173:Kangavar 1073:Anatolia 1033:Khafajah 784:period; 756:Santa Fe 678:sondages 480:Safavids 420:Ayyubids 410:Uqaylids 328:Iron Age 300:Kassites 285:Simurrum 158:a series 156:Part of 13211:Commons 13128:Smoking 13093:Culture 13088:Cuisine 13071:General 13055:Yazidis 13012:Solluba 12965:Persian 12955:Kurdish 12950:Aramaic 12915:Society 12896:Tourism 12807:Economy 12555:Islands 12530:Borders 12355: ( 12345:present 12280:(incl. 12192:Assyria 12137:Subartu 12077:History 11768:Narsieh 11596:Zenobia 11577:Vistahm 11562:Kavad I 11556:Kavad I 11550:Peroz I 11538:Khosrow 10884:Deioces 10841:Wahibre 10829:Necho I 10722:Taharqa 10719:Shabaka 10703:Taharqa 10667:Teumman 10518:Rudamun 10260:Solomon 10199:Smendes 10120:Twosret 10114:Seti II 9855:Mitanni 9849:Khamudi 9803:Dynasty 9793:Dynasty 9783:Dynasty 9621:Nur-ili 9591:Lullaya 9494:dynasty 9446:Abraham 9336:Abisare 9301:Zambiya 9195:(Queen 9147:Amorite 9118:Kingdom 9092:Intef I 9059:Elamite 9046:Amorite 9035:Shu-Sin 8936:Tirigan 8905:Ur-Baba 8835:Nûr-Mêr 8773:Lu-gula 8769:Lu-Baba 8683:Ididish 8664:Kingdom 8661:Eblaite 8659:Second 8609:Menkare 8484:Shu-Sin 8480:Ishu-Il 8408:dynasty 8388:Pepi II 8321:(Queen 8207:Elamite 8158:Userkaf 8101:Akurgal 8030:Ku-Baba 7846:(Queen 7782:Mesilim 7717:Sanakht 7707:(First 7524:Zuqaqip 7521:Kalumum 7506:Kalibum 7502:Puannum 7459:Kingdom 7308:Anedjib 7292:Hor-Aha 7237:Nat-Hor 7170:Iry-Hor 7166:Shendjw 7138:Pen-Abu 7086:Susa II 6651:Soanian 6502:Prayers 6487:Deities 6451:Looting 6294:Kassite 6289:Hurrian 6284:Hittite 6274:Elamite 6269:Eblaite 6264:Aramaic 6259:Amorite 6182:Kassite 6157:Gutians 6139:History 6104:Samarra 6100:Hassuna 6070:Zarzian 5992:Subartu 5982:Mitanni 5947:Chaldea 5937:Assyria 5910:Ancient 4131:Science 3774:(ed.). 3703:(ed.). 3660:(ed.). 2522:, the ' 2434:calculi 2353:Writing 2315:calculi 2310:calculi 2306:calculi 2213:Jazirah 1954:bitumen 1929:mosaics 1805:pottery 1791:Pottery 1693:sickles 1529:Susa II 1383:Tepecik 1371:Malatya 1349:Birecik 1325:Nineveh 1319:On the 1290:In the 1250:calculi 1208:and at 1206:Elbourz 1196:, near 1188:and in 1171:in the 1053:Mound B 786:Niniveh 770:Semitic 680:in the 663:Baghdad 614:on the 435:Zengids 260:Assyria 13191:Portal 13133:Sports 13108:Health 13083:Cinema 12935:Iraqis 12838:Dinar 12773:Police 12575:Places 12065:topics 11994: 11947: 11917: 11559:Jamasp 11553:Balash 11511:Narseh 11422:Trajan 11420:under 10954:Xerxes 10890:Madyes 10754:Sargon 10214:Siamun 10117:Siptah 10102:Seti I 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2606:DINGIR 2598:Ishtar 2542:Inanna 2269:Louvre 2097:Inanna 2076:Inanna 2047:Louvre 2005:spokes 1983:niches 1979:Patzen 1962:mortar 1958:gypsum 1908:copper 1777:sesame 1729:Arabia 1709:onager 1486:and a 1360:Samsat 1321:Tigris 1292:Khabur 1198:Kashan 1165:Zagros 1149:bullae 1081:Levant 1025:Diyala 1009:Nippur 971:Inanna 850:Nippur 822:barley 790:Diyala 620:Abydos 255:Hamazi 160:on the 44:Period 13262:Sumer 13123:Music 13113:Media 13040:Islam 12992:Kurds 12818:Banks 12756:Women 12550:Lakes 12343:2011– 12303:Kings 12132:Sumer 11759:Boran 11741:Boran 11628:Syria 11408:Syria 11403:Judea 10945:Cyrus 10663:Urtak 10256:David 9862:Kirta 9846:Apepi 9843:Khyan 9564:Adasi 9534:Adasi 9162:(...) 8909:Gudea 8871:Si'um 8820:Setut 8791:Khita 8777:Ka-ku 8718:Ilulu 8714:Nanum 8706:Igigi 8450:Ukush 8352:Nanni 8114:Elulu 8001:Ansud 7920:Khufu 7848:Puabi 7725:Khaba 7721:Nebka 7603:Zamug 7541:Balih 7537:Etana 7498:Babum 7285:Menes 7227:Neheb 7222:Thesh 7212:Khayu 7185:Menes 7146:Stork 6977:Akkad 6967:Assur 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